Resources

CI›. 7 Miner al and E ne r

1) /\'fi/›r/"n/: - Th c tern› i11itic'rc1)

i s dcfinecl as fi.stair.II

occurring org‹anic .Incl

inorganic subst,iicc !

iaving definite cl1ci›iic«aI

composition snd specific

physical pt“operty.

2) Energy: - The capacity to do

work is called energy.

M anufac¡u„r|ng: - Its literally

means make by hand.

Manufacturing is the

processing of raw materials

into finished goods through

the use of tools, human

labour, machinery, and

chemical processing.
 gces: - Rocks are
combinations of homogenous
substances called minerals.

General Facts
Calorific value: - The energy contained in a fuel or food, determined by measuring the heat produced by
the complete combustion of a specified quantity of it. This is now usually expressed in j o u I e S p t ! "
kilogram.

2) The heating value of a substance, usually a fuel or food, is the amount of heat released during the

combustion of a specified amount of it. The calorific value is the total energy released as heat when a
substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen under standard conditions.
 H W d re minerals cIassifiE*qy Or
ClaSSify FFlinerals based on chemical and physical properties. Explain them. State

the difference between ‘Metallic and Non-Metallic’ minerals.

Differentiate between
ferrous and non-ferrous minerals. Or
”
Answerconventional & non-conventional
Distinguish between ’ M e ta ie sources of energy.
•
(1UCERTAspects
Page Na. 72 @ Zñ# / /Vori metallic fVlinerals
Metallic minerals are those minerals Non-metallic minerals are those which do
which can be melted to obtain new not yield new products on melting.
Definition products.
They are usually hard and have They are not so hard and have no shine or
Characteristics shines or luster of their own. luster of their own.
When hit, they may get broken into
When hit, they don't break.
pieces.
These are generally associated with These are generally associated with
S e 5
igneous rocks. sedimentary rocks.
They are not ductile and malleable but
They are ductile and malleable and
some of them can be cut into thin sheets.
can be used to make wires.
Examples of metallic minerals are Examples of non-metallic minerals are
Examples
iron, copper, bauxite, tin etc. coal, salt clay, iarble, etc.

en
Non-Ferrous Minerals
re naturally Nonferrous minerals are naturally
ic substances that occurring inorganic substances that do
ntent. not contain iron (Fe) content.
These minerals do not show magnetic
properties.
are less resistant These minerals are more resistant
st)
posed of mainly iron as They are composed of various elements
rbonates or sulfides and combinations.
 Gold, silver, copper and platinum eț
Iron ore, cobalt nicl‹eI etc. 3re the
5. fxan›ples of ferrous minerals. t h ! 3 exa f Tl p les of nonferrous mipe r ¿țș

on-Ferrous’ Mineruls

Aspects ronventionof Sources

Conventional sources of energy are the Non-conventional sourtes of energy refer
sources that are commonly used all to the sources that are identified few
decades ago.
around the worCd since long time.
ExhoUstibility The non-conventional sources of
The conventio n al sources of energy are
energy are unlimited in nature and can
limited in nature and their formation
be renewed
7hey within short
are environment span ofwhich
friendly, time.
takes millions of years to be formed.
does not cause pollution.
They are not environment friendly, as
they
They cause pollution
are mainly usei and lead! global
and They are mainly used for domestic
Uses warming.
commercial i purposes.
Conven1 They are less expensive because of
their unlimited availability in the
nature.

rantages/ uses/ importance of minerals? of

(NCERT Paqe No. 7S)
minerals?
 s

’* ^’* ^8 'nt1›spnnsJbIo p,+tt I our live s. Almost evr ything we use, from a tiny pin to a
bu°Id*ng or a big shqs, ,all arc n1ade front minerals.
” ’* “” "!**+ ^rgani< like fossil I ›eIs or inorganic like mica, limestone, etc.
” ^^ *^ *W relationship between quality and quantity of minerals i.e., good quality
minerals
’* * $ COC !**8
min80e iQU40 {ty asu scompared
t h e r ferro to loss QUality minerals.
MINEP AII USED IN OUR DA Y TO O AY LIFE
—— ——
have ferrous content like
I PPt°,
ntent lil‹e i On ore
W
bauxite, etc.or don't
S} These minerals take long
geological time to develop
and they cannot replenish ““”” ““’
immediately at the time of ”.° “-‹ “= ”‹›
need.
All minerals are exhaustible . '
over time. Most of the ' “’ *”*” *‘*‘ “***’ *'”“’ *”
minerals are not renewable .' batch.’A’ nd turk n+ e!c....
; but many of
them can be recycled and re-
7)
used.
human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, religious and ceremonial rites.
In all stages of development,
Q. J Name the important belts of mineral reserves in India. Or
Name the minerals which are found in South-Western plateau region belt of India. On
Write a note on the mineral belts of India. (NfiERT Page No. 7J & 7d) (3)
INDIA
in rh art. '

This belt covers Chhotanagpur

(Jharkhand), Odisha Plateau,
West Bengal and parts of

Bf¢erala. It is rich in
Ols and bauxite. It
}b¥ high grade iron
limestone. This belt lacks in coal deposits except Neyvell (Tamil Nadu) lignite. Kerala has deposits of nlona2ite

an¢l thoriun , bauxite clay. Goa has iron ore deposits.

Gujarat and minerals are associated with Dharwar system of rocks. Copper, zinc has been major

minerals. Rajasthan is rich in building stones i.e. sandstone, granite, marble. Dolomite and limestone

provide raw materials for cement industry. Gujarat is known for its petroleum deposits. Gujarat and

Rajasthan both have rich sources of salt. The Himalayan belt is another mineral belt where copper, lead,

zinc, cobalt
Explain the and tungsten
different typesare
of known occur. Assam valley hasOrmineral oil deposits. Oil resources are
to found
iron ore in India.
How can we divide/ classic iron ore into different
categories. Explain
(ñJC’E”T Page /“Jo.
also found in off-shore-areas
O near Mumbai Coast (Mumbai High). 7'!?es:
.' - Th e iron ore is found in following jo ur typ
t -

IM OFtant and best quality of

tron ore. It contains about 70

% iron content. It is black in

COIOur. It has excellent
magnetic qualities, so it is best
for electrical industry.

Hemati te: - Hemati

Hematite
the most import
iron ore in t
ti
about
is re

ical
 About
Ch
 Sandur-Hospet area of Ballari diet i<t,
/¢grnqtgky Re g i g g : - In Karnataka, iron ore deposits occur in « •.
Baba Budan hills and •..,.
Kudremukh in Chikkamagaluru
|NDTA
district and parts of .\tLTStLlC ñ1!
Shivamogga, Chitradurg and C*L##^

Tumakuru districts.
3) ..^ñ..^.T.-^.ñ ..!..E.^..-. ....-.a-.T..e..gl...o. ..' -
This belt includes the state of
Goa and Chandrapur,
Bhandara and Ratnagiri
distr1ctS of Maharashtra. Here, i
the ores are not of very high '^ ’”’*
quality, yet they are efficiently
exploited. Iron ore is exported ”
through Marmagao port. "’“
e.I.•*9. . .%..A ...d.ñ-r..a... .Ta j! ‘’ ; " " ‘ " , . ,.. •
Nad_u Region: - The districts „.
of in Maharashtra, Karimnagar •'”'° „
and Warangal district of s-•.• “”:y
Telangana, Kurnool, Cuddapah - • ./. . °'•*•
"•”” !
u° and Anantapur districts of *” ” ”- ”
Andhra Pradesh, Salem and ”
Nilgiris districts of Tamil Nadu ° •.
are other iron mining regions. - ' " ‘“ "
•
' Q. 6 What are the main utility/ use.of Manganese? Describe its distribution in India. Or
Which are the two main férrous minerals found in lridiâ7 DeScribe four characteristics of each. Or
Mention the uses of maflganese and its producing states. (NCERT Page No. 74 & {3.J
76) •”• As w e r Pv neo : - Iron ore ahd Manganese.aré I/ie two zfioin /errous minero/s /ound in India.
emye o e: - M. nganese is an important raw material jar smelting of iron ore and also
used/or,.rfianujacturIng Ferro alloys. Manganese deposits are found in almost all geological
formations'; howéver,-it is mainly associated with Dharwar system.
z) Odisha:. - it is the leading.
producer of Manganese.
Major.min»s in Odisha are
located in the ceritral part of
the iron ore belt of India,
particularly in Bonai,
Kendujhar, Sundergarh,
Gangpur, Koraput, Kalahandi
and Bolangir.
”2y fi_a ng(gka:
- It is another major producer
and here the amines are
located in phafwâr, Ballard,
‘” . Belagavi, derth Canara,

Wr. flalkar
'**
”!»:’
 ChikkmagaiU!u/ ShÎV M gg ,
d a

Chitradurg and T
/ ,S ru.
MOh_Orashtrg . umaku
o
l C ä n
ä
C&biod o
OFtant producer of
^ ng d nese, whi h IS m i n e d in
ä
NagpurOO

Nagpur, Bhandara and Kofaput

Ratoagc o
R a t n a g i ri diStFiCtS. The
0
diSddVdntage to thèse mines iS Disfribution of /I ongonese
saAogee
4)
thdt they are located far

fFOITI steel plants.

M a d h y a P r adesh: - extends in
s)
a0th er in
belt Producers:
Balaghat- - Telangana, Goa, and Jharkhand are other minor producers of manganese.
Q. 7 ChhName non-ferrous metal. Discuss their spatial distribution.
lndwaFd-Nim Or
ar-MandIa
Explain the formation of Bauxite. Give the distribution in India. Or
and Jhabua districts.
Give an account of the distribution of bauxite in India. (NCERT Page No. 76) (3/5)
•”’ Answer Key Points: -
Bauxite is the ore, wh ich is used
in manufacturing of aluminium.
8auxite is found mainly in
tertiory deposits and is
associated with laterite rocl‹s
occurring extensively either on
the plateau or hill ran ges of
peninsular India and also in the
coastal tracts oJ the country.

1J Odisha is the largest

producer of Bauxite.
halahandi and Sambalpur are
the leading producers and
Bolangir and Koraput are the
other two areas which have
been increasing their
production. ,°
2) The patlands of Lohardaga in {
Jharkhand have rich deposits. „ Ben ga I .
3} Bhavanagar, and Jamnagar in A„ b ,
n‘ ”
Se*
Gujarat have the major ’
deposits.
4) Chhattisgarh
' - - - In œrtjar4onaI Boundary
has bauxite deposits in
Amarkantak plateau while
Katni- Jabalpur area and
Balaghat in M.P. fi/ir. flalkar
 have important deposits of bauxite. important producers. Tamil
are
Kolaba, Thane, Ratnagiri, Satara, Pune and Kolhapur in M aharashtr a
5)
Nadu, Karnataka and Goa are minor producers of bauxite.
(NICE RT Pog e Rio. 7â)
Q. 8 Give the uses of copper. Explain the distribution of copper in Tndia.

Copper is an indispensable metal in the electrical industry for making wires, electric motors,

transformers and genera tors. It is alloyoble, malleable and ductile. It is also mixed with gold to
provide strength to jewelry.
INDIA
COP P ER MIPJE5

J/ The Copper deposits mainlv

occur in Singhbhum district in
Jharkhand, Bal aghat district
in Madhya Pradesh and
Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts
in Rajasthan.
Minor producers of Copper
are Agnigundala in Guntur
District (Andhra Pradesh),
Chitradurg and Hasan districts
(Karnataka) and South Arcot
district (Tamil Nadu).

Q. 9 Explain the major properties and

Name a non-metallic mineral mad y it is used in electric and
electronic industries*
Give an account of the distri
Write the uses and distri ”PT Page No. 76)
”•”” Answer
Among the non-i ortant one. The other
minerals omite and phosphate.
extract
Mica is mai
electri
 West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.

In Jharkhand, high quality miCa

is obtained in a belt extending over a distance of about 150 km, in length and

about 22 km, in

\Vidth in lower Hazaribagh

plateau.

In Andhra PradRSh, Nellore

diStTjct produces the best

€{UQli'Ly mica. In Rajasthan,

mica belt extends for about

320 km. from Jaipur to

Bhilwar a and around Udaipur.

Mica deposits also occur in
Mysuru and Hasan districts of
Karanataka, Coimbatore,
Q. 10 Tiruchirapalli, Madurai of
Give the distribution and
coal in India.
Kanniyakumari in Tamil Nadu,
\Vhat are the uses of coal? VVhere is it found in India? (NCERT Page No. 78 & 80)
Alleppey in Kerala, Ratnagiri
Answer Ke
in Maharashtra, Purulia and
Coal is a one of the important
Bankura in West Bengal.
minerals which is mainly used
in the generation of thermal
power and smelting of iron

2) Coal occurs in rock

sequences mainly of two
geological ages, namely
Gondwana and tertiary
deposits.
3) The most important
Gondwana coal fields of India
are located in Damodar
Valley.
4) About 80 9t of the coal
deposits in India is
of

7} Jharia is the targeeg caat fletzf followed by Raniganj. The other river valleys associated with coal are

mânfng centers are Singrauli in Madhya Pradesh, Korba in Chhattisgarh,

Q t B @ d M s a , Chanda—Wardha and Bander in Maharashtra and Singareni in
Its Andhra Pradesh.
 lyagaland, It Is axtractod from
9/ Tartl•ry coele occur In Aeeam, AFMnach• I Pfi1dflQf\y Mrg’*‘‹l^Y*^ **id
In uppor AGgBfFi, Namchll‹
Cherrepunjl and Mewlong (Maghalit§a), MilkUM, J.tIPU*^’Id “”*
(Arunechal Pradesh) and Kalakot (J•›mmu .mid K*•*^!r)'
Q. JJ Give the dlfforance between Gendw.in•i •ind r* rtl'iry *^^! d^Pu^lt” lndla,
In whlch to meln geological agee deed cu:it uccur In rfJ‹:k •.r'rl‹'. In lndI,7 M•ntl‹›n thulr fratur‹*s.

Gondwana Caul/lel
J/ They are mora than
200

2) They are the main producers

and produced good
quallty of coal In
India.
3) They are Important

situated In the Damoder

Valley, JhalKa, Ranlganj,

‘Mahanadl’, ‘Son’ and

of age
2} They ar
an
d

ndantly avallable fossil fual In Indla7 Glve its classlflcatlon/ types7

(NC£RT P

78 &

total commercial energy

Is often know

7ypes of,Coal
 1)
AEthfOcife: - it ÎS the best

@Mä I ÿ OU CODE wh/Ch Cornes

ê..*..-. ü5 % carbon content. lt

ignites sIow|y with a blue

Câ}Oritic value (The heating
flame. lt has the highest
value of a substance). lt is
found in small quantity in
Jammu and I‹ashmir.

2) Bituminoup: - It carries 60 -
80 % carbon content and a
low level of moisture content.
It is widely used and has high
calorific value. It is found in
Jharkhand, West Bengal,
Odisha, Chhattisgarh and
Madhya Pradesh.

3) tjgnite: - ft Is often brown in

colour. It carries 0 - G{/
carbon content. It is an
intermediate stage whlch
happens durlng the alteration
of woody matter into coal. It
has high mofHure content so

Mr. flalkor
 4) Peqt: - It has less than 0 B
carbon content. It is in the
first.stage of transformation

from wood to.coal. (I has low

«alorlfi«valua and’Isur»s like
wood.

STAGES IN COAL FORMATION

• BIOCHEMICAL STAGS
• GEOCHEMICAL STAGE
Burial pcsswc, Itc‹i,t, axd tlnc

If

Q. JS Write a detailed note on the Petroleum resources of India. Or

Where are majority of petroleum resewes-foñnd? Give the uses of petroleum. Or
Give the distribution of petroleum reserves in India. (NCERT Page No. 80) (3)
”• n
e Ke P n s: - ”
Crude petroleum occurs in ”
sedimentary rocks of the ’“
”
tertia‹v Reriod. Oil exploration ”
.and RrOduction was

systematicallytaken up afier the

Qil and NoturalGas
Commission was set.up,ia
19S6•
Tr// then; Digboi in.Assam wo¥
the only oi!..praduciiig region
” bflt the ° *^'^'°**'*
f

scefiaria ¢hang«d a/ter 1956:

in.recenty»ors, new oi/

.deposits h, o& bépn/âund’D!

J}
Crude petroleum consists of hydrocarbons of liquid and gaseous states varying in chemical

2j composition, colour and specific gravity.

It is an essential SOurce of energy for all internal combustion engines in automobiles, railways and

aircraft.

3) Its numerous by-products are processed in petrochemical industries, such as fertiliser, synthetic

rubber, synthetic fiber, medicines, vaseline, lubricants, wax, soap and cosmetics.

Oi)fie|d,s in Eastern India: - Assam is the oldest oil producing state of east India. Major oilfields of

west
Assam.are (a) The Digboi (the oldest oilfield of India) (b) The Naharkatiya (located in the south-
Assam
PetoeumReseoes
e of Digboi) and (c) 0Moran
i)fieIdsarein
Western
the India: oilfields
other major - This of
includes: -
a) The Oilj)eld; oj Gujarat: -
Gujarat produces about 18% of
the total oil production of
India. The major oilfields of
Gujarat are Ankaleshwar,
Kalol, Mehsana, Nawagam,
Kosamba and Lunej.
b) Offshgre Oilfields o‘
Mumb ” High.
mineral oil - The
deposits of largest
India ',."' *”*
are found in the offshore sea ,.' *' , ?£aadit5ol(4/nt] in
I Odisha
near Mumbai High (63%). "
Mumbai High which lies 160 km off Mumbai was discovered in 1973 and production started in 1976.
c) Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri sin: - Oil and natural gas have been found in exploratory wells in
Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basin on the east coast.

Q. 14 Name the areas where natural gas is found.

Or
Or
Natural gas is considered a clean energy resource/ environment friendly fuel. Why? Give its distribution
in India.Which are the prospective areas of natural gases in (NCERT Page No. 80) (3/5)
India?
•”•• s e Ke P n s: -
J) One reason natural gas is called “clean” is because it emits 45 % less carbon dioxide than coa), about
30 % less than oil, and about 15 % less than wood.
2) It is extremely efficient when it burns producing heat, water vapour and Carbon dioxide.

Mr. fialkar
 It is used as a source of enersv
aS well as an industrial raw
material in the petrochemical

Compressed natural gas is IteserV«8 Of I\tat‹ir3l SAS

gaining white popularity as
fuel for vehicles.
ajasthân
Authorlt OJ India limited wcs
bit ttp In Z984 as o putlic
sector underto£:np en
YFDl7Sf)OfI and market natural

It 1s Obtained along with oil in all

the oilfields but exclusive reserves

ANDHRA
have been located along the eastern PRADESH
Tamil Nadu
coast as wetl as (Tamil Nadu,
Odisha and Andhra Pradesh),
Tripura, Rajasthan and Off-shore
wells in Gujarat and Maharashtra.
• US Write an essay on hydel power in (NCERTfiook Exercise) (3/S)
India.
Answ'er be
Hydel power is inexhaustible
resotzmes in which the I-HYDRO PORT/ER

potential energy of falling

water convertezf into
electricity. In order to produce
hydel electricity dams are
constructed or the river to
control che flow oJ water and
collect wrter*n Merger
resewoirs. ltte water l e v y
and in tfi/s process
energy oJ/iowfttg

producer dia's requirement,

hydel

g} T a b l e r e s o u r c e as

@ was set up at 5 er Cauvery in 1902.

i•purpose proje r plans.
 lndia'S economically I FI D I A
H y d ra P o v/ °. r P I a n I s

exploitable and viable

hydroelectric potential is

esti mated to be 148,701

MW. An additional 6,780

@ O Gra

MW fK T small er hydro
5)
schemes (with capacities of

less than 25 MW) is

estimated as exploitable.

The public sector

accounts for 92.5% of
India's hydroelectric
power produ ction. The
National Hydroelectric
Power Corporation
(NHPC), Northeast —
*"””’°"”’’“’“
Electric
are somePower
of theCompany
public sector companies producing hydroelectric power in India.
(NEEPCO), Satluj Jal
Q. 16 Vidyut
Distinguish between thermal electricity and hydro-electricity by stating three points.
Nigam (SJVNL), (3)
(NCERT Page Nc. 79 & 90)
THDC, and NTPC-Hydro

ing

Mr. fialkar
 ... . .. . .- ..

It uses non-renew able resources to . .._

I CompOsit/on it uses renewable resources to generate
generate elactrlclty.
R u s electricity.
t au e p u ‹ g u g
E t i e pens ve t is hea eri
PIQ o
a the a s
t
Q. J7 taHn di g h a e
"The promoti on of the use of non- conventional sources of energy in India is the n €? e d of t h e hOU’•” Support

the statement. Or
The non-con ventional sources of energy will provide more sustalned, eco-frien dly and cheaper energy if
the Initial cost is taken care of.” E x a m i F \ e the statement. I N C R T Pugh /\/O•80) (3)

”• Aflswer. Key Polnts. -

1) Non-conventio
nal energy
sources are highly valuable.
Z/ They are the renewable
energy sources like solar,
wind, hydro, geothermal and
biomass.
\'f
3) These energy sources are
equally distributed.
4) They provide sustainable, eco-
friendly and cheap ecergy.
5) Non-conventional energy
sources will provide more
6) sustained energy.
They are also cheaper energy
sources a ke r t h e initi al cost is taken care of.

Q. JB What is nuclear power7 Mention the important nuclear power stations in India. Or
Which minerals are used to obtain this energy and mention any two states where these minerals are
foundY Or
Describe the development of nuclear energy in India and challenges in its growth. Or
(NCERT Page No. 82) (3)
List the major nuclear power stations along with the states.
3• A n o n : -
Nucleor ener9y has emerged as
o viable source in rexent tlmes.
lmponant minerals used;for the
uranium and thorIum• en ” .
penerotion o)nuclear erp¿oF«
•

! I} Uranium deposl@.&$/tjj"tnthe
Dharwar rockp, t
e
r okn“o In se e*al ”””‘**“”
locations ,gtjje Singbhum ’”””

2) !t is
.
..::,‹
 AlWar and Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan, Durg district Chhattisgarh, Bhandara district of
of
BJ Maharashtra and Kullu distrftt of Himachal Pradesh.
Thomas is mainly obtained from monazite and ifmenite in the beach sands along the coast of Kerala
and Tamil Nadu.

4J WOFId’Srichest monazite
deposits occur in Palakkad
and Kollam districts of
Kerala, near
Vishakhapatnam in Andhra
Pradesh and Mahanadi
river delta in Odisha.
SQ Atomic Energy Commission
was established in 1948,
progress could be made
only after the
establishment of the
Atomic Energy Institute at
Trombay in 1954 which
was renamed as the
Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre in 1967.
Po e P o ects in
India: -
The important nuclear
power projects are
Tarapur
(Maharashtra), (NCERT Page No. 82)
Q. 19 Rawatbhata
Nuclear energy
nearisKota
the hope of future in India. Give a few points.
•.“• Answer
(Rajasthan), be
Kalpakkam
Nuclear
(Talnll energy iS obtained
from splitting of the nuclear
Nadu), Narora (Uttar
atoms. The Kaiga
Pradesh), nuclear energy is
going to play and
(Karnataka) a vital role
because: - (Gujarat).
Kakarapara
JJ The demand for energy is
increasing day by day, the
natural energy sources like
coal, petroleum, etc. cannot
last for long time. So the
nuclear energy will dominate.
It also releases large amount
of energy.
 )5 Nuclea r energy Is very economic a).

4) In India minerals like Uranium and Thorburn nre available In sufficient amount.

SQ This power can play a complementary role In industrial and agricultura l develop ment in India.

6) India has a sound technical know-how to utilise nuclear energy.

source of
Q. 20 Name non-
five conventional
sources energy.
of non-conventional energy in India and also state oner pPug
(NCER e hJo.area
otential 92 &of63?
each f3/3/
“•” Answer Pa.ints: -
!l9h! ISO/7iSUn tidal waves, winds, biogas and geothermal energy are non- conventional

sources of energy. The non- conventional sources are cheap and can be tapped easily. They are
pollution free as they do not have smoke or ash when used.

S.q.lgr Energy: - India is a

tropical country so sunlight is

abundantly available in all
the parts of country except
north-eastern India. Solar
energy is used for cooking,
water heating and space
heating. Solar cooker water
pumps, road lights,
telephone etc. are being
operated by solar energy.

z) W)pd Eperpy: - Tamil Nadu,

Gujarat, Maharashtra, Odisha
are using wind energy. Effort
is being made to develop
wind generators, wind mills,
battery charging system.

Mr. fialkar
 (3)
Q. Z./ What are the advantages of solar energy? (N€FRT Pag g NO. 82 & 83)

'*' Aeye s t :-
JJ Sun rays tapped in
Photovoltaic cells can be
converted into energy,
knoWn as solar energy.
2) The two effective
processes
considered to be very
effective to tap solar energy
are photovoltaic and solar
thermal technology.
3/ Solar thermal technology has
some relative advantages
over all other non-renewable
energy sources. It is cost
competitive, environment
friendly and easy to
India
Solar Resource
construct.
4J Solar energy is 7 per cent
more effective than coal or
oil based plants and 10 per
cent more effective than
nuclear plants.

5) It is generally used more in

appliances like heaters, crop
dryers, cookers, etc. ’” '”
6j The western part of India has
greater potential for the ,
development of solar ener$y
in Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Q. Z2 Give Mo advantages of wind energy. Mention four states of India having favourable conditions for
the development of wind energy. (NCERT Page No. 63) Is)
•°+• s: -

1j Wind energy Is absolutely pe)lution free, inexhaustible sources of energy.

The kinetic energy of wind, through turbines is converted into electric energy.

Mr. fialkar
3)
The permane nt wind systems

sUch the trade winds,

west erlies and seasonal wind

like monsoon have been used ils

SOurce of energy. Besides

these, local winds, land and

S t a breezes can also be used

tO produce electricity.

India already has started

generating wind energy. In

Rajasthan , Gujarat,

Maharashtra and

5) Karnataka, favourable
conditions for wind energy
exist.

in India. (NCERT Page

No. 83)

iydropower energy that exercises energy of the oceanic tides to generate

ie store-house of infinite energy. Since the beginning of 17th and 18 ᵗ h century,

create a more efficient energy system from the ean
:s are known to occur along the west coast of India. Hence,
gy along the coasts but so far these have
not yet
 **
en th+ m a g m a from the interior of Earth, comes out on the surface, tremendous heat is r eleaseJ.
Th's he3t energ\ can be

tapped and convened to

P[flRh&ALflMflRGV
e’ectrical energ\'. hloreover,
the hot x•ater that gushes out

through the geyser wells is

a!so used in the generation of

t her m al energy. It is

popularly know n as

‘Geothermal Energy‘. Ttds

energy is now considered to
be one of the key eneegy
sources w i tc h ¢ a n b e
devel‹zped as aw alternate
source.

2) The first successful ( I B M ) att empt to tap the underground heat was made in the city of Boise, Idaho

t U . S A ) , w i n e a h o t w a t a r pipe network was built to give heat to the surrounding buildings.

The taot and geyuezs are being used since medieval period. In India, a geothermal energy
plant

af bjo-energy to h.uman kin¢I in India.

 Answer Ke Roints:
1)
" 0 - ?
f*e’8Y fiz'fg'FS to energy derived from biological products which includes agricultural residues,

municipal, industrial and

O ! h e ¢\v ä S tes. BiO-energy is

ã

p o ten ti î 3 l SOurce Of Fłergy

i2

C *! f2 j+8 UPicipal waste

conversion. One such project
ï *!t e + E *gY iS Okhla in Delhi.

It ca n be conver te d into

electric al energy , h ea t energy

Or gas for cooking.

It wİ)I also process the waste

and garbage and produce

energy.

This will improve economic

life of rural areas in in the
country.
It reduces environment
pollution, enhance self-
reliance and reduce pressure
on fuel wood.

g. 26 Why do we need mźnerals

for economic development?
Why is cocserva?ion of
resources essential?
total volume Suggest
of workable
steps to conserve
mineral depositsmine
rals.
is very low
Why do we need to conserve
resources?

(NCERT Page No. 83)

č• Answer Ke
Natural
Resources
» Ne_d Animal üesourcas

oğ*;esourcg.Conservat
ion: -
Rich minerai deposits are our
ry's extremely valuable
but short-lived possessions.
lncreasing demands with
lncreasing population leads
to continue extraction of
minerals which have created
pressure on natural
resources.

of the sources are non-

renewable and non-
replenishable resources as
they take millions of years to
be formed.

Socio-
Ec0nomicProblems

ink,
lture etc.
- We have to c
onserve

resources for sus

tainable

* e y e ! pment. It inclUde

¢-arefuIly use of naturaI

resources by keeping in mind

the needs of future

generations.

Industrial bevelopmen†

Most of the industries are

dependent on different types
of mineral materials as raw
materials and source of
energy, so for a proper
industrial development we
need resources.

To Prevent Po/motion: - Over

utilisation of natural
resources can lead to
 Steps of Resource Conservation.• -
hausti ble
1) The alternative energy sources like solar power, wind, wave, geothermal energy are inex resource.
These should be
developed to replace the
exhaustible resources.
In case of metallic
minerals,
use of scrap metals will
enable recycling of metals.
Use of scrap is especially
significant in metals like
copper, lead and zinc in which
India's reserves are Iesser.
Use of substitutes for scarce
metals may also reduce their
consumption.
Export of strategic and scarce
minerals must be reduced, so
that the existing reserve may
be used for a longer period.

Q. 27 Name the agencies involved in

exploration of minerals.

(!7aIue based

Following agencies undertake sys t.°mot/c surveying, prospectin

various states of India.
1) Geological Survey of India
(GSI), Oil and Natural Gas
Commission (ONGC)
2) Mineral Exploration
Corporation Ltd.
(MECL)
3) National Mineral
Development Corporation
(NMDC)
Indian Bureau of Mi
(IBM), Bharat Go
(BGML)
5) Hindustan
-text uestions
iron ore coal, manganese, bauxite, mica