BIOLOGY

TISSUE
NAME: KANISHKA SHARMA
CLASS: IX-C
ROLL NO: 19
 ANIMAL TISSUE
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It flows and connects different parts of body. It carries oxygen
and food to all cells metabolic waste (e.g. carbon dioxide) from them.
• Thus, muscles and blood, both are examples of tissue found in our body. On the basis of the
functions they perform in the body of multicellular animals, the animal tissue are classified 1.
Epithelial tissue, 2. Muscle or muscular tissue, 3. Connective tissue and 4. Nervous tissue. Muscle
form the muscular tissue and blood is a type of connective tissue.
• These tissue are further differentiated as shown in the following chart:
1. Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)
• Epithelial is the simplest tissue. It is the protective tissue of the animal body. The cells of this
tissue are tightly packed and they form a continuous sheet. Cells of epithelium contain very little
or no intercellular matrix. The tissue covers most organs and cavities within the body. It also
forms a barrier to keep different body systems separate.
• The skin and lining of buccal cavity, blood vessels, alveoli (of lungs), and kidney tubules are
made up of epithelial tissue. It lies on a delicate non-cellular basement membrane which contain a
special form of matrix protein, called collagen.
• Functions:
A) the cells of the body surface form the outer layer of skin. These cells protect the underlying
cells from drying, injury, and chemical effects. They also protect the body from viral or bacterial
infection.

B) they form lining of mouth and alimentary canal and protect these organs.

C) they helps in absorption of water nutrients.

D) some epithelial tissue perform secretory function. They secrete a variety of substances such as
swear, saliva, enzymes etc.
CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM:
• It consists of cube-like cells which are
square in section but the free surface
appear hexagonal.
• The cuboidal epithelium is found in
kidney tubules, thyroid vesicles, and in
glands. It forms germinal epithelium of
gonads (testes and ovaries)
• Functions:
A) it helps in absorption, execration and
secretion. It also provides mechanical
support.
2. Muscle Tissues (or Muscular Tissues)
• The muscle tissues of the body form the contractile tissue and are made of muscle cells. They are
elongated and large-sized, so they are also called muscle fibers. The movement of the body are brought
about the contraction and the relaxation of contractile proteins, which are present in muscle cells. They
are typical arranged in parallel arrangement allowing them to work together effectively.
• On the basis of their location, structure and function, there are three types of muscle cells:
i. Striated Muscle
ii. Smooth Muscles
iii. Cardiac muscles
 Striated Muscles
• NATURE: they are also known as striped,
• FUNCTIONS:
skeletal, or voluntary muscles. Since they
A) these muscles are powerful and
show alternate dark and light stripes, they
undergo rapid contraction. These
are called striped muscles. Since they are
muscles can get tired and may need
attached to bone and help in movement,
rest.
they are known as skeletal muscles. Since,
they work according our will, they are also
B) Striated muscles provide the force
known as voluntary muscle.
for locomotion and all other country
• OCCURRENCE: these muscles occur in the movements of the body.
muscles of limbs, body wall, face, neck, etc.
these are present in tongue, pharynx,
diaphragm and upper part of oesophagus
are called visceral striated muscles.
 Smooth Muscles
• NATURE: smooth muscles are also
• FUNCTIONS:
known as unstriated, visceral or
A) they do not work according to our will, so they are
involuntary muscles. Smooth
known as involuntary muscles. Movement of food in
muscles occur as bundles or sheets of
the alimentary canal, opening and closing of tubes are
elongate fusiform or spindle shape
involuntary movements.
cells or fibers. Each muscle cells is
enclosed in pa plasma membrane.
B) smooth muscle contracts slowly but can remain
• OCCURRENCE: smooth muscles are contracted for a long period of time. Thus, they cause
found in walls of the hollow visceral the characteristic peristaltic movement in the tubes.
organs except that of the heart, and
so are called visceral muscles. Thus, C) in some organs, smooth muscles contract
they occur in the wall of alimentary throughout the organ to produce extrusive movements
canal and internal organs, ducts of as in the urinary bladder, the gall bladder, and thr
gland, urogenital ducts, and blood uterus.
vessels. Smooth muscles are found in
stomach, intestine, ureter, bronchi,
iris if eye etc.
 Cardiac Muscles
• NATURE: cardiac muscles show
• FUNCTIONS:
characteristics of both smooth and striated
A) cardiac muscles and relax rapidly,
muscles. They are composed of branched
rhythmically, and tirelessly throughout a
fibers and the branches join to form a
life time. They contract endlessly from early
network. Each fiber or cell is surrounded
embryonic stage until death.
by sarcolemma, a cytoplasm with
longitudinal myofibrils and a centrally
B) the contraction and relaxation of the
located nucleus.
heart muscles help to pump and distribute
Cardiac muscles have strips of light and
blood to various parts of body.
dark bands. In addition, these muscles
fibers show densely stained cross-bands
called intercalated impulses.
• OCCURRENCE: the cardiac muscles
occur in the heart (the walls of heart)
3. Connective Tissue:
• The connective tissue is specialized to connect an anchor
various body organs. The tissue can connect bones to each
other, muscles to bones, bind tissues and can also give support
to various parts of the body by creating a packing around
organs.
• Thus, the main function of the connective tissues are binding,
supporting, and packing together different organs of the body.
• The cells of connective tissues are living, separated from each
other and low in number. Spaces between cells is filled with a
non-living matrix which may be solid as in bone and cartilage
and fluid as in the blood.
• Types of connective tissue:
i. Areolar (or loose) connective tissue
ii. Dense regular connective tissue
iii. Adipose tissue
iv. Skeletal tissue
v. fluid connective tissue
 Areolar (or loose) connective tissue
• NATURE: this tissue is a loose and cellular
connective tissue. Its matrix consists of two kinds
of fibers: 1. white collagen fibers (which changes
into gelatin on boiling on water) and 2. yellow
elastic fibers or elastin.
• OCCURRENCE: it is the simplest and most
widely distributed connective tissue. It joins skin
to muscles, fills spaces inside organs and is
found around muscles, blood vessels and nerves.
• FUNCTIONS:
A) it acts as a supporting and packing tissue
between organs lying in the body cavity.
B) it helps in repair in tissue after an injury
C) it also helps in combating foreign toxins.
D) it fixes skin to underlying muscles.
 Dense Regular Connective Tissue
• It is a fibrous connective tissue. Dense regular connective
tissue is the principal component of tendons and
ligaments and aponeuroses.
• TENDONS: tendons are cord-like, strong, inelastic,
structures that join skeletal muscles to bones. A tendon is
a white fibrous tissue which has great strength but
limited flexibility. It consists of parallel bundles of
collagen fibers, between which are present, rows of
fibroblasts fibers.
• LIGAMENTS: they are elastic structure which connect
bones to bones. A ligaments is highly elastic and has great
strength but contains very little matrix. In ligament, some
elastic and many collagen fibers are bound together by
areolar connective tissue.
• APONEUROSES: these are broad sheets of dense, fibrous,
collagenous connective tissue that cover, invest and form
the terminations and attachments of various muscles.
 Skeletal Tissue
• The skeletal or supporting tissue includes cartilage and
bone which form the endoskeleton of a vertebrate body.
• CARTILAGE:
Nature:- the cartilage is a specialized connective tissue
which is compact and less vascular. It has widely spaced
out cells. Its extensive matrix is composed of proteins,
and is slightly hardened by calcium salt. Matrix is solid,
cheese-like and firm but also slightly elastic. This
accounts for its flexible nature.

Occurrence:- cartilage is located in the following body

parts: ear pinna, nose tip, epiglottis, indivertible discs,
end of long bones, lower ends of ribs and rings of trachea
(wind-pipe).

Functions:- it provides support and flexibility to the body

parts. It smoothens surface at joints.
• BONE:
Nature:- bone is very strong and non-flexible tissue. Like
cartilage, bone is a specialized connective tissue. It is porous,
highly vascular, mineralized, hard and rigid. Its matrix is made
up of proteins. Matrix of bone is rich in salts of calcium and
magnesium. These minerals are responsible for the hardness of
the bone.

Functions:-
i. provides shape to the body
ii. Provides skeletal support to body.
iii. Protects vital body organs such as brain, lungs etc.
iv. Serves as a storage site of calcium and calcium and
phosphate.
v. anchors the muscles.
• Bone forms the endoskeleton in human beings and other
vertebrate except the sharks.
 Fluid Connective Tissue
• Fluid connective tissue links the different parts of the body
and maintains a continuity in the body. It includes blood
and lymph.
• BLOOD:
 Blood is a fluid connective tissue. In this tissue, cells move in
fluid or liquid matrix or a medium called blood plasma. The
blood plasma does not contain protein fibers but contains
cells called blood cells. These cells are:
i. red blood cells (RBCs)
ii. White blood cells (WBCs)
iii. Platelets
 RBCs and WBCs are living, while plasma and platelets are
non-living.
 Plasma is a complex fluid and contains inorganic salts and
organic compounds. RBCs are large in number and have
iron-containing red respiratory pigment, the heamoglobin.
The RBCs of most vertebrates are oval-shaped, nucleated
and biconcave. They play a vital role in the transport of
oxygen
 White blood cells are of two kinds: phagocytes and immunocytes. Phagocytes are capable of
phagocytosis and they carry out the function of body defense by engulfing Bactria and other
foreign substances. They are of two types:
i. Granulocytes
ii. Agranular leucocytes
 Blood platelets are minute, anucleated, fragile fragments, of giant bone marrow cells, called
megakaryocytes.
• OCCURRENCE: blood occurs in blood vessels called arteries, veins and capillaries which are
connected to form the circulatory system. The extensive network of vessels enables blood to reach
every part of the body.
• FUNCTIONS:
A) blood transport nutrients, hormones, and vitamins to the tissues and transports excretory
products from the tissue to the liver and kidney.

B) the red blood cells carry oxygen to the tissues for the oxidation of food stuff.

C) the white blood cells fight diseases either by engulfing and destroying foreign bodies.

D) blood platelets disintegrate at the of injury and help in the clotting of blood.
• LYMPH:
 Nature: lymph is a colorless fluid that is filtered out of the
blood capillaries. Since, it is a part of blood, its
composition is similar to that of blood except that red
blood cells and some blood cells are absent in it. In the
lymph, white blood cells are found in abundance.
 Functions:
A) it transports the nutrients that may have been filtered
out of the blood capillaries back into the heart to be
recirculated in the body.

B) it brings carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes from

tissue fluid to blood.

C) being loaded which WBCs such as lymphocytes, the

lymph protects the body against infection. It forms the
defense or immune system of the body.
 Nervous Tissue
• NATURE: nervous tissue which is specialized to transmit messages within body. Brain, spinal cord,
and nerves, are all composed of nervous tissue. Nervous tissue contains highly specialized unit cells
called nerve cells or neurons. Neurons tissue have the ability to receive the stimuli from within or
outside the body and to conduct impulses to different parts of the body. The impulses from one
neuron to another neuron.
• Each neuron has following three parts:
1. The cyton or cell body which contain a central
nucleus and cytoplasm with characteristics deeply
stained particles.
2. The dendrones which are short processes arising
from the cyton and further branching into
dendrites
3. The axon which is single, long cylindrical process
of uniform diameter. Axon is also called nerve
fiber.
• FUNCTIONS: the dendrites receive impulses and
the axon takes impulses away from the cell body.