Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Ratioed Logic
2
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Ratioed Logic
VDD
• N transistors + Load
Resistive
• VOH = V DD
Load RL
• VOL = RPN
F RPN + RL
3
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Active Loads
VDD VDD
Depletion PMOS
Load VT < 0 Load
VSS
F F
In1 In1
In2 PDN In2 PDN
In3 In3
VSS VSS
4
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Pseudo-NMOS
VDD
F
CL
A B C D
V OL 2 kp
2
k n VDD – V Tn V OL – ------------- = ------ V DD – VTp
2 2
kp
V OL = VDD – V T 1 – 1 – ------ (assuming that V T = V Tn = VTp )
kn
3.0
2.5
2.0 W/Lp = 4
1.5
Vout [V]
W/Lp = 2
1.0
W/Lp = 0.25
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Vin [V]
6
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Improved Loads
VDD
M1 M1 >> M2
Enable M2
CL
A B C D
Adaptive Load
7
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Improved Loads (2) PDN are mutually
exclusive
8
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
DCVSL Transient Response
NAND-AND Gate
2.5
AB
V ol ta ge[V]
1.5
AB
A,B
0.5 A,B
10
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Pass-Transistor Logic
Switch Out A
Out
Inputs
Network B
B
• N transistors
• No static consumption
Re-generation is tricky!!!
11
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Example: AND Gate
B
A
B
F = AB
12
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
13
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
NMOS-Only Logic
3.0
In
In
1.5 m/0.25 m Out
2.0
Voltage [V]
VD D x x
Out
0.5 m/0.25 m
0.5 m/0.25 m 1.0
0.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time [ns]
14
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
NMOS-only Switch
C = 2.5V C = 2.5 V
M2
A = 2.5 V A = 2.5 V B
Mn
B
CL M1
VDD
VDD
0V 2.5V
VDD 0V Out
2.5V
17
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Complementary Pass Transistor Logic
A
Pass-Transistor
A F
B Network
B
(a)
A Inverse
A Pass-Transistor F
B
B Network
B B B B B B
A A A
A A A
(b)
A B A B
C
C
C = 2.5 V
A = 2.5 V
B
CL
C=0V
19
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Resistance of Transmission Gate
30
2.5 V
Rn Rn
Rp
Resistance, ohms
20
2.5 V Vou t
Rp
0V
10
Rn || Rp
0
0.0 1.0 2.0
Vou t , V
20
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Pass-Transistor Based Multiplexer
S S
VDD
VDD
S
A
M2
S F
M1
B
GND
In1 S S In2
21
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
QUIZ
Design a 2:1 multiplexer whose propagation delay is
0.69nsec.
CL=1pF
22
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Delay in Transmission Gate Networks
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
V1 Vi-1 Vi Vi+1 Vn-1 Vn
In
C C C C C
0 0 0 0
(a)
C C C C C
(b)
m
(c)
23
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Dynamic Logic
24
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Dynamic CMOS
In static circuits at every point in time (except
when switching) the output is connected to
either GND or VDD via a low resistance path.
fan-in of n requires 2n (n N-type + n P-type) devices
25
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Dynamic Gate
off
Clk Mp Clk Mp on
1
Out Out
In1 CL ((AB)+C)
A
In2 PDN
C
In3
B
Clk Me
off
Clk Me on
28
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Properties of Dynamic Gates
Logic function is implemented by the PDN only
number of transistors is N + 2 (versus 2N for static complementary
CMOS)
Full swing outputs (VOL = GND and VOH = VDD)
Non-ratioed - sizing of the devices does not affect
the logic levels
Faster switching speeds
reduced load capacitance due to lower input capacitance (Cin)
reduced load capacitance due to smaller output loading (Cout)
no Isc, so all the current provided by PDN goes into discharging C L
29
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Properties of Dynamic Gates
Overall power dissipation usually higher than static
CMOS
no static current path ever exists between VDD and GND
(including Psc)
no glitching
higher transition probabilities
extra load on Clk
PDN starts to work as soon as the input signals
exceed VTn, so VM, VIH and VIL equal to VTn
low noise margin (NML)
Needs a precharge/evaluate clock 30
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Issues in Dynamic Design 1: Charge
Leakage
CLK
Clk Mp
Out
A CL
VOut Evaluate
Clk Me
Precharge
Leakage sources
Clk Mp Mkp
A Out
CL
B
Clk Me
32
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Issues in Dynamic Design 2: Charge
Sharing
Clk Me CB
33
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Issues in Dynamic Design 4: Clock
Feedthrough
34
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Clock Feedthrough
Clock feedthrough
Clk
Out 2.5
In1
In2 Voltage 1.5
In3 In &
0.5 Clk
In4 Out
Clk -0.5
0 0.5 Time, ns 1
Clock feedthrough
35
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
Other Effects
Capacitive coupling
Substrate coupling
Minority charge injection
Supply noise (ground bounce)
36
© Digital
EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd
Combinational Circuits
QUIZ
Find tpHL in two cases,
critical path
C1=C2=CL=10fF,
RN=1k,