S GIO DC V O TO SC TRNG

TRNG THPT CHUYN NGUYN TH MINH KHAI

------------

CHUYN

A DNG SINH HC
RNG NGP MN TNH SC TRNG

Nhng ngi thc hin:

GV t Sinh KTNN
HS lp 10A4S
HS lp 11A4S
Sc Trng, 2012

S GIO DC V O TO SC TRNG
TRNG THPT CHUYN NGUYN TH MINH KHAI
------------

CHUYN

A DNG SINH HC
RNG NGP MN TNH SC TRNG

Nhng ngi thc hin:

GV t Sinh KTNN
HS lp 10A4S
HS lp 11A4S
Sc Trng, 2012

MC LC
CHNG 1. T VN ........................................................................................................ 1
CHNG 2. PHNG PHP T CHC ................................................................................. 2
2.1 Chn im tham quan v thu mu .......................................................................................... 2
2.2 Thu mu .................................................................................................................................. 6
CHNG 3. A DNG SINH HC RNM SC TRNG ........................................................ 13
3.1 c im RNM Sc Trng ..................................................................................................... 13
3.2 a dng thc vt RNM Sc Trng ......................................................................................... 15
3.2.1. H Bn Sonneratiaceae ............................................................................................... 15
3.2.2 H Acanthaceae .............................................................................................................. 16
3.2.3 H R Acanthaceae.................................................................................................. 17
3.2.4 H Cc - Asteraceae ...................................................................................................... 17
3.2.5 H Bm Bm Convolvulaceae ...................................................................................... 18
3.2.6 H Sam Bin Aizoaceae .............................................................................................. 19
3.2.7 H u Fabaceae ......................................................................................................... 19
3.2.8 H c Rhizophoraceae ............................................................................................ 20
3.2.9 H Myrsinaceae .............................................................................................................. 21
3.2.10 H Ry Araceae ......................................................................................................... 21
3.2.11 H Rng Pteridaceae .................................................................................................. 22
3.2.12 H Cau Arecaceae ..................................................................................................... 22
3.3 a dng ng vt RNM Sc Trng ........................................................................................ 24
3.3.1 Sm t - Sipunculus nudus ............................................................................................ 24
3.3.2 Cc loi c ....................................................................................................................... 24
3.3.3 Cc loi tm .................................................................................................................... 29
3.3.4 Cc loi cua ..................................................................................................................... 30
3.3.5 Cua bng mm Clibanarius longitarsus ......................................................................... 36
3.3.6 Sam - Tachypleus tridentatus ......................................................................................... 36
3.3.7 H bm - Balanus amphritrite ........................................................................................ 37
3.3.8 Cc loi Thn mm Chn bng (Gastropoda) v Hai mnh v (Bivalvia) ..................... 37
3.4 Vai tr ca RNM trong vic bo v vng ven bin ................................................................ 46
3.4.1 Tc dng ca RNM trong vic gim thiu tc hi ca sng thn ................................... 46
3.4.2 Tc dng ca RNM trong vic bo v bin Vit Nam ............................................... 47
3.4.3 Tc dng ca RNM trong vic bo v t bi, chng xi l, hn ch xm nhp mn ... 47
3.4.4 Tc dng ca RNM i vi mi trng sinh thi ........................................................... 47
CHNG 4. KT LUN V KIN NGH................................................................................ 49

CHNG 1. T VN
Rng ngp mn (RNM) khng ch l ni c tr m cn l ni cung cp ngun dinh
dng, h tr cho s tn ti v pht trin phong ph ca cc qun th sinh vt ca sng ven
bin, ng thi l ni duy tr a dng sinh hc cho bin. Thm vo , RNM cn c tc dng
chn sng, chng xi mn b bin v gi li cc cht ph sa nn nng cao c thm lc a
ti thm lc a ven bin, n to thnh mt b bao t nhin ngn chn nc bin dng do nh
hng ca bin i kh hu. Sau khi tn ph RNM v nhng li ch trc mt, sau phi
gnh chu nhng cn thnh n ca t nhin, thin tai, bo l, xm nhp mn, t rng b thoi
ha, xy ra ngy cng nghim trng v nh hng xu n cuc sng, bi hc bo v RNM
c con ngi thu hiu v nhn ln nhiu a phng ven bin.
Nhm nng cao nhn thc ca hc sinh v tm quan trng ca RNM i vi nn kinh
t v h sinh thi, c bit l vai tr hn ch gi bo nhng vng ven bin tnh nh; to iu
kin cho hc sinh i tham quan thc t, ng thi thc hin nhim v nm hc 2011 2012,
vo ngy 26/02/2012, tp th gio vin t Sinh K thut Nng nghip trng THPT Chuyn
Nguyn Th Minh Khai t chc chuyn tham quan RNM Sc Trng cho cc em hc sinh
lp Chuyn Sinh 10 v 11 thc hin chuyn a dng sinh hc RNM tnh Sc Trng.

CHNG 2. PHNG PHP T CHC

2.1 CHN IM THAM QUAN V THU MU
Do qu thi gian hn hp v chuyn i mang tnh cht tham quan - hc tp, da vo
c im sinh thi khu vc, chng ti ch tin hnh tham quan v thu mu 3 a im i
din cho 3 khu vc RNM Sc Trng:
- a im 1: Bi bi pha ba RNM thuc x An Thnh Nam, huyn C Lao Dung

Hnh 2.1. Rng bn trng

Hnh 2.2. Bi bi cha c cy ngp mn

- a im 2: Vn m cy ngp mn cng ng Phc, x Trung Bnh, huyn Trn

.

Hnh 2.3. Knh o xuyn qua rng cng ng Phc

Hnh 2.4. Vn m khu vc cng ng Phc, ch yu l bn chua

- a im 3: Rng c v vn m cy ngp mn gn khu Du lch Sinh thi H

B thuc p Hunh K, x Vnh Hi, huyn Vnh Chu

Hnh 2.5. Rng c Vnh Chu

Hnh 2.6. Cn b Ht Kim lm Vnh Chu hng dn hc sinh tham quan khu vn
m cy ngp mn H B - Vnh Chu

Hnh 2.7. Bi ct H B
Ngoi ra, on cn tham d bui bo co chuyn Tm hng i mi cho RNM
Sc Trng do anh L Ha Khng Ht trng Ht Kim lm Vnh Chu thc hin.

Hnh 2.8. Anh L Ha Khng Ht trng Ht kim lm Vnh Chu bo co chuyn

ti hi trng Ht Kim lm Vnh Chu.

Hnh 2.9. Hc sinh lng nghe bo co chuyn ti hi trng

2.2 THU MU
thun li trong vic thu thp v x l mu vt, chng ti chia hc sinh thnh 2
nhm nh sau:
- Nhm thu mu thc vt: Gm 14 hc sinh lp chuyn Sinh 10, thu v x l mu
thc vt.

Hnh 2.10. Nhm thu mu thc vt

Hnh 2.11. Mi mu c thu cc b phn nh r, thn, l, cnh, hoa, hoc c cy (i

vi cy c kch thc nh) bng tay hoc ko ct cy c ng trong ti nilon ring c nhn
ghi y cc thng tin nh tn cy, c im, ni thu mu,.

Hnh 2.12. Mu sau khi thu

c mang v phng th nghim p
vo giy bo, cp li trong ba cng
v phi kh.

Hnh 2.13. Dn mu kh vo ba cng thc hin b bch tho tp

- Nhm thu mu ng vt: Gm 16 hc sinh lp chuyn Sinh 10, thu v x l mu
ng vt

Hnh 2.14. Nhm thu mu ng vt.

Hnh 2.15. c, cng, c thi li, c bt bng tay

Hnh 2.16Hoc mua ca nhn dn c ra sch bn, ct

Hnh 2.17. .V ng tm thi trong x nha hoc trong ti nilon

Hnh 2.18. Khi v n nh dn th ra sch, phn nhm ng vt v ngm vo formol

4% bo qun mu

10

Hnh 2.19. Tip tc thay formol, ra sch mu ln na v ngm vo formol 4%

phng th nghim

Hnh 2.20. Mi loi ng vt nh tm, cua, c,c ng trong mt keo nha ring
c dn nhn ghi y thng tin nh tn khoa hc, tn a phng ca loi, ni thu mu,
ngy thu mu v ngi thu mu.

11

Hnh 2.21. Thn mm Chn bng (c) v Hai mnh v th ly ht tht, ra sch, phi
kh v dn thnh b su tp.

12

CHNG 3. A DNG SINH HC RNM SC TRNG

3.1 C IM RNM SC TRNG
Rng ngp mn ven bin tnh Sc Trng c qun l v bo v bi Chi cc Kim
lm v chnh quyn a phng. Tnh n nm 2012, tng din tch rng ngp mn phng h
l 5.300ha trong C Lao Dung: 1.433ha; Trn v Long Ph: 830ha; Vnh Chu:
3.187ha. Do nm ca sng Hu nn RNM ni y nhn lng ph sa di do t thng
ngun, mi nm ln ra bin t 20 n 50m. Tnh cht ca nn y c ngun gc ph sa sng
v bin, v vy tnh cht c gii l bn st, bn ct, ct bn v ct ln nhiu trm tch hu c
t t lin a ra theo nc sng v t bin vo. mn thay i rt ln, t khong 5 ti
29 ty ni gn hay xa ca sng. H thng knh rch chu nh hng ca ch thy triu
ngy ln xung 2 ln, mc triu dao ng trung bnh t 0,4m n 1m.
RNM ni y c 3 loi cy chnh, l: bn, c v mm. Ngoi ra cn c da
nc, cy mm, gi vt, r, c, mm c trng nhiu vng ven bin Vnh Chu v
th nhng ni y giu ph sa, c mn cao, rt ph hp vi loi cy ny. nhng ni c
bi bi nhiu mn, nng mn thp nh Trn , C Lao Dung, cy bn chua chim u th.
t bi ra ti u, tnh ch o trng bn ti , va gi t va chn sng. Bi th, rng bn
ca Trn , C Lao Dung c nhiu loi to, nh khc nhau. Rng bn gi c nhiu cy c
th. y l ni tr ng ca nhiu loi chim, di, qu, kh Nhng nm gn y, cc khu vc
bi bi rng phng h, RNM ven bin c thin nhin u i, cng vi nhiu chnh sch ca
a phng to mi trng thun li nn cc qun ng hi t v sinh sn, cng l ni l tng
hnh thnh nhiu sn nhuyn th hai mnh, trong c nghu ging. RNM v bi bi trc
rng cng l ni tr ng v ni sinh sn ca nhiu thy sn c gi tr kinh t cao nh tm, cua
bin, c ko, c, hn, mang n ngun thu nhp ng k cho nhn dn trong vng.

13

Hnh 3.1. V tr RNM Sc Trng 3 huyn C Lao Dung, Trn , Vnh Chu
(theo soctrang.gov.vn)

14

3.2 A DNG THC VT RNM SC TRNG

3.2.1. H Bn - Sonneratiaceae
Cy bn - Sonneratia caseolaris
Cy bn c sc sng mnh m ven sng rch, ph hp vi c ba ngun nc: ngt,
l v mn. Hin nay, bn c chn l loi cy trng ph bin ven bin bi c im cy ny
to, khe, r rt nhiu v bm cht vo t nn c tc dng ngn sng, lng ng ph sa, c
nh t to tin cho cc loi thc vt khc mc sau ny. Ma hoa tri t thng 4 n ht
thng 2 nm sau, tri bn chn r vo khong thng 7, 8 m lch.
Cy bn chua c th lm thuc p vo ch vim ty v bong gn, thuc ngn chn
chng xut huyt. Hn ht, qu bn cn dng n sng hoc nu canh c.

(B)

(A)

(C)

(E)

(D)
Hnh 3.2. Cy bn (A) vi l (B), hoa (C), tri (D) v r th (E)

15

3.2.2 H Acanthaceae
Cy mm trng - Avicennia alba
Cy mm c gi tr kinh t khng ng k, nhng l loi cy tin phong ln bin v c
cng rt ln trong vic hnh thnh v pht trin ca RNM. S pht trin t nhin ca RNM
bt u bng s tin nhp ca loi mm. Chng c sc sng rt mnh lit, t nhng bi bn
ngm mnh trong nc bin n nhng khu t ry cao u xut hin mm ti sinh. Vai tr
ln nht ca loi mm l c nh t, do b r c cu trc vng chc n su xung t, n
c sc chu ng c sng v gi, chu c nc mn ngp quanh nm. Mm ti sinh v
pht trin n giai on gi ci th suy vong, cy c nhy vo thay th. Khong thng 8 - 10
m lch l ma tri mm chn rng.
Nhn dn min Nam thng dng cy mm ui mui, v cy mm cha hi, cha
gh, phong.

(B)

(A)

(D)

(C)
Hnh 3.3 Cy mm trng (A) vi r (B). hoa (C) v tri (D)
(http://tidechaser.blogspot.com)

16

3.2.3 H R - Acanthaceae
Cy r tm - Acanthus ilicifolius
Cy tho cao 0,5 - 1,5m, thn trn mu xanh, c nhiu rnh dc. L mc i, st thn,
hu nh khng cung, phin, mp ln sng, c rng ca khng u v c gai nhn. Cy mc
vng ven sng, vng bin nc l, gc r ngp trong nc. Hoa mu xanh lam hay trng,
xp 4 dy thnh bng. Qu nang dng bu dc, mu nu bng, c 4 ht dp, c v trng trng
v xp. Ma hoa qu thng 10 - 11.
Cy dng lm thuc tr au lng nhc mi, t bi, ho m, hen suyn, bnh i but,
thu thng. Ngoi ra cn tr au gan, trng c, bnh vng da.

Hnh 3.4. Cy r vi hoa v tri

3.2.4 H Cc - Asteraceae
Cy Lc trng - Pluchea indica
Cn gi l cy cc tn, cy t bi. nc ta cy mc hoang v c trng khp ni,
thng trng lm hng ro cy xanh v ly l lm thuc. Cy nh cao 2-3m, cnh gy; l gn
ging hnh bu dc, hi nhn u, gc thun di, mp l c rng ca, mt di c lng mn,
phin di 4-5cm, rng 1-2,5cm.
Ton cy (l, cnh, r) u c th dng lm thuc. L thng dng ti (hi l non v
l bnh t) thu hi quanh nm, cnh v r thng dng kh, lm thuc. Dng cha ngoi cm
pht st nng hi rt, nhc u, kht nc, tc ngc, kh chu. L c hng thm, thng
dng xng, cn dng cha au mi lng.

17

Hnh 3.5. Cy lc trng

3.2.5 H Bm Bm - Convolvulaceae
Rau Mung bin - Ipomoea pes-carpae
Thn b, mc khp ni dc b bin, khng leo, phn nhiu cnh, thn tm, c, c 2
ng rnh nng 2 bn thn; l hnh thn, trn hay lm u, gc su hnh tim. L cy c
nh ct bin. Ra hoa quang nm, ch yu vo ma h v ma thu.
Cy dng lm thuc cha cm mo, st, st rt, t thp, chn tay au nhc, mi, thng
tiu tin, cha thu thng, au bng.

Hnh 3.6. Rau mung bin

18

3.2.6 H Sam Bin - Aizoaceae

Cy Sam bin - Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L
Cn gi l cy Hi chu, loi ny ch mc vng t mn ven bin, l trng ging l
hoa mi gi. C th lm thuc cha cm cm, gii nhit, li tiu, chng ung th gan.

Hnh 3.7. Rau sam bin

3.2.7 H u - Fabaceae
Cy Cc kn - Derris trifoliata
C th sng vng nc ngt, l, mn. L loi dy leo bn chc, dng tri buc rt
tt. Mc tng thp xen ln vi r, da nc to thnh thm thc vt dy, l ni tr n ca
nhiu loi ng vt. Hoa mc thnh chm ng nch l. Hoa trng, ng hng, di 12mm,
i hoa trng trng. Qu trn 3-4cm, xm ri vng, cha 1 ht mu vng hung. Ra hoa vo
thng 8.
Cy c dng cha st rt kinh nin, huyt , m ngng sinh ra thng trng, tr ho
v kit l. Qu cha au rng, bch i h. R dng st trng vt thng.

(B)

(A)

(C)
Hnh 3.8. Dy cc kn (A) vi hoa (B) v tri (C)

19

3.2.8 H c - Rhizophoraceae
Cy c (c i) - Rhizophora apiculata
Thch hp vi t bn mn, c thy triu ln xung nh k, nc mn hoc nc l,
kh hu m p. c t lc ra hoa n khi tri chn phi mt n 6 thng, tri c ny mm
t lc cn treo l lng trn cy, khi phi thnh thc s ri cy m ri xung bn, khong vi
gi sau mc r thnh cy con, kiu sinh sn ny gi l thc vt thai sinh.
T khi tri c rng xung n khi khai thc c g mt khong 20 nm, cao
trung bnh t 20 25m. c c 2 loi r: r cc v r ph. R cc th nh nhng cm su
xung lng t, cn r ph (cn gi l chang c) th rt ln, mc tua ta quanh gc cy,
bm su vo lng t nho, gip cy lun ng vng.
L c rt cng, c mng sp v bng long phn quang gi nc. Trong l c
tuyn thi mui thi mui tha ra khi c th. Cc nh khoa hc ang nghin cu c im
ny ca cy c p dng vo cng ngh lc nc bin.
Cy c khi mc thnh rng th khng c mt loi cy g c th chen vo sng
chung c nn rng c thng c s phn chia lnh a ring r: c ra c, mm ra
mm,y l im khc bit ca rng c so vi cc loi rng khc.
G cy c c th dng lm nh, ng mc, x vn, c bit dng sn xut
than hm c cht lng rt cao, l ngun xut khu quan trng.

Hnh 3.9. Cy c vi hoa v tri

(http://wildshores.blogspot.com)

20

3.2.9 H Myrsinaceae
Cy S cong - Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco
L cy g nh, l hnh trng ngc, qu hnh sng mu nh xanh n hng. Phn b
ven bin hoc ca sng, pht trin mnh trn t bi n nh.
Ht ca chng khng c thi k ngh m m ny mm ngay trn cy m, nhn cht
dinh dng t cy m pht trin thnh cy mm nm trong v qu. Khi cy con sc
sng c lp th qu chn rng xung v cy mm bt u mc r bm vo t. Trong bu c
nhiu non song ch c mt non pht trin thnh ht, y l tnh cht chn lc thch ng vi
iu kin kh hu khc nghit ca RNM.

Hnh 3.10. Cy s cong vi hoa v tri

3.2.10 H Ry - Araceae
Cy Mi dm - Cryptocoryne ciliata Wydler
Cy tho thu sinh c thn ngm trong bn. L ng hnh gio thon cao n 30cm,
nhn hai u, gn ph xo, khng dy lm; cung di n 20cm. Ra hoa qu thng 5-8. Cy
sng ca sng v RNM ven bin, cc tnh pha Nam. Thn r c th sc ung gii nhit,
dng tr kit l. L dng ngoi tr rn cn.

Hnh 3.11. Cy mi dm

21

3.2.11 H Rng Pteridaceae\

Cy Rng i - Acrostichum aureum L
Cy c thn r ngn, to, thng ng, nhiu ng. L kp lng chim mt ln, cao n
3m; l cht di n 40cm, dy, khng lng, mp nguyn, gn ph hnh mng; di cung
chnh c nhiu gai gi do cc cung ph bin thnh.
L sinh sn thn vi cc ti mu nu ph khp mt di, tr gn v mp l.
Loi lin nhit i. Ph bin vng c nc mn t Bc ch Nam ca Vit Nam. Cy
mc hoang b rch, m nc mn, nc l hay cn triu, ni sng v t c nhiu mn.
t non luc n c, cung l kh dng lm chi; cn dng an lm ln xch tay.
Thn, l sc ung st trng, tr giun sn v cm mu.

Hnh 3.12. Cy rng i v mt di l

(http://www.flickr.com)
3.2.12 H Cau Arecaceae
Cy Da nc - Nypa fruticans
L loi duy nht trong h Cau sng trong m ly.Thn cy da nc mc ngang di
lng t, ch c l v cung hoa mc ln trn m thi. V vy, n khng c xem nh mt
loi cy g, mc d tn l c th cao n 9 mt. Hoa ci n r thnh chm u cm hoa hnh
cu, hoa c mu hoc vng dng ui sc trn nhng nhnh k sau. Khi hoa th phn,
nhng tri nh p vo nhau ln ln nh mt qu bng ng knh c 2530 cm trn mi u
cung (qui da). Ht da nc kh gi s ri rng v phn tn theo thu triu, c khi mc
mm ngay khi tri ni.

22

Da nc mc trong nhng vng snh ly dc theo b sng, hay vng ven ca bin c
thy triu ln xung, c nc chy chm bi p ph sa dinh dng. Nu t nhin, da
nc s pht tn sinh si ny n theo s a y ca thy lu. Da nc rt thng gp dc
theo b bin v cc ca sng vo.
Vit Nam, nng dn ngy nay mi ch s dng tri da nc n v l lp nh
hay lm ci, khng my ai bit n k thut rt nha da nc t cung hoa nu ng,
ru, lm bia, ln men gim, chng ct cn v mt s loi sn phm c gi tr khc v nha t
da nc rt ngt, bo, hng v m , hn hn cy ma v c ci ng. Sn lng ng
t da nc trung bnh 20,3 tn/ha cao hn so vi ng ma (khong 5 n 15 tn/ha).
Phi n nm th 4 hoc th 5 cy mi m hoa kt tri. Thi gian ny s ko di n
nm th 55 tr ln, ngha l mi cy da nc c th khai thc lin tc trn 50 nm. Mi ngy
2 ln, ngi ta dng dao sch ct b mt lt mng 2 mm trn u cung hoa nha cy chy
ra lin tc.
Theo ng y, da nc c tnh ngt mt, khng c, gip tng cng kh lc, ti
nhun nhan sc, gii nhit, cm mu nn rt tt khi iu tr cm nng, th huyt, mu cam.

(A)

(C)

(B)

(D)
Hnh 3.13. Cy da nc (A), hoa c dng ui sc v cm hoa ci (B), bung
tri trng thnh (C), bn trong tri (D) (http://www.flickr.com)

23

3.3 A DNG NG VT RNM SC TRNG

Do thi gian thu mu c hn v chuyn i mang tnh cht tham quan hc tp nn
chng ti ch c th bt c mt s loi ng vt c th bt d dng bng tay nh c, cc
loi hai mnh v, cng, sm t,hoc mua mu ca nhn dn nh bt quanh vng nh cua
bin, mt s loi c,
3.3.1 Sm t - Sipunculus nudus
Ngi dn a phng cn gi l con bi bi, cht khoai, cp t, hay n t. y l
mt loi ng vt khng xng sng, thn mm hnh tr thon c ngn tay t c mu nu xm,
sng di mt t rng. Sm t gp phn lm lp t bn ti xp to iu kin cho cy rng
pht trin.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy trong sm t c thnh phn dinh dng cao vi hm
lng protein trung bnh 15,18% v nhiu acid amin khc. Vit Nam, trc y, sm t
ch dng lm mi cu c. Trong khi , n li c phi kh bn qua Trung Quc nu
cho hoc ph. Hin nay, sm t c dng nhiu trong cc nh hng. Nhiu gia nh cng
mua bt sm t nu cho bi dng cho tr em, ngi gi, ngi suy nhc c th.
Gn y, do sm t c gi (dao ng t 130.000150.000 ng/100 gram, loi loi
to, ti, ngon phi hai triu ng mi kg) nn ngi dn huyn Vnh Chu x i o bt
sm t. Do sm t c c tnh o hang di r cy v thch sng nhng g cao c kh
hu m, nn ngi ta cht cy rng, bi gc tm sm t lm cy rng b cht rt nhiu.

Hnh 3.14. Sm t Sipunculus nudus

3.3.2 Cc loi c
C thi li - Periophthalmus schlosseri
C thi li gi tr kinh t khng cao bng cc loi c khc, nhng n mang m du n
v nt c trng ca RNM. y l loi c c bit, va sng c trn b va sng c di
nc. Chng c th sng, chy, nhy v kim mi ngay trn cn mt cch rt iu luyn. iu
lm nn s phi thng ny chnh l cu to c th kh c bit, gip chng c th tr nc
trong mang h hp khi ln cn, trao i kh qua da nh ch v i vy trc c h c pht
trin ng vai tr nh mt i tay.

24

C thi li thng chn ni him o hang tr n nh cc lm cy, kt r um

tm. Hang ca chng c th su n 2m vi nhiu ngc ngch. Khi cn nh, c thi li thch
sng bi bn, khi ln ln th o hang bi bn cao, di tn rng c, rng mm hay
rng da nc.
Thng thng, ngi ta bt c thi li theo hai cch: Dng cn cu cu vo ban
ngy v dng n soi c vo ban m. C thi li c th ln bng c tay tr em, nng 100
400g. Tht dai, thm v ngt, em kho kh hoc luc cm m hay nu canh chua n ngon nh
tht c lc ng. Theo ngi dn ti cc vng c c thi li sinh sng th nhng con c thi li
to c 300-400g cng ngy cng him gp do tc nh bt qu nhanh. Nu khng c nhng
bin php kim sot, trong tng li khng xa loi c ny c th i mt nguy c suy gim s
lng Vit Nam.

(B)

(A)
Hnh 3.15. C thi li ang bt tm tt (A); min
Ty Nam b, c thi li l mt mn c sn, c
nh bt v by bn nhiu ch (B). Chng c th

(C)

c ch bin thnh nhiu mn n hp dn (C).

C bng sao - Boleophthalmus boddarti
V c tnh v hnh dng, c thi li v c bng sao rt ging nhau, ch c iu c
bng sao nh con hn, thng l bng ngn tay ci, vy bng sao c nhiu m xanh li ti
ging nh nhng chm sao, ch sng trn bi bn ngoi trng, cn c thi li th sng bi
trng v c trong bi rm. V tr lng c khng nhiu nn b con ng dn mi khi nh bt
c ch mang bn cho ngi a phng, ngi thnh th t ai c thng thc loi c ny.
C bng sao tht mu hng, sn chc. Nu m rut s thy l gan to mu hng, khi nu
chn c v bo, bi v nhn nhn ng do mt tit ra. C bng sao ngon nht l kho vi s t
v nu canh chua tri bn.

25

(http://fa.wikipedia.org)

(http://www.projectnoah.org)

Hnh 3.16. C bng sao kim n trn bi bn ly

C ko bin - Parapocryptes serperaster
Thng phn b vng bi bi ven bin, c bit l ni c rng ngp mn. Tht c
thm ngon v c gi tr kinh t rt cao. Hin nay c ko ang c nui nhiu tnh ven bin
BSCL, tuy nhin ngun ging ch c bt t t nhin. Ma c ko ging ko di t thng 5
n thng 10 (m lch). Gi c ko ging dao ng t 1,8-3 triu ng/kg nn thu nhp ca
ngi bt c ko l rt cao. Ngun li c ko ging trn vng bin Sc Trng kh di do.
y c xem l du hiu tch cc t s phc hi v pht trin h thng rng phng h ven
bin ca tnh.

Hnh 3.17. C ko bin Parapocryptes serperaster (www.mudskipper.it)

26

C cht - Eleutheronema tetradactylum

y l loi c nui c gi tr thng phm cao sng tng y vng ven bin, to
thnh cc n c l nh.

Hnh 3.18. C cht (www.marnex.net)

C li tru - Cynoglossus robustus

Hnh 3.19. C li tru (http://mayatan.web.fc2.com)

C ngt - Plotosus canius
L mt trong nhng loi c gi tr cao, tht c thm ngon, kch c ln v c nhiu gi
tr dinh dng. C ngt c kh nng sinh sng trn sng rch nc l v c nhng vng nc
ngt. Mt s loi trong h c ngt c nc c t gai, khi b m c th gy ra nhng vt
thng nguy him cho con ngi. Chng l cc loi c n y v thng s dng ru pht
hin thc n. C ngt c tp tnh lm hang, hang thng rt su v c t 2 n 8 nghch.
Trong mi hang thng c mt cp c. Hang thng c o ven b cch mt nc lc
thy triu xung khong 30cm.

27

Ma sinh sn chnh ca c ngt l t thng 6 n thng 8 hng nm. C ngt trong t

nhin sinh sn mt ln trong nm tp trung sinh sn vo ma ma nhng ma v sinh sn ca
c c th ko di n u nm sau. C ngt b m c th cho sinh sn vi kch c trung bnh
1-1,5kg. Bi ca chng l vng ca sng, sau khi xong mt phn c con bi ngc ln
vng nc ngt sinh sng. C ngt sng trong nc ngt ln nhanh hn c ngt sng ti vng
nc l. V nhng thnh cng v nhn ging m ra trin vng ln cho ngh nui thy sn
cc tnh trong vng ng bng sng Cu Long, nht l trong iu kin ngun li c t
nhin ang suy gim do nh bt qu mc.

Hnh 3.20. C ngt (http://fugupuff-fugupuff.blogspot.com)

C i Mugil cephalus
C i l loi rng mui, chng c th sng v sinh trng tt trong mi trng nc
l, l mn v nc mn. C i c tp tnh sng qun n, v tp tnh ny th hin mnh nht
vo ma sinh sn, c thng tp trung thnh tng by ln di c ra cc vng nc su ngoi
bin sinh sn. Ma sinh sn ca c thng ko di t thng 10 ti thng 4 nm sau. C i
t ti thnh thc sinh sn vo 3 nm tui. Trng c v u trng mi n thng tri dt ngoi
khi vo mt thi gian no trong nm (cc thng thuc ma sinh sn) v c bt xut hin
theo ma vng ca sng ni c coi nh cc bi ng cho c ging.

Hnh 3.21. C i (http://www.ictioterm.es)

28

3.3.3 Cc loi tm
Tm tt Alpheus sp.
Loi ny thng c kch
thc nh, o hang trn nn bn ly
trong v ngoi rng ngp mn, cng
c th bng ra ting ku tch, tch
rt c trng, ngi dn ch bt lm
mi cu c.
10mm

Hnh 3.22. Tm tt
Tm b nga - Lenisquilla lata
Cn gi l tm tt, b b, tm
m ni (do hnh dng ca tm c 2
ming che tai trn u). Tm tt c
mt rng ri ti nhng vng bin n
i v nhit i trn ton cu.

Hnh 3.23. Tm b nga

Tm trng - Macrobrachium equidens
C gi tr kinh t khng cao do
tht t, kch thc nh.

Hnh 3.24. Tm trng (http://portal.nfrdi.re.kr)

29

3.3.4 Cc loi cua

Nhm cua (Brachyura) l i tng hot ng mnh m nht trong RNM. Hot ng
dinh dng ca cua gip duy tr cn bng sinh thi, iu chnh mt cc loi trong qun x
sinh vt. Thc n ca cua rt a dng gm l cy ngp mn cn ti, trm tch trong nn y,
n mn b hu c ang phn hy ca chui v li thc n m u bng vn hu c, khp
kn chu trnh tun hon vt cht v gp phn vo vic lm sch mi trng. ng thi chng
cng l ngun thc n di do cho cc loi ng vt khc trong RNM.
o hang trong nn y l tp tnh ca hu ht cc loi cua hot ng sng v t
v, gp phn thay i pH gia cc lp su v b mt nn y, lng ng trm tch, gi
nc v lm thng thong nn y sau khi thy triu rt. Ngoi ra cn to ni c tr an ton
cho u trng v con trng thnh ca nhiu loi sng trong nc v trong nn y sn rng
ngp mn.
Do thi gian thu mu ngn nn chng ti ch bt c mt s loi cng cua, chng ti
c s dng thm mt s mu ca c Nguyn Th Thu Hng ( thu trc ) lm phong
ph thm b su tp mu ng vt. Sau y l mt s loi cng cua ph bin trong khu vc
chng ti tham quan:

(A)

(B)
Hnh 3.25. Cng xanh Uca urvillei, con c (A) v con ci (B)

Hnh 3.26. Cng Uca arcuata v hang ca chng

30

Hnh 3.27. Cng na cng tm Uca dussumieri

Hnh 3.28. Cng xanh cng vng Uca paradussumieri

10mm

Hnh 3.29. D trng Dotilla wichmanni

Hnh 3.30. Cng gi Ocypode sp.

31

Cng Cng gi ti c th nu riu n rt ngon, ngt, thm v snh hn cua ng.

Hoc luc chn, tuy to c ngn chn ci, nhng v mm, tht ngt v chc, v hi mn v
thm hn tht cua bin.(theo mientayonline.net)

Hnh 3.31. Cua bin Scylla olivacea

Cua bin trng thnh sng trong cc vng ca sng ven bin, trong cc khu vc bi
ly RNM. Cua sng trong RNM t kch thc khong 7 10 cm chiu rng mai, trc ma
sinh sn cua di c ra vng bin ven b, lt xc sau giao phi. Cua m trng, p trng n
ra u trng, u trng theo thy triu vo dn RNM. Chng thng o hang su di gc cy
RNM. L loi c gi tr kinh t v c nui ph bin, ngun ging ch c khai thc trong
t nhin bng bt th cng. Tht ngon v c gi tr dinh dng cao, ch bin thnh rt nhiu
mn n rt tt cho sc khe.

Hnh 3.32. Ba kha Neoepisesarma chentongensis

Ba kha thng qun t ni gc cy mm, c n tri mm rng. Tp tnh ca
chng l o hang nhng vt rng kh ro ri ko n kim n. Vo trung tun thng 10 m
lch hng nm l thi im ba kha "hi", ba kha chng bit t u tp hp v nhiu v s k.
Chng lc nhc tng chm en kt eo bm trn cc r cy c, cnh mm hai bn b rch

32

khng cha khong trng no. Hin tng ny xut hin khong 3 ngy ri o qun ba kha
t tan n, tn mc v ch "hi" nm sau n hn li ln. (theo tiengiang.gov.vn)
Tht ba kha ngt, thm, c th ch bin thnh nhiu mn n ngon, ph bin l lm
mm, gn y ngi ta cn s dng ba kha ti ch bin thnh nhiu mn nh ba kha rang
me, ba kha luc gng, n ba kha xo T Xuyn, chin gin, hp bia.

Hnh 3.33. Ch Neosarmatium smithi

Ch c hnh dng bn ngoi l hn, di chuyn cng chm chp hn ba kha - iu
ny hp tn gi ca n. Loi ny o hang quanh gc cy c, mm, n l ti ca nhng
cy ny. C nhiu cch ch bin mn n, n gin nht l nng trn v than, chm mui t,
chin gin v st me, cng c th luc hoc hp bia.

Hnh 3.34. Ch trn tm Sarmatium germaini

Hnh 3.35. Cng cng vng (?)

33

Hnh 3.36. Cng my xanh (?)

Hnh 3.37. Cng gai chn di Metaplax crenulata

Hnh 3.38. Cng mu gch Metaplax gocongensis

34

Hnh 3.39. Gm Varuna litterata

Hnh 3.40. Rm Metopograpsus latifrons

Hnh 3.31. Cng mai di Macrophthalmus japonicus

35

3.3.5 Cua bng mm Clibanarius longitarsus

Hnh 3.32. Cua bng mm (hay tm k

c) thng sng nh trong cc v c,
khi kch thc c th ln, chng li tm
(http://web.nchu.edu.tw)

v c ln hn thay th nh c
qu cht chi.

3.3.6 Sam - Tachypleus tridentatus

Sam gm hai loi c tn khoa hc l Tachypleus tridentatus (Sam) v Carcinoscorpius
rotunnicauda (So), mang c tnh khc nhau. Tachypleus tridentatus thng i cng nhau
tng i, kch thc ln, ui thng c gai, hnh tam gic. Cn Carcinoscorpius
rotunnicauda i n l, kch thc nh, ui hnh trn, khng c gai, loi ny c c t rt
nguy him.

Hnh 3.33. Sam bin (?)

36

3.3.7 H bm - Balanus amphritrite

Loi ny a mn cao, do khu vc xa ca sng, mt bm ca cc loi ny
trn cy ngp mn cao hn hn cc khu vc gn ca sng - ni c mn thp hn. Pha
bi bi ngoi rng, ni c nhiu cy bn con mc t nhin hoc do con ngi trng khong 1
3 nm tui b h bm dy c ton thn cy. Thi k ny thn cy cn yu, khng th chng
sc nng ca tp on h, cng vi sc y ca sng bin lm thn cy d rp xung
mt bn, cy cht hng lot.
nhng cy trng thnh, s lng h bm cng nhiu, nhng v ngoi ca phn
thn di v gc cy thng bong ra ko theo cc ng vt bm, ng thi ch bong ra
trn thn cy c mt lp bt do lp bn to ra lm cn tr cc ng vt bm sau .

Hnh 3.34. H Balanus amphritrite

3.3.8 Cc loi Thn mm Chn bng (Gastropoda) v Hai mnh v (Bivalvia)
Tng t nhm cua, y l nhm loi kh ph bin trong RNM. Cc loi c thng
sng bm trn thn l cy ngp mn n l cy, hoc bm trn mt bn n cc vn hu c. Cc
loi s a s vi di bn hoc di ct. Nhiu loi c gi tr kinh t nh nghu, s huyt, s
lng, vp, chem chp, hu, c len, c l ming , c m,. em li ngun thu nhp ng
k cho nhn dn sng quanh vng RNM.
S loi s v c on chng ti thu nht mu trc tip rt t, do chng ti c tm
thm t liu cc loi c v s ph bin trong RNM v s dng thm mu vt ca c Nguyn
Th Thu Hng lm b su tp.

37

THN MM CHN BNG (GASTROPODA)

10mm
10mm

Hnh 3.35. c bm cy Littoraria melanostoma

Hnh 3.36. c bm cy Littoraria vespacea

1mm
10mm

Hnh 3.37. c bm cy Littoraria conica

Hnh 3.38. c go nh Assiminea lutea

10mm

Hnh 3.39. c trn vn ngang Nerita lineata

38

10mm

Hnh 3.40. c l ming en Neritina cornucopia

10mm

Hnh 3.42. c trn Vittina coromandeliana

10mm

Hnh 3.41. c l ming N. violacea

10mm

Hnh 3.43. c trn Clithon faba

10mm
10mm

Hnh 3.44. c len Cerithidea obtusa

Hnh 3.45. c ng Cerithidea sinensis

39

10mm

Hnh 3.46. c cnh Cerithidea microptera

Hnh 3.47. c m Polinices didyma

10mm

10mm

Hnh 3.47. c gio Turritella terebra

Hnh 3.48. Nassarius stolatus

10mm
10mm

Hnh 3.49. c mt nu Ellobium aurisjudae

Hnh 3.50. c mt tm Cassidula aurisfelis

40

10mm

Hnh 3.51. Pythia trigona

10mm

10m
m

Hnh 3.52. Stramonita haemastoma

Hnh 3.53. c gai Stramonita javanica

THN MM HAI MNH V (BIVALVIA)

10mm

Hnh 3.54. S huyt Arca granosa

10mm

Hnh 3.55. Chem chp Glauconome rugosa

41

10mm

Hnh 3.56. Hu Saccostrea cucullata

10mm

Hnh 3.57. Hu Crassostrea lugubris

10mm

Hnh 3.58. ip l Enigmonia aenigmatica

42

10mm

Hnh 3.59. Nghu Bn Tre Meretrix lyrata

10mm

Hnh 3.60. Nghu tm Mactra crossei

10mm

Hnh 3.61. Chem chp Tellina capsoides

43

10mm

Hnh 3.62. Chem chp Sinonovacula constricta

10mm

Hnh 3.63. Trng trc Pharella javanica

10mm
10mm

Hnh 3.64. Pholas orientalis

Hnh 3.65. Martesia striata

44

10mm

Hnh 3.66. Chem chp Tellina sp.

10mm

Hnh 3.67. Vp Polymesoda sp.

45

3.4 VAI TR CA RNM TRONG VIC BO V VNG VEN BIN

3.4.1 Tc dng ca RNM trong vic gim thiu tc hi ca sng thn
RNM c chc nng chng li s tn ph ca sng thn nh hai phng thc khc
nhau. Th nht, khi nng lng sng thn mc trung bnh, nhng cy ngp mn vn c th
ng vng, bo v h sinh thi ca chnh mnh v bo v cng ng dn c sinh sng ng
sau chng. C c nh vy l v cc cy ngp mn mc an xen ln nhau, r cy pht trin
c trn v di mt t cng vi thn v tn l cy cng kt hp phn tn sc mnh ca
sng thn. Th hai, khi nng lng sng thn ln c th cun tri nhng cnh RNM th
chng vn c th hp th ngun nng lng khng l ca sng thn bng cch hy sinh chnh
mnh bo v cuc sng con ngi. R cy ngp mn c kh nng pht trin mnh m c v
mc rm rp v s dn tri. Khi cy ngp mn b xung th r cy di mt t to ra
mt h thng dy c ngn cn dng nc.
T chc Friend of the Earth cho rng, bo v nhng cnh RNM l cch gii quyt
duy nht bo v dn c vng ven bin chng li sng v cc e do khc trong tng lai
(Scheer 2005). Theo kho st ca IUCN (2005) ti nhng vng b tc ng ca sng thn cho
thy: nhng vng ven bin c RNM rm, c cc vnh ai cy phng h nh phi lao, da, c
th thit hi v ngi v ti sn t hn rt nhiu so vi nhng ni m cc h sinh thi ven bin
b suy thoi, hoc chuyn i t sang mc ch s dng khc nh nui tm hay xy dng
khu du lch.
3.4.2 Tc dng ca RNM trong vic bo v bin Vit Nam
T u th k XX, dn c cc vng ven bin pha Bc bit trng mt s loi cy
ngp mn nh trang v bn chua chn sng bo v bin v vng ca sng. Mc d thi
k cha c b tng ho v k nh by gi nhng nh c RNM m nhiu on
khng b v khi c bo va (cp 6 - 8).
mt s a phng thc hin nghim tc chng trnh trng rng 327 ca chnh ph
th iu, ng rung c bo v tt. Nm 2000, cn bo s 4 (Wukong) vi sc gi cp
10 b vo huyn Thch H, tnh H Tnh, nh cc di RNM trng 9 x vng nc l nn
h thng sng Nghn khng b h hng. Nu khng trng RNM chn sng th ng
Mn b v v th x H Tnh b ngp su, thit hi do cn bo ny gy ra s rt nng n.
Thng 7 nm 1996, khi cn bo s 2 (Frankie) vi sc gi 103 - 117km/s b vo
huyn Thi Thu (Thi Bnh) nh c di RNM bo v nn bin v nhiu b m khng b
h hng, trong lc huyn Tin Hi do ph phn ln RNM nn cc b m u b xi l
hoc b v. Nm 2005, vng ven bin huyn Thi Thu tuy khng nm trong tm bo s 7
(Damrey) nhng sng cao sng Tr L lm st l hn 650m ni khng c RNM
thn Tn Bi, x Thi trong lc phn ln tuyn c RNM x ny khng b st l v

46

thm cy dy c lm gim ng k cng sng. Thi Thu, c 10,5km bin c

bo v bi RNM hu nh khng phi sa cha, tu b hng nm k t khi RNM trng thnh,
khp tn.
Mt s a phng c RNM phng h nguyn vn nh cc x Sn Hi Phng,
Giao Thu - Nam nh, Hu Lc Thanh Ho, nhng ni ny bin hu nh khng b st
l trong cc cn bo s 2, 6, 7 nm 2005.
3.4.3 Tc dng ca RNM trong vic bo v t bi, chng xi l, hn ch xm nhp mn
R cy ngp mn chng cht, c bit l nhng qun th thc vt tin phong mc dy
c c tc dng lm gim vn tc dng chy to iu kin cho trm tch bi t nhanh hn
cc vng ca sng ven bin. Chng va ngn chn c hiu qu hot ng cng ph b bin
ca sng, ng thi l vt cn lm cho trm tch lng ng. V d nh, hng nm vng ca
sng Hng ti Ba Lt tin ra bin 60 - 70m, mt s x tnh Tin giang, Bn tre t bi ra
bin 25 - 30m, Tr vinh, Sc trng 20 - 50m, Bc liu, C mau 30 - 40m (Phn vin iu tra
Quy hoch rng Nam B, 2006).
vng ca sng ln nh h thng sng Hng, sng Cu Long, ph sa thng ngng
ng trn lng sng v ngoi ca sng to nn nhng hn o ni. Nu iu kin thun li th
ch sau mt thi gian, cc loi cy ngp mn tin phong s n c tr to mi trng cho
nhng loi cy n sau v t bi c nng dn ln, nh Cn Ngn, Cn Lu Giao Thy,
Nam nh, Cn Vnh Thi Bnh, Cn Ngoi v Cn Trong Ty Nam mi C Mau.
Nhng ni trng v bo v tt RNM th b bin v khng b xi l, thit hai do
thin tai mc rt thp. V d nh: on b Bng La, i Hp (Hi Phng) trc y khng
c RNM th b xi l rt mnh. T khi c cc di RNM phng h do Hi ch thp Nht
Bn h tr (1997 2005) th khng nhng khng b xi l m trong cc cn bo ln nm
2005 bo v ton vn quc gia.
Ngoi ra, RNM cn c tc dng hn ch xm nhp mn. Nh c RNM m qu trnh
xm nhp mn din ra chm v trn phm vi hp, v khi triu cao, nc lan to vo
trong nhng khu RNM rng ln, h thng r dy c cng vi thn cy lm gim tc
dng triu, tn cy hn ch tc gi.
3.4.4 Tc dng ca RNM i vi mi trng sinh thi
RNM gp phn iu ha kh hu trong vng, cc qun x cy ngp mn l mt tc
nhn lm cho kh hu du mt hn. Cng ging nh cc loi thc vt khc, cy ngp mn v
to, ru trong nc gp phn hp thu CO2 v thi O2 qua qu trnh quang hp. Chng hn nh
RNM Cn gi, TP H Ch Minh c xem nh l phi xanh ca thnh ph.

47

Cc cht c hi v nhim t cc khu cng nghip, th thi vo sng sui, ha tan

trong nc hoc lng xung y c nc sng mang ra cc vng ca sng ven bin. RNM
hp th cc cht ny v to ra cc hp cht t c hi hn i vi con ngi.
mt s ni sau khi thm thc vt ngp mn b tn ph th cng bc hi nc
tng, lm cho mn ca nc v t tng theo.
Ngoi ra, RNM l ni thu ht nhiu loi chim nc v chim di c, to thnh cc sn
chim ln vi hng vn con v di qu. RNM Vit Nam c nhiu loi chim qu him ca th
gii nh cc loi c m tha, gi dy, hc c trng...(V Qu, 1984).
Trong RNM cn c nhng loi cy qu him nh cy cc - Lumnitzera littorea.
c bit, cc chng vi sinh vt RNM cn mang cc thng tin di truyn tn ti cho n ngy
nay qua u tranh sinh tn hng triu nm. l ngun gen qu cho vic ci thin cc ging
vt nui v cy trng, thuc cha bnh trong tng lai. (http://lib.wru.edu.vn)

48

CHNG 4. KT LUN V KIN NGH

Chuyn tham quan RNM Sc Trng vo ngy 26/02/2012 kt thc thnh cng tt
p. Hc sinh c tham quan cc im i din cho cc khu vc RNM Sc Trng nh
rng bn C Lao Dung, rng c Vnh Chu, vm m cy ngp mn cng ng Phc v
c nhng pht th gin thoi mi khu Du lch Sinh thi H B. Ngoi ra, on cn nhn
c s n tip nng hu ca cc cn b thuc Ht Kim lm Vnh Chu, c nghe bo co
chuyn gii thiu v RNM tnh nh, c cn b hng dn tham quan vn m, cch
nhn dng c im phn bit cc loi cy ngp mn,
Chuyn i tuy c hi vt v, v ln u tin cc em phi i b vo rng, phi li xung
bn ly nhng hu ht u rt hng hi v nghim tc thu mu sinh vt di s hng dn
ca gio vin. Cc em mang v phng th nghim nhiu mu thc vt, ng vt x l mu
v thc hin cc b su tp gm: b bch tho tp Mt s thc vt c trng ca rng ngp
mn; b su tp mu ng vt ngm trong formol gm mt s loi ph bin trong rng ngp
mn nh: cc loi c, cua, cng, sm t,; b su tp v s v c. y s l phng tin
trc quan qu gi phc v cho vic hc tp mn Sinh hc trong nh trng.
i thc t ngoi t nhin l cch b sung kin thc v cng hiu qu, c bit l hc
sinh lp chuyn Sinh. Chuyn i cn l dp cc em c c hi giao lu, on kt vi nhau
trong nhiu hot ng sng. Cc bui tham quan hc tp tng t c th c m rng ra cho
tt c cc em hc sinh trong trng tham gia. Trong tng lai, ngoi s ng gp kinh ph ca
cc em hc sinh, chng ti rt mong nhn c s gp sc ca cc c nhn, cc t chc, cc
c quan on th chng ti c th t chc nhng chuyn i xa hn, nhiu ngy hn,
ngha hn cho cc em hc sinh thn yu.

49