Human Anatomy & Physiology I

Exam 2 Review

Exam 2 on October 20
On Weeks 6-8

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 Exam Reminders
• Opens on D2L at 9:15am

• All first attempts must be submitted by 11:00am

– Exam time limit = 75 minutes

• Second attempt opens at 1:00pm

– Only if first attempt was submitted by 11:00am

• Take from anywhere

– Dr. Thomas on Zoom only (not in lecture hall)
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These bones are grouped by their shape…what is it?

Flat bones
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These bones are grouped by their shape…what is it?

Irregular bones
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 Regarding general long bone anatomy, identify
incorrect pairs from the list below
A. Epiphysis = long, cylindrical shaft
B. Epiphyseal plate = region of hyaline cartilage
between epiphyses and diaphysis of growing
long bones
C. Endosteum = covers outside of long bones,
rich with blood vessels and nerves
D. Diaphysis = proximal/distal end of bone
E. Medullary cavity = hollow central portion of
diaphysis containing yellow bone marrow
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Make a key for the diagram…turn to your neighbor and
take turns describing each structure to one another:

7
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 1. Haversian canal-in the center of an osteon,
passageway for blood vessels
2. Osteon- structural component of cortical bone
3. Lamellae- layers of the osteoid
4. Osteocytes- mature bone cells, monitor bone
matrix
5. canaliculi- tiny passageways, links vasculature
6. Perforating canal- a passageway that connects
adjacent central canals
7. Periosteum- has blood vessels and nerve
endings, outside of the bone
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 Bones – Fill in the Blank
• Through development, growth, and remodeling,
osteoblasts are immature cells that secrete new
osteoid
• Developmentally, the long bones of the body are
formed via endochondral ossification
• Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that secrete
enzymes to break down and resorb osteoid
• When stimulated to do so, osteogenic cells differentiate
into osteoblasts
• From birth through adolescence, the epiphysial plate is
the origin/source for lengthening of long bones
• Trabecular bone composes the inner, honeycomb-like
regions of bones
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 Which of the following is true regarding endochondral
ossification for the development of long bones? Select
all that apply:
A. Long bones ossify first at their epiphyses, and then
into the diaphysis
B. A periosteal bone collar forms around what will
become the diaphysis of the bone
C. At birth, everything except the epiphyseal plates of
long bones have been ossified
D. Primary and secondary ossification centers are the
source of ossification for the diaphysis and
epiphyses, respectively

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 Identify the zone of an epiphyseal plate where
each of the following processes takes place:

4th Ossification- Osteoblasts deposit new layers

of osteoid
2nd Hypertrophic zone- Cartilage cells enlarge in
size
3rd Calcification zone- Cartilage cells die as
their matrix calcifies
1st Proliferation zone- Cartilage cells divide and
increase in number
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 Long Bone Development – Endochondral Ossification

• Key words for steps (to birth) below…arrange in

order and add summary details
• Periosteal bone collar-
• Cartilage deterioration/cavitation
• Periosteal bud and spongy bone
• Medullary cavity and secondary ossification
centers

• Describe state of ossification of long bones at

birth- everything but the epiphyses and the
epiphyseal plate is ossified
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 Bone Remodeling and Repair

• Maintaining constant bone density

depends upon equivalent rates of
deposition by osteoblasts and resorption
by osteoclasts

• What are the 4 stages of physiological

repair of a bone fracture?
• Hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony
callus, and remodeling

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• Based on your knowledge of bone
development, how would you respond to the
following: why does a soft callus develop before
a bony callus during fracture repair?

• In a(n) displaced fracture, the ends of the

broken bone are misaligned
• In a(n) incomplete fracture, the break is partially
through the bone
• In a(n) open(compound) fracture, part of the
broken bone punctures the skin and is
exposed.
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 Classifying Articulations
• Provide a classification, both functional
and structural, for each of the following:

• A slightly moveable joint in which the bones

are secured via cartilage- amphiarthrosis,
cartilaginous
• An immovable joint in which the bones are
secured via connective tissue fibers-
synarthrosis, fibrous
• A highly moveable joint in which the bones
are secured via a fluid-filled cavity-
diarthrosis, synovial
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 • True or false: Parathyroid hormone inhibits
the activity of osteoclasts- stimulates

• True or false: The ultimate effect of

parathyroid hormone is to reduce blood
calcium levels- increase

• What hormone is released when blood

calcium levels are too high?
• - calcitonin
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 • Demonstrate abduction and adduction
– Describe, too?

• Describe circumduction
– Demonstrate, too?

• Demonstrate flexion and extension

– Describe, too?

• Describe hyperextension

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.