ORGANIC

CHEMISTRY
Chemistry

is the science that describes matter, its physical and

chemical properties, the physical and chemical
changes that it undergoes, and the energy changes
that accompany these processes.
Transitionally, chemistry has been divided into
five major areas of study as follows:
Organic chemistry was originally the study of substances from living organisms. With few exceptions,
today organic chemistry is the study of essentially all substances containing carbon.

Inorganic chemistry, deals primarily on substances that do not contain carbon and usually, these
substances are from non-living things.

Analytical chemistry is concerned with the identification and determination of the amount of the
components in a sample or the relative composition of substances.

Physical chemistry is concerned with theories that describe the behavior of matter and its chemical
transformation.

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living organisms.

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Mass is a
measure of the quantity of matter in a sample of any material.

Matter is classified into three familiar states as follows:

 Solid state- substance are rigid and have definite shapes and their
volume do not very much changes in temperature and pressure.
 Liquid state- the individual particles are confined to a given
volume; it flows and assumes the shape of the container and are
hard to compress.
 Gases- much less dense than solids and liquids and occupy all parts
of vessel in which they are confined, hence, no definite shape.
Chemical and Physical Properties

 Chemical properties- are properties that matter exhibit as it

undergoes changes in composition and are related to the
kinds of chemical changes that substances undergo.
 Physical properties- are properties that can be observed in
the absence of any change in composition such as color,
density, hardness, melting and boiling points and electrical
and thermal conductivities.
Classification of matter

 Substance- a form of matter that has definite or constant composition and

distinct properties. They differ from one another in composition and can be
identified by their appearance, smell, taste and other properties.
 Mixture-a combination of two or more substances in which the substances
retain their distinct identities, thus, mixtures do not have constant
composition.
 Element- a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by
chemical means.
 Compound-a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements
chemically united in fixed proportions.
Systems of Measurement

 Mass- is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object.

 Weight- refers to the force that gravity exerts an object.
 Volume- is the amount of space a sample of matter
occupies.
 Density- gives the relationship between mass and its
volume, thus it is the ratio of the mass of an object to its
volume.
Metric system

 The metric system is a system of measurement that uses the meter, liter, and gram
as base units of length (distance), capacity (volume), and weight (mass) respectively.
To measure smaller or larger quantities, we use units derived from the metric units.

 The metric system uses units such as meter, liter, and gram to measure length,
liquid volume, and mass, just as the U.S. customary system uses feet, quarts, and
ounces to measure these.

 In addition to the difference in the basic units, the metric system is based on 10s, and
different measures for length include kilometer, meter, decimeter, centimeter, and
millimeter. Notice that the word “meter” is part of all of these units.
Length, Mass, and Volume
 Prefixes of metric system
 The names of metric units are formed by adding a prefix
to the basic unit of measurement. To tell how large or
small a unit is, you look at the prefix. To tell whether the
unit is measuring length, mass, or volume, you look at the
base.

Conversion
Conversion of units
 Volume Unit Conversion
1 milliliter 0.001 liter
1 centiliter 0.01 liter
1 deciliter 0.1 liter
1 decaliter 10 liters
1 hectoliter 100 liters
1 kiloliter 1000 liters
1 cubic inch 1.639 × 10 – 2 liters
1 gallon 3.785 liters
1 cubic foot 28.316 liters
 Length Unit Conversion
1 millimeter 0.001 meter
1 centimeter 0.01 meter
1 decimeter 0.1 meter
1 decameter 10 meters
1 hectometer 100 meters
1 kilometer 1000 meters
1 inch 2.54 × 10−2 meters
1 foot 0.3048 meters
1 angstrom 1 x 10-10 meters
1 fermi 1 x 10-15 meters
1 light year 0.946 × 1016 meters
1 mile 1.609344 kms
 Mass Conversion
1 milligram 0.001 gram
1 centigram 0.01 gram
1 decigram 0.1 gram
1 decagram 10 gram
1 hectogram 100 gram
1 kilogram 1000 grams
1 stone 6350.29 grams
1 pound 453.592 grams
1 ounce 28.3495 grams
 Time Unit Conversion
1 minute 60 seconds
60 minutes / 3600
1 hour
seconds
1 day 24 hours
1 week 7 days
1 year 365 days
 Energy Unit Conversion
1 BTU (British thermal
1055 Joule
unit)
1 erg 1×10−7 Joule
1 foot-pound 1.356 Joule
1 calorie 4.186 Joule
1 kilowatt-hour 3.6×106 Joule
1 electron volt 1.602×10−19 Joule
1 liter atmosphere 101.13 Joule
 Area Unit Conversion
6.4516 x 10-4 square
1 sq. inch
meter
9.2903 x 10-2 square
1 sq. foot
meter
4.0468 x 103 square
1 acre
meter
1 hectare 1 x 104 square meter
2.5888 x 106 square
1 sq. mile
meter
1 barn 1 x 10-28 square meter
 Power Unit Conversion
1 erg/sec 1 x 10-5 watt
1 BTU/hr 0.2930 watt
1 foot-pound/ sec 1.356 watt
1 horsepower 745.7 watt
1 calorie/ sec 4.186 watt
 Force Unit Conversion

1 dyne 1 x 10-5 Newton

1 pound 4.448 Newton

Density Unit Conversion

1 slug/ cubic ft 515.4 kilogram/ cubic meter
2.768 x 104 kilogram/ cubic
1 pound/ cubic in
meter
 Viscosity Unit Conversion
1 poise 0.1 kg/m.s
1 slug/ft 4.79 x 101 kg/m.s
Celsius to Fahrenheit ° F = 9/5 ( ° C) + 32
Kelvin to Fahrenheit ° F = 9/5 (K - 273) + 32
Fahrenheit to Celsius ° C = 5/9 (° F - 32)
Celsius to Kelvin K = ° C + 273
Kelvin to Celsius ° C = K - 273
 ppm (parts per million)=is a term used in chemistry to denote a very,
very low concentration of a solution. One gram in 1000 ml is 1000
ppm and one thousandth of a gram (0.001g) in 1000 ml is one ppm.

 1 ppm = 1mg/l = 1ug /ml = 1000ug/L

 ppm = ug/g =ug/ml = ng/mg = pg/ug = 10 -6
 ppm = mg/litres of water

 1 gram pure element disolved in 1000ml = 1000 ppm

 PPB = Parts per billion = ug/L = ng/g = ng/ml = pg/mg = 10 -9

 PPM (PARTS PER MILLION) TO % (PARTS PER HUNDRED)


Divide the ppm amount by 1,000,000 and multiply by 100 to get %. e.g. :

1 ppm = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 0.0001%

10 ppm = 10/1,000,000 = 0.00001 = 0.001%
100 ppm = 100/1,000,000 = 0.0001 = 0.01%
200 ppn = 200/1,000,000 = 0.0002 = 0.02%
5000 ppm = 5000/1,000,000 = 0.005 = 0.5%
10,000 ppm = 10000/1,000,000 = 0.01 = 1.0%
20,000 ppm = 20000/1,000,000 = 0.02 = 2.0%
 (PARTS PER HUNDRED) % TO PPM

Divide the % value by 100 and multiply by 1,000,000 to
get ppm. e.g. :

1% =0.01 x 1,000,000 = 10,000 ppm

0.5% =0.0.005 x 1,000,000 = 5,000 ppm
0.1% =0.001 x 1,000,000 = 1,000 ppm
0.01% = 0.0001 x 1,000,000 = 100 ppm
 Significant Figures
The exact value of a quantity under investigation is often
impossible to obtain, thus, it is important to indicate the
margin of error in a measurement by indicating the
number of significant figures.
 Guidelines for using significant Figures (Chang, 2008)

1.Any digit hat is not zero is significant, thus, 845 cm

has three significant figures.
2.Zeros between nonzero digits are significant. Thus,
606 cm contains 3 significant figures.
3.Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not
significant. Their purpose is to indicate the
placement of the decimal point. Thus, 0.08 L
contains one significant figure.
 Guidelines for using significant Figures (Chang, 2008)

4. If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros written to the right of the
decimal point count as significant figures. Thus, 2.0 mg has two
significant figures. If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that
are at the end of the number and the zeros that are between nonzero
digits are significant. Thus, 0.090 kg has two significant figures.
5. For numbers that do not contain decimal points, the trailing zeros
(that is, zero after the last nonzero digit) may or may not be
significant. Thus, 400 cm may have one significant figure (the
number 4), two significant figures (40) or three significant figures
(400).
Exercise

Determine the significant figures of the following:

1. 8050
2. 1520
3. 0.000503
4. 0.01
5. 0.0090