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The physical states of matter

At normal temperature almost all substances exist in

one of three physical states:

liquids gases

solids

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 Look at the following substances.
Decide whether they exist as a solid, liquid or gas.

butter
oxygen bleach

tree orange juice ice lolly

desk cloud perfume

shampoo
coal steam
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Match each substance to the correct column in the table.
When you have got it all correct the first letter of each
substance will spell a word that is important in this unit.
Aluminium, argon, ethanol (alcohol), iron, lead, mercury, radium, tin

Liquid Metal Mercury

Solid used in aircraft Aluminium
Solid used to coat steel cans Tin
Intoxicating liquid Ethanol
Radioactive solid Radium
Solid that rusts Iron
Un-reactive gas Argon
Solid used by Ancient Roman
plumbers Lead

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Kinetic Theory

The existence of solids, liquids and gases is

explained by the kinetic theory.

This is based on the following ideas:

1. All substances are made up of particles (atoms, ions
and molecules).
2. That these particles are attracted to each other, some
strongly and others weakly.
3. That these particles move around (i.e. have kinetic
energy).
4. That their kinetic energy increases with temperature.

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Particle arrangements: solids
This animation shows a 2-D view of the motion of the
atoms in a 3-D solid.

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Particle arrangements: liquids
This animation shows a 2-D view of the motion of the
atoms in a liquid. There is no order.

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Particle arrangements: gases

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Diffusion 1

• Diffusion is the movement of one type

of particle into and through another.
For example, the smell of after-shave
or perfume diffuses across a room.
Can you explain these facts?
• Diffusion occurs both in liquids and
gases but hardly at all in solids.
• It happens more quickly for gases
than for liquids.
• It happens more quickly at warm
temperatures than at cooler Insects communicate
temperatures. by smells that diffuse
through the air.

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Diffusion 2

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Diffusion 3
Here is the result of a simple experiment in which two
gases diffuse towards each other in a glass tube.
When they meet they react to form a cloud of smoke.

Cotton wool soaked Cotton wool soaked in

in ammonia solution hydrochloric acid
(concentrated)
The smoke forms nearer to one end than the other.
Which particles are moving faster: ammonia or acid?
Can you suggest a possible reason for this?

Ammonia particles are lighter and so, at any

given temperature, move faster.
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Crossword
Across: 1

2 Change from liquid to solid 2 3

5 Force caused by collisions 4

of particles 5
6 Arranged in a 3
dimensional pattern 6

9 Spacing of particles in
solids and liquids 7 8

10 All substances are this 9

state at very low 10

temperatures
11 Only liquids and gases do 11

this

Down: 1 "Heavy“ 3 Change from gas to liquid 4 Change

from solid to liquid 6 State with particles close but disorganised
7 Particles widely spread out 8 Change from liquid to gas

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1. Which of the diagrams represents a liquid evaporating?

A B C D

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2. Which of the following describes a liquid?

A compressible, fluid
B non-compressible, fluid
C compressible, no fixed shape
D non-compressible, very low density

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 3. Which of these is only true for a
gas?

A can flow
B exerts pressure on its container
C will occupy the whole of the
container it is placed in
D has no shape of its own

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