ELECTRONICS

Exploring the basics of Electronics with some Input,

Output and few control devices.
 Today’s Focus
• Basic Electronics
• Active & Passive components
• Input & Output devices
• Controlling devices
• Simulation using Thinkercad
 What is an electric circuit?

DIRECTION OF

It is a complete path ELECTRIC CURRENT

through which electric

current flows.

It should be constructed in
an unbroken loop.
 Basic elements of a Circuit
LOAD
The Source provides the
DIRECTION OF
energy to the circuit ELECTRIC CURRENT

PATH

The Path allows the flow of

energy
SOURCE

The Load consumes the

energy
CONTROL
*Optional
 HOW DO WE
MAKE A
WITH THE HELP OF YOUR TEACHER OR CARER,
test whether your suggestions and drawings will make the
bulb light using actual batteries, a small lightbulb, and

CIRCUIT ?
wires.
 Paper Circuits

A paper circuit is a circuit made on a sheet of paper

rather than using wires and crocodile clips.

The materials needed for creating paper circuits

include adhesive copper tape, coin cell batteries, LEDs,
and small electronic components.

Paper circuits can be used in creative projects that

blend art and basic electronics.
 Bread Boards

A breadboard is a device used for prototyping or

building circuits without the need for soldering.

The holes in the breadboard hold onto parts or wires

where you put them and electrically connect them in
side the board
.

They allow for quick and easy circuit creation, maki

ng them ideal for learning and quick prototyping of
simple circuits
.
Breadboard Internal Connections
 Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

A PCB is a board made for connecting electronic

components together.
These are used in almost all electronics devices to
day
.

PCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer), doub

le-sided (two copper layers on both sides of one su
bstrate layer), or multi-layer (outer and inner layer
s of copper, alternating with layers of substrate)3
.
 Zero PCB
Zero PCB, also known as perfboard or DOT PCB,
is a general-purpose printed circuit board (PCB).

It is a thin rigid copper sheet with holes pre-drilled

at standard intervals across a grid with 2.54mm (0
.1-inch) spacing between holes
.

Zero PCBs are low cost, perfect for prototyping a

nd testing small circuits, and ideal for those startin
g with electronics
.
Now let’s Start
with
Components
 Types of Components

In electronics there are two types of

Components. They are;
Active components are those
components that require energy to
work and are able to control the
electricity running through them.
Passive components are components
that don't need any electricity to
work. They can control the flow of
electrons.
 Passive Passive components are electronic devices
that don’t need an external power source to

Components operate actively.

Passive components include resistors,

capacitors, inductors, and transformers.

Passive electronic components do not

generate electrical power. They only
dissipate power (in resistive components)
or store unused power (in reactive
components).
 RESISTOR
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical
component that implements electrical resistance as a
circuit element.

In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce curr

ent flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias
active elements and terminate transmission lines, am
ong other uses
. They are common element of circuits.
Resistors can be linear or non-linear.
Working of Resistor

Use the electrical symbols when drawing

the circuits.
Types of resistors
Colour Coding
 CAPACITOR

A capacitor is an electronic device that stores

electrical energy in an electric field by
accumulating electric charges on two closely
spaced surfaces that are insulated from each other.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits

for blocking direct current while allowing
alternating current to pass. I
n electric power transmission systems, they stabil
ize voltage and power flow
.
Working of Capacitor

Use the electrical symbols when drawing

the circuits.
 INDUCTOR

An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is

a passive two-terminal electrical component that s
tores energy in a magnetic field when electric curr
ent flows through it
.
An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire
wound into a coil.

Inductors are widely used in alternating current

(AC) electronic equipment, particularly in radio
equipment.
Working of Inductor
 TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a passive component that
transfers electrical energy from one electrical
circuit to another, or multiple circuits.

Transformers work on the basic principles of

electromagnetic induction and mutual
induction.

They are used to increase or decrease the sup

ply voltage without a change in the frequenc
y of AC between circuits2
.
Working of Transformer

Use the electrical symbols when drawing

the circuits.
 Active Active components are electronic devices

Components that need an external power source to

operate.

They can manipulate, amplify, switch, or

control the flow of electric current or
voltage in a circuit.

Some examples of active components are

diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, and
sensors.
 TRANSISTOR
A transistor is a type of semiconductor device that
can be used to conduct and insulate electric current
or voltage.
It basically acts as a switch and an amplifier

There are mainly two types of transistors, based on

how they are used in a circuit.

Transistors are one of the key components in most

of the electronic devices that are present today1
.
Working of Transistor

Use the electrical symbols when drawing

the circuits.
 DIODE

A typical diode is composed of a crystalline pie

ce of semiconductor material with a p–n junctio
n connected to two electrical terminals
.
There are various types of diodes used for
different purposes.

Diodes are used to protect circuits by limiting

the voltage and to also transform AC into DC. It
allows the current to flow in single direction
only.
Working of a Diode

Use the electrical symbols when drawing

the circuits.
 INTERGRATED CIRCUITS

An Integrated Circuit (IC), also known as a micro

chip, is a small electronic device made up of multi
ple interconnected electronic components such as
transistors, resistors, and capacitors
.

These components are etched onto a tiny piece of

semiconductor material, usually silicon
.
ICs are used in virtually all electronic equipment
and have revolutionized the world of electronics.
Now let’s look on
some Controlling
Devices
 What is a Microprocessor?
MICROPROCESSOR
AAmicroprocessor
microprocessorisisaasingle
singlechip
chipthat
that
contains
containsonly
onlythe
thecentral
centralprocessing
processingunit
unit
(CPU)
(CPU)ofofaacomputer
computer

AAmicroprocessor
microprocessorisismore
morepowerful
powerfuland
and
versatile.
versatile.

AAmicroprocessor
microprocessorisisused
usedininpersonal
personal
computers,
computers,laptops,
laptops,servers,
servers,and
andother
other
general-purpose
general-purposedevices.
devices.
 MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller is a single chip that

contains the CPU, memory, I/O ports, and
other peripherals of an embedded system.

A microcontroller is more suitable for

specific and simple tasks.

A microcontroller is used in washing

machines, air conditioners, calculators,
and other dedicated devices.
 Think
About It!
WITH THE HELP OF YOUR TEACHER OR CARER,
test whether your suggestions and drawings will make the
Can
bulb light you
using say
actual which
batteries, is lightbulb,
a small more and
wires.
reliable and efficient?

The Microcontroller or
Micro Processor.
Now let’s
Start with
Arduino
 What is an Arduino?

Arduino is an open-source electronics

platform that allows you to create
interactive devices using hardware and
software.

Arduino boards are able to read inputs

from sensors, buttons, or online sources,
and turn them into outputs such as motors,
LEDs, or online actions.
Types of Arduino These are the some commonly used Arduino board. There are
many depending upon the job.

Arduino NANO Arduino UNO Arduino MEGA

Arduino UNO Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board
based on the ATmega328P.

It has 14 digital input/output pins

(of which 6 can be used as PWM).
PWM= Pulse Width Modulation.

It also has 6 analog inputs, a USB

connection, a power jack, ICSP headers
and a reset button

You can program your Arduino Uno using

the Arduino Software (IDE) or the Arduino
Web Editor.
Pin configuration
 Install and open the Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) on your computer.
How to Program an
Arduino Board? Connect the Arduino board to your computer
using a USB cable.

Select the correct board and port settings in the

Tools menu of the IDE.

Write your code using the Arduino programming

language and the built-in examples or libraries.

Upload your code to the Arduino board by

clicking the Upload button on the IDE.
Now let’s look
into Raspberry
Pi
 What is an Raspberry Pi?

The Raspberry Pi is a single-board

computer (SBC), meaning it’s a complete
computer built onto one circuit board.

These microcomputers are designed to run

any ARM-based Linux distribution for an
operating system
.
Versions of Raspberry Pi
These are the some commonly used
Raspberry Pi. There are many
depending upon the job.
Pin configuration
Programming an The first step is to set up the operating system on your
Raspberry Pi.
Raspberry Pi? The Raspberry Pi Foundation provides the Raspbian
OS, which you need to download and transfer to a mi
cro SD card

You can write your code in the Python console or any

text editor that supports Python. The Raspberry Pi
comes with a few pre-installed editors like “mu” and
"Thonny Python IDE".

After writing your code, you can run it directly in the

console or use the command line to execute the script
.
 Think
About It!
WITH THE HELP OF YOUR TEACHER OR CARER,
test whether your suggestions and drawings will make the
bulb light using actual batteries, a small lightbulb, and
wires.
Raspberry Pi is a
Microprocessor or an Micro
Controller?
 Input & Output Devices
with some
IOT Devices & Sim Tools
 What are Input Devices?

Input devices are hardware components that allow users to interact with a computer or
other digital devices by providing data and control signals.
 DHT 11 / DHT 22 SENSOR

The DHT11 sensor consists of a capacitive hu

midity sensing element and a thermistor for sen
sing temperature
.

The sensor can measure temperature from 0°C

to 50°C and humidity from 20% to 90% with
an accuracy of ±1°C and ±1%.
The operating voltage is from 3.5V to 5.5V
DHT 11 / 22 Sensor Working
 ULTRA SONIC SENSOR

An Ultrasonic Sensor is an electronic device that mea

sures the distance to an object by emitting ultrasonic
sound waves and converting the reflected sound into
electrical signals
.
Ultrasonic sensors consist of two essential elements:
a transmitter and a receiver.

The sensor calculates the amount of time required for

sound to travel from the transmitter to the receiver to
determine the distance between the target and the sen
sor
.
Ultrasonic Sensor Working
 IR SENSOR

An IR (Infrared) sensor is an electronic device that e

mits or detects IR radiation to sense certain characteri
stics of its surroundings
.

The IR sensor works on the principle that the infrare

d radiation of all targets and some kind of thermal rad
iation are not visible to the eyes but can be sensed thr
ough IR sensors
.
IR Sensor Working
 PIR MOTION SENSOR

A Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor is an electronic sensor that meas

ures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view
.

The PIR sensor works on the principle that all objects with a
temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of
electromagnetic radiation.
Usually, this radiation isn’t visible to the human eye because it ra
diates at infrared wavelengths, but it can be detected by electroni
c devices designed for such a purpose
.
PIR Motion Sensor Working
 IR FIRE / FLAME SENSOR

A fire sensor is a device designed to detect and res

pond to the presence of a flame or fire
.

Fire sensors work on the principle that all objects

with a temperature above absolute zero emit heat
energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
This radiation, although not visible to the human e
ye, can be detected by fire sensors3
.
Fire/Flame Sensor Working
 FLEX SENSOR

A Flex Sensor, also known as a bend sensor, is a devic

e that measures the amount of deflection or bending

The Flex Sensor’s internal resistance changes almost

linearly with its flex angle.
So by sticking the sensor to the instrument, we can hav
e the flex angle in electrical parameter of resistance2
.
Flex Sensor Working
 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

A Soil Moisture Sensor is a device that measures the vo

lumetric water content in soil

The fork-shaped probe with two exposed conductors

acts as a variable resistor (similar to a potentiometer)
whose resistance varies with the soil’s moisture
content.

This resistance varies inversely with soil moisture.

Soil Moisture Sensor Working
 SOUND SENSOR

A sound sensor, also known as a sound detector or

acoustic sensor, is a device that can detect sound
waves in the surrounding environment and convert
them into electrical signals.

The microphone gives out only analog signals when

a sound wave hits the diaphragm of the sensor, this
analog signal gets processed by the op-amp and we
get the digital output.
Sound Sensor Working
 MQ GAS & SMOKE SENSOR

MQ sensor is used to detect hazardous or flammable

gas or smoke and hence this sensor is popular among
beginners.

When the ceramic material is heated, it acts as a

catalyst, and its electrical conductivity changes in the
presence of specific gases. The surface of the ceramic
material interacts with the target gas molecules, causing
a change in the resistance of the material.
MQ Sensor Working
TOUCH SENSOR
RAIN SENSOR
WATER LEVEL SENSOR
GESTURE SENSOR
FORCE / PRESSURE SENSOR
RFID CARD & READER
ACCELEROMETER
BIO MEDICAL SENSORS
GPS Module
What are Output Devices?
Motors & Gear Motors
Servo Motors
8X8 LED Matrix Display
16X2 LCD Display
I2C Converter for LCD
7 Segment Display
Controllers and IOT
Relay Module
SIM Modules
ESP Modules
ESP CAM Modules
Bluetooth Modules
RF Transmitter & Receiver Modules
VIGYAN ASHRAM
Pabal, Dist. Pune - 412403
Maharashtra, India
Mail : vapabal@gmail.com
Website: www.vigyanashram.com