MINERAL RESOURCES

~GEOGRAPHY PROJECT~

Invigilator’s sign
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my
Geography Teacher, Dipanwita De Choudaury who gave me a
wonderful opportunity to work on this project, on the topic,
Mineral resources and energy resources. I would like to
extend my special thanks to my parents & friends, without
their support and coordination I would not have been able to
complete this project.
 INDEX
S.no. Topic Page number
1 INTRODUCTION 4

2 IRON ORE 5-6

3 COPPER 7

4 BAUXITE 8

5 MANGANESE 9

6 ENERGY: IMPORTNACE 10-11

7 COAL 12-13

8 PETROL 14-15

9 SOLAR 16-17

10 WIND 18-19

11 NUCLEAR 20-22

12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 23
 INTRODUCTION I

• Minerals are natural substances of organic or inorganic

origin with definite chemical and physical properties.
They can be divided into two types.
• Metallic minerals-Sources of metals.
• Non-Metallic minerals-They are either organic or
inorganic origin.
 IRON ORES I

• Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which  iron can be

economically extracted.
1. Haematite: It is reddish in colour and is also called ’Red Ore’. It
contains 60% to 70% iron.
2. Magnetite: It is dark brown to black in colour and is therefore
called ‘Black Ore’. It has 70% iron and is considered the best
quality of iron.
3. Limonite: It is yellow or light brown. It contains 35% to 50%
iron content.
 IRON ORE I

Uses-
• Steel Production: Iron ore is the main ingredient in the production
of steel.
• Automotive Industry: Steel is a key component in the production
of cars and other vehicles, making iron ore an important raw
material for the automotive industry.
• Energy Production: Iron ore is used in the production of iron and
steel, which is used in power plants.
 COPPER I

• It is an important non-ferrous metal and the earliest metal used

by man. It is used in combined state in form of oxides, sulphides
and carbonates.
• Uses-
1. It is a crucial element in the creation of bronze.
2. Electrical conductivity is especially important because wire
accounts for more than 50% of copper consumption worldwide.
3. It is used in shipbuilding industry.
 BAUXITE I

Bauxite is a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium

content. It is the world's main source of aluminium and gallium.
Uses-
• Bauxite is used in a lot of industries like the chemical industry,
refractory, abrasive, cement, steel, and petrol industry amongst
others.
• Additionally, Bauxite is also used in some other sectors like
rubber, plastic, paint and cosmetics.
• It is also used in metallurgy.
 MANGENESE I

This element is not found as a free element in nature but is available

in combination with iron or other elements. It is a metal that has
important metal alloy uses and particularly in stainless steel.
Uses-
• It is also used in dry cell batteries.
• Manganese is used as a black-brown
• pigment in paint.
• It is an essential trace element for living creatures.
• Steel contains 1% manganese to increase strength and improve
workability.
 ENERGY REOURCES
I

• The term energy resource refers to any material that can be used
as a basis or source of energy
• . In fact, any production activity cannot take place without
electricity.
• Agriculture needs the energy to operate tube wells and thrashers.
• It is essential for the development of industries.
• Helps in running machinery and manufacturing goods.
• It helps in the transportation of raw material and finished goods.
• Services like: Banking, communication, etc. are not possible
without electricity.
 ENERGY I

•
CONVENTIONAL
SOURCES
They are generally
exhaustible and polluting.
They are non-renewable.
They cause pollution as they
emit ash and smoke.
Example-Coal, petrol, natural Example- Solar energy,
gas etc.
NON-CONVENTIONAL
SOURCES
These are usually
inexhaustible and non-
polluting.
They bare renewable.
Generally, they are pollution
free.
Wind energy, Nuclear
energy etc.
 COAL I

1. First Stage – Peat

It is an organic substance which is formed due to the partial decomposition of
dead matter due to the accumulation of the matter underwater which cuts off
the oxygen supply.
2. Second Stage – Lignite
It is a dark brown matter formed due to the pressure exerted by the sediments
overlying the organic matter.
3. Third Stage – Bituminous Coal. It is formed due to the added pressure.

4. Fourth Stage – Anthracite Coal

. It is formed due to the high pressure and
high temperature or a long period of time.
It is hard, lustrous and has the highest
percentage of carbon.
 COAL I

ADVANTAGES-
It is used as raw material in Thermal power plant for
production of electricity.
• It is cheaper than other fossil fuels due to availability.
• It is easy to store and transport.

DISADVANTAGES-
• In India, coal reserves are scattered in small
amounts.
• There are limited reserves in India.
• Large scale pollution is caused at the site of
mining and place of use.
 PETEROLEUM I

Petroleum, called crude oil is a naturally occurring yellowish-

black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in
geological formations.

Distribution:
Mumbai High- The largest offshore oil field is located 160km
west of the Mumbai coast in the Arabian Sea and has a reserve
of 5 crores tones of oil. Other Oilfields are Digboi in
Assam ,Moran , Hausangpung,Gujarat, Cambay.
 PETEROLEUM I

Advantages :
• Petroleum, even in small amounts, can
generate significant amount of energy.
• It is easily available and is the primary
source of energy for various power plants
and for almost all type of machines that
require fuel.

Disadvantages
• It is natural fossil fuel and nowadays, due to
high energy supply demands, its resources
are limited..
• It also has some traces of toxic substances
like carbon monoxide and Sulphur dioxide. .
SOLAR ENERGY
I
SOLAR ENERGY I

Advantages -:
• Clean: It is considered to be the cleanest
form of energy as there is no carbon dioxide
emission like in the case of fossil fuels
which is one of the causes of global
warming.
• Renewable: There is ample energy
available on earth as long as the sun exists.

Disadvantages-
• The production is low during winters and on
cloudy days.
• Installation and the initial cost of the
materials are expensive.
• Space consumption is more.
 WIND ENERGY
I

• .
WIND ENERGY
I
NUCLEAR ENERGY I

• Nuclear energy is the energy in the nucleus, or core, of an

atom. Atoms are tiny units that make up all matter in the
universe, and energy is what holds the nucleus together. There
is a huge amount of energy in an atom's dense nucleus.
• Dr. Homi J. Bhaba is credited to introduce Nuclear power in
India.
• When atoms of radioactive substances react, they split apart.
This process of splitting of atoms is called nuclear fission.
 NUCLEAR ENERGY I

• India has over 22 nuclear reactors in 7 power plants across the

country which produces 6780 MW of nuclear power.
• The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is now
in two joint ventures with the National Thermal Power
Corporation Limited (NTPC) and the Indian Oil Corporation
Limited (IOCL).
• In the past, India's nuclear installations were mostly located in
South India or in Maharashtra and Gujarat in the west.
• However, the government is now promoting its expansion to
other parts of the country.
NUCLEAR ENERGY
I
 BIBLIOGRAPHY I

1.A Textbook of ICSE Geography Part 2

2. ICSE Total Geography 10.
3. All in One ICSE Geography Class 10th by
Arihant
4.Together with ICSE Geography Study Material
for Class (Rachna Sagar)
5. Saraswati Geography for ICSE class 10
THANK YOU