EVOLUTION Jan Pokorný

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 FOSSILS
• Fossils are the remains of ancient
animals and plants preserved in
the Earth's crust, providing
primary information about the
history of life on Earth.
Petrification over time creates
fossils from organic tissue, while
unaltered hard parts are common
in sedimentary rocks. Soft parts
are rarely preserved but can be
found in rare cases, such as insects
in amber or mammoths in ice.
Traces of organisms can also
occur as tracks, trails, or borings.
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 EXAMPLES

Bones, imprints, footprints, shells,

coprolites, etc.

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 COMPARATIVE
ANATOMY
• Comparative anatomy is the study
of body structures across different
species to understand their
adaptive changes from common
ancestors. Darwin used
comparative anatomy to explain
structural differences between
species arising from their
evolutionary descent from a
common ancestor. Homologous
structures have the same
evolutionary origin, while
analogous structures perform
similar functions but have different
evolutionary origins.

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 EXAMPLES

Comparison of skeletal structures,

circulatory systems, digestive
systems, nervous systems, etc.
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 COMPARATIVE
EMBRYOLOGY
• Comparative embryology
compares and contrasts embryos
of different species to show how
all animals are related. It aims
to understand the inter-
relatedness of animals and
supports evolutionary theory by
showing that all vertebrates
have a common ancestor and
develop similarly.

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 EXAMPLES

• Vertebrate limb development,

embryonic development
plants/insects, pouches
(pharyngeal pouches), etc.

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 BIOGEOGRAPHY
• Biogeography is the study of how
different forms of life are
distributed geographically and the
factors responsible for these
variations. It divides the Earth's
surface into regions that display
differences in the composition of
flora and fauna. The distribution
patterns of plant and animal forms
are influenced by various factors,
including climatic and geographic
conditions, geologic history,
evolution, dispersal rate,
adaptability, taxon age, etc.

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 EXAMPLES

• Migration patterns, distribution of

animals/plants, etc.

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 MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
• Molecular biology examines
chemical structures and processes,
focusing on understanding the 3D
structure of biological
macromolecules and the
molecular basis of genetic
processes. It involves genetic
engineering techniques and has
been closely associated with
biochemistry, genetics, and
biophysics since its emergence in
the 1930s.

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 EXAMPLES

Gene editing, structural biology, protein

purification, DNA sequencing, etc.

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SOURCES
• https://researchfeatures.com/human-evolution/ [1]

• https://www.britannica.com/science/fossil [2]

• https://www.bgs.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/feature_ammonite_P885148.jpg [2]

• https://www.britannica.com/science/comparative-anatomy [3]

• https://www.generationgenius.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Comparative-Anatomy-READING-1-600x338.jpg [3]

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_embryology [4]

• http://onlineresize.club/2021-club.html [4]

• https://www.britannica.com/science/biogeography [5]

• https://styles.redditmedia.com/t5_2u0do/styles/communityIcon_digs5hnnuwu51.png [5]

• https://www.britannica.com/science/molecular-biology [6]

• https://dean.clas.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/AdobeStock_63982070-copy-2000x1200.jpg [6]