Year 7 Angles

Dr J Frost (jfrost@tiffin.kingston.sch.uk)
www.drfrostmaths.com
Objectives: Understand notation for angles. Know basic rules of angles
(angles in triangle, on straight line). Recognise alternate, corresponding
and vertically opposite angles. Find angles in isosceles triangles.
Deal with and introduce algebraic angles. Construct diagrams from
written information and form angle proofs.

Last modified: 22nd July 2018

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For Teacher Use:
Recommended lesson structure:

Lesson 1: Angle notation. Angle basics.

Lesson 2: Z/F/C/v. opposite angles. Angle properties of quadrilaterals.
Lesson 3: Isosceles Triangles
Lesson 4: Algebraic Angles
Lesson 5/6: Constructing diagrams from information. Proof
Lesson 7: Consolidation/Mini-assessment
Angle Notation
𝐴 We use capital letters for points.

! We can refer to this angle using:

? letter)
• (with a ‘hat’ on the middle
𝐵 ?
𝐶 • Or in words: “Angle ”
?
Quick Starter: How would we refer to each of the following angles?
(Use notation)

𝑄
1 1 or ?
𝑃 2∠ 𝑆𝐶𝑅?
3 𝐶
2 3∠ 𝑆𝑃𝑄?
𝑅
𝑆
 Angle Basics
Complementary Angle ( 余角）： sum of 90° supplementary angle （补角）： sum of 180°

30 °
128 °
𝟓𝟐?°

? sum to 180.”
! “Angles on a straight line 𝟐𝟒𝟎°
?
(These wordings will be important for angle proofs later)
? sum to 360.”
! “Angles around a point

85 °
𝟒𝟓?° reflex
50° acute obtuse

! “Angles in a triangle?sum to 180.” Name of angle if:

Less than 90: Acute?
?
Between 90 and 180: Obtuse
Over 180: Reflex?angle
Test Your Understanding
i [JMC 2008 Q4] In this diagram, what
is the value of ?
A 16 B 36 C 64
D 100 E 144

Solution: C ?

ii [JMC 2003 Q12] What is the size of

the angle marked ?
A B C
D E

Solution: A ?
Exercise 1 (on provided worksheet)

1 Find the angles marked with letters.

71 °
𝑏 150 °
45 ° 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 30 °
𝑏

𝑑 105 °
𝑒
52 ° 60 °
110°

𝒂=𝟔𝟒° , 𝒃=𝟕𝟎°
? ?, 𝒄=𝟔𝟎°
? , 𝒅=𝟏𝟏𝟐°
? , 𝒆=𝟑𝟓°
?
Exercise 1 (on provided worksheet)

[JMC 2000 Q3] What is the value of ?

2
?
Solution: 28

3 [JMC 2015 Q6] What is the value of in

this triangle?
?
Solution: 50

4 [JMC 2011 Q6] What is the sum of the

marked angles in the diagram?
Solution:
?
5 [JMC 1997 Q17] How big is angle ?
Solution:
?
[IMC 2014 Q3] An equilateral triangle is
6
placed inside a larger equilateral
triangle so that the diagram has three
lines of symmetry. What is the value of ?
Solution:
?
[IMC 2011 Q9] In the diagram, is a
7
straight line. What is the value of ?
?
Solution: 170
Exercise 1 (on provided worksheet)

8 [JMC 2010 Q8] In a triangle with angles the mean of

and is . What is the value of ?
Solution: 60
?
9 [JMC 1999 Q13] In the diagram, and . What is ?
Solution:
?
[JMC 2001 Q18] Triangle is equilateral. Angle ,
10 angle . What is the size of the marked angle ?
Solution:

[JMC 2007 Q16] What is the sum of the six marked

angles? ?
11 Solution: . The sum of the angles at the 7 points is .
We’ve excluded the angles in the 3 triangles, so .

[JMC 2015 Q16] The diagram shows a square inside

?
an equilateral triangle. What is the value of ?
Solution: 150

12

?
Exercise 1 (on provided worksheet)

13 [JMO 2001 A3] What is the value of in the diagram alongside?

?
Solution: 15

14 [Kangaroo Pink 2010 Q9] In the diagram, angle is , and the reflex angle at
is .The line segments and are perpendicular. What is the size of angle ?
Solution:
?
[Kangaroo Pink 2006 Q8] The circle shown in the diagram is divided into
15 four arcs of length 2, 5, 6 and units. The sector with arc length 2 has an
angle of at the centre. Determine the value of .
(Hint: An arc is a part of the line that makes up the circle, i.e. part of the
circumference. The arc length grows in proportion to the angle at the
centre)
Solution: 11
?
[SMC 2010 Q3] The diagram shows an equilateral triangle touching two
16 straight lines. What is the sum of the four marked angles?
Solution: . Angles at two points some to , but we exclude two angles of .

?
Angles involving parallel lines
There are three more laws of angles that you need to know, use and quote:
(These arrows indicate the
lines are parallel)

 Alternate angles are equal.

(Sometimes known? as ‘Z’ angles)
 Corresponding angles are equal.
? as ‘F’ angles)
(Sometimes known

? are equal.
 Vertically opposite angles

Bro Note: The word ‘vertically’ here is the adjective

form of ‘vertex’, which means a point. So “vertically
opposite” means “opposite with respect to a point”.
How to spot them
To identify alternate angles:
Step 1: Identify a line connecting
two parallel lines.
Click >>

Step 2: At each end on your parallel

lines, shoot out along the parallel lines
in opposite directions. Your angles are
the ones wedged between the lines.
Click >>

To identify corresponding angles:

Step 1: Identify an angle between one line
of a parallel pair, and a connecting line.
Click >>
Step 2: This can be shifted along to the
other parallel line of the pair.
Click >>
 Examples (For extra practise outside of class)

Identify the alternate and corresponding angle for each indicated angle (use notation).
𝑊 𝑃
𝑋
𝐴
𝑄
𝐷
𝐶
𝐵 4
Double arrows allows us to match
another pair of parallel lines.

𝑆 𝐹
2 3 𝐾
𝐸
𝐺5 𝐻 𝐼 𝐽
1
𝑁 𝑂
# Angle Alternate Corresponding
𝑀
𝐿 1 ? or
?
𝑇
2 ? ? ?
𝑅
3 ? ? ?
𝑈
4 ? ? ?
𝑉 5 ? ? ?
Check Your Understanding
ANB is parallel to CMD. LNM is a straight line.
i Angle LMD
(i) Work out the size of the angle marked .
?
(ii) Give reasons for your answer.
“Alternate angles are equal” OR “Corresponding angles
? line sum to 180”
are equal”, “Angles on straight

ii [JMC 2011 Q11] The diagram shows an

equilateral triangle inside a rectangle. What is
the value of ?
A 30 B 45 C 60 D 75 E 90 𝑦
𝑥
Solution:?C

Bro Hint: Is there a line in the

diagram we could add so we
can then use alternate angles?
Cointerior angles
We’ve seen ‘Z’ and ‘F’ angles. There’s also ‘C’ angles!

! Cointerior angles sum to?

180 −? 𝑥 We can identify them in a similar way

to alternate angles: identify a line
connecting two parallel lines, but this
𝑥 time go in the same direction at each
end rather than opposite directions.

Application to parallelograms
So we can say:
110?° 70
? ° ! Cointerior angles in a parallelogram
add to?
! Opposite angles in a parallelogram
?
are equal.
70 °
Example

Can you come up with an alternative explanation

for why ?

(cointerior angles sum to 180)

? are equal)
(vertically opposite angles
One further property of quadrilaterals
What are the sum of the
angles in a quadrilateral?
Draw Hint >>

! Angles in a quadrilateral sum to ?

50 °

𝑥 𝑥=𝟏𝟑𝟎°
?
45 °

35 °
Exercise 2 (on provided worksheet)

1 a For each diagram

(i) Find the missing angles and
(ii) List reasons for each answer.

i) ?
ii) Corresponding
? equal.
angles are

i) ?
ii) For x: Corresponding angles
are equal.
?
For y: Angles on straight line
add to 180. Alternate angles
are equal.
 Exercise 2
2 a b
𝑦

𝑥 115°
122° 80 °
𝒙 =𝟓𝟖? °
𝒚 =𝟑𝟓
?°
c d
30 °
𝑏 57 °
𝑥
𝑐
𝑎 82 ° 41°
𝒂=𝟑𝟎° , 𝒃=𝟖𝟐°
? , 𝒄=𝟔𝟖° 𝒙 =𝟕𝟒? °
Exercise 2

e f
85 °
𝑥 110°
112°

75 °
𝑦

𝒙 =𝟔𝟖
? ° 𝒙 =𝟗𝟎
? °
Exercise 2
3
For rhombuses are evenly
spaced around a point.
Given the angle shown,
find .
Solution:
?

30 °
𝑥
Exercise 2
4
Find the angles indicated.

100° 41°

𝑐
𝑑

𝑏 𝑒 96 °

𝒂=𝟒𝟏°
?
?
?
𝑎 136° ?
?
Exercise 2
5
42° Find the angle

Solution:
𝛼 ?

29 °

6 𝐷𝑃 𝐶
The line bisects the angle (this
means it cuts it exactly in half).
Determine the angle .

70 °
Solution: ?
𝐴 𝐵
Exercise 2
7 [JMC 2006 Q7] What is the value of ?
Solution:
?

8 [JMC 2007 Q9] In the diagram on the right, is parallel

to . What is the value of ?
Solution: 86
?
[JMC 2009 Q19] The diagram on the right shows a
9
rhombus and an isosceles triangle in which . Angle .
What is the size of angle ?
Solution:
?
[IMC 2005 Q7] In the diagram, what is the sum of the
10 marked angles?
Solution: . Sum of angles in 4 triangles is . The four
angles in the quadrilateral sum to 360, thus because
of vertically opposite angles, the innermost angles of
? sum of angles is .
the triangles sum to 360. Thus
Exercise 2

11 [JMO 2003 A9] Find the value of .

Solution: 210
?
12 [SMC 2006 Q3] The diagram shows overlapping
squares. What is the value of ?
Solution: 270
?
[Cayley 2012 Q2] In the diagram, and are
𝒚
13 parallel. Prove that .
Suppose we add a line horizontal with as
shown, where is split into and .
and are cointerior thus .
and are cointerior thus
Thus 𝒃𝟏
? 𝒃𝟐
Exercise 2
14 [Kangaroo Grey 2005 Q20] Five straight lines intersect at a common point
and five triangles are constructed as shown. What is the total of the 10
angles marked in the diagram?
A B C D E

Answer: . Sum of angles in 5 triangles is .

Since angles at the central point add to , but each angle in a triangle at the
?
centre can be paired with a vertically opposite angle not in a triangle, the central
angles in the triangles sum to .
Isosceles Triangles
What do these marks mean?
? same length.
The lines are of the

𝟒𝟎°
?
𝟔𝟓°
?

50°

70 ° ?
𝟕𝟎°
! “Base angles of an
isosceles triangle are equal.”
Warning!
Sometimes diagrams are drawn in such a way that it’s not visually obvious what the
two angles the same are. You can use the ‘finger slide method’ to identify these.

Diagram not
drawn accurately.
Click for
Broanimation >

Put your fingers on the two

marks.

Slide your fingers in the same

direction but away from each
other.
These two corners are where
the angles are the same.
Test Your Understanding

i [JMC 2013 Q3] What is the value of ?

A 25 B 35 C 40 D 65 E 155
Solution: C
?

ii [IMC 2012 Q11] In the diagram, is a parallelogram; ; and .

What is the size of ?
A B C D E

Solution: C
?
Using angles to give you information about sides
You’ve so far used sides which are equal to find angles.
But we can do the opposite too! If two angles are equal, then two sides are equal.

[Kangaroo Pink 2004 Q6] In

the diagram . What is the
size of ?

75 °
65 °

1. Use information provided. Go >

2. Work out some initial angles. Go >
3. Use angles to give us Go >
information about side lengths.
4. Use new knowledge of side Go >
lengths to work out more
angles…
Angle Wall Challenge
How far can you get down the angle challenge
wall? (do in order, and draw the diagram first)
Hint: You may want to add extra lines.

𝟔𝟎° 60 °  ?
𝟏𝟓°
𝟑𝟎° ( is isosceles) ?
𝟏  ( is isosceles) ?
() ?
𝟔𝟎° (angles within ) ?
𝟕𝟓°
𝟒𝟓° 𝟕𝟓 °
𝟑𝟎°  ?

This was a Junior Maths Olympiad problem!

(to prove that )
Exercise 3 (on provided worksheet)

1 Find the value of each variable.

Solution:
?

2 [JMC 2014 Q10] An equilateral triangle is

surrounded by three squares, as shown. What is
the value of ?
Solution: 30
?
3 [JMC 2005 Q13] The diagram shows two equal
squares. What is the value of ?
Solution: 140
?
[IMC 2010 Q6] In triangle , is a point on such
4
that
and . What is the size of ?
Solution:

?
[IMC 1999 Q8] In the diagram .
5 What is the size of angle ?
Solution:
?
Exercise 3 (on provided worksheet)

6 [JMC 2008 Q19] In the diagram on the right, , , . What is the

value of ?
Solution: 35
?
7 [Kangaroo Grey 2010 Q9] The diagram shows a quadrilateral ,
in which , , and . What is the size of ?
Solution:
?
[Cayley 2004 Q1] The “star” octagon shown in the diagram is
𝑁
𝑥
8 beautifully symmetrical and the centre of the star is at the 110°
centre of the circle. If angle = 110° (as indicated), how big is 𝐷𝐴
the angle ? (i.e. ) 𝑊 𝐸
𝐶𝐵
Solution:
?
[IMC 2003 Q8] Lines and are parallel and . Given that is an 𝑆
9 acute angle not equal to , how many other angles in this
diagram are equal to ?
Solution: 4
?
[IMC 1997 Q11] In the quadrilateral , , , and . What is the size of
10 ?
Solution:
?
Exercise 3 (on provided worksheet)

11 [Kangaroo Pink 2013 Q9] The diagram shows an

equilateral triangle and also the triangle obtained by
rotating triangle about the point . Angle . What is
angle ?
Solution:
?

12 [IMC 2000 Q8] In the triangle , . What is the size of

angle ?
Solution: ?

13 In the diagram is parallel to and .

Determine .
𝐴 30 ° 𝐵
Solution: ?
𝐸

54 °
𝐶 𝐷
Exercise 3 (on provided worksheet)

14 [TMC Regional 2008 Q9] If and angle , what is

the size of angle ?
Solution:
?
STARTER : Algebraic Angles
What are the angles in each case, in terms of the variables given?
(Hint: Just think what you’d do usually – it’s no different here!)

i
180?− 𝑥
𝑥

ii iii
? 𝑧
180 −2
𝑧
? 𝑦
90 −
𝑦
Overview !

There are two types of problems you’ll have which involve algebraic angles:

1. Angles given 2. No angles given

…and you have to find an
expression for a given angle.
Example:
…and you have to introduce variables
yourself, either so that you can prove
two angles have some relationship, or
so you can form an equation and
hence find an angle.
Example:

Given that and , which of the following

expressions must equal ?
A B
C D [JMO 2010 A10] In the diagram, and are
E parallel. and . Find the size of angle .
Finding remaining angle in triangle/on line

Angle 1 Angle 2

?
If Angle 1 is , what is angle Quickfire Questions:
2?
Angle 1 Angle 2
?
?
? (Expand brackets)
?
? (Simplify) ?
Bro Tip: An easier way to do the ?
subtraction is to think what we ?
have to do to to get to 180.
Adding 90 gets us from 90 to
?
180, and subtracting cancels ?
out the .
Finding remaining angle in triangle/on line

Angle 2
Angle 1

Angle 1 Angle 2 Remaining

?
?
?
?
?
?
Full example
[JMC 2002 Q21] Given that and , which of the following expressions
must equal ?
A B C
D E

Try to gradually work

out angles in the
diagram (in terms of
and )

𝐷
Two possible ways:
( is isosceles)
( is isosceles)
(angles on straight line sum to 180)
(angles in triangle sum to 180)
Therefore using angles in :
? ?
(angles in triangle sum to 180)
Therefore
Check Your Understanding
How far can you get down the angle challenge
wall? (do in order, and draw the diagram first)

𝐶  ?
𝐷  ?

?

𝑥
𝐴 𝐵
Modelling restrictions on angles
We have already seen we can represent the two base angles of an
isosceles triangle both as to ensure they have the same value.
But how can we model other descriptions?

𝐶
“Angle is twice the value of
angle .”
2?𝑥
𝑥? 𝐵
𝐴 𝐷

𝐶 “The line bisects the angle .”

?
𝑥 Bro Note: To ‘bisect’ means
𝑥? to cut in half.
𝐴 𝐵
Modelling restrictions on angles

𝐴
𝐵 In a triangle , and

a) Suggest suitable expressions for

each of the angles.

? .
b) Hence determine

So ?
𝐶
Exercise 4 (on provided worksheet)

1 Given the value of indicated, work out the value of .

𝐷
? ?
?
? 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
?
2 Given the values of and indicated, work out the value of .

𝐴
?
?
?
𝐵 𝐶 ?
?
Exercise 4 (on provided worksheet)

3 Determine all the angles in each diagram in

terms of and/or .

a c
180?−2 𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝟏𝟖𝟎−? 𝒙 − 𝒚 𝒙 +?𝒚
𝑦 ?𝑦
b d

90 ?− 𝑥
?
180 −2 𝑥 𝟐 𝒙

𝑥
Exercise 4 (on provided worksheet)

h
e

?𝒙
20 + 𝑥 𝟏𝟔𝟎 − 150 − 𝑦
𝑥 𝟑𝟎 − 𝒙? +𝒚
f

𝑥 i 𝒙−?
𝟏𝟖𝟎
? 𝟐𝒙
𝟏𝟖𝟎−
𝟐𝟕𝟎−
?𝟐𝒙
𝟏𝟖𝟎−
? 𝒙 ?𝒙 ?
𝟏𝟖𝟎− 𝒙

g 𝑥
𝑦 − 10
𝑥 + 20 𝟏𝟕𝟎−?𝒙 − 𝒚
Exercise 4 (on provided worksheet)

4 Write suitable expressions in terms of for each missing angle. Hence

determine the smallest angle in the diagram in each case.

a Angle is 3 times bigger than angle .

𝐷

3 ?𝑥 𝑥? 4 𝒙=𝟏𝟖𝟎
?
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
b Angle is twice as large as angle . 𝐴

𝑥? 𝟗𝟎°+𝟑𝒙=𝟏𝟖𝟎°
?

𝐵 2?𝑥
𝐶
c The angles and are in the 𝐴
ratio .
5?𝑥 ?
Smallest angle
4𝑥
? 3?𝑥
𝐵 𝐶
Exercise 4 (on provided worksheet)

5 [Based on JMO 2005 B4] In this 6 [Based on JMC 2011 Q23] The points lie on
the sides of the triangle , as shown, so that
figure is a straight line and . Also, .
and . .
We wish to find the size of . Let . a) Let and . What is the value of ?
Solution:
?
b) Using the information provided, find
expressions for and .
(See diagram)
?
𝑥 c) Hence find an expression for .
(See diagram)
or ? d) Using your answer to part (a), hence find
the value of .
180? −2 𝑥180? −3 𝑥
a) By using 𝑥
𝑥 the information
? provided,
?
determine all the remaining angles in
the diagram in terms of .
b) By considering the three angles
in , hence determine .
2𝑥+2𝑦−180
?
Solution:

−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑦 180 ?
180? −2 𝑦
Exercise 4 (on provided worksheet)

7 [Based on TMC Final 2014 Q4] The triangle is 8 [JMO 2004 B1] In the rectangle
isosceles with as shown.
The point lies on the line such that the triangle is
ABCD, M and N are the
isosceles with as shown. and we wish to work out midpoints of AB and CD
the value of . respectively; AB has length 2 and
Suppose we let . Hence determine: AD has length 1.
a) (as specified) Given that , calculate in terms of
b) ? .
?
c) Hence by considering the triangle , determine .

therefore
? ?°
45
d) Use the remaining information to determine . (because is isosceles and
right-angled)

𝑥
Solution: ?
Exercise 4 (on provided worksheet)

9 [Based on JMO 2006 B3] In this diagram, Y lies on the line AC,
triangles ABC and AXY are right angled and in triangle ABX, AX = BX.
The line segment AX bisects angle BAC and angle AXY is seven
times the size of angle XBC.
Let . In terms of , find expressions for:
a) (see diagram) ?
b) (hint: the lines and are parallel) (see diagram) ?
c) (see diagram) ?
d) (see diagram: AX bisects ?)
e) (using the fact that is isosceles) (see diagram) ?
f) Optional: By considering angles around a suitable point,
hence find .
7𝑥
−
90 90 − 7 𝑥
?
14 𝑥
7𝑥
7𝑥 180 − 𝑥
−
90
𝑥
Exercise 4 (on provided worksheet)

10 [JMC 2003 Q23] In the diagram alongside, and . How many of

the following statements are true for the angles marked?

B two C one
D none of them E it depends on
Solution: A
?
[JMC 2005 Q23] In the diagram, triangle is isosceles, with .
What is the value of in terms of and ?
11 A B C
D E Impossible to determine
Solution: B

?
[JMC 2015 Q25] The four straight lines in the diagram are such
that . The sizes of , and are and .
12 Which of the following equations gives in terms of and ?
A B
C D E
Solution: E

?
Exercise 4 (on provided worksheet)

13 [JMO 2008 B3] In the diagram ABCD and APQR are congruent rectangles. The
side PQ passes through the point D and . Find an expression for in terms of x.

Solution:
?
1
𝑥
2

1
190 − 𝑥
𝑥° 90 −
2
𝑥
2
Proof
Now that we have a number of angle skills, including introducing algebraic angles, we
now have all the skills to form a ‘proof’.

A ‘proof’ is a sequence of justified statements that results in the desired conclusion.

! Examples (which we’ll do later)

𝐴
Using the diagram, prove that

𝐵 𝐶 𝐷

[JMO 2015 B2] The diagram shows triangle , in which

and . The point lies on so that bisects . The point
lies on extended. The point lies on extended so that
bisects .

Prove that .
STARTER: Constructing diagrams
Sometimes you are not given a diagram, but have to construct one given information.
Can you form a suitable diagram given each of the descriptions?
Make sure that you use marks/arrows to indicate when sides are the same length or parallel, or where angles are equal.
𝐴
“ is an equilateral Bro Tip: We name
triangle.” ‘vertices’ (i.e. corners)
“ is a triangle such that . A
𝐵 𝐶 using capital letters,
point lies outside the
𝑃 𝐵 and go either
clockwise or
triangle such that . ? anticlockwise around
𝐴 𝐶 the shape. e.g. If “ is a
𝐴 𝐷 square”, then the first
“ is a triangle where . A
two diagrams are OK,
point lies on such that .” ? but the last is not.
𝐵 𝐶
𝐴 Bro Note: For
𝐴 𝐵𝐶 𝐵
“The point lies inside the parallelograms/  
𝐸 𝐵 rhombuses, we
𝐷 𝐶𝐷 𝐴
regular pentagon so that
?
need not indicate

is a rhombus.”
parallel sides
because it is 𝐴 𝐵
𝐹 implied by the
lengths. 
𝐷 𝐶 𝐶 𝐷
A harder one for discussion…
Two of the angles of triangle are given by and , where . The bisector
of angle meets at . The point lies on the bisector, but outside the
triangle, so that . When produced, and meet at .
Construct the diagram.

Bro Note: To ‘bisect’ an

angle is to cut it in half.
So a ‘bisector’ of an
angle is a line which
bisects the angle.

?
Simple Proofs
The simplest proofs just require you to find an angle, but you need to give a
reason for each step.

is parallel to and is a straight line.

Prove that .

(corresponding angles are equal)

?
(angles on a straight line sum to )

Bro Tip: A helpful way to write out each step of the

proof (when referring to angles) is in the form:

(reason)
Test Your Understanding
i and is a straight line.
Prove that

(angles on straight line sum to )

? triangle are equal)

(base angles of isosceles
(angles in triangle sum to )

ii (if you finish)

𝐴
𝑦 is a straight line. Let and . Prove that .

𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷

(angles in triangle sum to )

?to )
(angles on a straight line sum
Exercise 5a (on provided worksheet)

1
a Prove . Your proof should only require one line
and be in the form
“”
(corresponding angles are equal)
?
𝐴
b
85 °
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 Prove that . (Your proof should consist of two
lines)
(Lots of possible proofs, but here’s one…)
𝐸 𝐺 ?
(corresponding angles are equal)
?𝐹 (vertically opposite angles are equal)

𝐻
c 𝐵 Prove that . (Your proof should consist of three lines)
(base angles of isosceles triangle are equal)
(angles in triangle sum to )
(angles on straight line sum to )
?
𝑥 ?
𝐴 𝐶 𝐷
 Exercise 5a (on provided worksheet)

2 Draw diagrams which satisfy the following criteria, ensuring you note where lines are of equal
length or parallel. You do NOT need to find any angles.
a 𝐶 is a right-angled triangle such that . is a point on such
𝐷 that .
?
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵
b is an isosceles triangle where . is a point that lies
inside the triangle such that is equilateral.
𝐴 ?𝐷
𝐶
𝐷
c 25 ° Points and lie in that order on a straight line.
? A point , not on the line, is placed such that
𝐵 𝐶 , , and .
𝐴 𝑃 𝑄
d Points and lie outside a parallelogram , and are such
that triangles and are equilateral and lie wholly
outside the parallelogram. 𝑇
𝑆 ?
𝑅

𝑈
Exercise 5a (on provided worksheet)

3
a 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Prove that
(base angles of isosceles are equal)
40 ° (angles in triangle sum to 180)
?
(angles on straight line sum to 180)
(base angles of isosceles are equal)
𝐷 (angles in triangle sum to 180)
b
𝐴 𝐵
70 °
In the diagram, and are parallel, and
. Prove that

𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 (alternate angles are equal)

(angles on a straight line sum to 180)
? are equal and angles in
(as base angles of isosceles
triangle sum to 180)

𝐹
Other Types of Proof
𝐵 is a straight line and .
70 ° Prove that bisects the angle .

𝐶 Before we start this proof, what

specifically are we trying to show?
That ?
(base angles of isosceles triangle are equal)
𝐴 30 ° (angles on straight line sum to )
𝐷 (angles in triangle sum to )
Proof ?
(angles in triangle sum to )
therefore bisects .
Bro Note: You need a conclusion so it’s
clear that your proof is complete..
Refer to the provided ‘cheat sheet’.

Similarly, what would we need to do in order to: 𝐵 …prove that is

𝐷 …prove that is a straight line?
isosceles?

Show that ? Show that

?
𝐴
𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐶
Test Your Understanding
i is a straight line and .
𝐶 as shown.
𝐷 Prove that triangle is isosceles.

(base angles of isosceles triangle are equal)

𝐵 (exterior angle of triangle is sum of two other interior angles)
36 ° (base angles of isosceles triangle are equal)
(angles in triangle sum to )
Proof ?
𝐴
triangle is isosceles.
ii (if you finish)
𝐷
In the diagram, and . Prove that is a straight
line.
Let .
𝐶 (base angles of isosceles triangle are equal)
𝐵 (angles in triangle sum to )
𝐴 Bro Hint: You should choose a
(as ) Proof ?
(base angles of isosceles triangle are equal)
suitable angle to be and start by (angles in triangle sum to )
writing “Let ” therefore is a straight line.
Exercise 5b (on provided worksheet)

1 𝐴 𝐷 𝐵
a
and are right-angled triangles where and . Prove
that triangle is isosceles.

10 °
(angles in triangle add to ).
70°
therefore is isosceles.
?
𝐶
𝐸
b
𝐵 , is a straight line, and as per the diagram.
Prove that and are parallel.

(base angles in isosceles triangle are equal)

40 °7 0 ° (angles on straight line at sum to )
𝐴 𝐶𝐷 which are corresponding angles, therefore
and are parallel. ?
Exercise 5b (on provided worksheet)

2
𝐸 As before, . Suppose also that bisects the angle ,
but unlike before, no angles are known.
𝐵 By introducing a suitable variable (you may wish
to start your proof “Let ”) prove that and are
parallel.

Let .
𝐴 𝐶𝐷 (as bisects ).
(angles on straight line at sum to )
(base angles of isosceles triangle are equal)
?
, and is a straight line, therefore and are
parallel.
Exercise 5b (on provided worksheet)

3 [JMO 2001 B3] In the diagram, B is the midpoint of AC and the lines AP,
BQ and CR are parallel. The bisector of meets BQ at Z.
Draw a diagram to show this, and join Z to C.
(i) Given that , find in terms of x.
(ii) Show that CZ bisects .

?
Exercise 5b (on provided worksheet)

4 [JMO 2015 B2] The diagram shows triangle , in which and . The point lies on so
that bisects . The point lies on extended. The point lies on extended so that
bisects .
Prove that .

?
Exercise 5b (on provided worksheet)

5 [JMO 2011 B4] In a triangle ABC, M lies on AC and N lies on AB so that , and .
Prove that triangle ABC is isosceles.

?
Exercise 5b (on provided worksheet)

6 [JMO 2015 B4] The point lies inside the regular pentagon so that is a rhombus.
Prove that is a straight line.
(Hint: the interior angle of a pentagon is )

?
Exercise 5b (on provided worksheet)

7 [Hamilton 2006 Q2] In triangle ABC, is a right angle. Points P and Q lie on AC;
BP is perpendicular to AC; BQ bisects .
Prove that CB = CQ.

?
Exercise 5b (on provided worksheet)

8
is a triangle such that and is a point on the line
such that . By letting or otherwise, prove that .
(hint: prove that is isosceles first).

Let .
𝐴 (base angles of isosceles are equal)
(angles in triangle sum to 180)
(angles on straight line sum to 180)
(as )
𝐷? (as angles in add to 180)?
is isosceles as
Diagram Proof

𝐶 𝐵