OPENING REMARKS :

ETHICS – GED104

Ken CJ A. Serrano
BAPS-11, Class President
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 Learning Objectives :
• Explain the origin of Philosophy.
• Demonstrate the causes of Philosophy
• Tackle the different Greek Philosophers and
their contributions to our society.
 For you, what is Philosophy?
A Greek word
“Philo” means “Love” “Sophia” means “Wisdom”

“Love of Wisdom”
 SOCRATES :
- Born in 470 BCE and died in 399 BCE.

- Came from Athens, Greece.

- Socrates is considered as the “Father of

Philosophy”.

- Socratic Method (Wonder, Reflect, Refine and

Cross Examine, Restate, Repeat).
The Origin of Philosophy :

- Ancient Greece
- Started in the
6th century B.C
 A debatable topic :
Do you think that Transgender
Women should be part of Miss
Universe Philippines and
compete in Miss Universe?

Yes or No? and Why?

Angela Ponce, Miss Universe Spain 2018.
 Reality :
• SOGIE Bill

• Birth Certificate

• Approval of Organization in terms of their

qualifications
 Four Causes of Philosophy :
• Material cause - “What is it made out of?”

• Formal cause - "What is it?”

• Efficient cause – “Where does change (or motion) come from?”

• Final cause – “What is its good?”

 Thales
- Born 624–620 B.C.E & Died 548–545 B.C.E

- Came from Miletus, Greece

- Greek philosopher, scientist and

mathematician although his occupation was that
of an engineer.
Best contribution in Philosophy :
- Thales believed that the Earth floats on water and all
things come to be from water.

- Olive Oil Business (Money) < Wisdom.

“It is easy for philosophers to be rich if they choose, but

this is not what they care about.” - Aristotle, Politics 1259a
 Plato
- Born 428/427 BCE & died 348/347

- Came from Athens, Greece

- Student of Socrates
 Best contribution in Philosophy :
• Academy model - Plato founded the Hekademia,
which eventually became known as the Akademia or
Academy.

- An institution of higher education that was free and

open to the public.

- Scholars consider it the foundation of modern

education.
Best contribution in Philosophy :
Theory of forms - Plato’s most famous philosophy
was on the idea of the material world.

- Scholars before his time generally adopted a view of

materialism, in which they believed in the importance and
permanence of material objects.

- Plato’s writing rejected these ideas and proposed a new

theory of metaphysics.
Best contribution in Philosophy :
Ethical belief - maintains a virtue-based
eudaemonistic conception of ethics.

- Plato’s works argued for moral intellectualism — the idea

that no human being consciously chooses to do bad.

- In Plato’s view, the only way to stop bad behavior is

through epistemology, or knowledge of the good.
 Pythagoras
- Born 570 BCE & died 500–490 BCE

- Came from Samos, Ionia Greece

- Greek philosopher, mathematician, and

founder of the Pythagorean brotherhood.
Best contribution in Philosophy :
Pythagorean Theorem - a mathematical
formula.

- Which states that the square of the hypotenuse

of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the
squares on the other two sides.
 Aristotle
- Born 384 BCE & died 322 BCE.

- Came from Stagira, Greece.

- Combines logic with observation to make

general, causal claims.
Best contribution in Philosophy :
Method of analysis - It also is responsible for
breaking fields of knowledge

Logic and Critical Thinking Reasoning :

Inductive Reasoning : Based on observation in order to make

generalizations.

Deductive Reasoning : Draws conclusion from usually one broad

judgement of definition and one more specific assertion.
 Best contribution in Philosophy :
Inductive Reasoning : Based on observation in order to make generalizations.
Examples :
Premise 1 : Danica and Jonalyn are right handed and use right-handed scissors.
Premise 2 : Kim is also right handed
Conclusion : Kim also uses right-handed scissors.

Premise 1 : I opened a gummy worm pack, the first one I got is a pink one.
Premise 2 : The second and third I got is also a pink worm.
Conclusion : Therefore, all the gummy worms in my gummy work pack are pink.
 Best contribution in Philosophy :
Deductive Reasoning: Draws conclusion from usually one broad judgement of definition and one
more specific assertion.
Examples :

Premise 1 : All boys are cheaters.

Premise 2 : Johndy is a boy.
Conclusion : Johndy is a cheater because he is a boy.

Premise 1 : All Presidents of the Philippines are degree holders.

Premise 2 : Bongbong Marcos is a President of the Philippines.
Conclusion : Therefore, Bongbong Marcos is a degree holder.
 Zeno
- Born 495 BCE & died 430 BCE.

- Came from Elea, Greece.

- Aristotle called him as the inventor of dialectic -

concept of evolution applied to diverse fields
including thought, nature, and history.
Best contribution in Philosophy :
Paradoxes :

- Any assertion opposite to the monistic teaching of

Parmenides leads to contradiction and absurdity.

- Ideas that are against reality.

- A false statement that at first seems true.

The primary value of philosophy
according to Bertrand Russell is that
it “loosens the grip of uncritically
held opinion and opens the mind to a
liberating range of new possibilities
to explore”.
Thank you for listening!
- Have a nice day ahead!

“ Palagi’t lagi para sa bayan!”