Training Course WDM Principle

WDM Principle
Yangmingzhang 42198 www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
 With the development of telecommunication, the requirements of
the transmission capacity and service categories are becoming
bigger and bigger, under this background, WDM technology
emerged.
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

 Describe the concepts, transmission modes and structure of WDM;
 Classify the different types and characteristics of the fiber;
 Outline the key technologies of WDM system;
 List the technical specifications for WDM system.
Contents
1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Master Limitation of DWDM system
5. Technical Specifications
How to increase network capacity ？
 WDM
 Economical &
 TDM Mature & Quick
 STM-16→ STM-64
 SDM
 Cost & Complication
 Add fiber &
equipment
 Time & cost
Solution of capacity expansion
What's WDM ？
Gas Station
Free Way
Patrol Car
WDM Concept
 Different signals with specific wavelength are multiplexed into a

fiber for transmission.
1 1 2 n
SDH signal
IP package 2 ┉
ATM cells
┋
n
System Structure
 The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavel

ength:
 Optical Transponder Unit (OTU)
 Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/
ODU)
 Optical Amplifier (OA)
OTU OTU
 Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)
O O
OTU M BA LA PA D OTU
U U
OTU OTU
OSC OSC OSC
Transmission Modes
 Single fiber unidirectional transmission
MUX DMUX
M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U U
4
M
Transmission Modes
 Single fiber bidirectional transmission
MUX/DMUX DMUX/MUX
M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U U
4
M
Application Modes
 Open System
MUX DMUX
M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U 4
U
M
Client Client
Application Modes
 Integrated System
MUX DMUX
M
4
0 0
4
M
Client Client
Advantages of WDM
 Ultra high capacity

 Data transparency transmission
 Long haul transmission
 Compatible with existing optical fibers
 High performance-to-cost ratio
 High networking flexibility, economy and reliability
 Smooth expansion
CWDM vs. DWDM
 CWDM: Coarse wavelength

division multiplexing
 spacing of two adjacent
wavelengths: 20 nm
 DWDM: dense wavelength division multiplexing

 spacing of two adjacent wavelengths: 25 GHz
ITU-T G.694.1
192 wavelengths at the extended C band with 25 GHz channel spacing
160 wavelengths at C band
32 extended wavelengths
196.05THz 192.125THz 192.05THz 191.275THz
Distribution of Optical Wavelength Areas
 Nominal central frequency refers to the central wavelength corresponding
to each channel in WDM systems. Channel frequency allowed in G.692
is based on frequency and spacing series of reference frequency
193.1THz and minimum spacing 100GHz , 50GHz or 25GHz.
Questions
 What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?
 Difference between the two transmission modes
 Difference between the two application modes
 List the structure of the WDM system.
Summary
 Basic concepts and features of WDM, DWDM and CWDM;
 WDM system structure ;
 Transmission and application Modes of WDM system;
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies
4. Master limitation of DWDM system
Structure of Optical Fiber
 Consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding and a
plastic wear-resisting coating.
Refraction
n2 Cladding
θ
Reflection n1 Core
Coating
Characteristics of Fiber
 Loss
 Dispersion
 Non-linear
Characteristics of Fiber Loss
 Fiber loss is classified into:
 Absorption loss
 Scattering loss
 Bending loss
 The fiber loss can be calculated according to the following

formula:
 Fiber loss (dB) = fiber length (km) x fiber loss coefficient (dB/km)
Attenuation
dB/km
Multi-mode
5
O E S C L U
4 band
3
（
OH-
850~900nm
1
nm
）
900 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
 Attenuation varies with wavelengths.
 The attenuation around 1380 nm goes up sharply due to absorption by hydroxyl ions. This is generally
called "water peak".
 As we can see, the attenuation in C band and F band is the lowest.
Wavelength Ranges in WDM
Band Description Range (nm) Bandwidth (nm)

O band Original 1260–1360 100
E band Extension 1360–1460 100
S band Short 1460–1525 65
C band Normal 1525–1565 40
L band Long 1565–1625 60
U band Ultra-long 1625–1675 50
In a DWDM system, C band and L band are used because the attenuation in the two bands is the
lowest.
In a CWDM system, multiple bands are used, ranging from 1311 to 1611 nm, because attenuation
is not a major restrictive factor in short-distance transmission.
Characteristics of Fiber Dispersion
 Fiber dispersion can be classified into:
 Mode dispersion
 Chromatic dispersion
 Polarization mode dispersion
 Dispersion: a physical phenomenon of signal distortion caused when

various modes carrying signal energy or different frequencies of the
signal have different group velocity and disperse from each other during
propagation.
Chromatic Dispersion
 Chromatic dispersion:
 pulse broadening, cause intersymbol interference
Power
Optical pulses
Transmitting Transmitting
L1 (km) L2 (km)
 The chromatic dispersion can be calculated according to the followin

Time
g formula:
 CD (ps/nm) = fiber length (km) x CD coefficient (ps/km.nm)
PMD
 PMD occurs when optical signals in two orthogonal polarizations travel at diff
erent speeds in optical fibers. PMD is one of critical parameters related to opt
ical fibers.
 PMD occurs randomly. So it is a random variable.
 PMD has the same impact as CD has: resulting in pulse broadening.
G.652/G.653/G.655 Single-Mode Optical Fibers
According to ITU-T, three types of single-mode optical fibers are defined in G.652, G.653, and G.655
respectively. The differences between them are shown in the following table:
Type
Definition Scope Main Specifications
The standard single-mode fiber Used in both SDH Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is 0.3 –0.4
(SMF) refers to the fiber whose system and DWDM dB/km and the typical value is 0.35 dB/km. The attenuation value of
G.652 zero-dispersion point (the zero- system the 1550 nm band is 0.17–0.25 dB/km and the typical value is 0.20
dispersion wavelength) is near to dB/km.
1310 nm. Dispersion: The allowed value of the zero-dispersion wavelength is
1300–1324 nm. The dispersion coefficient of the 1550 nm band is
positive and the typical value of the dispersion coefficient D is 17
ps/(nm.km). The maximum value is not more than 20 ps/(nm.km).
Dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) refers Used in the SDH Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is less than
to the fiber whose zero-dispersion system but not in the 0.55 dB/km and the typical value has not been confirmed. The
G.653 point is near to 1550 nm. Compared DWDM system attenuation value of the 1550 nm band is less than 0.35 dB/km and
with G.652 SMF, the zero- the typical value is 0.19–0.25 dB/km.
dispersion point of G.653 DSF Dispersion: The wavelengths in the G.653 DSF are near to 1550 nm,
shifts. usually 1525–1575 nm. The maximum dispersion coefficient is 3.5
ps/(nm.km). The dispersion coefficient in the DSF is too small or
may be 0 for 1550 nm bands, especially C band.
Non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber Used in both SDH Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is not
(NZDSF) refers to the fiber whose system and DWDM specified in ITU-T. The attenuation value of the 1550 nm band is
G.655 zero-dispersion point is shifted away system, but more less than 0.35 dB/km, usually 0.19–0.25 dB/km.
from 1550 nm and not within the applicable to the Dispersion: If 1530 nm <  < 1565 nm, 0.1 ps/(nm.km) < |D(λ)| <
DWDM operating wavelength range DWDM system 6.0 ps/(nm.km). The typical value of the dispersion coefficient of the
near to 1550 nm. G.655 NZDSF varies with vendors and needs to be confirmed based
on actual situations, usually 4.5 ps/(nm.km) and 6 ps/(nm.km).
Dispersion
G.652:widely used, need G.653: Zero dispersion
dispersion compensation for at 1550nm window.
high rate transmission
Dispersion
coefficient
17ps/nm.km G.655
¦ Ë
1310nm
1550nm
G.655: Little dispersion

to avoid FWM.
Non-Linear Effects of Single-Mode Optical Fibers
 Fiber Non-linear effects can be classified into:

 Stimulated non-flexible scattering: stimulated Raman scattering (S
RS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS)
 Kerr-effect: self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation
(XPM) and four wave mixing (FWM)
SRS
Short wavelength, pump,

and long wavelength
P P
Impacts on the system:
Power unbalance in the
channel
Inter-channel Raman l l
crosstalk
Input Output
SBS
• A non-linear phenomenon causing the strong forward

transmission signal converted to backward transmission when
the signal optical power exceeds the SBS threshold
• SBS power threshold: 9 dBm for single wavelength channel
Impacts on the system:

When the value exceeds the threshold, strong backward
scattering is caused and intensity noise is repeated.
XPM/SPM
Self-Phase Modulation (SPM)

The phase varies with the strength of light and is transformed into
waveform distortion.
The impact varies directly with incident power in the channel and is
accumulated along the fiber and transmission sections.
Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM)

Phase modulation is affected by other channels and the change of phase
due to fiber dispersion causes intensity noises.
Increase the channel spacing to suppress XPM.
FWM
Definition: Two or three lightwaves with different wavelength interact
with each other, which causes new lightwaves at other wavelengths or
causes new optical wavelength effect on the sideband.
Fiber
f f
f1 f3 f2 f1 fFWMf3 f2
Impacts: When the new frequency generated by FWM is within the

channel bandwidths, the channel strength may fluctuate and inter-
channel crosstalk may occur.
Factors: dispersion, channel number, channel spacing and signal power
Note!
 Non-linear effects cannot be eliminated or compensated for. So
they should be restricted as much as possible!
Questions
 What’s difference between the refractive index of the cladding and core?
 What are the features of G.652, G.653 and G.655 fibers?
 What problems may occur when optical signals are transmitted in single-
mode fibers?
Summary
 Structure of optical fiber
 Types of optical fiber
 Characteristics of optical fiber
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies
4. Master limitation of WDM system
WDM System Key Technologies
 Optical  Optical Multiplexer

Source/receiver and Demultiplexer
Key Tech. in WDM
 Optical Amplifier
 Supervisory
Technologies/code
technology
Requirements of Optical Source
1 Larger dispersion tolerance value
2 Standard and stable wavelength
Direct modulator
LD
Modulation current
Electro-Absorption (EA) external modulator
LD EA
DC
current drive ITU ¦ Ë
Modulation current
Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) external modulator
Modulation current
LD
DC current ITU ¦ Ë
drive
Comparison of Modulators
Types Direct Modulator EA Modulator M-Z Modulator
Max. dispersion toler >12800

1200~4000 7200~12800
ation (ps/nm)
Cost moderate expensive very expensive
Wavelength Stability good better best
Wavelength Tunable Technology
 Wavelength Tunable Principle

The wavelengths corresponding to the refractive index and maximum gain of
semiconductor materials vary with the temperature, pressure, carrier potency, and field
strength. Changing these factors can realize tunable wavelengths.
 Change the temperature and carrier potency and then combine with such technologies
as MEMS, microelectronics, and lightwave circuits to produce various tunable
technologies.
 Advantages of Wavelength Tunable Technology

 Reduction of spare parts stock
 Flexible networking
Classification of Wavelength Tunable Sources
 Based on the number of tunable wavelengths:
 4-wavelength, 8-wavelength, 20-wavelength, 40-wavelength, 80-wavelength, 160-
wavelength…
 Based on the frequency spacing:

 100 GHz, 50 GHz, and 25 GHz
 Based on the appearance and structure

 Laser type: the appearance is similar to a common laser.
 Module type: tunable laser + locker + control circuit
 Based on the manufacturers

 Fujitsu, ioLon, Agility, Intel, BandWidth9, Princeton Optronics, Bookham, GTRAN,
QDI, Santur, Vitesse…
Wavelength Tunable Technology
Thermally tune single DFB (~3nm tuning)
Tunable DBR
SGDBR (eg Agility)
GCSR (eg Altitun)
External cavity (Iolon)
Integrated DFB (NEC)
Electrically pumped MEMs-VCSEL ( BW9)
Optically pumped MEMs-VCSEL (Coretek)
MEMs-DFB array (Santur)
Code Modulation Technology
Conventional code
…
New code…modulation
modulation technology (NRZ) technology
 Simple, low-cost, and mature  Reduce OSNR tolerance.
 NRZ for transitional code elements,  Add dispersion tolerance and PD
sensitive to transmission damage, M tolerance.
and inapplicable to high-speed ultra-
 Suppress pulse distortion cause
long-haul DWDM transmission
d by non-linear effect of the fiber.
 Commonly applied in mid- and
 Applied in long-haul DWDM trans
short-haul DWDM transmission
systems mission systems.
 CRZ, DRZ, ODB, DQPSK……
Comparison of coding technologies with 10 Gbit/s rat
e
Coding Technology Advantage Disadvantage Application
Narrow spectral width


Low ability to prevent non-linear

Applied to the system with
Simple structure of modulation

effects 10 Gbit/s or lower rate and
NRZ
and demodulation High OSNR tolerance

to short-and-medium distan
Low cost

Low dispersion tolerance

ce transmission
Wide spectrum bandwidth

Great ability to prevent non-linear


Does not support 25 GHz system


effects
SuperCRZ Low dispersion tolerance

10 Gbit/s and to long-distan
Lower OSNR tolerance than that

Does not support wavelength


ce transmission
of NRZ
adjustable
Narrow spectrum bandwidth

Supports 25 GHz system


High dispersion tolerance


SuperDRZ Great ability to prevent non-linear

10 Gbit/s and to long-distan
effects ce transmission
Supports wavelength adjustable

Cost effective

If the optical power of signals that

are just transmitted into the optical
High dispersion tolerance

fiber is great, the transmission

Great ability to prevent non-linear

Applied to 10 Gbit/s metro
ODB distance decreases because of
effects politan area network
dispersion limited. The ODB is not
Supports wavelength adjustable

applied to long-distance
transmission.
Comparison of coding technologies with 40 Gbit/s rat
e
COMPARE ITEM NRZ ODB DRZ （ H NRZ- RZ- DP-QPSK

W) DPSK DQPSK
OSNR ★ ★ ★★ ★★★ ★★★ ★★★★
CD tolerance ★★ ★★★ ★★ ★★ ★★★ ★★ ★★
PMD tolerance ★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★★ ★★ ★★
$$ ★★★★ ★★★★ ★★★ ★★ ★★ ★
50GHz × √ × × √ √
Non-linear tolerance ★★ ★★ ★★★ ★★★ ★★ ★
Receiver
lower sensitivity (usually about -20 dBm) and higher overload point
PIN
(usually about 0 dBm); applicable to short-distance transmission
higher sensitivity (usually about -28 dBm) and lower overload point
APD
(usually about -9 dBm); applicable to long-distance transmission
FEC Technology
 Forward Error Correction Technology
 The transmit end adds redundant error correction codes and the receive end decodes
and corrects errors to eliminate errors on the circuit.
 Reduce the OSNR tolerance of the receiver. The reduced OSNR tolerance is called
code gain.
 The FEC capability varies directly with the code gain.
 Classification of FEC Technology

 In-band FEC: supported by ITU-T G.707, code gain: 3 dB to 4 dB
 Out-of-band FEC: supported by ITU-T G.975/709, code gain: 5 dB to 6 dB
 Extremely robust FEC: no standard is available currently, highest code gain: 7 dB to 9
dB
Optical Amplifiers
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
RFA Raman Fiber Amplifier
O
A
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
E3 excited state
Decay
1550nm E2 meta-stable state

signal light
Stimulated radiation
1550nm
signal light
980nm
pump light
E1 ground state
 Er3+ energy level diagram
Structure of EDFA
Signal input ISO Coupler ISO Signal Output

TAP TAP
EDF
Pumping laser
PD PD
ISO: Isolator
PD: Photon Detector
Features of EDFA
Advantages
… Disadvantages
…
 Consistent with the low atten

 Fixed gain range
uation window  Gain un-flatness
 High energy conversion effici  Optical surge problem
ency
 High gain with little cross-tal
k
 Good gain stability
Automatic Gain Control
λ1~ λn
λ1~ λn Gain
EDF
Pin A Pout
Gain no change!
Gain = Pout / Pin is invariable

Input Power: Pin coupler EDF Output Power: Pout
splitter pump splitter

PIN PIN
DSP
Main Performance Parameters of EDFA
 Amplified spontaneous emission noise (ASE)

 Noise figure (NF) = (S/N) in / (S/N) out ≥ 3 dB
 Gain (G) = 10lg (Pout/Pin) (dB)
 Gain flatness: gain balance
 Bandwidth
Raman Fiber Amplifier
 Stimulated Raman Scattering
Gain
Pump
30nm
13THz
Gain
Pump1 Pump2 Pump3
30nm
70~100nm
Features of Raman
Advantages
… Disadvantages
…
 Flexible gain wavelength

 High pump power, low
efficiency and high cost;
 Simple structure
 Components & fiber un
 Nonlinear effect can be reduc
dertake the high power;
ed;
 Low noise
Application of OA
OTU OTU
M M M MD
4
U OA OA4 OA4 4M
0
X 0 0 0U
OTU X OTU
Booster amplifier Line Amplifier Pre-amplifier
Optical Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
Multiplexer Demultiplexer
Fiber
Technologies of WDM/WDD Main parameters of WDM/WDD

Diffraction grating technology Insertion loss
Medium film technology Channel isolation
Coupler technology Channel bandwidth
Arrayed waveguide technology Polarization dependent loss
Diffraction Grating
grating
Grin lens
1
2
3
7
8
Input light (1, 2... 8)
Thin Film Filter
λ 1- λ 4 λ 1 filter
Self-focusing lens
λ1
λ 3 filte
λ2 r
λ3
λ4 Glass
Coupler Multiplexer
1
2
3
4
5
6
。
。
OUT
。.
IN
。
。
。
13
14
15
16
Arrayed Waveguide Grating
Arrayed of waveguides 1…n
λ1
λ1,λ2… λn λn
Arrayed of fibers
Interleaver
 Divide a channel of signals with f frequency spacing into two
channels of signals with 2f frequency spacing, and then the signals
are output from two channels.
 It is applied in WDM/WDD that needs denser channel spacing.
50/100GHz
25/50GHz
50/100GHz
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM)
OAMD
 OADM can be classified into two types:

 FOADM: fixed OADM (arranged in series or parallel, or hybrid)
 ROADM: reconfigurable OADM (further classified into broadcast and
select, or into demultiplexing and switch/multiplexing)
Diversified Fixed Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (FOADM)
 Low costs
 FOADM I  Simple structure
Multiple-layer dielectric  Maximum of 16 wavelengths
film technology
Serial OADMs
EREG
 FOADM II
 Supporting online upgrade
AWG technology
Parallel OADMs
 100% wavelength add/drop
ROADM: Broadcast and Select
 Input signals are sent from the left side and divided into two channels
of signals (broadcast) after passing through the demultiplexer.
 The dropped channel is selected by a device such as a tunable filte
r and then the filter drops the selected channel of signals.
 The straight-through channel passes through WB and is selected a
nd filtered. This channel of signals and the add channel of signals a
re coupled and output.
ROADM: Demultiplexing/Switch/Multiplexing
 All input wavelengths are demultiplexed and cross-connected to

the proper output interfaces (drop or straight-through) and then
combined.
Supervisory Technologies
OSC Optical Supervisory Channel Technology
ESC Electrical Supervisory Channel Technology
Optical Supervisory Channel 1510
1510 nm
nm // 1625
1625 nm
nm wavelengths
wavelengths
signal
signal rate:
rate: 2.048
2.048 Mbit/s
Mbit/s
receiver
receiver sensitivity:
sensitivity: – 48
48 dBm
dBm
 Requirements: signal
signal code:
code: CMI
transmitting
CMI
transmitting power:
power: 00 dBm
dBm to
to –77 dBm
dBm
 Operating wavelength should be different from the pumping
wavelength of OA.
 Operating wavelength should not take 1310nm window.
 Available when OA fails;
 Suitable for long distance transmission.
OSC OSC
F F
OTU1 I I OTU1
S S
0
OTU2
M U U
C 4 OTU2 C
4 C
C OTU3 M OTU3
0
OTU4 OTU4
Typical frame structure of OSC
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 …… TS14 TS15 TS16 …… TS31
TS0 FA TS17 F2 byte

TS1 E1 byte TS18 F3 byte
TS2 F1 byte TS19 E2 byte
TS14 ALC byte Others Reserved
TS3-TS13, TS15 D1-D12 bytes
Electrical Supervisory Channel
 Features:
 Simple structure & cost saving
 Redundancy supported
 Improve power budget
 Reduce system complexity
S OTU1 0 OTU1 S
OTU2
M
C 4 OTU2 C
4
C OTU3 M OTU3 C
0
OTU4 OTU4
Questions
 What is the mechanism of electro-absorption modulation?
 How many types of multiplexer are there used for WDM?
 What is the difference between EDFA and Raman?
 What are the working wavelength and bit rate of OSC signal?
Summary
 Optical source
 Optical amplifier
 Optical multiplexer
 Supervisory technologies
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies
Restriction Factors of WDM
WDM
Restriction factors
Optical
Optical po dispersion Non-linear
DHD JGDJ
signal-to-
wer effect
DJ
noise ratio
Optical Power Budget
 Fiber loss (dB) = P output (dBm) – P input (dBm) = distance (km)
x a (dB/km)
 A. Loss coefficient
 In the 1550 nm window, the loss coefficient of G.652 and G.655 fibers is:
a = 0.22 dB/km.
S R
P output Distance L (km) P input
Station A Station B
Power Topics
 Optical amplifier technology
 Reduction of system insertion loss
Dispersion
 Chromatic dispersion (ps/nm) = distance (km) x dispersion
coefficient (ps/nm.km)
 G.652 fiber: dispersion coefficient = 17 ps/nm.km
 G.655 fiber: dispersion coefficient = 4.5 ps/nm.km
 Chromatic dispersion is the main factor.

 In long-haul transmission, the dispersion compensation module
(DCM) is adopted for dispersion compensation.
OMS
Distance L
(km)
Station A Station B
Dispersion Compensation Technology
 Dispersion compensation modes:
 Optical domain dispersion compensation
 Electrical dispersion compensation
 Dispersion management soliton
Optical Domain Dispersion Compensation
 To reduce the impact of the chromatic dispersion, adopt the DCM to compensate for the accumulated
dispersion on the fiber. Currently, the dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) in the DCM is used for
dispersion compensation.
 Dispersion slope compensation
 Broadband dispersion compensation
Dispersion
coefficient G.652
Wavelength
Common DCF
DSCF: dispersion slope
compensation fiber
 PMD is generated randomly and is hard to be compensated.
OSNR
OTU OTU
M
M M
D
4 OA OA OA OA OA OA 4
0 OTS 1 OTS 2 OTS 3 OTS 4 OTS 5 0
OTU OTU
Powe
r
(dBm) Psignal
PASE
Distance
(km)
OSNR
(dB)
Distance
(km)
OSNR
 Increase the system signal-to-noise ratio
 Raman amplification technology
 Pre-amplifier with low noise + booster amplifier with high gain
 Reduce the requirement on signal-to-noise ratio for the system

 New code modulation technology
 Forward error correction (FEC) coding technology
The OSNR requirement of different FEC and encoding modes
rate FEC mode Encding OSNR remark

mode requirement
无 FEC NRZ 26
FEC NRZ 20
AFEC NRZ 18
10Gbit/s
AFEC CRZ 16
AFEC DRZ 14.5
AFEC ODB 16 CD tolerance is 4000ps/nm

AFEC NRZ 20 LBE(S)
AFEC CRZ 17.5
10GE
AFEC DRZ 17
AFEC ODB 19
AFEC DRZ 16.5 LM40

40Gbit/s
AFEC ODB 17
Non-Linear Technology
 New code modulation technology
 Dispersion management technology
 Fiber-input power control
 Channel spacing technology
Contents
1. WDM Overview
3. Key Technologies
Related ITU-T recommendations
 G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
 G.655 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted SMF
 G.661/G.662/G.663 Relevant recommendations of OA
 G.671 Characteristics of passive optical components
 G.957 Optical interfaces relating to SDH system
 G.691 Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64, STM-256 systems
and other SDH systems with OA

 G.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA
 G.709 Interfaces for the optical transport network (OTN)
 G.975 Forward error correction for submarine systems (FEC)
Transmission Channel Reference Points
Questions
 Which are the ITU-T recommendations involved for WDM
part?
 What is the absolute reference frequency for WDM system
s?
Thank you
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Training Course WDM Principle

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WDM Principle

Yangmingzhang 42198 www.huawei.com

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 With the development of telecommunication, the requirements of

the transmission capacity and service categories are becoming

bigger and bigger, under this background, WDM technology

 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

4. Master Limitation of DWDM system

Solution of capacity expansion

 Different signals with specific wavelength are multiplexed into a

 The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavel

OSC OSC OSC

 Single fiber unidirectional transmission

 Single fiber bidirectional transmission

 Ultra high capacity

 CWDM: Coarse wavelength

 DWDM: dense wavelength division multiplexing

196.05THz 192.125THz 192.05THz 191.275THz

 What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?

 Difference between the two transmission modes

 Difference between the two application modes

 List the structure of the WDM system.

 Basic concepts and features of WDM, DWDM and CWDM;

 WDM system structure ;

 Transmission and application Modes of WDM system;

4. Master limitation of DWDM system

 The fiber loss can be calculated according to the following

Band Description Range (nm) Bandwidth (nm)

 Dispersion: a physical phenomenon of signal distortion caused when

 The chromatic dispersion can be calculated according to the followin

G.655: Little dispersion

 Fiber Non-linear effects can be classified into:

Short wavelength, pump,

• A non-linear phenomenon causing the strong forward

Impacts on the system:

Self-Phase Modulation (SPM)

Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM)

Impacts: When the new frequency generated by FWM is within the

 What are the features of G.652, G.653 and G.655 fibers?

 Structure of optical fiber

 Types of optical fiber

 Characteristics of optical fiber

4. Master limitation of WDM system

 Optical  Optical Multiplexer

Key Tech. in WDM

1 Larger dispersion tolerance value

2 Standard and stable wavelength

Types Direct Modulator EA Modulator M-Z Modulator

Max. dispersion toler >12800

Cost moderate expensive very expensive

Wavelength Stability good better best

 Advantages of Wavelength Tunable Technology

 Based on the frequency spacing:

 Based on the appearance and structure

 Based on the manufacturers

 CRZ, DRZ, ODB, DQPSK……

Narrow spectral width

Great ability to prevent non-linear

Does not support 25 GHz system

Does not support wavelength

Supports 25 GHz system

High dispersion tolerance

If the optical power of signals that

fiber is great, the transmission