8 Day Eight

NEBOSH INTERNATIONAL GENERAL
CERTIFICATE
NEBOSH International Certificate
Day Eight IGC2

•Element 6: Chemical and biological health
hazards and control
08/16/2023 albzour1965@gmail.com/00962796796930 1
Forms of Chemical and Biological Agents
Chemical Biological
– Dusts – Fungi‫ا لفطريات‬

– Gases – Algae ‫ا لطحا لب‬
– Vapours – Bacteria
– Liquids – Viruses
– Mists
– Fumes
Classification of Substances
‫ت صنيفا لمواد‬
What is a hazardous substance?
– Irritant ‫مهيجة‬
– Corrosive ‫أكا لة‬

– Harmful ‫ا لضارة‬
– Toxic ‫س امه‬
– Very Toxic ‫س ميه عا ليه‬
– Carcinogenic ‫ا لمسببة ل لسرطان‬
Classification of Hazardous Substances
• Irritant:- Non-corrosive substances which through

immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with skin or
mucous membrane may cause inflammation e.g. Petrol – ‫مهيج‬

‫ ي سببا إل لتهابعند ا لتماسمع ا لجلد أو ا ألغشية ا لمخاطية منا لمواد ا لتيممكنانت سببذلك ا لمواد‬:‫مثير‬
‫ا لدبقة أو مواد ا لتنظيف‬
• Corrosive:- Substances which on contact with living

tissue may destroy it by burning e.g. acids ‫ ت سببا لمادة ا ألكا لة‬:‫أكا ل‬
‫ت هدم ف يا لنسيج ا لحيف ين قطة ا لتماسا ألسيد ا لقويأو ا لقلويا لقويمثلا ألمونيا‬
• Harmful:- Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the

skin may cause damage to health‫ هيا لمادة ا لتياذا ما ابتلعتأو اسنشقتأو ت غلغلت‬:‫مؤذ‬
‫عبر ا لجلد ت سببا ألذىعلىا لصحة مثا لت ريكلوريثيرين‬

• ‫سامة جدا‬
• Very Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may

cause death, acute or chronic damage to health‫ا لمواد ذاتا لسمية ا لع ا لية حيثأن‬
‫ وتسببا لتاثيرينا لحاد وا لمزمنمثلا لسيانيد‬,‫ا لكمية ا لقليلة ممكنأنت سببا لموت‬
• Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may

cause death, acute or chronic damage to health ‫س ام‬:
• ‫ ولها تأثيرين حاد و‬, ‫مادة سامة والتي ممكن ان تسبب الموت حتى ولو اعطيت بكميات قليلة‬
‫مزمن‬
• ‫ الزرنيخ‬-‫ الزئبق‬-‫ الرصاص‬: ‫مثل‬
• Carcinogenic:- Substances which cause disorders to cell growth

that may lead to cancer‫مسرطن‬
• ‫المادة التي تسبب اضطرابات في نمو الخلية ممكن ان يؤدي الى سرطان او تزيد احتمال حدوثه‬
Classification of Substances
CORROSIVE DANGEROUS FOR THE EXPLOSIVE HIGHLY OR EXTREMELY

ENVIRONMENT‫خطرة علىا لبيئة‬ FLAMMABLE‫ا لقابلة ل الشتع ا لا لع ا لية‬
‫أو ا لغ اية‬
TOXIC / VERY TOXIC HARMFUL / IRRITANT OXIDISING
‫مهيجة‬/‫الضارة‬
Specific Agents
Ammonia ‫ا ألمونيا‬
• Gas used extensively as a
refrigerant ‫ي ستخدم علىن طاقواسع‬
‫غاز ا لتبريد‬
Aqueous solution used as a cleaning

agent
‫محلولمائيي ستخدم ك ع املت نظيف‬
• Gas stored under pressure
• liquid – corrosive action
• Gas lighter than air local effect on the
lungs
• Aqueous – skin damage, respiratory
irritant
• Used in printing and fertilisers
Chlorine‫ا لكلور‬ Specific Agents
• Small amount will produce large amount of
gas ‫ك مية ص غيرة س وفت نتج ك مية ك بيرة من‬
‫ا لغ از‬
• Acute respiratory irritant ‫مهيجة ا لتنفسية ا لحادة‬

– Small quantities may lead to chronic lung
disease‫ا لكمياتا لصغيرة ق د ت ؤديإ لىأمراضا لرئة‬
‫ا لمزمنة‬
– Large quantities result in pneumonia and
pulmonary failure ‫ف شلرئوي‬
– Supports violent combustion‫ت دعم ا الحتراق‬
‫ا لعنيف‬
• Used in water treatment processes ‫ت ستخدم‬
‫ف يعملياتمع ا لجة ا لمياه‬
• Sodium hypochlorite (domestic bleach)

‫ي‬
( ‫ت حتك لوريتا لصوديوم (ا لتبييضا لمنزل‬
Specific Agents
• Organic Solvents ‫ا لمذيباتا لعضوية‬

• Highly volatile/flammable cleaning

‫ال لطيارة‬/ ‫( ت نظيفش ديدة ا الشتع ا‬acetone,
‫ا ألسيتون‬،
• can be absorbed through skin – narcotic‫ي مكن‬
‫استيع ابها منخال ال لجلد – ا لمخدرات‬
– Inhalation of vapours may lead to

drowsiness, depress central nervous
system and lead to liver failure‫استنشاقأبخرة‬
‫ق د ت ؤديإ لىا لنع اسوهبوط ا لجهاز ا لعصبيا لمركزي‬
‫ويؤديإ لىف شلا لكبد‬
Specific Agents
Lead‫ا لرصاص‬
• Chronic (cumulative) lead poisoning may result

in anaemia, mental dullness, ‫ق د ي ؤديا لى ا لتسمم‬
‫ وا لبالدة ا لعقلية‬،‫ ف قر ا لدم‬- ‫ي‬
) ‫ا لمزمنب ا لرصاص(ا لتراكم‬
• Acute lead poisoning muscular twitch, foot/wrist
drop, hallucinations, violent behaviour, death
‫عضالت إسقاط‬
، ‫ا لتسمم ا لحاد ب ا لرصاصي شلا ل‬
‫عنيف ا لموت‬
، ‫ وا لسلوك ا ل‬،‫ ا لهلوسة‬،‫ا لمعصم‬/‫ا لقدم‬
Asbestos
• Main types:- White(Chrysotile)
• Brown (Amosite)
• Blue (Crocidolite)
• Diseases:- Asbestosis, Lung cancer, Mesothelioma ‫ورم‬

‫ا لحرير ا لصخريا لظهاره ا لمتوسطة‬
• Uses
• Pipe lagging
• Wall and roof panels
• Ceiling tiles
• Textured coatings
• Insulation materials
• Gaskets
Specific Agents
Silica ‫ا لسيليكا‬
• Silicosis (fibrosis of the lung)

)‫ليف لرئة‬
‫ا لسحار (ت ا‬
• Destroy lung structure reducing lung
capacity‫تدمير ب نية ا لرئةو ا لحد منق درتها‬
• Silica: Found in sand, sandstone, granite
• Building industry
Routes of Entry into the Body
• Inhalation‫ا الستنشاق‬
• Ingestion ‫ا لبلع‬
• Injection ‫حقن‬
• Absorption ‫امتصاص‬
– Sites of
• Skin
• Lungs ‫ا لرئتين‬
• Eyes
• Gut ‫ا لقناة ا لهضمية‬
The Body’s Main Functional Systems
• The Respiratory System‫ا لجهاز ا لتنفسي‬

• The Digestive System‫ا لجهاز ا لهضمي‬
• The Nervous System‫ا لجهاز ا لعصبي‬

• The Cardiovascular System ‫ن ظام ا لقلبوا ألوعية ا لدموية‬
• The Urinary System ‫ا لجهاز ا لبولي‬
• The Skin ‫ا لجلد‬
Body’s Defence Mechanisms
‫آ لياتا لدفاع ف يا لجسم‬
• Inhalation ‫استنشاق‬
– Reflex action – coughing, sneezing ‫عملال إرادي– ا لسع ا لوا لعطس‬
– Mucus ‫ا لمخاط‬
• Ingestion ‫ا البتالع‬
– Saliva in mouth ‫ا للع اب‬
– Acid in stomach ‫ا ألحماضف يا لمع دة‬
• Absorption‫امتصاص‬
– Barrier/Skin ‫ا لجلد‬/‫حاجز‬
• Cellular mechanisms including ‫ا لخاليا‬

– Defensive substances ‫ا لمواد ا لدفاعية‬
– Lymphatic system ‫ا لليمفاوي‬
Respiratory Diseases
(Control Measures for Dusts) ®
• Elimination • Local exhaust ventilation

– process change (LEV)
– quality control-reduce amount
• Vacuuming instead of
of grinding
brushing.‫ا لشفط ب د ًال من‬
• Substitution‫استبدا ل‬ ‫ا لفرشاة‬.
– Pellets instead of powders • Damping down‫ا لتخميد إ لىأسفل‬
– ‫الحبيبات بدال ن البودره‬
• PPE
Overalls/hoods
masks
gloves
eye protection
The Respiratory System
The Digestive System
The Heart
The Circulatory System:‫ن ظام ا لدورة‬
‫ ا لدموية‬Arteries‫ا لشرايين‬
The Circulatory System: Veins
The Urinary System
The Skin
Results of Entry Into the Body
Acute Adverse health effects resulting from single or short
term exposure
– short term effect
– normally reversible‫متقلب عادة‬

Chronic:- Adverse health term effects resulting from
prolonged or repeated exposure
– long term effect
– Usually irreversible
– ‫وعادة ال رجعة فيه‬
Target Organs
‫ا ألجهزة ا لمستهدفة‬
• A part of the body which sustains an adverse

effect when it is exposed to or by
contaminated by a particular harmful agent

Examples?
• Mercury, Lead the brain
• Asbestos, Ammonia the Lungs
Dermatitis ‫ا لتهابا لجلد‬
• Symptoms:- Blisters, Inflammation, Dryness,

reddening, cracking of skin
• Types
– irritant contact dermatitis

– allergic contact dermatitis‫مهيجة ا التصا ال لتهابا لجلد ا لتماسيا لتحسسي‬
• Factors affecting the likelihood of dermatitis occurring?
‫ والنزيف من الجلد‬,‫ تشقق‬,‫ ألم‬,‫تسرب الزيوت الطبيعية من الجلد وذلك يسبب احمرار الجلد‬.
‫عادة يحدث في الذراعين واليدين‬
‫العناصر المسببه‬
1-‫مواد ا لتنظيف‬
2-‫ا لزيوتا لمع دنية وقود ا لمازوت‬
3- ‫ا السمنتا لغبار‬
Protective measures against dermatitis
• - Elimination ‫ا لقضاء على‬

– substitution ‫استبدا ل‬
– good personal hygiene ‫ا لنظافة ا لشخصية‬

– barrier creams ‫ا لكريماتواقيه‬
– after work creams
– health screening ‫ا لفحصا لصحي‬
• - PPE
Emergency controls for spillage, air pollution etc.
• Ventilation systems alarmed

• PPE
• Emergency showers, eye wash facilities

• Booms, saw dust, spillage procedures
• Evacuation procedures
• Isolation of the area
• Evacuation of the employees at risk
• PPE for staff involved in clear up
Measurement of Health Hazards
- Initial appraisal
• Substances used
• Processes involved
• Persons who could be affected
• Work practices
• PPE
• Exposure limits
- A basic survey
- A full survey
Basic Survey
1) Dust lamp
2) Smoke tube
Grab Sampler (Chemical stain detector tube)
• Advantages
•
Low cost
• Takes little time
• Immediate result
• Little training
• Information during spillage
• Good for coarse indication
Grab Sampler (Chemical stain detector tube)
• Disadvantages
•
Inaccurate
• Positioning of tube
• Only a snap shot
• Inefficient
• Chemical use only
• Substance specific
Transportation of Dangerous
Substances
• Manufacture’s Responsibilities
– Information about the substances

• package labels/MSDS
– Selection of containers and packaging

– Safe handling methods
– Emergency procedures
Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDS)
• Contains information which will enable the recipient to
take the necessary measures to protect Health, Safety
Environment ‫ي حتويعلىا لمعلوماتا لتيس وفت مكنا لمتلقياتخاذ ا لتدابير ا لالزمة ل حماية‬
‫ا لصحة وا لسالمة وا لبيئة‬
• Supplied free of charge and kept up to date
• Other information sources

– industrial codes of practice ‫مدوناتا لممارسة ا لصناعية‬
• Identification of MSDS
substance • Physical/chemical
• Ingredients properties‫ا لخصائص‬
• Hazards ‫ا لكيميائية‬/‫ا لفيزيائية‬
• Stability and
• First Aid measures

reactivity‫ا لتفاعالت‬
• Fire fighting measures Toxicological
• Handling and storage information‫معلوماتا لسمية‬
• Accidental release‫ا لحوادث‬ • Ecological information
‫ا لع رضيه‬ • Disposal
• Exposure • Transport
controls/PPE‫ض وابط‬
• Regulatory
‫مع داتا لوقاية‬/‫ا لتع رض‬
‫ا لشخصية‬ information‫ا لمعلومات‬
‫ا لتنظيمية‬
Workplace Exposure Limits
(WEL’s)
The maximum concentration of an airborne substance
averaged over a reference period to which an employee may be
exposed by inhalation
• WEL’s
• Concentrations of airborne substances ‫تركيزاتا لمواد ا لمحمولة جوا‬
– Averaged over period of time (TWA)
– the long term exposure limit (LTEL)
– ‫حد التعرض طويل األجل‬
• 8 hour reference period8 ‫ا لفترة ا لمرجعية س اعة‬
– the short term exposure limit (STEL)
• 15 minute reference period
• ‫ دقيقة‬15 ‫الفترة المرجعية بعد‬
Limitations of Exposure Limits
• Inhalation only ‫استنشاقف قط‬

• Personal susceptibility ‫ق ابلية‬

• Variations in control ‫ا الختالفات‬
Errors in monitoring‫أخطاء ف يا لرصد‬
Controls
• Eliminate
• Substitute with less harmful
• Totally enclose Engineering controls

• Storage kept to a minimum (closed, labelled, warning and hazard
signs)
• Safe disposal
• Areas identified and segregated
• Minimum numbers/duration exposed
• PPE
• Monitoring
Local Exhaust Ventilation
LEV System
• Purpose
• Component parts
• Be able to sketch and label the component
parts of an LEV system
• Requirements for inspection
LEV System
NEBOSH International
Main Duct Air Filter

41
Extract
Certificate
Fan
Branch
Hood
Ducting
Dust Collection
Bags Discharge to
Circular Saw Atmosphere
08/16/2023 albzour1965@gmail.com/00962796796930
Local Exhaust Ventilation
Local exhaust ventilation system applied to a Circular Bench Saw

NEBOSH International
42 Certificate
LEV becomes inefficient because of
Blocked filters
Lack of maintenance
Position of hood
Unauthorized alterations
Broken ducting
Wear of fan blades
Incorrect settings
Increased contaminant level
Inadequate design
Failure of operators to use it
Checks opposite of above
Hazardous substance risk assessment 5 steps as normal
• Control of health hazards

• Eliminate
• Reduce by substitution
• Isolate:-
• Total Enclosure
• Segregate the people
• Control
• Engineering Control (LEV)
• Maintenance of controls
• Change the work pattern or method
• Hygiene and housekeeping
• PPE
•
Hazardous Waste
• Scrap Metal
• Batteries
• Packaging – plastic,
• Construction/demolition waste
• Waste Oil & Chemicals
Hazardous Waste
• Waste paper
• Toner ‫ا الحبار‬
• Miscellaneous Waste
• Energy!?
• Packaging – plastics, paper & cardboard‫ا لورقا لمقوى‬
• Metal (aluminum cans)
• Glass
• Food waste
• Garden (green) waste
Hazardous Waste
• Asbestos
• Chemical Waste (inc. chemical drums)
• Clinical Waste
• Drilling Muds (oil & gas industry)
• Waste Oil – liquids / solids / produced water / oil drums
• Sewage / sewage sludge
• Radioactive Waste‫ا لنفاياتا لمشع ة‬
• Toxic / Pressurized Gases‫ا لمضغ وطه‬/‫ا لغ ازاتا لسامة‬
• Heavy / toxic metals e.g. Mercury ‫ا لسامة مثلا لزئبق‬/‫ا لمع ادنا لثقيلة‬ Gas
/ Fumes / Smoke / Particulate emissions‫ ا النبع اثات‬/‫أبخرة ا لدخان‬/‫ا لغ از‬
Hazardous Waste
• Explosive • Carcinogenict‫ا لمسببة ل لسرطان‬

• Oxidising • Corrosive
• Highly Flammable
• Infectious‫ا لمع دية‬
• Flammable
• Irritant‫مهيجة‬ • Ecotoxic‫ا لمواد ا لسامة ل لبيئة‬
• Harmful
• Toxic
48
Waste Management Strategy
• ‘5 Rs’ strategy
• Reduce ‫ا لحد‬
• Generate less waste through more efficient practices and reduce

quantity of waste through incineration
• Reuse ‫إعادة استخدام‬
• Re-use waste materials in their original form
• Recycle and composting‫دوير وتصنيع ا لسماد‬ ‫إعادة ت‬
• Convert waste back into a re-usable material
• Recover ‫استرداد‬
• Extract material or energy from waste for other uses
• Residue ‫ب قايا‬
• Efficient disposal of the remaining residues
Waste Storage
• Sufficient storage area
• Clearly the label the storage area
• Ensure storage area secure

• Protect storage area with bunds etc.
• Store different types of waste separately
• Never store incompatible waste together
• Select appropriate containers
• Keep quantities of waste to a minimum
• Protect waste from the elements
Waste Segregation
What are the benefits of waste separation?

• Avoids cross-contamination‫ت جنبا لتلوثا لمتبادل‬
of wastes e.g. oil based wastes mixed with non oil contaminated materials
• Prevents chemical reactions and ‘toxic cocktails’ ‫ي منع ا لتفاعالتا لكيميائية‬

'Essential to achieve ‘5 Rs’ strategy
• final disposal
• Reduces likelihood of land contamination‫ي قللمناحتما لت لوثا ألرض‬
• Avoids remedial activities and costs ‫ي تجنبا ألنشطة ا لعالجية وا لتكا ليف‬
• Helps to achieve/maintain company environmental objectives and targets
• Reduces potential long-term negative impacts to future generations‫ي قللمن‬
‫ا لتأثيراتا لسلبية ا لمحتملة علىا لمدىا لطويلل ألجيا ال لقادمة‬
Personal Hygiene and Protection Regimes
‫ا لنظافة ا لشخصية وأنظمة ا لحماية‬
• Personal hygiene/good housekeeping

• Vaccination ‫ت طعيم‬
• Health surveillance
• Biological monitoring
• Further controls for carcinogens, asthma and
mutagens?
Control measures for Biological Hazards
• Cleaning and disinfection

• Water treatment
• Containment of the biological agent

• Avoidance of sharp implements
• Proper disposal of contaminated waste
• Persona hygiene
• PPE

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NEBOSH INTERNATIONAL GENERAL

Day Eight IGC2

– Dusts – Fungi‫ا لفطريات‬

– Corrosive ‫أكا لة‬

• Irritant:- Non-corrosive substances which through

mucous membrane may cause inflammation e.g. Petrol – ‫مهيج‬

• Corrosive:- Substances which on contact with living

• Harmful:- Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the

‫عبر ا لجلد ت سببا ألذىعلىا لصحة مثا لت ريكلوريثيرين‬

• Very Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may

• Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may

• Carcinogenic:- Substances which cause disorders to cell growth

CORROSIVE DANGEROUS FOR THE EXPLOSIVE HIGHLY OR EXTREMELY

TOXIC / VERY TOXIC HARMFUL / IRRITANT OXIDISING

Aqueous solution used as a cleaning

• Acute respiratory irritant ‫مهيجة ا لتنفسية ا لحادة‬

• Sodium hypochlorite (domestic bleach)

• Organic Solvents ‫ا لمذيباتا لعضوية‬

• Highly volatile/flammable cleaning

– Inhalation of vapours may lead to

• Chronic (cumulative) lead poisoning may result

• Diseases:- Asbestosis, Lung cancer, Mesothelioma ‫ورم‬

• Silicosis (fibrosis of the lung)

• The Respiratory System‫ا لجهاز ا لتنفسي‬

• The Nervous System‫ا لجهاز ا لعصبي‬

• Cellular mechanisms including ‫ا لخاليا‬

• Elimination • Local exhaust ventilation

– normally reversible‫متقلب عادة‬

• A part of the body which sustains an adverse

contaminated by a particular harmful agent

• Symptoms:- Blisters, Inflammation, Dryness,

– irritant contact dermatitis

• - Elimination ‫ا لقضاء على‬

– good personal hygiene ‫ا لنظافة ا لشخصية‬

• Ventilation systems alarmed

• Emergency showers, eye wash facilities

– Information about the substances

– Selection of containers and packaging

• Supplied free of charge and kept up to date

• Other information sources

• First Aid measures

• Inhalation only ‫استنشاقف قط‬

• Personal susceptibility ‫ق ابلية‬

• Totally enclose Engineering controls

Main Duct Air Filter

Local exhaust ventilation system applied to a Circular Bench Saw

• Control of health hazards

• Waste Oil & Chemicals

• Explosive • Carcinogenict‫ا لمسببة ل لسرطان‬

• Generate less waste through more efficient practices and reduce

• Ensure storage area secure

What are the benefits of waste separation?

• Prevents chemical reactions and ‘toxic cocktails’ ‫ي منع ا لتفاعالتا لكيميائية‬

• Personal hygiene/good housekeeping

• Cleaning and disinfection

• Containment of the biological agent

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