CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES

 Basic Laws of Physics are applicable to Control Mass.

 The conservation law for an extensive property relates the
rate of change of the amount of that property in a given
control mass to externally determined effects.
 Therefore, Laws of Physics can be directly applied to solids.
 In Fluid mechanics we generally apply the control volume
approach instead of control mass approach.
 We shall be concerned primarily with two extensive
properties, mass and momentum.
 The mass conservation equation can be written as:

Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS

 CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES

 Momentum change occurs by the action of forces and its

conservation equation is Newton's second law of motion:

 where t stands for time, m for mass, v for the velocity, and
F for forces acting on the control mass.
 We shall transform these laws into a control volume
form.
 The fundamental variables will be intensive rather than
extensive properties.

Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS

 CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES

 If ɸ is any conserved intensive property, then the

corresponding extensive property Φ can be expressed as:

 where ΩCM stands for volume occupied by the CM.

 (for mass conservation, ɸ = 1; for momentum conservation, ɸ = v;
for conservation of a scalar, ɸ represents the conserved property per
unit mass)

Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS

 CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES

 Therefore, for a Control Mass (CM)

 For a Control Volume(CV)…..???

 Reynolds Transport Theorem

Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS

 CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES

d  CM t  dt    CM t 
CM  
dt dt

d  CV t  dt    CV t 
CV  
dt dt

 CV t  dt    CM t  dt   d out  d in 

Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS

 CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES
d
CV   CV t  dt   CV t  d
 CM    CM t  dt    CM t 
dt dt dt dt
 CV t  dt    CM t  dt   d out  d in 
d
 CV   1  CM t  dt   d out  d in  1  CM t 
dt dt dt
d 1
CV   CM t  dt   CM t  AV out  AV in
dt dt
d
 Sys   d ( CV )  AV out  AV in
dt dt

d d
dt
 
dt  dΩ   v.ndS
CV SCV

Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS

 CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES

 This equation is called control volume equation or the

Reynolds transport theorem.
 This equation states that the rate of change of the amount of
the property ‘Φ ’ in the control mass is equal to the rate of
change of the property within the control volume plus the
net flux of ‘Φ ’ through the CV boundary due to fluid
motion relative to CV boundary.
 The last term is called the convective flux of ɸ through the
CV boundary.
 For a fixed CV, which we shall be considering most of the
time, vb = 0, and the first derivative on the right hand side
becomes a local (partial) time derivative.
Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS
 MASS CONSERVATION
d d
dt
 
dt  dΩ   v.ndS
CV SCV

 The integral form of continuity equation follows directly

from the control volume equation, by setting ɸ = 1

 Applying the Gauss divergence theorem to the convection

term, to transform the surface integral into a volume integral.
 Allowing the control volume to become infinitesimally small
leads to a differential coordinate-free form of the
continuity equation.

Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS

 MASS CONSERVATION

 Where xi (i=1,2,3) or (x, y, z) are the Cartesian coordinates

and ui or (ux, uy, uz) are the Cartesian components of the
velocity vector v.

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 MOMENTUM CONSERVATION
d d
dt
 
dt  dΩ   v.ndS
CV SCV
❑ ❑
𝜕
∫
𝜕𝑡 𝛺
𝜌 𝑣 𝑑 𝛺+∫ 𝜌 𝑣𝑣 .𝑛 𝑑𝑆=∑ 𝐹
𝑆
 To express the right hand side in terms of intensive
properties, we have to consider the forces which may act on
the fluid in a CV.
 The forces acting on the CV are generally;
 Surface forces (pressure, viscous stresses).
 Body forces (gravity).
 In Differential coordinate-free form the Momentum
equation is; 
( v)  ( vv)    p  g
t
Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS
 MOMENTUM CONSERVATION
 So in Cartesian coordinates the x-momentum equation
becomes;
   
( u x )  ( u x u x )  ( u y u x )  ( u z u x )
t x y z
   
  xx   xy   xz  p  g x
x y z x

 So in tensor notation the momentum equation becomes;

Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS

CONSERVATION OF SCALAR QUANTITIES
d d
dt
 
dt  dΩ   v.ndS
CV SCV

 The integral form of the equation describing conservation of

a scalar quantity, ɸ, can be written for a fixed control
volume as, ❑ ❑
𝜕
∫
𝜕𝑡 𝛺
𝜌 𝜙 𝑑 𝛺+∫ 𝜌 𝜙 𝑣 .𝑛 𝑑𝑆=∑ 𝐹 𝜙
𝑆
 where Fɸ represents transport of ɸ by mechanisms other
than convection and any sources or sinks of the scalar.
 Diffusive transport is always present (even in stagnant
fluids), and it is usually described by a gradient
approximation, e.g.
 Fourier's law for heat diffusion and
 Fick's law for mass diffusion.
Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS
CONSERVATION OF SCALAR QUANTITIES
❑
𝐹 𝜙 =∫ 𝛤 ( grad 𝝓 ¿ .𝒏 𝑑𝑆¿
𝑑

𝑆
 Where is the diffusivity for the quantity ɸ. An example is
the energy equation which can be written.
❑ ❑ ❑
𝜕 𝜇
∫
𝜕𝑡 𝛺
𝜌 𝑇 𝑑 𝛺+∫ 𝜌 𝑇(𝒗 .𝒏)𝑑𝑆=∫ (𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝑻 ).𝒏𝑑𝑆
𝑃𝑟
𝑆 𝑆
 Species concentration equations have the same form, with
T replaced by the concentration c and Pr replaced by Sc, the
Schmidt number.

Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS

 GENERIC CONSERVATION EQUATION
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
𝜕
∫
𝜕𝑡 𝛺
𝜌𝜙 𝑑 𝛺+∫ 𝜌 𝜙𝑣 .𝑛 𝑑𝑆=∫ 𝛤 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜙.𝑛 𝑑𝑆+∫ 𝑞 𝜙 𝑑 𝛺
𝑆 𝑆 𝛺
 Where qɸ is the source or sink of ɸ. The coordinate-free
differential form of this equation is;
𝜕( 𝜌𝜙 )
+ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 ( 𝜌𝜙 𝑣 ) =𝑑𝑖𝑣 ( 𝛤 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜙 ) +𝑞 𝜙
𝜕𝑡
 In Cartesian coordinates and tensor notation, the
differential form of the generic conservation equation is:

𝜕( 𝜌𝜙 ) 𝜕 ( 𝜌 𝑢 𝑗 𝜙 )
𝜕𝑡
+
𝜕𝑥 𝑗
=
𝜕
𝜕 𝑥𝑗
𝛤
𝜕𝜙
(
𝜕𝑥 𝑗
+ 𝑞𝜙
)
Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS
 GENERIC CONSERVATION EQUATION

𝜕( 𝜌𝜙 ) 𝜕 ( 𝜌 𝑢 𝑗 𝜙 )
𝜕𝑡
+
𝜕𝑥 𝑗
=
𝜕
𝜕 𝑥𝑗
𝛤
𝜕𝜙
(
𝜕𝑥 𝑗
+ 𝑞𝜙
)

 Numerical methods will first be described for this generic

conservation equation.
 Special features of the continuity and momentum equations
(which are usually called Navier-Stokes equations) will be
described afterwards as an extension of the methods for the
generic equation.

Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS

 FINITE VOLUME METHODS

 The first step in obtaining a numerical solution is to

discretize the geometric domain i.e. a numerical grid must
be defined.
 The solution domain is subdivided into a finite number of
small control volumes (CVs) by a grid.
 In contrast to the finite difference (FD) method, FV
method defines the control volume boundaries, not the
computational nodes.
 For the sake of simplicity we shall demonstrate the method
using Cartesian grids.

Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS

 FINITE VOLUME METHODS

 Define CVs by a suitable grid.

 Assign the computational node to the CV center.
OR
 Define the nodal locations first and construct CVs around
them, so that CV faces lie midway between nodes.

Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS

 FINITE VOLUME METHODS

 The generic conservation equation is given by;

 For steady state conditions it becomes;

❑ ❑ ❑

∫ 𝜌 𝜙 𝑣 .𝑛 𝑑𝑆=∫ 𝛤 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜙 . 𝑛𝑑𝑆+∫ 𝑞𝜙 𝑑 𝛺

𝑆 𝑆 𝛺
 The integral conservation equation applies to each CV, as
well as to the solution domain as a whole.
 If we sum equations for all CVs, we obtain the global
conservation equation.
 Thus global conservation is built-in to the method and
this provides one of its principal advantages.
Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS
2D CARTESIAN CONTROL VOLUMES AND NOTATIONS

Dr. AJMAL SHAH, PIEAS

3D CARTESIAN CONTROL VOLUMES AND NOTATIONS

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