BASIC SCIENCE OF

MUSCLES

PREPARED BY DR ZAIRY FAHMY

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AGENDA
1. SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY

2. MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

3. TYPES OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTION

4. TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBERS

5. METABOLIC SYSTEMS (ENERGY

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PRODUCTION
 MUSCLE ANATOMY
1. Cellular anatomy
2. Contractile element
3. Gross antomy

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 Cellular Contractile Gross
Sarcolemma Sarcomere Fascia
Sarcoplasmic Myofibrils Epimysium
reticulum
PRIMARY GOALS
Multiple nuclei Perimysium
Endomysium
Stretch receptors
Myotendinous
junction
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MUSCLE ANATOMY
FASCICLE

EPIMYSIUM

MUSCLE
BELLY ENDOMYSIUM

PERIMYSIUM
MUSCLE
FIBERS

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SARCOMERE

MYOFIBRIL

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SARCOLEMMA

SARCOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

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SARCOMERE
TROPONIN
ACTIN
NEBULIN
TROPOMYSIN

THICK FILAMENT
(myosin) TITIN

MYOSIN
filament
-
MYOMES
THIN IN
FILAMENT -
CREATIN
President Chief Executive OfficerM-LINE Chief Operations Officer VP Marketing
E KINASE
8 -C-
Z-DISC PROTEIN Z-DISC
SARCOMERE
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H-ZONE

A-BAND
(Anisotropic) I-BAND
9 I-BAND
(Isotropic) (Isotropic)
PRESENTATION TITLE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

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PHYSIOLOGY
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TYPES OF CONTRACTION

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PRESENTATION TITLE • Isokinetic exercises produce more strength gains than do isometric
exercises.

• Plyometric (“jumping”) exercises, the most efficient method of

improving power, consist of a muscle stretch followed immediately by a
rapid contraction.

• Closed-chain exercise involves loading an extremity with the most

distal segment stabilized or not moving, allowing for muscular
cocontraction around a joint and minimizing joint shear (e.g., less stress
on the ACL).

• Open-chain exercise involves loading an extremity with the distal

14 segment of the limb moving freely (e.g., biceps curls).
PRESENTATION TITLE TYPES OF MUSCLES

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ENERGY PRODUCTION
SYSTEMS
1. ATP–creatine phosphate (phosphagen)

2. Lactic anaerobic system (lactic acid metabolism)

3. Aerobic system

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 PHOSPHAGEN SYSTEM
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• Converts stored carbohydrates to

energy without the use of oxygen
and without producing lactate.

• Lasting up to 20 seconds (sprinting)

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 LACTIC ANAEROBIC SYSTEM
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• Muscle glycogen and blood glucose anaerobically converted to ATP

• Incomplete oxidation leads to excess pyruvate, which is converted to

lactic acid (via lactate dehydrogenase)

• Intense muscle activities lasting 20 to 120 seconds

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PFK activated by low

concentration of
phosphocreatine (CrP)

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 AEROBIC SYSTEM
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• Aerobic oxidation of glycogen and fatty acids through Krebs cycle and
electron transport chain

• 3 stages in aerobic system: glycolysis, krebs cycle and electron transport

chain

• Sustained exercise such as distance running

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PRESENTATION TITLE TRAINING AND INJURY
Endurance training—decreased tension and increased repetitions
• Induces hypertrophy of slow-twitch fibers
• Increases capillary density, mitochondria, and oxidative capacity
• Increases resistance to fatigue and cardiac output
• Improves blood lipid profiles

Strength training—increased tension and decreased repetitions

• Induces hypertrophy (increased cross-sectional area) of fast-twitch (type II)
fibers
• Induces myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis (MPS)

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Both endurance training and strength training delay the lactate response to
exercise.
 MUSCLE INJURY
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1. Muscle strain
• Most common
• at the myotendinous junction
• Primarily in muscles crossing two joints (hamstring, gastrocnemius) that have increased type II
fibers
• Initially there is inflammation, and later, fibrosis mediated by TGF-β occurs.
• Immobilization or rest for 3–5 days followed by progressive stretching and strengthening

2. Muscle tear
• at the myotendinous junction
• during a rapid (high-velocity) eccentric contraction
• the defect can heal with bridging scar tissue. TGF-β stimulates proliferation of myofibroblasts and
increases fibrosis.
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 TAKE HOME MESSAGE
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• A healthy person must train both endurance and strength but to achieve specific sport you have to train
specific muscle of types.

• A significant decline in aerobic fitness (“detraining”) occurs after only 2 weeks of no training.

• Muscle strain must be identified and treated accordingly to prevent contracture.

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 REFERENCES
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• Millers review
• Orthobullet
• Ninja Nerd Youtube

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 THANK YOU

MIRJAM NILSSON​
MIRJAM@CONTOSO.COM | WWW.CONTOSO.COM