ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ~ ဖြဲ ့စည္းပံု အေျခခံဥပေဒဆိုင္ရာ အင္တာဗ်ဴးမ်ား

pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
1
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
jrefrmEdik if .
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pkpnf;wifjyol æ ausmaf omif;
2
pkpnf;wifjyol ausmaf omif;
umwGe;f ------ [efav;

pmtkyt
f jyiftqif --- !d0k if;/ 'DZikd ;f --- udrk sKd ;
qufo, G &f ef ---- email;kyawthaung06@gmail.com, dagwan.journal@gmail.com
3
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4
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vGiOf ;D ESifh tzG@J om;rsm; pmtxm;tokd tvStyjyifqifay;aom ud! k 0kd if;/ 'DZikd ;f --- udrk sKd ;/ txl;
ojzifh Tpmtkyyf g Oya'a&;&m ta=umif;t&mrsm;tm; uk;d um;Edik af p&ef pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;tm;
wul;wu ulnaD y;yd@k cahJ om jrefrmEdik if H a&S@aersm;aumifpD taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª; OD;atmifx;l ESihf
pmtkyjf zpfajrmufa&;twGuf 0dik ;f 0ef;t}uH^m%f ay;=uaom nDi,frsm;/ rdwaf qGrsm;ESihf pmtkyðf ypkol
. pdww f ikd ;f us rsuEf mS zH;k o&kyaf zmfytkH m; tyifyef;cH a&;qGaJ y;&Hrk u tjcm; umwGe;f yHrk sm;udyk g toH;k ðy
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O'gef;usL;jcif;
teE W ig;yg;OD;xdyx f m;v#uf rdbESpyf g;ESihf oifq&m/ jrifq&m/ =um;q&m taygi;f wd@k tm;
Tpmtkyjf zifh ysy0f yf&u kd sKd ; &Scd ;kd ylaZmftyfygonf? usaemf - - - rnfonfyh nm&Sirf S r[kwyf g/
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aomufoHk;Edkif&ef a&cyfay;olom jzpfygonf? Tpmtkyfonf jrefrmjynf ppfu|efb0rS vGwf
ajrmufa&;twGuf jrLr_w H pfrrH_ # toH;k 0ifcyhJ gv#if u|Eyfk .f óud;yrf;tm;xkwrf r_ sm;twGuf twdik ;f
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vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif olwwfEikd o f nhaf e&mrS v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G af eaom omrefjynfow l pfO;D om jzpfyg
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qdik &f mrsm;udk awmf&w kH ef&kH 0goem&S&d jkH zifh apwemh0efxrf; tcsed af y;+yD; vkyEf ikd rf nft h vkyrf sKd ; r[kwyf g?
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ovdv k kd tajymrsKd ; ajymwwfwmvnf; =um;cJ&h bl;onf? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rSm Edik if aH &;w0uf Oya'w
0uf a&mpGux f m;aom pmwrf;[lI a,sb, k s todtrSwjf yKxm;=uonf? wdik ;f jynfukd t"du vnfywf
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jynfwiG ;f jynfy&Sd jrefrmEdik if o H m;rsm;onfvnf; zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'ESihf pyfvsO;f I pdr;f ae=u
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cHpm;ae&ojzifh Oya'qdo k nfukd vlx. k tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf vH+k cHKr_twGuf tumtuG,f ay;xm;onfh
taejzifh tjyKoabmbufu &_jrifr_rsdL; enf;yg;vGef;vSonf? Oya'rSefor#udk rkef;wD;pufqkyf=uol
OD;a&rSmvnf; renf;vS? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'udv k nf; tqdyk g Oya'rsm;eSihf wwef;wnf;xm;I vufcH
=uonfu rsm;onft h jyif etz. 5/96 Oya't& axmif'%ftESpEf pS q f ,f csc&H rnfukd pd;k &draf om
a=umifh jynfwiG ;f wGif zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'qdik &f mrsm;udk us,u f s,f jyef@jyef@avhvm aqG;aEG;r_rsm; rvkyf
Edkif=uyg?
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wGio f mru ,ck 2007 ckEpS f =o*kwv f ESihf pufwifbmvrsm;twGi;f jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh oHCmawmfrsm;
OD;aqmifonfh vlxk v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;wGiyf g jynforl sm;onf ppftm%m&Sipf epf tkycf sKyfru _ kd rESpòf rd@a=umif;
‚if;wdk@.qüudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; xkwfaz: jyocJhonf? ,if;odk@jzpfygv#uf tmqD,Hacgif;aqmifrsm;.
oH;k oyfxw k af z:csurf sm;rSm pdwyf supf &mtwd jzpfonf? 2007 ckEpS f atmufwb kd m (14) &ufae@wiG f
tmqD,HOuUX puFmylEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;u wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; toD;oD;udk
axmufjy+yD; rif;rJ0h g' (Anarchism) ray:ayguaf &;twGuf etzppfwyf}uD;wnf&rdS . _ ta&;ygyu kH kd
6
az:n$e;f oGm;cJo h nf? atmufwb kd mv (16) &ufaf e@wiG f xyfr+H yD; etzudk jzKwfcsv#if Edik if aH &;tm%m
vpf[mcsuf jzpfoGm;Edkifa=umif; (Power Vacuum) jzifhoHk;oyfcsufrsdK;awG ay:xGufvmjyefonf?
qdkvdkonfrSm etz ppfwyf}uD;r&Sdv#if wdkif;jynf rif;rJh0g'rjzpfatmif/ wnfjidrfr_&Sdatmif vufawG@
rnfolawGu rnfodk@rnfyHk tkyfcsKyfoGm;rnfvJ [lI pdefac:onfh ar;cGef;rsm; xkwfvmjcif;jzpfonf?
pifppftm;jzifhrl Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ tajccHudk qef@usif+yD; rif;rJh0g'udk vufawG@usifhoHk;aeolrSm etzom
jzpfonf? etz Adv k cf sKyf}uD;rsm;u wif;usyaf om A[kcd sKyfuikd rf u _ kd usio hf ;kH +yD; ‚if;wd@k tm%m&&Sad &;udk
t"duxm;um zdEydS t f yk cf sKyfaeaoma=umifo h m Edik if aH &;t& wdik ;f jynfrwnfr+idrf jzpfaejcif;jzpfonf?
Edik if aH &;t& rwnf+idr/f Oya' pd;k rd;k a&; c|w+f cHKusaeaoma}umifv h nf; vlxrk mS qif;&JwiG ;f euf&+yD; r
auseyf=uojzifh qüawG xkwaf z: jyoae=ujcif; jzpfonf? tmqD,. H vGaJ csmaf eaom oH;k oyfcsuu f kd
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rsm;udkajz&Sif;&mY taxmuftyHhjzpfaprnfh jyXmef;csufrsdK;yg0ifaom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'w&yfudk
arG;xkw+f yD; TzG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'ESit hf nD vlxt k yk cf sKyfa&; ,Eœ&m;wpf&yfukd 0dik ;f 0ef;az:aqmif=u&ef
om jzpfonf? etz ppfwyf}uD; r&Sad omfvnf; rif;rJ0h g'udk umuG,Ef ikd o f nf[al om tcsuu f kd oufao
jyEdik &f ef oifw h ifah v#mufywfaom zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'wpf&yfukd toH;k jyKI Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; tajccHukd
vufawG@ vdu k ef musio hf ;kH =u&Ho k m&So d nf? zGJ ph nf;yHt k ajccHOya'ESit hf nD vlxrk sm;tzd@k Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
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tajccHOya'onf Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; tajccHukd wnfaqmufEikd o f nf/ vlxrk sm;twGuEf ikd if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
vlra_ &;tcGit hf a&;rsm; cHpm;&&Sad pEkid rf nf/ wdik ;f jynfwnf+idrrf t _ wGuf taxmuftyHjh zpfEikd rf nf/ rnfo@kd
aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rSmrl zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'[k qdkxm;aomfvnf; Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; tajccHudk
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Tod@k aom tcsed w f iG f Tpmtkyx f u G f ay:vmjcif;jzpfygonf? OD;ausmaf omif;jyKpkxm;aom zG@J pnf;yHt k ajc
cHOya'qdik &f m a&'D,t kd ifwmAsL;rsm; pmtkyrf mS ygww D ygw/D tzG@J tpnf; wpf&yf/ vltyk pf w k pfp/k yk*Kd~ vf
wpfOD;. tjrifrsm;udk wifjyxm;jcif; r[kwfyg? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya' ta=umif;&yfrsm;udk A[dkjyKI
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aemuf zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'qdik &f mudp&P yfrsm;udk jynfov l x l rk sm;twGi;f Y wpfpw kH pf&m us,u f s,jf yef@
jyef@avhvmvdpk w d rf sm; ude;f atmif;vm+yD;aemuf OD;ausmaf omif; }udK;yrf;ouJo h @kd zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'
qdkif&m tajccH vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; t&Sdeft[kef jrifhrm;vmrnfqdkygu Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; tajccHay:wGif
wdik ;f jynf wnf+idrrf t _ wGuv f nf;aumif;/ jynforl sm;. vGwv f yfr/_ w&m;r#wr_ +idr;f csr;f r_twGuf ‚if;t
axmuftuljyKEdik rf nf[k ,H=k unfa=umif;jzifh tzGiv hf ufaqmifpum; yg;tyfygonf?
7
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jynfo@l v$waf wmfu,
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kd pf m;vS,rf sm;.
oabmxm;xkwjf yefcsuf
ae@pG?J ? 31 Zlvikd f 2007

pmtrSwf ? ?1§2007
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ay:aygufa&;onf jynfolvlxktm;vHk;. wm0efjzpfonf[lIvnf;aumif;/

e0w (etz) . 1§90 t&/ 1990 jynfEh pS f ygwpD 'kH rD u kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyw JG iG f a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufc&H aom jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, dk pf m;vS,rf sm;. wm0efrmS tajccHOya'ay:ayguaf &; jzpfonf
[lIvnf;aumif; urBmoda=unmcJh+yD; jzpfygonf?
Edik if w
H ikd ;f wGif zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'wpf&yfonf r&Srd jzpfvt kd yfonfrmS trSeyf ifjzpfonf? jynfo@l qEN
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om;jynforl sm;udk trSew f u,fu, dk pf m;jyKolrsm; t"du yg0ifa&;qG&J rnf? ‚if;uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; ryg0if
bJ wbufowfa&;qGo J nfh rnfonhf zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'ukrd # vufcEH ikd rf nf r[kwyf ga=umif; a=unm
vdkufonf?
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8
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vS,af wGukd ay;tyfwhJ oabmwlpmcsKyfv@kd ac:&if jzpfEikd o f vdk wdik ;f jynfwpfcrk mS b,fvykd pkH eH @J tkycf sKyfrvJ
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wm odjrif=uzd@k vydk g+yD? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'qdik &f m udp&P yfawGukd xJx0J if0if od&adS tmif vlxt k m;vH;k
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tckvuf&Sd etz a&;qGJaewJh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkwm[m wu,fyJOya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk
wnfaqmufEikd yf grh vm;qdw k m usaemfw@kd qef;ppfz@kd vt kd yfvmygawmhw,f? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' ay:vm
¶Hek @J vGwv f yf+yD; w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;&Sv d mr,fv@kd ,lqrd&if ig;yg;arSmufuek yf gvrd rhf ,f? jrefrmEdik if o H rdik ;f
a=umif;rSm 1947 ckEpS u f w}udr/f 1974 ckEpS u f wpf}udrf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'udk a&;qGjJ yXmef;
cJhwmudk awG@&ygw,f? 1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rSm tm;enf;csufawG&Sdovdk tm;aumif;wJh
tcsufawGvnf; renf;vSyg/ tm;aumif;wJhtcsufu vGwfvyfwJh w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf &SdcJhwmygyJ?
tJ'w D ek ;f u 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Eku, kd w f ikd f twdu k t f cHEikd if aH &;tiftm;pkawGudk zdEydS zf rf;qD;wJt h cg w&m;pD&if
a&;u vGwv f yftm;aumif;pGm wnf&adS ewJt h wGuf xifovdk jc,fv, S vf @kd r&&Sad tmif Oya'u tum
tuG,f ay;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? tkycf sKyforl sm; nnf;nLcJ&h w,fv@kd avhvmrSwo f m;cJzh ;l ygw,f?
1974 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'u trnfcHjynfaxmifpkomjzpf+yD; jynfe,fvlrsKd;pk&Jh udk,fydkif
jyXmef;cGifh vHk;0 csKyf+idrf;oGm;ygw,f? vlom;wpfa,muf&Jh tajccHtusqHk;jzpfwJh ukd,fhuH=urRmudk
zefwD;cGifh vHk;0qHk;¶_H;cJh&wma=umifh trGJqHk;wkdif;jynfpm&if;udk 0ifoGm;cJh&ygw,f? 1988 vlxktHkºuGr_
ta&;tcif; }uD;eJ@ wygwt D m%m&Sif Akv d af e0if;&Jh tm%m&Sipf epf bke;f bke;f vJomG ;cJ&h w,f? wdik ;f jynf
wpfjynf at;csr;f om,mpGm [efcsun f n D D acwfrzD @HG òzd;wd;k wufa&;twGuf vlwpfO;D / ygww D pfz@G /J vlwpfpk
u wnfaxmifI rjzpfEikd yf g? vltrsm; jynfot l m;vH;k yg0ifywfoufaewma=umifh 'Dval wG rdrb d 0 rd
rdywf0ef;usif rdrv d rl sK;d rdrwd ikd ;f jynftwGuf b,favmufxd ^m%fprG ;f &So d avmuf uHprG ;f (um,) &So d
avmuf zdEydS cf sKyf cs,rf u _ if;uif;ESihf vGwv f w G v f yfvyf wnfxiG }f uHq vkyu f ikd cf iG hf &&S=d urSm jzpfygw,f?
,QK etza&;qJGaewJh zG@Jpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk[m wkdif;jynfESifhjrefrmjynftwGif; rDSwif;aexkdif=uaom
vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf aumif;usKd;csrf;omudk jzpfapEkdifrnfvm;?´ 'grSr[kwf tcGifhxl;cH vlwef;pm;
w&yf (ppfAv kd )f &moufyefwnf+rJa&; twGuv f m;qdw k m oJou J uJG JG od&=dS uygrS aemifom;pOfajr;quf
u|eo f abmufb0rS vGwEf ikd =f uygr,f? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'qdik &f m qd;k usK;d oHo&mrsm; xyfrH ray:ayguf
9
a&;twGuf jrefrmEdkifiHom;wdkif;rSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f?

vGecf ahJ om oH;k ESpw f mumvtwGi;f jrefrma&'D,kd toHvi$ Xhf mersm;jzpfaom RFA, BBC, DVB
wd@k rS xkwv f i$ chf ahJ om anmifEpS yf ifnv D mcHqikd &f m ar;jref;csuw f @kd ukd uufqufuav;jzifh toHzrf;,l
odr;f qnf;xm;cJyh gw,f? pmvH;k tjzpfo@kd ajymif;cJ&h mrSm yifyef;+yD; =umjrifch yhJ gw,f? a&'D,rkd S xkwv f i$ hf
aom owif;rsm;rnfr#yif wefzdk;&Sdygap xkwfv$ifhcsdef em;qifrdrSom =um;odEdkifygw,f? tifwmeuf
qkdonfrSmvnf; vlenf;pkom toHk;ðyEdkif=uygw,f? usaemf ,QKwifjycsufrsm;rSm odrf;qnf;&rd
oavmufom jzpfygw,f? Oya'ynm&Siw f pfO;D r[kwI f rnfo@kd rS jynfph rHk u
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jcif;wd@k udk txl;*¶kðyrd=uap&efEiS hf aemufxyftm%m&SiEf ikd if H ray:xGe;f a&;twGuf wifjy&jcif; jzpfyg
w,f?
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ta&;rsm;udk umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f Edik rf nfh 'Drukd a&pDEikd if aH y:xGe;f a&;twGuf tajccHtw k jf rpfcsz@kd óud;pm;ae
jcif;vm;? ppfwyfxm0pOf}uD;pdk;a&;twGuf usm;ukwf usm;cJ óud;pm;aejcif;vm;qdkwmukd jynfwGif;
jynfyrS jynforl sm; od&EdS ikd =f uap&ef &nf&, G +f yD; jrefrmEdik if .
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10
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jzpfEdkif/ rjzpfEdkif? 'Drdkua&pDqdk'g ajra&G;w,f? ayguf&ef cufcJw,f? &Sifoefzdk@ cufw,f/ tyif}uD;
vmzdk@ cufw,f? aozdk@vG,fw,f? jynfolawGuvnf; 'Drdkua&pDudk vdkvm;zdk@vdkw,f? 'Drdkua&pD
&Sio
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wvdev f ed f =unf+h yD; tH}udw/f awmufacguaf eayrJ/h wu,fh ppfreS w f hJ vGwv f yfa&; jyefvnf&&Sv d mrSm
r[kwyf gb;l ? 'Dawmh &cJv h w
S hJ vl@b0rSm vlyo D pGmaexdik Ef ikd af &;twGuf Adv k cf sKyf&hJ “&&if& æ r&&ifcs”
qdkwJh vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ&Jh ordkif;0ifaqmifyk'fudk jyefvnfaz:xkwf&if; tem*wfrsKd;qufopfawGudk
u,fwif=uygpdk@vdk@ wdkufwGef;vdkygw,f?”
tcef;(1) etz. rke@f óu;vdraf vmuygvoH;k yg; 'Dru

kd a&pD
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vdkuf&ovJcifAs?
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k ajccH Oya't& ay;wmuawmh 'Dru kd a&pD
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usawmh ray;Edik b f ;l qdw
k hJ t"dyg` ,[ f m b,fvykd pkH rH sK;d em;vnfrv d cJ ifAs?
ajz? ?'gu ckcsed rf mS u zG@J pnf;yHk r&Sb d ;l av? zG@J pnf;yHk r&Sw d thJ cgusawmh ol@tm%meJ@yo J l tkycf sKyfwmud;k
[dkrSmuawmh zGJ@pnf;yHkwpf&yfudkyJ jy&rSmqdkwJhtcgusawmh/ ckeu usaemf&Sif;jyovdkyJ vGwfvyfcGifhudk
ay;xm;oa,mif jyxm;+yD;awmh vdt k yfwt hJ cg tm%modr;f r,fqw kd hJ tcGithf a&;udk ,lxm;wmudu k
r¶dk;om;wJh t}uHtpnfwpfckeJ@ olvkyfxm;wJh[myg?
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Edik if aH wmforRw[m ppfa&;tawG@tóuH&o dS l jzpf&r,fv@kd qdx k m;wmuawmh jrefrmEdik if rH mS t&yfom;
xJu orRwrjzpfEikd af wmhovdk Adv k cf sKyfawGom yHpk w H rsK;d eJ@tyk cf sKyfr,fh zG@J pnf;yHjk zpfrmS yJv@kd &efuek Ef ikd if aH &;
todkif;t0dkif;u ajymqdkaea=umif;ygcifAsm?
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11
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tcsKyftjcmtm%m vlxyk ikd w f ,f?
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qif;ouf&r,fqw kd hJ
rlawGtay:rSmyJ
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12
bDbpD D jrefrmydik ;f tpDtpOfrS OD;ausmZf o

H m ar;jref;ItrsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfraS &S@ae
OD;^m%f0if;/ trsK;d om;a&;OD;0if;Edik /f a'guw
f matmifcifw@kd yg0ifaqG;aEG;xm;onf?
OD;^m%f0if;? ?'Dru kd a&pDusiphf Ofukd xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufwhJ jynfo@l wyfrawmf jzpf&r,f? 'gukd usaemf
wd@k wpdu k rf wfrwf wifjycJw h ,f? aemuf+yD;awmh wyfrawmf[m/ Edik if aH wmfrmS xnf0gcef@nm;pGm &yfwnf
aewJh 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if w H nfwchH ikd +f rJz@kd / zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk umuG,af pmifah &Smufz@kd / 'Dvkd wm0efawGe@J
ywfouf+yD;awmhv/J usaemfw@kd tzG@J csKyf (NLD) &Jh oabmxm;udk wifjycJ+h yD;jzpfygw,f?
OD;ausmZf o H m? ?tck owif;pmxJrmS awG@&wmuawmh wyfrawmf[m zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk umuG,f
zd@k t"du wm0ef&w dS ,fqw kd m awG@&ygw,f?
OD;^m%f0if;? ?'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH&Jh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkwm jynfolvlxku a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufwJh
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@ zG@J pnf;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wmf&hJ zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk qdv k jkd cif; jzpfyg
w,f? tJ't D wdik ;f yJ tzG@J csKyf&hJ oabmxm;uawmh [kwv f m;/ usaemfw@kd wdik ;f jynf&[ hJ w
k v f m;/ 'Dru kd a&pD
r¾dKifukd wnfwef@cikd +f rJapcsi&f if tcsKyftjcmtm%m vlxyk ikd w f ,f? Edik if aH wmftm%m vlxu k qif;
ouf&r,fqdkwJhrlawGtay:rSmyJ usaemfwdk@u &yfwnfxm;ygw,f?
a'guw f matmifcif? ? 88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGukd ppftpd;k &u a=umufaewmawmhoyd f
xif&mS ;w,f? a=umufvv kd t J ckvkd zrf;qD;+yD; tckvx kd ed ;f odr;f vdu k w f mayg?h t&yfom;taeeJ@u ppftpd;k &
eJ@aqG;aEG;r,fq&kd ifvJ ajAmifaqG;aEG;r,f? rif;udEk ikd w f @kd / udu k }kd uD;wd@k ajymxm;wmyJ? 'gayr,fh tpd;k &t
usiu hf tJ'grsKd ;&Srd S r&Syd ?J ol@tusiu hf wdww f w d yf ek ;f vkyw f wfwhJ tusiahf ygah v? w¶kwjf ynfu uGejf rLepf
ayr,fh t&yfom;eJ@ qufqHwmrSm yGifhyGifhvif;vif;&Sdw,f? ppfwyf}uD;eJ@ vkyfaeawmh t&yfom;udk
ppfom;awGvkd EGm;awGv/kd armif;vd@k cdik ;f vd@k r&bl;? t&yfom;uvnf; ol@tjrife@J ol &Sw d myJ? t&yfom;
EdkifiHa&;udk ppfom;vdk trdef@emcHzdk@csnf;yJ vkyfaevdk@r&bl;? ppftpdk;& t+rJwrf;ajymaeus “'dk@wm0ef
ta&;oHk;yg;” yg? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;/ ppfwyfu wdkif;&if;om;awG ol@vufatmufudk
tm;vH;k a&mufvma&;/ 'gbJ &nf&, G w f m? ppfwyfu wdik ;f &if;om;awGe@J wef;wl&nfwl aqG;aEG;w,fqw kd hJ
t,ltq olw@kd rmS r&Sb d ;l ? olw@kd jzpfEikd w f hJ 'Dru dk a&pDpepfqw kd mu w¶kw'f rD u kd a&pDpepfyJ jzpfEikd v f rd rhf ,f
xifw,f? w¶kwjf ynfu ol@u, kd ohf l wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfv@kd rowfrw S b
f ;l Asm? wu,fh wu,f w¶kwf
uGejf rLepfygwu D }uD;pd;k ayr,fh 'Dygwt D jyif wjcm;ygwD (8) ygw&D w dS ,fq+kd yD; axmufjyw,f? 'DygwaD wGu
tpd;k &udk axmufjyydik cf iG hf r&Sb d ;l ? ppftpd;k & vdck siw f muvnf; ppftpd;k &udk axmufcw H hJ wdik ;f &if;om;
tkyfpkawGjzpfw,f zuf'&,fpepfvkyf&if olwdk@udk,folwdk@b,favmuf umuG,fEdkifovJqdkwmrSm rl
wnfw,f? “0” a'ou jynfe,fr[kwaf yr,fh ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG &hf jynfe,fvkd jzpfaew,f? tpd;k &ppf
wyfawmif 0ifciG ahf wmif;+yD;rS 0if&wmyJ? “0” qDu olw@kd vufeuf awmif;=unfyh gvm;? olw@kd e,fjcm;
udpPrSmtukefvHk; 'kuQa&mufukefr,f?
oH;k oyfcsuf (1)
ppftyk cf sKyfa&;umvrSm zG@J pnf;yHt

k ajccHOya'udk a&;qGrJ ,fv@kd etz u csrw
S cf jhJ cif;[m 1993 ck
13
Zefe0g&v D trsK;d om;nDvmcHpwifpOf tajccHrl (104) csuf vrf;n$erf l (6) csut f jzpf raz:xkwcf if
1992 ckEpS f uwnf;u vrf;jyajryHk Road Map ukd csrw S pf pD Ofxm;+yD; jzpfonf?
1990 rSm NLD tjywftowf tEdik &f r_a=umifh ppftyk pf &k hJ tm%m&,la&;pDrcH suf ysujf ym;cJ&h
onf? a&G;aumufyt GJ Edik &f ygwu D kd tm%mv$rJ ay;&ap&ef upm;uGuw f pfctk jzpf tajccHOya'opfwpfck
az:xkwEf ikd af &;twGuf 1993 ckEpS w f iG f trsK;d om;nDvmcH trnfwyfI pwif toufoiG ;f cJo h nf? 1§90
ppftpd;k &. a=unmcsut f & a&G;aumufcu H ,dk pf m;vS,rf sm;. wm0efrmS tajccHOya'opfwpf&yf a&;qGJ
&ef[k qdck o hJ nf? od@k aomf etz onf uwdopPmr&So d rl sm;yDyD trsK;d om;nDvmcH uk, d pf m;vS,af ygi;f
(702) OD;teuf a&G;aumufcu H , dk pf m;vS,f (99) OD;om wufa&mufciG &fh &So d nf? 1995 wGif NLD rS
nDvmcHudk oydwaf rSmufco hJ nf? a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aom uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;uom wdik ;f jynfukd
tkyfcsKyf&rnf[laom 'Dfrdkua&pD0g'ukd vHk;0qef@usifaeygonf?
etz. tajccHrrl sm;wGif Edik if aH wmfonf orRwEdik if H jzpfonf[k qdx k m;onf? orRw [laom
pum;vH;k udk twdtus t"dyg` ,f zGiq fh rdk xm;aomfvnf; tajccHtm;jzifh ajym&v#if t&G,af &muf+yD;
olwikd ;f rJay;cGi&hf +dS yD; jynfov l x l u k a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufaom tpd;k &&So d nhf Edik if u
H kd qdv
k okd nf? Ttajc
taet&uif;rJah ev#if orRwEdik if [ H k rqdEk ikd af cs?
,QK etz . orRwrSm ppfa&;tawG@tóuH tenf;qH;k 10 ESp&f +dS yD;oljzpf&rnf[k qdx k m;ygonf?
ok@d jzpfI tem*wfjrefrmEdik if w H iG f ppfAv dk rf sm; &moufyeftyk cf sKyfrnfawmhrnfrmS aocsmaeygonf?
ppfwyfonf jrefrmEdkifiHudk ESpfaygif; ig;q,feD;yg;tkyfcsKyfcJhaomfvnf; etzwdk@ em;vnfoabm
aygufxm;onhf EdkifiHawmfvHkòcHa&;ukd r&Edkifjcif;udk ppfAkdvfrsm;taejzifh txl;pOf;pm;oifhaom udpP
jzpfonf?
“igtyd af ew,f/ rv_yef @J ”
14
trsK;d om;nDvmcHu
tajzvm;qdak wmh usaemfw@kd
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wdik ;f jynftay:rSm vdt k yfwhJ
tcsuaf wGukd aoaocsmcsm
ajymxm;wm r&Sad vawmh
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'[m
xGuaf yguw f ck jzpfygrh vm;
qdw k mawmh cktcsed rf mS oHo,&Spd &m
trsm;}uD;ygyJ cifAsm?
OD;atmifEdkifOD;
jrefrmhta&; avhvmoH;k oyfol
15
DVB owif;XmeESihf jrefrmhta&;avhvmol OD;atmifEidk Of ;D / trsK;d om;a&; OD;0if;Edik /f 88

rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif uku
d }kd uD;wd@k yg0ifaqG;aEG;xm;onf?
OD;atmifEdkifOD;? ?trsKd;om;nDvmcHu tajzvm;qdkawmh usaemfwdk@ wdkif;jynftwGuftajzawmh
r[kwb f ;l ? 'DtrsK;d om;nDvmcHu xGuv f mr,fh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'xJrmS aumif;wJt h csuw f csK@d ygae
ayr,fv h nf; a&S@quf+yD; oGm;&r,f qdv k @kd &&dS if 'Dz@JG pnf;yHtk ajccH Oya'udk vufawG@ taumiftxnfaz:wJh
tcgrmS jy\emawG jzpfEikd w f ,f? 'Djy\emawGukd a&Smif&mS ;Edik b f @kd twGuf ppftpd;k &u zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH
Oya'&Jhðyjyifajymif;vJjcif;qdkif&m tcsufawGrSm ajymif;vG,f jyifvG,fjzpfatmif vG,fvG,fululeJ@
vkyx f m;r,fq&kd ifawmh xGuaf yguw f pfcck k jzpfEikd w f ,f? 'gayr,fh ppftpd;k &u wdik ;f jynftay:rSm vdt k yfwhJ
tcsufawGudk aoaocsmcsm ajymxm;wm r&Sdavawmh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'[m xGufaygufwpfck
jzpfygrh vm; qdw k mawmh cktcsed rf mS oHo,&Spd &m trsm;}uD;ygycJ ifAsm?
OD;0if;Edik f? ?[db k ufukd usaemfu yd+k yD;awmh jrifw,fv@kd ajym&rSmyJAsm? ppfwyfuvnf; 'Dru kd a&pD vrf;
a=umif;ay:udk wifay;rJt h vkyu f kd rvkyb f ;l ? wzufuvnf; wifay;atmif vkyEf ikd w f hJ t&nftaoG;vnf;
r&Sad wmhb;l ? tm;tifvnf; r&Sad wmhb;l ? Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGuvnf; pnf;vH;k r_enf;aew,f? Edik if aH &;vrf;pOf
opfuav;awG rcsEikd b f ;l ? vmr,fEh pS rf mS (2007) rSm 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f vmzd@k wd;k wufa&;rSm rsm;rsm;
pm;pm; jzpfvmvdrrhf ,fv@kd usaemf rar#mv f ifyh gb;l ?
atmifEikd Of ;D ? ?usaemfvnf; rjrifb;l ? usaemfw@kd Eikd if rH mS ,H=k unfru _ tawmfu h kd enf;aew,f? ppftpd;k &
uvnf; trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd (13) ESpaf usmf tcsed q f vJG mwJh ta=umif;u wdik ;f jynfrmS rat;csr;f bl;
t,ltqrsK;d &Sad eovdk wdik ;f &if;om;awGbufuvnf; ppftpd;k & vkyjf yaewm ,H=k unfp&m wpfcrk rS &Sb d ;l ?
ucsiaf 'orSm ppfqifa&;eJ@ppfa&;avhusirhf ð_ yvkyw f m rGejf ynfopfygwu D a=ujimcsux f wk w f mawG 'grsK;d
awG[m wdik ;f &if;om;awGbufuvH;k 0 ,H=k unfrr_ &Sb d ;l qdw k mawG jyaew,fcifAsm?
udu k }kd uD;? ?usaemfem;vnfaewmu todw&m;eJ@ armif;ESiaf ewm? bm[mjzifh vkyo f ifw h ,f? bm[m
jzifh rvkyo f ifb h ;l ? 'DOya'[m oifw h ,f? roifb h ;l ? vlxyk g0ifr_ tcef;u¾u jrifw h ,f? todw&m;eJ@
armif;ESifwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ayghav? tJvdk r[kwfbJeJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u 'gvkyf/ 'grvkyfeJ@ qdkwJh[m/
ta=umufw&m;eJ@ armif;ESiaf ew,fq&kd if 'Dv@l tzG@J tpnf;&Jh ,Ofaus;r_wefz;kd [m edru hf saewmbJv@kd /
usaemfuawmh 'DvdkyJ owfrSwfrSmbJ? bmoGm;awG@&vnf;qdkawmh txuftqifhqdk&if a=umufudk
a=umuf&r,f? bmrSukd jyefajymp&mrvdb k ;l ? cdik ;f &if vkyv f u kd af wmh? 'gu tom;usae+yD acgu¶f ;kd usK;d ae
+yD? usaemfjrif&wmu um;ay:rSm py,f,mu eify§J iq ajymwmawmifrS [m²²²²²²² ajymraeyge@J rxl;
ygb;l qd+k yD;/ tJavmufukd a=umufomG ;wm? usaemfawmfawmf pd;k &drw f ,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd ajymaeo
vdk usew f vhJ al wGvJ ajym&J qd&k jJ zpfz@kd usaemfvnf; ar#mv f ifw h ,f?
oH;k oyfcsuf (2)
zG@J pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya'opfe@J ywfouf+yD;/ tm;enf;csuf vktd yfcsuaf wGudk ajymif;vJz@kd aeaeomom
a0zef&ifawmif 5§96 trde@f e@J axmif'%f 5 ESpu f ae tESpf 20 xd csrw S Ef ikd w
f hJ nDvmcHqikd &f m Oya'
1975 ckEpS f yk'rf 10§5§n Edik if aH wmftm; aESmuf,u
S zf suq
f ;D olrsm;tE &W m,frS umuG,o f nfh Oya'
16
'gawG[m tkyfcsKyfoltm%m&SifawG vkyfcsif&m vkyf+yD; trSefudk az:xkwfolawGudk v_yfr&atmif

wkwaf ESmif 'kuaQ y;cJ=h uw,f r[kwv f m;?
trsK;d om;nDvmcH aqG;aEG;csuaf wGukd ¶kyjf rifo=H um;eJ@ a&'D,u kd ae wdu k ¶f u kd f xkwv f i$ ahf y;zd@k owWd
&S&d ygr,f? a,mufsm;&ihrf }uD;awG/ ppfom;&ifrh }uD;awG &efuek rf mS &Sw d hJ jynfo h @l vw $ af wmf taqmuftOD;
xJrmS *k%o f a&&Spd mG rusi;f ybJ anmifEpS yf ifrmS bma=umifh usi;f ywmvJ? cd;k acsmifc;kd 0Suf vkycf siw f phJ w
d uf
azsmufv@kd rS r&wm?
jynfaxmifpk ròyduaJG &;qkw d rhJ u
l dk csrw
S x
f m;wJh twGu/f wdik ;f &if;om; wef;wla&;awG awmif;qdv k m
or# vkyaf qmifvmor#awGukd jynfaxmifpk òyduaGJ tmif vkyw f ,fqw kd hJ pGypf cJG suef @J jynfaxmifpk òydurJG mS
udk xde;f odr;f w,fq+kd yD; ppfwyfu xyfcgxyfcg tm%modr;f r,hu f pd aP wGudk Oya'eJ@tnD w&m;0if vkyaf y;
xm;ovdk jzpfaeygw,f?
ppfAv
dk cf sKyf}uD;u orRwtjzpf tkycf sKyfomG ;r,f? jynfaxmifpv k w $ af wmfxrJ mS av;yHw k pfykH ppfwyfu
ae&m ,lxm;w,f? jynfe,fvw $ af wmfe@J jynfe,ftpd;k &awGrmS vnf; ppfAv dk af wG ae&m 0if,x l m;w,f?
qdak wmh jynfaxmifprk òyduo JG mG ;atmif jzpfwehJ nf;eJ@ "g;rd;k / aoewfr;kd +yD; igw@kd ppfAv dk }f uD;rsm;om wdik ;f jynf
tkycf sKyf rif;vkyaf er,fqw kd hJ oabmjzpfaeygw,f?
“Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;rsm;u jrefrmEdik if u
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H m; pm;cdik ;f aeyH”k
17
ppfwyftaeeJ@
(25) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f xuf ydq k ;kd aewmu
tajccH (104) csurf mS qd&k if
orRw[m
ppfa&;u|r;f usio f l jzpf&r,f?
ppfO;D pD;csKyfay;yd@k wJo h ol m
jynfaxmifpu k muG,af &;0ef}uD;jzpf&r,f?
jynfaxmifpk e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD;jzpf&r,f?
aemuf+yD; jynfe,f§wdik ;f
ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyf a'orsm;rSmvnf;
ppfO;D pD;csKyfay;wJh ud, k pf m;vS,o f m
e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD; jzpf&r,fv@kd yg&w dS ,f?
'gukd jyef=unfrh ,fq&kd if
wdik ;f jynf&hJ tm%mtm;vH;k udk
ppfwyfu csKyfuikd w f ,fqw kd hJ tcsu[ f m
cke (25)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f xuf ydq k ;kd ygw,f?
cGef;rm;udkbef;
rdkif;ysOf;òr@e,fjynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f
18
tifwmAsL; (3)
BBC OD;ode;f jrwfEiS hf OD;ausmZf o
H m
udo k ed ;f jrwf? ?OD;ausmaf jymwJt h xJrmS wyfrawmf&hJ OD;aqmifre_ @J jynfo@l ppfr[mAsL[m az:aqmif &rnf
qdw k thJ csuf ygygw,f? tJ'aD wmh t&G,af &mufow l ikd ;f ppfx0J if&r,fqwkd hJ oabmvm;?
OD;ausmfZHom? ?wcsKd@EdkifiHawGrSmvdk t&G,fa&muf+yD;olwdkif; ppfr_rxrf;rae&qdkwmvdk@awmh rxifbl;
udkodef;jrwf? jynfol@ppfr[mAsL[mudk ppfwyfu OD;aqmif+yD;a&;qGJr,fqdkwm[m ppfqifa&;awGrSm
jynfoal wGukd vdt k yfovdak c:,l wm0efay;r,fv@kd yJ xifygw,f? Edik if o H m;wdik ;f . wm0eftydik ;f rSmvnf;
'dk@wm0efta&;oHk;yg;udk apmifhxdrf;&r,f? Oya'jyXmef;csufESifhtnD ppfynmoif=um;&efeJ@ EdkifiHawmf
umuG,af &;twGuf ppfrx _ rf;aqmif&ef wm0ef&o dS nfv@kd qdx k m;ygw,f? 'grsK;d uawmhh zG@J pnf;yHk tajccH
Oya'wdik ;f rSmvdk az: jyp+rJ jzpfygw,f? od@k aomfvnf; ppfrr_ xrf;rae& Oya' oD;jcm;jyXmef;vm&ifawmh
tajctaewpfrsKd; jzpfvmygvdrfhr,f?
udo k ed ;f jrwf? ?ppfwyfu, kd pf m;vS,tf rsm;pke@J zG@J pnf;r,fh trsK;d om;umuG,af &;eJ@ vHòk cHa&;aumifp[ D m
tpdk;&tzGJ@eJ@ v$wfawmfxufudkydk+yD; tm%m&Sdaewmu t"dujy\em}uD;jzpfa=umif;/ nDvmcHwuf
a&mufb;l ol ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u ajymygw,f?
OD;cGe;f rm;udb k ef;/ rdik ;f ysO;f òr@e,fu,

dk pf m;vS,f OD;',fe&D ,fatmif/
ucsiv f wG vf yfa&;tzG@J 'kOUX a'guw f mwl;*smESihf RFA owif;Xmewd@k
qufo, G af r;jref;csu?f
cGef;rm;udkbef;? ?wdkif;jynf&Jhrlvtm%mu vlxkjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfolvlxkay;wJh tm%m[m
w&m;0if jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh (1990) rSm tEdik &f wJh (NLD) wd@k (UNLD) trwftm;vH;k aygah v?
tJ'v D al wG a&;qG&J rSm jzpfygw,f? ppfwyftaeeJ@ (25) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f xuf ydq k ;kd aewmu tajccH (104)
csurf mS qd&k if orRw[m ppfa&;u|r;f usio f l jzpf&r,f? ppfO;D pD;csKyfay;yd@k wo hJ o l m jynfaxmifpu k muG,af &;
0ef}uD;jzpf&r,f? jynfaxmifpk e,fpyfa&;&m 0ef}uD;jzpf&r,f? aemuf+yD; jynfe,f§wdik ;f ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyf
a'orsm;rSmvnf; ppfO;D pD;csKyfay;wJh ud, k pf m;vS,o f m e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD; jzpf&r,fv@kd yg&w dS ,f? 'gukd
jyef=unfhr,fqdk&if wdkif;jynf&Jh tm%mtm;vHk;udk ppfwyfu csKyfudkifw,fqdkwJh tcsuf[m cke (25)
&mcdik Ef e_ ;f xuf ydq k ;kd ygw,f? aemuf+yD; 'Dtcsux f uf ydq k ;kd wm &Syd gao;w,f? tJ't D csuu f bmvJqakd wmh
jynfaxmifpk wpfcv k ;kH rSma&m jynfe,f§wdik ;f wpfcck si;f tvdu k af &m ud,k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfa&; a'otvdu k af &m/
tJ'rD mS jynfov l x l k td;k tdrpf nf;pdrf xdcu kd rf ,ft h ajctae&Srd ,fq&kd if ppfwyfu tcsed rf a&G; tm%modr;f
ydik cf iG &hf w
dS ,fqw kd hJ tcsujf zpfygw,f? aemuf tqd;k qH;k wpfcsuf &Syd gw,f? wdik ;f jynf&t hJ usK;d twGuw f hJ
wyfrawmf[m jynfov l xl &k t
hJ iftm;udk toH;k jyKEdik w f ,fqw kd hJ tcsu[ f m tifrwef ,Ofaus;odraf rG@
w,f? 'gukd aoaocsmcsm jyef+yD;oH;k oyfvu kd rf ,fqakd wmh urBm@Eikd if wH umu 0ifajymvd@k r&awmhb;l ?
bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh zG@J pnf;yHek @J tumtuG,, f x
l m;+yD; jzpfygw,f?
19
OD;',feD&,fatmif? ?(25) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ESihf ywfouf&if'rD u kd a&pD ruswmudk ajymwmyg? 'Dxufta&;}uD;

wmu wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu orRwxufawmif tm%m&Sad ew,fqakd wmh 'D[mu toif;
tzG@J vkd jyefjzpfomG ;wmaygah emf? ta&;}uD;wmu umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu ol@bmomol vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf w dS ,f
qdw k thJ csu?f tJ'gawG[m umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfukd tm%mtjynft h 0ay;xm;w,fqw kd mu yd+k yD;rjzpf
oifb h ;l vd@k ,lqygw,f?
ar;? ? e²t²z &Jt h ajccHrl (104) csut f & trsK;d om;umuG,af &;eJ@ vHòk cHa&;aumifpD wpf&yfukd zG@J pnf;xm;
&Sad &; yg0ifygw,f? 'Daumifpu D kd tzG@J 0if (11) OD;eJ@ zG@J pnf;rSmjzpf+yD;awmh orRw/ 'korRw/ umuG,af &;
OD;pD;csKyf/ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; polwdk@ yg0ifygw,f? aumifpD0if (11) OD;
teuf (6) OD;[m ppfwyfu jzpfygw,f? 'Daumifp[ D m vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGiahf y;a&;upvd@k umuG,af &;
OD;pD;csKyfcef@xm;a&;txd Edik if aH wmforRwudk t}uHay;axmufccH suf ðy&r,fv@kd vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m%m tyfEiS ;f
xm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh trsK;d om;umuG,af &;eJ@vòkH cHa&;aumifp[ D m Edik if aH wmftpd;k &tzG@J e@J v$waf wmf&@J
txufrSm&SdaewJh tm%mydkiftzGJ@tpnf;vdk jzpfaeygovm;vdk@ vuf&Sd nDvmcHwufaewJh KIO
ucsiv f w
G v f yfa&;tzG@J u 'kw, d OuUX a'guw f mwl;*smudk ar;awmhou l tckvkd ajymygw,f?
a'gufwmwl;*sm? ?trsKd;om;vHkòcHa&;aumifpD&Jh qHk;jzwfcsufawGuawmh 'gv$wfawmfrSm jyefawG@qHk
a&;&rSmyg? teD;uyfq;kH jynfaxmifpv k w
$ af wmfukd ac:,l usi;f y&r,f? wu,fv@kd ta&;ay: jzpfay:vmwJh
[mudk trsK;d om;vHòk cHa&;aumifpu D ae+yD;awmhrS ðypk apmifah &Smufvyk af qmifomG ;r,f qdo k nfw h ikd af tmif
olw@kd vkyaf qmifw[ hJ mawGukd ta&;ay: v$waf wmfac:+yD;rS twnfjyKcsuf ,l&r,f?
ar;? ?v$waf wmf&hJ twnfðycsu, f &l r,fqw kd [hJ m usaemfw@kd tajccHrx l rJ mS ygwm rawG@&ygb;l ? tJ'g[m
r&Srd jzpf vdt k yfcsuvf m;? a,bk,soabm owfrw S x f m;wmvm; q&m&J?h
a'guw f mwl;*sm? ? 'guawmhr&Sd rjzpfvt kd yfcsuyf g? v$waf wmfe@J trsK;d om;vHòk cHa&;aumifpeD @J qufqrH _
&Sdygw,f?
ar;? ?tJ'gukd tajccHrx l rJ mS jyXmef;xm;wmrsKd ; &Syd govm;cifAsm?
a'gufwmwl;*sm? ?nDvmcH t}uHðycsux f rJ mS ygwmyJ?
RFAajym? ?'gayr,fh atmufwb kd mv (29) &ufae@xw k f e²t²z owif;pmrSm tajccHrl (104) csux f u
J
eHygwf (5) csurf mS awmh wyfrawmfonf trsK;d om;umuG,af &;ESihf vHòk cHa&;aumifp. D oabmwlncD suf
jzifh EdkifiHawmfvHkòcHa&;ESifhumuG,fa&;twGuf jynfolwpf&yfvHk;yg0ifatmif pDrHaqmif&GufcGifh &Sdonf?
wyfrawmf. OD;aqmifrj_ zifh jynfo@l ppfr[mAsL[mudk az:aqmif&r,fv@kd yg&ydS gw,f? eHygwf (9) tcsurf mS
vJ EdkifiHawmforRwonf trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;aumifpD. tqdkðy axmufcHcsufjzifh
wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfudk cef@tyfwm0efay;&r,fvdk@ yg&Sdygw,f? 'gudk=unfh&if trsKd;om;
umuG,af &;eJ@vòkH cHa&;aumifp&D hJ t}uHjyKcsuf tqdðk yaxmufccH suf oabmwlcsuaf wGtwGuf v$waf wmf
udk wifjyp&mrvdb k ;l qdw
k m[m xif&mS ;aeygw,f?
oH;k oyfcsuf (3)

v$waf wmfrmS ppfAv dk af wG wufa&muf+yD; Oya'jyXmef;onfph epf ,ae@ urBmrSm rnfonfh Edik if rH mS rS
usio hf ;kH jcif; r&Syd g? ,QKtwnfðyvmr,fh Oya'ukd aemif 10 ESp=f umrS ajymif;vJciG fh ðyxm;wm? v$waf wmf
uk,
d pf m;vS,f 75 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f axmufcrH &_ rS jyifciG ðfh yxm;wmawG[m tm%m&Sipf epf wnf+rJ tm;aumif;
20
atmif vkyx f m;ovdk jzpfaewma=umifh jynfwiG ;f ppf yd+k yD;qd;k 0g;vmEdik yf gw,f?
jrefrmEdik if [H m wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pH/k ,Ofaus;r_/ bmomaygi;f pH&k w dS hJ vl@tzG@J tpnf; jzpfwm
a=umifh tem*wf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tajccHOya'a&G;cs,f&mrSm 1947 tajccHOya' tm;enf;csuf
tm;omcsuef @J wdik ;f jynfóuHawG@c&hJ wJh jy\emt&if;cHrsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;zd@k vdyk gw,f?
1947 ck tajccH Oya'[m vlwOD;csi;f pD&hJ tcGit hf a&;udk }uD;}uD;rm;rm; umuG,f apmifah &Smufay;cJh
aomfvnf; wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;twGuf wef;wltcGit hf a&;ukd tmrcHcsuf tvGeef nf;yg; cJyh gw,f?
'ga=umifh Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u wdik ;f (7) wdik ;f / jynfe,f (7) ck zefw;D +yD; wygwD A[kd wif;usyrf a_ tmufrmS
wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pkrsm;&Jh wef;wlnrD #ru _ kd vH;k 0jiif;y,f cHc=hJ u&w,f? ,QK etzvnf; tvm;wl wdik ;f
(7) wdik ;f jynfe,f (7) ck qufvuf az:xkwv f #uf &Syd gw,f?
jrefrmhorkid ;f wGif vGwv f yfa&; wdu k yf 0JG ifcohJ rl sm;tjzpf todtrSwðf ycHc&hJ aom &Jabmfo;kH usyd o f nf
yifv#if 1947 ck tajccHOya' a&;qG&J mYvnf;aumif;/ xdOk ya'ukd a&;qGcJ o Jh nfh wdik ;f ðyjynfðy v$waf wmf
wGiv f nf;aumif;/ txl;u¾&zd@k rawmif;qdck =hJ uacs? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; uk, d w f ikd f ppfwyft}uD;tuJ
jzpfaecJph Ofu yxrqH;k tajccHOya't& zG@J pnf;onhf ygvrD efvw $ af wmfwiG f ppfwyftwGuf ae&mcGw J rf;
ay;zd@k rawmif;qdck ahJ cs?
1958 ckEpS w f iG f 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek. tm%m&ygwD a'giv f u kd f uGt
J ufomG ;onft h cg ‚if;u Akvd cf sKyf}uD;
ae0if;tm; tdraf pmift h pd;k & zG@J &ef yef=um;cJoh nf? Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u ppfwyfrS r[kwaf om ygwaD emufcH
r&Sod nfh xl;c|ex f if&mS ;aom t&yfom;rsm;jzifh tpd;k & zJ@G co hJ nf? ppfwyftaejzifh Edik if aH &;OD;aqmifru _ dk
,ljcif;onf jrefrmEdik if . H taumif;qH;k tpOftvmrsm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ jrefrmhorkid ;f ESihf vnf;aumif;
qef@usifonf? EdkifiHwumwGifusifhoHk;aeaom 'Drdkua&pDpepfESifhvnf; ukdufnDjcif;r&Sdyg?
“jrefrmEdik if u
H kd t+rJwrf;vS;D jzwf pm;aomufae=uaom Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;rsm;”
21
“jrefrmjynf&hJ
vufawG@ordik ;f a=umif;udk
jyef=unfrh ,fq&kd if wyfrawmf[m
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk
zsuo f rd ;f cJw h myJ &Sw d ,f?
umuG,af pmifah &Smufcw hJ m r&Sb d ;l ?
twdtus ajym&r,fq&kd if (1958)
ckEpS rf mS usi;f ycJw h hJ
wyfrawmfnv D mcHuae bm
csrw S v f u kd o f vJqakd wmh (1947)
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk
toufay;+yD;umuG,af pmifah &Smufyg
r,fv@kd twdtvif;uae@xd
pmeJ@rw S w f rf;wifxm;cJw h m &Syd gw,f?
tJavmuftxd
rSww f rf;wifxm;cJw h mawmifrS
(1947) zG@J pnf;yHu k kd
(1962) ckEpS f a&mufwt hJ cg
pULpkww f pfpw k v f kd qG+J zJypfvu kd wf ,f?
aemufwpfcg
(1974) zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'}uD;udk
zsuo f rd ;f cJw h mvnf;
wyfrawmfbJ jzpfw,f?”
OD;atmifxl;
22
tifwmAsL; (4)
a&'D,dkz&D;at;&Sm; (RFA) owif;XmeESifh jrefrmEdkifiHa&S@aersm;aumifpD OD;atmifxl;
qufo, G f ar;jref;csu?f
OD;rif;Zif? ?ppfwyftajccH}uD;pd;k a&; tajccHral wG[m wdik ;f jynf&hJ toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;udk taxmuftul
ðyEdkif&Jhvm;?
OD;0if;Edik Of ;D ? ?tem*wfz@JG pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rSm wyfrawmftcef;u¾twGuf tajccH&r,ft h csuaf wG
qdk+yD;awmh (14) csufcsw,f? 'DtxJrSm t"duuswJh tcsufvdk@ajym&rSmvm;? 'grSr[kwf tjiif;yGm;
p&m tcsuaf wGv@kd ajym&rSmvm; rodb;l ? tcsuf wcsK@d ygw,f? yxr (1) csuu f wyfrawmf[m Edik if H
awmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufzdk@ t"duwm0ef&Sdw,fvdk@ ajymxm;w,f?
udak tmifx;l taeeJ@ b,fvjkd rifovJ cifAs?
OD;atmifx;l ? ?wurBmvH;k rSm&Sw d hJ wyfrawmfawG tm;vH;k udak &m 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS &Sw d hJ wyfrawmfawG
udak &m wygweD @J uGejf rLepfEikd if rH sm;rSmyifv#if wyfrawmf&hJ t"du wm0efu bmvJq&kd if (2) csuf yg&dS
ygw,f? (1) csuu f wdik ;f jynfukd jynfytE &W m,fu umuG,af &; jzpfw,f// (2) tcsuu f jynfwiG ;f rSm
obm0tE &W m,fawG usa&mufvmvd@k &&dS if oufqikd &f mtpd;k &u wm0efay;tyfv@kd &&dS if 0ifa&mufun l D
aqmif&u G af y;&jcif; jzpfw,f? 'gukd =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh wyfrawmf&w hJ m0ef[m zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk
umuG,af pmifah &SmufwmeJ@ bmrSrqdik b f ;l qdw
k m &Si;f aew,f// jrefrmjynf&hJ vufawG@ordik ;f a=umif;udk
jyef=unfhr,fqdk&if wyfrawmf[m zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk zsufodrf;cJhwmyJ &Sdw,f? umuG,fapmifh
a&Smufcw hJ m r&Sb d ;l ? twdtus ajym&r,fq&kd if (1958) ckEpS rf mS usi;f ycJw h hJ wyfrawmfnv D mcHuae
bm csrSwfvdkufovJqdkawmh (1947) zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk toufay;+yD;umuG,fapmifha&Smufyg
r,fv@kd twdtvif;uae@xd pmeJ@rw S w
f rf;wifxm;cJw h m &Syd gw,f? tJavmuftxd rSww f rf;wifxm;
cJw
h mawmifrS (1947) zG@J pnf;yHu k kd (1962) ckEpS f a&mufwt hJ cg puULpkwf wpfpw k vf kd qG+J zJypfvu kd w
f ,f?
aemufwpfcg (1974) zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'}uD;udk zsuo f rd ;f cJw
h mvnf; wyfrawmfbJ jzpfw,f? 'gjzpf&if
bma=umifh 'Drludk xnfhzdk;óud;pm;vnf;qdkawmh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk w&m;0if zsufcGifh&atmif
umuG,fapmifha&Smufr,fqdkwJh emrnfoHk;+yD;awmhrS rlcsrSwfzdk@ óud;pm;wmyJvdk@ oHk;oyfvdk@&ygw,f?
OD;0if;Edik Of ;D ? ?'DrmS wpfcsuu f bmoGm;awG@vnf;qdak wmh Edik if aH wmftwGi;f rSm&Sw d hJ vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;
tm;vHk;[m wyfrawmf&Jh uGyfuJr_atmufrSm &Sd&r,f? +yD;awmh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf[m
vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;awG&hJ t}uD;tuJ jzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsuyf gw,f? 'Dtcsurf mS b,fvrkd sm; tusK;d
oufa&mufr_ &Syd govJ?
OD;atmifx;l ? ?tifrwefrS tE &W m,f}uD;wJh tcsujf zpfw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS wyfrawmfe@J tjcm;
vufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;awGukd cGx J m;wm jzpfygw,f? &Jwyfz@JG awG&&dS r,f? vHòk cHrx _ ed ;f odr;f a&; wyfz@JG awG
&Sd&r,f? tjcm;vufeufudkif wyfzGJ@awGudk wyfrawmfeJ@ cGJxm;wm jzpfygw,f? bma=umifhcGJxm;&vJ
qdak wmh yHrk eS t f +rJwrf;&Sad ewJh (Regular Army) ac:wJh vufeufuikd w f yfz@JG e@J tjyeftvSef =uyfrwf
xdef;ausmif;xm;wm &Sdw,f? 'DtrsKd;om;axmufvSrf;a&;awG[m wyfrawmfudk wm0efrcHawmhbl;?
wufvmwJhtpdk;&tzGJ@udk wm0efcH&w,f? wufvmwJh t&yfom;tpdk;&udk opPm&Sd&r,f? tpD&ifcHpm
wifjy&rSmu tpdk;&tzGJ@ jzpfw,f? wyfrawmft}uD;tuJ r[kwfbl;? jynfol@&JwyfzGJ@udkvnf;bJ
23
wyfrawmfe@J aum tjcm;wyfz@JG 0ifrsm;eJ@yg cGx J m;&rSm jzpfygw,f? &Jwyfz@JG [m ormorwfuspmG tv,f
acgirf mS &yfwnfae&r,f? Edik if t H wGi;f rSm&Sw d hJ b,forl qd0k ef}uD; jzpf&if jzpfr,f? orRwjzpf&if jzpfr,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfwpfa,mufjzpf&ifvnf; jzpfr,f? b,foyl J usL;vGef usL;vGef &Jwyfz@JG [m usL;vGew f yhJ *k Kd~ vfukd
zrf;qD;&J&r,f? w&m;pG&J &J r,f? w&m;¶H;k wify@kd &J&r,f? tJvjkd zpfEikd b f @kd q&kd if &Jwyfz@JG e@J axmufvrS ;f a&;
wyfz@JG [m wyfrawmfatmufrmS oGm;&Sv d @kd r&bl;? wyfrawmfatmufrmS &Sad ejcif;tm;jzifh ppfacgi;f aqmif
awG jypfru _ sL;vGew f m rSeo
f r#ukd vH;k 0ta&;,lciG hf r&Sad wmhbeJ @J jynfz;kH um;cs/ vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGihf wpf
oufv;kH ay;&awmhr,fv@kd ajymaewmeJ@ twlwyl v J @kd ajymcsiw f ,f? tifrwefta&;}uD;wJh tcsujf zpfyg
w,f?
OD;0if;Edik Of ;D ? ?aemufwpfcsuu f wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf&hJ tqift h wef;aygah v? umuG,af &;OD;
pD;csKyf&Jh tqifh[m EdkifiHawmf 'k-orRw&Jhtqifhtjzpf owfrSwfwmayghaemf? 'DtcsufawGay:rSmaum
udak tmifx;l wd@k b,fvjkd rifovJ?
OD;atmifx;l ? ?'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS umuG,af &;0ef}uD; t&yfom;&Jh OD;aqmifra_ tmufrmS wyfrawmf
umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu &S&d r,f? 'gu wurBmvH;k rSm usio hf ;kH aewJrh l jzpfw,f? tm%m&Siq f efqef oGm;wJh
uGejf rLepfygwaD wGrmS onfyifv#if umuG,af &;0ef}uD;awG[m t&yfom;awG jzpfw,f? tck umuG,af &;
0ef}uD;csKyfukd 'korRweJ@ wwef;wnf;xm;vdu k wf t
hJ wGuf bmjzpfomG ;vJqakd wmh umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;&JhtxufrSm a&mufoGm;w,f? ajymif;jyefjzpfoGm;w,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;[m
umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfukd trde@f ay;vd@k r&awmhb;l qdw k hJ oabmudk zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'eJ@tnD tmrcHcsuf
ay;vdu k w f mbJ jzpfw,f?
OD;0if;Edik Of ;D ? ?aemufwpfcsuu f wyfrawmf[m wyfyikd ;f qdik &f m udpt P m;vH;k udak ygah v vGwv f yfpmG pDrcH ef@cJG
“udk,fusdK;&Smaeaom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;”
24
pD&ifaqmif&u G yf ikd cf iG &hf o

dS nfv@kd tajccHru l csxm;w,f? 'DtajccHr&l hJ ta&;ygwt hJ csuu
f bmawG jzpfEikd f
vJ?
OD;atmifxl;? ?'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSm wyfrawmftiftm;owfrSwfwJh udpPawG? tiftm;wdk;§avsmh
udpaP wG? wyfrawmfukd avhusiw hf hJ udpaP wG? &mxl;wd;k §avsmh ay;wJu h pd aP wG wyfrawmfuv kd ufeuf
wyfqifwJhudpPawG? wyfrawmf&yfwnfa&; vdktyfwJh b¾maiG &SmazGoHk;pGJa&;udpPawGudk t"du
v$waf wmfu qH;k jzwfay;&wm jzpfyg w,f? 'Drt l wdik ;f yJ wurBmvH;k rSm&Sw d hJ wyfrawmfawG vdu k ef musihf
oH;k &wm jzpfygw,f? 'Drx l uf ausmu f sio hf ;kH vd@k r&ygb;l ? wyfrawmf[m wyfyikd ;f qdik &f mawGrmS vGwv f yf
pGmpDrcH iG &hf w
dS ,fq+kd yD; zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'u tmrcHcsuf ay;vdu k &f if bmjzpfomG ;vJqakd wmh wyfrawmf
u ol@tiftm;udk olóudufovdk wdk;csJ@oGm;r,f? avhusifhcsifovdk avhusifhoGm;vdrfhr,f? wdk;csJ@oGm;
vdu k rf ,f? óuduo f vdk wyfrawmfomtrd wyfrawmfomtz qdw k hJ tawG;tac:rsK;d utp ¶du k of iG ;f
+yD;awmh avhusiahf y;Edik w f hJ taetxm;awG vH;k 0jzpfomG ;r,f? wyfrawmfwiG ;f rSm &mxl;wd;k ay;wJh udpP
[lor#u b,folurS/ 0ifa&mufawG@cGifhr&SdawmhbJeJ@ pdwfóuduf wyfrawmftwGif; vrf;a=umif;u
oyfoyfomG ;rSm jzpfw,f? wyfrawmf &yfwnfa&;qdw k hJ ta=umif;jycsuef @J tjyifrmS óuduw f phJ ;D yGm;a&;
xGufvkyfaetHk;awmh/ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'eJ@tnD b,folurS wm;cGifhr&SdawmhbJ wyfrawmf[m
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf b¾maiG&SmazG }uD;xGm;atmif qufvkyfEdkifwJh taetxm;udk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'u tmrcHcsuaf y;&r,fo h abm jzpfomG ;ygw,f?
OD;0if;Edik Of ;D ? ?aemufwpfcsuu f w&m;Oya'pD&ifa&;eJ@ oGm;wdu k q f ikd af eygw,f? b,fvv kd q J akd wmh/ ppf
buf w&m;pD&ifa&;rSmwJh wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf&hJ tqH;k tjzwf[m t+yD;tjywf jzpfw,fq+kd yD;
ajymxm;w,f? 'Dtcsuu f aum b,fvt kd usK;d qufawG jzpfay:vmEdik v f ?J
OD;atmifx;l ? ?tJ (2) csuf jzpfEikd yf gw,f? (1) csuu f b,fvv kd q J akd wmh uae@tcsed x f d wyfrawmfu
ae+yD;awmh usL;vGefaumif;usL;vGefcJhwJh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_udk bmrSta&;,laqmif&GufcGifh
r&Sad wmhbeJ @J wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf vufxrJ mS bJ 'Dupd u P yG+J yD;rD;ao jzpfomG ;r,fh taetxm;
rsK;d udk zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'u tmrcHay;&r,fo h abm jzpfw,f? 'kw, d ta&;}uD;wJt h csuu f bmvJ
qdkawmh w&m;pD&ifa&;eJ@ywfoufvm&if b,fwdkif;jynfrSmrqdk/ tjrifhqHk;w&m;¶Hk;u (Supreme
Court) w&m;¶H;k csKyf (1) ckbJ &So d ifw h ,f? wu,fv@kd om ckeajymwJrh u l kd csvu kd rf ,fqv kd @kd &&dS if ppfbuf
w&m;pD&ifa&;rSm umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf&hJ tqH;k tjzwf[m t+yD;tjywfjzpfw,fv@kd csvu kd jf cif;tm;jzifh
wdik ;f jynfxrJ mS w&m;¶H;k (2) ¶H;k ay:ayguf oGm;Edik w f ,f? qdv k ckd siw f mu (Supreme Court) ac:wJh
tjrifq h ;kH w&m;wpfcjk zpfomG ;r,f? wyfyikd ;f qdik &f m w&m;¶H;k wpf¶;Hk jzpfomG ;r,f? w&m;¶H;k (2) ck pifòydif
jzpfaew,fqw kd [hJ mu urBmrSm b,fwikd ;f jynfrmS rS r&Sb d ;l ? w&m;r#wr_uv kd nf; qef@usiw f ,f? wyfr
awmfuv kd nf; vGwv f w G v f yfvyf óuduw f &hJ mZ0wfru _ kd usL;vGe/f umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu vGwaf pvd@k ajym
or# umvywfv;kH vGwaf erSmjzpfwt hJ wGuf w&m;r#wr_ qH;k ¶H;_ aer,fv@kd usaemfw@kd o;kH oyfv@kd &ygw,f?
oH;k oyfcsuf (4)

etz rS tqdkðyxm;aom orRwpepf. 'Drkdua&pDrusaom obm0ukd ðyjyifzdk@qkdv#if orRw
a&G;aumufa&;pepfonf vlwikd ;f rJay;cGijfh zifh wdu
k ¶f u
kd af &G;aumufjcif; jzpfoifo
h nf? od@k aomf jy\em
25
wpfck ay:aygufvmEdkifajcwpfck &Sdaejyefygonf? ‚if;rSm Armwdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pku vlOD;a&pkpkaygif;

65 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f &Sad eaoma=umifh jzpfonf? vlO;D a& tajccHt&vnf; vlrsK;d pkrsm;. wef;wla&;ESihf nDnw $ f
a&;udk xdcu dk rf _ tenf;qH;k jzpfrnfh pepfukd pOf;pm;&ef t+rJvt kd yfonf?
&Sr;f trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif Edik if aH &;odyyH` nm&Sif a'guw f mp0fZefa,mifa[Gu zuf'&,f jynfaxmif
pkudk &Gmuav;wpf&mG eJ@ E_id ;f ,SOaf jymoGm;cJw h m &Syd gw,f? tJ'&D mG xJrmS tdr}f uD;awGvnf;&Srd ,f? tdrt f i,f/
t&G,f/ tvwfawGvnf; &Sdr,f? }uD;onfjzpfap/ i,fonfjzpfap ol@tdrfeJ@ol ol@+cH0if;uav; eJ@ol
vGwv f yfpmG aexkid cf iG &fh rdS ,f? 0uf/ EGm;/ arG;csif arG;r,f? oD;ESH pdu k cf sif pdu
k rf ,f? ol@twdik ;f twmeJ@ol
ol@todik ;f t0ef;av;rSm vGwv f yfru_ av;awG/ usio hf ;kH cGi&fh wdS hJ tdr}f uD;tdrif ,f uav;awGe@J pkaygi;f +yD;
aexdkif=uwJh &Gmvdk[mrsKd;[m zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkygwJh?
olqv kd w dk mu usaemfw@kd trd /f usaemfw@dk +cH0if;vd@k todtrSwf ðycH&r,fq&kd if &Gmvlx&k hJ tusK;d pD;
yGm;ukd rxdcu kd af pwJh toufarG;0rf;a=umif; vkyif ef;rsK;d ukd vGwv f yfpmG vkyu f ikd pf rG ;f &&S&d rSm jzpfygw,f?
tck etz a&;qGaJ ewJOh ya'u usaemf tdr+f cH0if;xJrmS 0uf+cHwu J av;wpfv;kH xyfaqmufciG afh y;yg?
a& wGi;f uav; wpfwiG ;f avmuf wl;cGiafh y;yg? Al;pifuav;vnf; xd;k yg&apqd+k yD; Akv d cf sKyf}uD;rsm;qDrmS
vuf0g; jzef@ae&r,hf yHyk gb?J
etz&Jh (104) csurf &l hJ ¶_axmihu f =unh&f if &Gmxdyuf ol}uD;tdrrf mS ol}uD;ae&m,lxm;ol[m ol}uD;
r[kwaf wmhbJ ppfAv kd }f uD;jzpfaewmqdak wmh &yfa&;/ &Gma&;/ tkycf sKyfa&;udpaP wGay:vmvd@k &Gmv,fZ&yf
rSm tpnf;ta0;xdik &f r,fq&kd if &Gmom; 75 a,muf&w dS ikd ;f ppfAv dk f 25 a,muf[m 0ifxidk pf u G zf uf+yD;
tkyfcsKyfoGm;vdrfhr,f?
ydk+yD;qdk;wmu jynfe,feJ@wlwJh ukd,fhtdrf/ ukd,hf+cH0if;uav;rSm ukd,fhrdom;pkeJ@ukd,f vGwfvGwf
vyfvyf aysmaf ysm&f i$ &f i$ f aecGi&hf r,ht f pm; rdom;pko;kH a,muf&w dS hJ tdraf wGrmS ppfAv kd af wGu wpfa,muf
uspD rdom;pkajcmufa,muf&SdwJhtdrfrSm ppfAkdvfawGu ESpfa,mufuspD tdrfOD;cef;rSm vmwufxdkif+yD;
tdrrf a_ &;&mudpaP wGukd 0ifa&mufprD H uGyu f oJ mG ;awmhr,fqw kd m xif&mS ;aeygw,f?
“Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;wd@k . w&m;pD&ifa&;”
26
usaemfw@kd q&mawmfO;D OwWru

nGe=f um;cJo h vdak ygAh sm
twdwu f t kd a=umif;cH
ypPKyèu
f rkd suaf rSmufðy
tem*wfukd a&S@¶=_ ubd@k qdo k vdk
usaemfw@kd tem*wfrmS
ppftm%m&Sif csKyf+idr;f +yD;awmhrS
wu,fv h rl sK;d aygi;f pHk
jynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH
vufcEH ikd w f hJ 'Dru kd a&pD
jynfaxmifppk epfukd
&nfreS ;f +yD;awmh
twdwu f ta=umif;awGukd
tajcðy+yD;awmhrS ypPKyèrf mS
awG@qHak qG;aEG;
tajz&Smzd@k twGuf
awmif;qdak e=u&wm jzpfw,f?
udkudk}uD;
88 rsKd ;qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif
27
'Dru
kd &ufwpfjrefrmhtoH (DVB) ESifh 88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif uku
d }dk uD;
DVB? ?jrefrmEdik if &H t hJ ajctaeud=k unf&h if etzppftyk pf [ k m tzufzufu edru hf saewJh wdik ;f jynf udk
jyefvnf OD;armhvmbdk@xuf udk,fhtm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf twdkuftcHawGudkbJ &efvkyfaewm
awG@&ygw,f? b,fo@l t}uHay;csuu f rkd v
S nf; em;raxmif/ b,fEikd if rH v
S nf; em;csv@kd r&bJ e²t²zu
igjh rif;igpikd ;f aewm[m aemufq;kH rSmawmh b,fo@l twGurf S aumif;zd@k vrf;rjrifygb;l ?
udu k }kd uD;? ?usaemfw@kd 'DrmS txl;ojzifah ygAh sm? 0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;orm;}uD;awGe@J t}uHðycsuq f w
kd m/ 0g&ifq h kd
wmu awmf¶w kH ef¶o kH ;kH xm;wm r[kwyf gb;l ? awmfawmfut kd awG@tóuHawGtay:rSm oifcef;pmxkwEf w k f
xm;+yD;rS wifjyxm;wJhtcsufawGjzpfw,f? usaemfwdk@ q&mawmfOD;OwWru nGef=um;cJhovdkayghAsm?
twdwu f t kd a=umif;cH? ypPKyèu f rkd suaf rSmufðy? tem*wfukd a&S@¶=_ ubd@k qdok vdk usaemfw@kd tem*wfrmS
ppftm%m&Sif csKyf+idrf;+yD;awmhrS wu,fhvlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk; vufcHEdkifwJh 'Drdkua&pD
jynfaxmifpkpepfudk &nfrSef;+yD;awmh twdwfu ta=umif;awGudk tajcðy+yD;awmhrS ypPKyèfrSm
awG@qakH qG;aEG; tajz&Smzd@k twGuf awmif;qdak e=u&wm jzpfw,f?
a&'D,zkd &D;at;&Sm;owif;Xme (RFA) ESihf Akv

d rf ;ª }uD;cGeOf Um qufo,
G af r;jref;csu?f
OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d ?f ?toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umv jyXmef;csurf sm;qdw k t hJ ydik ;f jzpfygw,f OD;wifatmifcikd ?f etz
&Jh zG@J pnf;yHu
k t kd wnfðy+yD;vd@k yxrt}udrf v$waf wmfac:¶Hek @J vuf&dS etz tpd;k &u Edik if aH wmf tm%mv$J
ay;zd@k tqifoifh rjzpfEikd af o;bl;wJAh sm? yxrt}udrv f w
$ af wmfuae orRwcef@tyfr,f? tpd;k &zG@J &r,f?
w&m;ol}uD;csKyfcef@&r,f? pwJu h pd aP wG +yD;pD;wJt
h xd vuf&pdS pftpd;k &u Edik if aH wmftm%mudk qkyu f ikd o
f ifh
w,fv@kd t}uHðyxm;ygowhJ OD;wifatmifcikd ?f
OD;wifatmifcikd f? ?[kw+f yDAsm/ tJ'zD @JG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'awGukd vlxq k ENc, H yl eJG @J twnfðyr,ft h csed v
f nf;
rod&bl;? aemufwpfcg twnfðy+yD;awmh yxrt}udrf v$waf wmf b,fEpS v f twGi;f ac:r,fqw kd mvnf;
raocsm/ orRwcef@wmtpd;k &zG@J wm b,favmuf=umr,fqv kd nf; ra&&mqdak wmh/ aemufxyf vuf&dS
tpd;k & b,fEpS Ef pS af vmuf &Sad er,fqw kd m cef@reS ;f &cufaeygvm; OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d ?f
OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ?'ga=umifv h nf; tmqD,u H nDvmcH+yD;r,fh tcsed Zf ,m;udk zdtm;ay; awmif;cHaewm
ayg?h 'gayr,fh twdu k t
f cHbufuawmh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rl=urf; twnfðyzd@k tcsed u f s&ifawmh uef@
uGuzf @kd jrefrmjynfoal wGukd pnf;¶H;k oGm;r,fv@kd z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpk zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &;
tzG@J 0if Adv k rf ;ª }uD;cGeOf uUmu tckvkd ajymygw,f?
cGeOf Um? ?enf;vrf; (3) oG,&f w dS ,fAsm/ eHygw(f 1) enf;vrf;uawmh 'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm yg0ifwufa&muf
+yD;awmh aemufq;kH tqH;k tjzwfumvudk a&mufomG ;r,fh typftcwf&yfwt hJ zG@J awG/ tzG@J uacgi;f aqmif
awG/ wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifawG&hJ oabmxm;eJ@ olw@kd &&hJ yfwnfcsuu f kd usaemfw@kd u “Check And
Balance” vkyfaew,f? t"durSm yHkpHtwdkif; wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifawG acgif;aqmifEdkifyghrvm;
qdw k m Balance wpfck &Sw d ,fcifAs? 2? 'kw, d Balance uawmh twGi;f rSm 1§94§No yJay;&r,fqkd
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wJh tcsdefrSm Referendum (jynfvHk;u|wfqENcH,lyGJ) rSm jynfolvlxkawGu =uyf=uyfrwfrwf

od+yD;awmh rJay;Edik af tmif Voycott vkyv f @kd rvG,b f ;l qd&k if a&G;aumufyJG wu,fyJ Referendum
0ifvm&if rJray;zd@k uefyed ;f b,fvekd nf;eJ@ tusyu f ikd uf ikd /f 'gu 'kw, d ? 3§ wwd, tcsuu f trsK;d om;
nDvmcH tzG@J bJ jzpfjzpf Referendum bJjzpfjzpf tJ't D ay:rSm Internationally Recognition
(tjynfjynfqdkif&m todtrSwfðyr_) ray;=uzdk@ uefydef;vkyfzdk@vdkw,fcifAs?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ? qENc, H yl v
JG yk wf t hJ cgrmS vlxu k kd uef@uu G rf aJ y;atmif b,favmufxd jyifqifr&_ x dS m;
w,fqw kd m usaemfrod&ayr,fh ppftpd;k &bufuawmh Referendum (qENc, H yl )JG atmifjrifb@kd twGuf
udk ckaeuwnf;u atmufajcrSm&SdwJh &²,²u tqifhudkawmifrS ynmwwfawGeJ@ tpm;xdk;+yD;awmh
pepfwus óudwifjyifqifra_ wG vkyaf ew,fv@kd jynfwiG ;f Edik if aH &;tuJcwfawGu ajymygw,f? ppftpd;k &
bufuvnf; ol@vrf;a=umif; vkyv f @kd jzpfatmif vkyaf eovdrk sK;d twdu k tf cHbufu vkyaf ewm Adv k rf ;ª }uD;
cGeOf uUm taxmuftxm;jyEdik w f hJ tajctae&Syd govm;//
cGefOUm? ?e²t²z jyifqifwm usaemfwdk@vnf;=um;w,f? odw,f? usaemfwdk@ ytdk@0fe,fxJrSmqdk&if
tcgwikd ;f u ytd@k 0o f }l uD;/ wduk o f }l uD;qdv k nf; ytd@k 0w f ukd o f }l uD;/ 'gawGawmif z,f&mS ;cH&+yD;awmh etz&Jh
&Jabmfa[mif;/ ppfrª;xrf;a[mif; }uHhzGH@tzGJ@uvlawGeJ@ tpm;xdk;aewm =um;od&w,f? tJ'ga=umifh
Referendum rSm aocsmayguf xuf0ufausmjf zpfatmif olw@kd tusyu f ikd rf ,fh oabmawmh&w dS ,f?
wu,ft h qH;k tjzwfumv a&mufvmvd@k &S&d ifawmh tqH;k tjzwfay;r,fh jynfoal wG[m b,favmuf
xd tod^m%fyiG v hf if;aeovJqw kd m ajymjy&r,fh udpjP zpfw,f?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ?'Dval wGukd zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya' qENc, H yl v JG yk wf thJ cgrmS axmufcrH rJ ay;=uyge@J
qdw k hJ tcsuu f kd vlxek m;vnfomG ;atmif omrefpum;vH;k eJ@ bma=umifh axmufcrH J ray;oifb h ;l qdw k m
twdq k ;kH &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; b,fvakd jymcsiyf govJ?
cGeOf Um? //vuf&dS etz&Jh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'[m jynfot l wGuv f nf; r[kwb f ;l ? wdik ;f &if;om; t
wGufvnf; r[kwfbl;? 'Drdkua&pDtwGufvnf; r[kwfbl;? tcsKyftjcmtm%m[m jynfol@xHrS
qif;ouf&rnfqdkwJh tajccHrleJ@qef@usifuGJvGJaewJhtwGuf axmufcHrJ ay;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh ppfwyf&Jh
ppftm%m&Siftkyfpdk;r_/ ppfwyf&Jh }uD;pdk;r_udkOya'a=umif;t& w&m;0ifay;vdkufwmeJ@ wlaewJhtwGuf
ppfwyftyk cf sKyfra_ =umifh tukev f ;kH 'kuaQ &mufaew,f? 'Dtyk cf sKyfro _ m w&m;0ifjzpfomG ;&if 'Dxufy+kd yD;
awmh qd;k 0g;wJt h ajctaersK;d eJ@ wdik ;f oljynfom;awG &ifqikd &f rSm jzpfygw,f? wdik ;f oljynfom;awG taeeJ@
udk,fhudkudk,f qdk;0g;wJhtjzpfudk wGef;ydk@ovdkjzpfoGm;r,f? 'Dqdk;0g;wJhvuf&Sdtajctaeudk &yfwef@apcsif
&ifawmh ppftyk pf u k kd w&m;0ifrvkyrf zd @kd 'gub kd J axmufjy&rSm jzpfygw,fcifAs?
OD;wifatmifcikd ?f ? twdu k t
f cH&hJ tjrifuakd wmh od&yg+yD? &efuek Ef ikd if aH &;orm;awG&hJ tjrifuaum b,fvkd
&Syd g ovJcifAs? ajymjyyg OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ ?f
OD;pdefausmfv_dif? ?jynfolawG&Jh t}uHðycsufrygwJh 'DzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'om twnfjzpfcJh&ifawmh
wdik ;f jynftwGuf &ifav;p&mjzpfw,fv@kd &efuek òf rd@ae 0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;orm;}uD; trsK;d om;a&;OD;0if;Edik u f
tckvkd axmufjyygw,f OD;wifatmifcikd ?f
OD;0if;Edik f? ?nDvmcH}uD;[mvnf; vkyv f mwm=umvS+yD? ESpaf ygi;f q,fpu k kd ausmv f m=u+yDqakd wmh awmf
awmf}uD; aES;auG;w,f? od@k aomfvnf;bJ +yD;oifw h ,fqw kd hJ pum;vH;k wpfv;kH xJukd usaemfajym&ifawmh
usaemfq h ENe@J udu k n f rD mS r[kwb f ;l ? usaemfu nDvmcHe@J ywfouf&if Edik if w H umudk wifjyaewm[m
29
bmvJq&kd if jrefjref+yD;¶Hek @J usaemfw@kd wikd ;f jynf 'Dru

kd a&pD&rSmvnf; r[kwb f ;l ? wdik ;f jynftusKd ;&Srd mS vnf;
r[kwb f ;l ? jrefvnf; jref&r,f? rSev f nf; rSe&f r,f? rSew f ,fqw kd mu 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if H wEdik if jH zpfvmatmif
wu,fu h kd tajccsay;wJh tajccHOya'jzpfz@kd vdw k mud;k As? ck[mu c|w, f iG ;f csuaf wG trsm;}uD; &Sad ew,f?
usaemfw@kd oabmrwlEikd w f hJ vufrcHEikd w f thJ &mawG trsm;}uD;&Sad ew,f? 'gawGukd usaemfw@kd axmufjy
cGirhf &bl;? jyifqifciG hf r&bJe@J 'gukd (Constitution) zG@J pnf;yH}k uD;qd+k yD;awmh a&;xkwv f ukd +f yD;awmh 'gukd
twnfjzpfatmif vky=f ur,fq&kd if wdik ;f jynftwGuf tqifajyp&mr&Sb d ;l vd@k o;kH oyfygw,f?
OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d ?f ? vGwv
f yfa&;&+yD; (10) ESp=f um+yD;wJt h csed rf mS rjyifcv hJ @kd ysucf w hJ ,fv@kd trsK;d om; nDvmcH
u axmufjyygw,f? 'ga=umifh anmifESpfyifnDvmcHu zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udkvnf; (10) ESpf=umrS
ðyjyifoifw h ,fv@kd t}uHðyxm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh ðyjyifwahJ e&mrSm v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f (3 yHk 2yH)k
oabmwlrS ðyjyifEdkifw,fqdkwJhtwGuf ppfwyfu acgif;acgufa&G;xm;wJh trwfawG oabmrwlbJeJ@
q,fEpS =f umvJbJ ppfwyfutm%modr;f zd@k &Sw d ,fqw kd hJ 'Dz@JG pnf;yH}k uD;udk jyifz@kd rvG,Ef ikd b f ;l vd@k &efuek Ef ikd f
iHa&; todik ;f t0dik ;f u ajymqdak eygonfwchJ ifAsm?
oH;k oyfcsuf (5)
wdik ;f jynfukd 'Dru

kd a&pD Edik if jH zpfatmif wnfaxmifr,fq&kd if vlx&k hJ tcsKyftjcm tm%mydik q
f ikd rf _
(Popular Sovereignty) ukd zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'&Jh a=um¶k;d jzpfwhJ tajccHtusq;kH vGwv
f yfr_ tcGihf
ta&;oHk;&yf (Three Basic Freedoms) jzpfwJh vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:ajymqdkcGihf/ vGwfvyfpGm
pnf;¶k;H cGiahf wGudk tajccHOya'&Jrh ¾dKiftjzpf &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; jyXmefay;&rSm jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmEdik if u
H kd ppfwyfu ESpaf ygi;f (50) eD;yg; tkycf sKyfchJ +yD;+yD? ,QK urBmeJ@r,SOef @J t;Hk ? tdref ;D csi;f Edik if H
awGxu G +f yD; b0awG/ toufawG/ t&Suaf wGe@J &if;+yD; u|ecf aH e=u&wm vlwikd ;f tod? urBmu todyg?
etzrSm qef;=u,faom orRw pepfudk csrw S xf m;onf? orRwonf tajccHOya't& t}uD;
tuJjzpf+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl; (od@k r[kw)f 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D aqmifonfh 0ef}uD;tzG@J twGuf jyXmef;csuf ryg&ydS g?
ygvrD eftpd;k &. xif&mS ;aomoGijf yifwckrmS 0ef}uD;tzG@J onf tkycf sKyfa&;tzG@J tppftrSejf zpf+yD; wu,fh
tm%mudk udik w f ,G &f onf? ygvrD efukd wm0efcx H m;&onf? wenf;tm;jzifh jynfov l x l u
k dk wm0efcH
&onf? 'Dru kd a&pDpepfukd tajccHxm;aoma=umifh 0ef}uD;tzG@J ukd t,Ht k =unfr&Sd tqdw k ifum ðzwfcs
ypfEikd of nf? etz . tajccHrw l iG f orRwonf rnfou l rdk S wm0efrcH&? od@k aomf 0ef}uD;rsm;rSm orRwukd
wm0efc&H onf? ygvrD efudk wm0efrcH&? orRwonf ppfbufrS yk*Kd~ vfjzpfaeI Oya'ðytzJ@G tay: =oZm
v$rf;rdk;xdef;csKyfaeonf? 0ef}uD;rsm;onf orRw.vufatmufrSjzpfum tm%m&Sif qefvmayrnf?
etz. tajccHrlrsm;u orRwonf EdkifiHt}uD;tuJjzpf+yD; tkyfcsKyfa&;ukd ,lepfoHk;ckwGif jzef@cJGxm;
onf[q k o kd nf? od@k aomf rnfonft h m%mukd jzef@crJG nfudk r&Si;f vif;? tao;pdwu f dk ajymrxm;ay?
tpd;k &tzG@J wiG f Edik if aH wmf orRw/ 'korRw ESpOf ;D / a&S@aecsKyf/ jynfaxmifp0k ef}uD;rsm; yg0ifonf?
orRwonf jynfaxmifp0k ef}uD; oH;k OD;xJEiS hf tvkyf vky&f rnfjzpf+yD; tjcm;a&G;aumufcH uk, d pf m;
vS,rf sm; 0ef}uD;jzpfa&;udk jiif;y,fEikd o f nf? jynfaxmifpv k w $ af wmfu twnfrðyv#if rnfo@dk jzpfrnfudk
ajymrxm;yg? ppfwyfrS tvdt k avsmufjzpfvmrnfo h rRwukd pGcJ suw f if ðzwfcs&ef v$waf wmfEpS &f yfteuf
wckcrk S tzG@J 0ifppk ak ygi;f . av;yHwk pfykH vkt
d yfonf? Ttcsurf mS wdik ;f jynftyk cf sKyfru _ dk t+rJ+cdr;f ajcmuf
30
aeygonf? wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfonf orRwvufatmufwiG f r&So d vdk orRwrSm ppfaoem

ywdvnf; r[kwaf cs? rnfonhEf ikd if rH S 0ifa&muf pGuzf ufru
_ rkd qdk umuG,w
f m;qD;Ekid rf nhf {&mrvufeuf
}uD;ukd umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftm; ay;tyfxm;onf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGiftwdwfumv A[kdcsKyfudkifonhf ppftm%m&SifpepftkyfcsKyfr_ tawG@tóuHrsm;ukd
tajccHI tem*wfjy\emajz&Sif;a&;udk OD;wnfrnfhpepfwpfckjzpf&ef txl;vdktyfaeygonf?
“ppfAdkvfawGudk 'Drdkua&pDpepfta=umif;udkajym&wm u|Jyg;apmif;wD;&ovdkygyJ”
31
tajymav;/ avoHawG=um;&wJh
tcgrmS enf;enf;awmh
xl;qef;wmaygAh sm? usaemfuawmh
wpfcb k J ajymcsiyf gw,f?
Edik if aH &;orm;awGe@J
Edik if aH &;ygww D pf&yfbjJ zpfap/
tiftm;pkwpfpw k ck
b,ftiftm;pkurkd qdk
olw@kd ajymwmawGe@J
tuJrjzwfyge@J ?
olw@kd wu,fvufawG@/
wdik ;f jynf&b hJ 0 jynfoal wG&@J
b0eJ@tuJjzwfz@kd vdw k ,fv@kd
usaemfajymyg&ap?
t,f'w
D mcsKyf t+idr;f pm; OD;xdev
f if;
Adkvfwaxmifowif;pm
32
tifwmAsL; (6)
a&'D,zkd &D;at;&Sm;owif;Xme (RFA) ESihf yckULòr@rS jrefrmhEikd if aH &;avhvmol
OD;rif;aqG qufo, G af r;jref;csu?f
OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d ?f ?pnf;urf;&Sw d hJ 'Drukd a&pDukd oGm;&r,fv@kd jyifqif ajymjyygw,f? q,fEpS af usmv f mwJt h cg
Complete Demnocracy vd@k aemufwpfrsK;d ajymjyefygw,f// 'gayr,fh rav;&Sm;0ef}uD;csKyf rde@f ceG ;f ac|
t+yD; 'kw, d Adv k cf sKyf}uD;cifne$ @f ajymwJh 'Dru kd a&pDtrsK;d tpm;uawmh trsm;vufcx H m;wJh vGwv f yfjcif;/
w&m;r#wjcif;/ wef;wlnrD #jcif;qdw k hJ avmuygvw&m; (3) yg; tajccHwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDomG ;r,fv@kd jyifqif
ajymvdkufjyefwJhtwGuf jynfolawG acgif;cg&cufcuf jzpfoGm;jyefygw,f? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cifnGef@eJ@
rwdr;f r,dr;f ygbJ avmuygvw&m; (3) yg; tajccHwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDukd (NLD) uvnf;oGm;r,fv@kd tpPa&;
Edik if x H w k of wif;pmwapmifukd a':atmifqef;pk=unfuyg ajymvdu k w f t hJ wGuf (2) a,mufom; twdik f
tazguf vkyv f u kd o
f vm;vd@k awmif xifrw S &f ygw,f? yd+k yD;awmh tH=h ozd@k aumif;wmu ppftpd;k & tquf
quf ESpaf ygi;f (40) ausmt f wGi;f avmuygvw&m;qdw k hJ toH;k tE_e;f poH;k wm 'gyxrqH;k t}udrf jzpfyg
w,f? bmbJjzpfaeae ppftpd;k &eJ@ (NLD) oGm;r,fh 'Dru kd a&pDpepf[m avmuygv (3) yg; tajccHwhJ
'Dru kd a&pDqw kd t hJ wGuf pum;vH;k tm;jzifh wlae/ &nf&, G cf sujf cif; wlaewm[m om"kac:csipf &m aumif;
wJh tcsujf zpfygw,f?
OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ?yckuLU òrd@u Edik if aH &;avhvmol OD;rif;aqG cifAsm;/ tJ'v D &kd nf&, G cf sucf si;f wlaewJh tzG@J
tpnf; (2) &yf tckxd rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f raqG;aEG;Edik u f bma=umifv h @kd xifygovJcifAsm?
OD;rif;aqG? ?'Dar;cGe;f u b,forl S ajzvd@k r&bl;// e²0²w Adv k cf sKyf}uD;awGbJ ajz&r,f? awmwGi;f vufeuf
udkiftzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ pum;ajymEdkifw,f? EdkifiHjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ pum;ajymEdkifw,f? +Adwdo#
ukeo f nf}uD;awGe@J pum;ajymEdik w f ,f bma=umifjh ynfwiG ;f u (NLD) OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifawGe@J raqG;aEG;
Edik w f mvJ? 'Dar;cGe;f u olw@kd bJ ajz&rSmbJ? b,forl S ajzvd@k r&bl;?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ? &efuek òf rd@rS Adv k wf axmifowif;pm t+idr;f pm; t,f'w D mcsKyfO;D xdev f if; taeeJ@ua&m
'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cifnGef@ ajymwmudk b,fvdk,lqygvJcifAsm?
OD;xdev f if;? ?tajymav;/ avoHawG=um;&wJh tcgrmS enf;enf;awmh xl;qef;wmaygAh sm? usaemfuawmh
wckbJ ajymcsiyf gw,f? Edik if aH &;orm;awGe@J Edik if aH &;ygww D pf&yf bJjzpfap/ tiftm;pkwpfpw k pfck b,ftif
tm;pkurkd qdk olw@kd ajymwmawGe@J tuJrjzwfyge@J ? olw@kd wu,fvufawG@/ wdik ;f jynf&b hJ 0 jynfoal wG&@J
b0eJ@tuJjzwfz@kd vdw k ,fv@kd usaemfajymyg&ap?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ?avmuygvw&m; (3) yg; tajccHwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDomG ;r,fqw kd hJ a':atmifqef;pk=unf
&Jh ygwu D tm%mr&ao;wJt h wGuf wu,fwrf; taumiftxnfaz:Edik f raz:Edik q f w kd m rJay;xm;wJh
rJqEN&iS f jynfoal wGtuJjzwfz@kd apmaeygao;w,f// 'gayr,fh vuf&dS tm%mqkyu f ikd x f m;wJh e²t²z
ppftpd;k &taeeJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDukd taumiftxnfaz:r,fq&kd if az:Edik w f hJ tcGit hf a&;&&Sx d m;wm jzpfygw,f?
e²t²z ppftpdk;&bufu avmuygvw&m; (3) yg;eJ@ nDwJhajymif;vJr_ taxmuftxm;awGrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm &Sdae+yDvm;qdkwm yckuULòrd@uOD;rif;aqG axmufjyEdkifygvm;cifAsm?
OD;rif;aqG? ?t"duc|wf,Gif;aewJh tcsufaygh? usaemfwdk@ EdkifiHrSm vGwfvyfjcif;r&Sdbl;? w&m;r#wjcif;
r&Sb d ;l ? nDr#jcif; r&Sb d ;l ? 3 ckv;kH u c|w, f iG ;f aew,f? wu,fw h u,f xdxcd u kd cf u kd u f kd c|w, f iG ;f aewm
33
wu,fv@kd 'Dvrf;a=umif;udk poGm;ygrh ,fq&kd if wpfqif+h yD;wpfqifh wpfc+k yD;wpfc?k wjznf;jznf;csi;f usaemf
wdk@awmh jrifcsifw,f? olwdk@u rSefr,f jrifaumif;jrifr,f? bmtaxmuftxm;rS rawG@&ao;bl;?
tJ't D axmuftxm;udk p+yD; =unf&h rSmbJ? b,fupd aP wGukd zGiahf y;vmrvJ? w&m;r#wr_awG olw@kd vnf;
vlxpk nf;a0; usi;f yr,f? (NLD) vnf; usi;f yvd@k &&r,f? cif!eG @f w@kd bufu zGiahf y;rvm;? usaemfw@kd
Edik if aH wmfocD si;f rSm “w&m;r#w vGwv f yfjcif;eJ@ raoG/ 'd@k jynf/ 'd@k ajr” tJ'gawG c|w, f iG ;f aeoI usaemf
wd@k ajr r[kwb f ;l ? usaemfw@kd vGwv f yfwhJ Edik if rH [kwb f ;l /
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ? Adv
k w f axmifowif;pm t+idr;f pm; t,f'w D mcsKyf OD;xdev f if; taeeJ@aum avmuygv
w&m;oH;k yg;eJ@nw D hJ ajymif;vJra_ wG etzbufu vkyaf ew,fv@kd xifygovm;cifAsm?
OD;xdev f if;? ?bmrS rawG@&bl;/ oabmu 'DvAkd s? tck 14 ESp&f +dS yD? tJ'aD wmh rlv uwd cH0efcsux f m;cJw
h m
awG bmawG taumiftxnfaz:vJ pDumywfum ajymcsifw,f? bmrS taumiftxnf odyfray:
bl;? t"du EdkifiHa&;udk ray:bl;As? a&G;aumufyGJawG vkyfay;cJhw,f? 'gayr,fh a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fu
bmrS taumiftxnf ray:bl;? usaemfajymcsiw f mu olw@kd e@J tuJcwfv@kd &&dS if vufawG@uswt hJ ay:
tuJ jzwfEikd /f rSwaf usmufwif=unf&h r,fv@kd usaemfxifw,f?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ ?f ? OD;rif;aqG cifAsm? OD;rif;aqG ajymovdk avmuygvw&m; tajymif;tvJ rawG@&ao;bl;
qd&k if 'kw, d Adv k cf sKyf}uD;cif!e$ @f ajymwJh 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m bmudq k vkd w
kd ,fv@kd xifygovJcifAsm?
OD;rif;aqG? ?ajymwm rrSeb f ;l qd&k if rkom;vd@k bJ t"dyg` ,f zGiq hf &kd rSmayg?h ajymwmudk taumiftxnf
az:rS trSeu f akd jymwmvd@k vufcv H @kd &rSmayg?h wvGu J kd taumiftxnfaz:vm&ifawmh rkom;ajymwm
bJv@kd t"dyg` ,af z:=urSmayg?h
“qGwfcl;&ef tqifoifhjzpfygv#uf
rqGwfcl;wwf&Smaom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;”
34
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ?'Dru kd a&pDukd jrefjrefomG ;&if tE &W m,f &SEd ikd w f ,fv@kd 'kw, d Advk cf sKyf}uD;cif!e$ @f ajymwm
udk apwemaumif;eJ@ajymwmvd@k r,lqEdik o f al wGxrJ mS OD;rif;aqGrsm; ygaeovm;cifAsm?
OD;rif;aqG? ?ESpf=umatmiftcsdefqGJjcif;tm;jzifh wpfpHkwpf&m tusKd;xl;vdrfhr,fqdkwm r[kwfbl;As?
pepfwus jzpfatmif ajz;ajz; rSerf eS jf zpfatmif vkyaf ew,fv@kd ajymwm bmt"dyg` ,rf S r&Sb d ;l // tJovdyk J
t*FvdyfawG vGwfvyfa&;ay;r,fvkyfwkef;u =umEdkifor# =um=um wdkif;jynfxlaxmifEdkifatmif
EdkifiHom;awG tusKd; &Sdatmif vkyfr,fajymcJhwmbJ? tJ'gtrSefw&m;udk rsufuG,fðyzdk@ jiif;qefwmeJ@
bmrSrxl;bl;bJ? jrefjref ajymif;vJro S mv#if wdik ;f jynftwGuf tbufbufu yd+k yD;aumif;rSm?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ?OD;xdev f if;taeeJ@a&m 'kw, d Adv k cf sKyf}uD;cifneG @f ajymwJh avmuygv w&m; (3) yg;eJ@
'Dru kd a&pD ajz;ajz;ajymif;&r,fqw kd mudk apwemaumif;eJ@ ajymw,fv@kd ,lqygovm;?
OD;xdev f if;? ?'gawGu tajymuawmh aumif;w,fAsm? tESpf (40) wke;f uvnf; (26) ESpw f ek ;f uvnf;
qd&k , S v f pfpepfqw kd m olw@kd ajymw,f? usaemfw@kd vnf; a&;om;cJ&h wmyJ// 'Dru kd a&pDr[kww f hJ Edik if aH wGrmS
olw@kd u bmvkyo f vJq&kd if [dw k ek ;f u [pfwvmwd@k bmwd@k *syefw@kd 'DbufacwfrmS vJ tm%m&SiEf ikd if aH wG
[mb,fawmh bmjzpfawmhr,fq+kd yD; ar#mv f ifch suo f m ay;wm 'Dvb kd J aeoGm;rSm?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ?qd&k , S vf pfqw kd phJ um;udk ppftpd;k &u jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[efe@J (26) ESpu f siohf ;kH wJh tcsed f
rSm qd&k , S v f pfqw kd phJ um; jynfoal wGr=um;csiaf vmufatmif jzpfcyhJ gw,f? aemufwpfcg aps;uGupf ;D yGm;
a&;qdw k u hJ pd u
P kd jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[efe@J ppftpd;k &u (14) ESp=f um usio hf ;kH +yD;wJah emuf aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;
qdw k hJ avoHukd jynfoal wGr=um;csiaf vmufatmif em;vnfcjhJ yefw,f? tckwcg 'Dru kd a&pDukd jrefrmhenf;
jrefrmh[efeJ@usifhoHk;r,fvdk@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cifnGef@u ajymvdkufwJh tcsdefrSmvJ - jynfolawGcrsm
ausmcsrf;ukef=uygw,f?
oH;k oyfcsuf (6)
pnf;urf;jynf0h aom 'Dru kd a&pD[k trnfwyf+yD; ppf,el aD zgi;f rsm;tpm; 'Dru kd a&pD0wfprkH sm;udk etz
u òcH&awmhrnf? Tonfyifv#if 'Drdkua&pDonf òydifbufuif;atmif tm;}uD;a=umif;ESifh ppftkyfpk
onf tºuGi;f rJw h efc;kd }uD;onf r[kwaf =umif; todtrSwðf y&jcif;yif jzpfonf?
'Drukd a&pDudk enf;trsK;d rsK;d ESihf pDpOfaqmif&u
G f Edik yf gonf? t"dua&G;cs,pf &m 2 ckrmS ygvrD eftpd;k &ESihf
orRwyHpk rH sm; jzpfonf? rnfonhyf pkH u H omvGeaf =umif; tcsed =f umjrifph mG jiif;cHck =hJ uonf? ppftyk pf .
k
tajccHrlrsm;xJwGif xdktjiif;yGm;r_ukd jyef+yD;rD;ar$;xm;onf?
twdwu f mv tawG@tóuHrsm;t& ygvrD ef (od@k ) orRw (yHpk H ppfppfrsm;) om 'Dru kd a&pDpepfukd
usifhoHk;atmifjrifEdkifa=umif; rsufvHk;udk wdrfov†mzHk;aeaom ppftkyfpkrsm;rjrifEdkif=uao;ay?
w&m;pD&ifa&;
rnfonfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGirf qkd w&m;a&;pepf atmifjrifpmG vnfywfEikd af &;twGuf tkycf sKyfa&;
tzG@J &hJ 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufrr_ S uif;vGwrf _ &S&d ygr,f? TonfrmS 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if H trsm;pk umv=umjrifph mG
uwnf;u usio hf ;kH vmcJ=h uonf? trsm;u vufcx H m;+yD; pHwpfcvk nf; jzpfonf? jrefrmEkid if .
H 1947
35
ck zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'uvnf; w&m;pD&ifa&;tzG@J . vGwv f yfru _ dk taumiftxnf az:cJo h nf?
1985 ckwiG f ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcHu w&m;pD&ifa&;tzG@J . vGwv f yfrq_ ikd &f m tajccHrrl sm;
udk csrw S cf o
hJ nf? ,if;rlrsm;t&qdv k #if w&m;pD&ifa&;tzG@J . vGwv f yfrt _ mrcHcsuuf kd tajccHOya'wGif
xnfhoGif; jyXmef;xm;&rnf jzpfonf? odk@jzpfI tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;tzG@J=um; tm%m
cJGjcm;xm;&ayrnf?
od@k &mwGif etz tajccHrrl sm;wGif w&m;pD&ifa&;tzG@J . vGwv f yfrr_ sm; ta=umif;udk wpfceG ;f wpfyg'
r# az: jyxm;jcif;r&Sad y?
&Jwyfz@JG onf umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfudk tpD&ifc&H / trde@f emcH&ae&mrSm &Sad eavawmh jypfru _ sL;vGewf hJ
tm%mydik af wGukd b,fou l zrf;qD;+yD; w&m;¶k;H ukd yd@k Eikd af wmhrmS vJ? tm%mydik af wG vkycf si&f momvkyf
zrf;qD;rnfhol r&Sdawmhyg?
“UN vufeufu ao;ao;

AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;.vufeufu }uD;}uD;”
36
ckaemufyikd ;f
tus,w f 0ifh
usaemfvnf; rodao;bl;As?
usaemfw@kd xifwmu
jynfe,fukd v$t J yfxm;wJh
tm%mydik ;f aygAh sm?
pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_utp
tjcm;udpaP wG trsm;}uD;ygw,f?
tck[mu
jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyfuv kd nf;
orRwu a&G;r,f?
jynfe,f0ef}uD;awGuvnf;
orRwudw k m0efc&H r,fqakd wmh
usaemfw@kd tydik ;f rSm
bmrS tm%mr&Sb d ;l jzpfomG ;r,fAs?
Edkif[Hom
rGefjynfopfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;
37
tcef; (2) wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;tay: uvdeaf ph jirf;qifr_

tifwmAsL; (7)
bDbpD D (BBC) owif;XmeESihf trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfa&S@ae OD;^m%f0if;/
cGeOf Um/ a'guw
f mwifah qG/ a'guw
f mausm&f ifvid_ w
f @kd qufo,
G af r;jref;csu?f
OD;^m%f0if;? ?usaemfw@kd atmufwb dk mvupwJh nDvmcHrmS uwnf;u r+yD;ao;bl;vd@k ajymvJ ajymbl;
ygw,f// wGuv f nf; wGu=f unfw h ,f? tck (104) csuef @J vyk af ewJ[ h mawGq&dk if zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'rSm
wGuf&rnfhtcsufawGuukef+yD? ukefayr,fh bmjzpfvdk@ xyfcgxyfcg a&G@aevJqdkawmh r+yD;csifvdk@ aeyg
vdrfhr,f?
ar;? ?r+yD;csiaf o;wJh ta=umif;u bmawGrsm;&SEd ikd v f J cifAs?
OD;^m%f0if;? ?'guawmh Edik if aH &;t& ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d &Srd ,fav? 'Dnv D mcHrmS wu,fh t"duygwD
}uD;jzpfwhJ NLD rygb;l ? jynfo@l u, kd pf m;vS,t f ppftrSeaf wG [kw&f v hJ m;? 'Dar;cGe;f awGu trsm;}uD;
&Syd gw,f// 'Dtay:rSm olw@kd u csed q f aew,fv@kd tefu,fw@kd u ,lqygw,f?
ar;? ?[dt k ydik ;f wke;f u NLD udk zdwaf c:cJw h ,f? NLD u rygbeJ @J ow l @kd u qufvyk w f ,f olw@kd vyk if ef;
pOfxrJ mS jynfo@l qENc, H yl v
JG yk +f yD;oGm;vd@k &&dS if NLD udk yd+k yD;zdtm;ay;vdrrhf ,fv@kd tcsK@d uwGu=f uw,f?
tefu,fw@kd aum tJ'v D kd wGu=f uygovm;?
OD;^m%f0if;? ?'guawmh jzpfEikd af jc&Sw d ,fv@kd awmh ajym&rSmbJ?
ar;? ?zdtm;ay;¶Hkwifru NLD yg aysmufuG,foGm;atmif óud;pm;=uvdrfhr,fvdk@ cef@rSef;=uajym=u
wmawG &Syd gw,f?
OD;^m%f0if;? ?'gvnf; rajymEdik b f ;l aygAh sm? od@k aomf 'Dvakd qmif&u G jf cif; tm;jzifah wmh odumQ r&Sw d hJ udpP
jzpfomG ;r,fav? jynfo@l qENe@J qef@usio f mG ;r,fav? NLD [m vlxek @J wajywnf;&Sw d mud;k ?
ar;? ?wu,fv@kd z@JG pnf;yHak &;qGv J @kd +yD;oGm;&if qENc, H yl aJG wG bmawGvyk rf ,fqkd vd@k &&dS ifaum NLD taeeJ@
bmqufvyk rf vJcifAsm? ?
OD;^m%f0if;? ?NLD taeeJ@uawmh qENcH,lr,fh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'&Jh t"dy`g,fudk trsm;jynfol
em;vnfatmifawmh aqmif&GufrSmyg?
ar;? ?wu,fv@kd tpd;k &u qENc, H yl v JG yk w f thJ cg axmufcrH &J atmifawmh óud;pm;rSmbJ? wbufu jynfol
uvnf; uef@uGufrJay;csifay;Edkifr,f? 'grSr[kwf rJray;bJvnf; aecsifaeEdkifw,f? tJ'Dv_yf&Sm;r_rSm
aum NLD u wckck vkyo f mG ;rSmvm;? 'grrS [kwf apmif=h unfw h t hJ aeeJ@ aerSmvm;?
OD;^m%f0if;? ?wavmu usaemfw@kd CEC tzGJ@ rpPwm*efbm&DeJ@awG@wkef; ol'DudkvmwJh udpPtay:
ar;cGef;wck ar;xm;ygw,f? International Balance League jzpfrSmvm;vdk@ ar;xm;ygw,f?
qdv k w
kd mu tzG@J csKyftaeeJ@uawmh International Fundamental qdv k @kd &&dS if jynfoal wG[m olw@kd
qENukd vGwv f w G vf yfvyf az:xkwEf ikd rf ,fv@kd tJ'v D kd cH,cl su&f ydS gw,f?
cGeOf Um? ?aemufq;kH olw@kd ac:wJt h }udrrf mS wifjywJph mwrf;awGukd =unfv h @kd &&dS if zG@J pnf;yHw
k apmif&o hJ abm
obm0t& 'gawG[m ed*;kH csKyfawG jzpfw,fqw kd hJ oabmawG awG@&w,f? olw@kd taeeJ@ t+yD;rowfwm
u yxr olw@kd pwifwek ;f u vrf;nGerf l (6) csuef @J tajccHrl (104) csuq f +kd yD; wifxm;wJt h cgusawmh/
38
tajccHrrl sm;tjzpfe@J vufcx H m;wm jzpfw,f? 'DtajccHay:rSm wm0ef&w dS hJ ðypkrw _ cku useaf ew,f?
r=umcifrmS zG@J pnf;yHrk =l urf;a&;qGaJ &;aumfrwD ay:vmr,fv@kd usaemfxifw,f? tJ'D aumfrwDu tajccHrl
(104) csut f ay:rSm zG@J pnf;yHw k pfapmifjzpfatmif wifoiG ;f vdu k w f hJ oabm&Sw d ,f? wpfcsed wf nf; rSmbJ
zG@J pnf;yHrk =l urf;ay:vm+yD;qdv k @kd &&dS if vlxqk ENc,H zl @kd vwkd ,f// vlxq k ENc,H zl @kd twGuf jyifqifz@kd olw@kd apmifh
aew,fe@J wlygw,f?
ar;? ?tpdk;&u zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'w&yf tjrefqHk;ay:aygufa&;qdk+yD; wcsdefvHk;ajymaewmbJav?
tckvrkd sK;d &yfem;vdu k w f ,fqakd wmh aemufw}udrjf yefpzd@k aum r=umcifjyefpzd@k ,lqvm;cifAs?
cGeOf Um? ?2007 yxr (6) vxJrmS bJ rl=urf;a&;qGw J ma&m vlxq k ENc, H w
l ma&m t+yD;owfvyk rf ,fv@kd
,lqw,fcifAs?
ar;? ?2007 xJrmS +yD;r,fv@kd OD;cGeOf uUmwd@k ,lqygovm;?
cGeOf Um? ?2007 (6) vxJrmS jzpfr,f? jynfo@l qENc, H wl hJ tcsed rf mS qd&k ifvnf;bJ wyfrawmfw&yfxJ
&S&d r,f qdw k rhJ el @J vufeufuikd f typf&yftzG@J awGukd tusyu f ikd +f yD;awmh vufeuford ;f wmwd@k toGiaf jymif;
wmwd@k awG vkyv f m+yD;awmh wòydiw f nf;rSmbJ typfcwf&yftzG@J awGuv kd nf; rv_y&f mS ;Edik af tmif wcsuf
ckwf ESpcf sujf ywf vkyv f mEdik wf ,fv@kd wGux f m;vd@k &w,f?
ar;? ?etz ajymaewmu tcsuf (7) csux f rJ mS RoadMap (7) csux f rJ mS yxrqH;k 'Dtcsuf +yD;
oGm;vd@k &&dS if jrefrmEdik if 'H rD u kd a&pDpepfqD toGiu f ;l ajymif;r,fqakd wmh tJ'v D yk if ef;pOfaum aemufwqifh
b,fvykd pkH rH sK;d eJ@ wufEikd w f ,fv@kd ,q l ovJ cifAs?
“twkta,miftrsdK;om;nDvmcH +yD;+yD”
39
cGeOf Um// //olwdk@pum;vHk; toHk;tE_ef;awGu twdkuftcH NLD udk t+yD;owf EdSyfuGyfxm;+yD;awmh

typftcwf&yftzG@J awGukd udik w f ,
G rf ,fv@kd ,lqw,f? 'ga=umifh vrf;jyajryHk (7) csuu f jynfo@l qENc, H yl JG
udk wdu k ¶f udk w
f ufomG ;Edik w f ,fv@kd jrifw,f//
ar;? ?tJ'v D kd wufomG ;&if wdik ;f jynftwGuf aumif;wJv h uQ%mwpf&yf rjzpfEikd b f ;l vm;?
cGefOUm? ?usaemfjrifwmu tJ'DvdkwufoGm;vdk@&Sd&if jy\emu ESpf&yf&Sdw,f? wpf&yfuawmh
Referendum (qENc, H yl )JG udk oydwaf rSmufr,f? 'grrS [kwf rk;d bdik ;f uefyed ;f vkyrf ,fq&kd if 'DOya'u
pmwrf;udk udik +f yD;awmh ppfwyf&t hJ yk cf sKyfru
_ kd w&m;0ifvyk af y;r,fh w&m;0ifpmwrf;yJ jzpfomG ;Edik w f ,f?
tJ'v D jkd zpfomG ;&ifawmh wdik ;f jynf&hJ pD;yGg;a&;/ vlra_ &;tusyt f wnf;u b,fvrkd S raumif;Edik b f eJ @J ydq
k ;kd
r,fv@kd bJ rSe;f vd@k &w,f cifAsm?
tJ'guawmhjynfya&muf zuf'&,fz@JG pnf;yHk rl=urf;a&;qGaJ &;eJ@ yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &; aumfrwDu
OD;cGeOf uUm ajz=um;oGm;wm jzpfygw,f?
a'guw f mwifah qG ? ?2006 ckEpS rf mS tajccH qdw k [ hJ m tqH;k rowfEikd af o;wJh tqifjh zpfygw,f? wygwpD epf
uae ppftkyfcsKyfa&;? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;uae 'Drdkua&pDayghav? olwdk@ajymwJh pnf;urf;&SdwJh'Drdkua&pD
ajymajym/ bmajymajym 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH jymif;r,fq&kd if awmfveS af &;uae ajymif;&wJh pepfjzpfygw,f?
t&ifwek ;f u jrefrmjynfrmS ajymif;vJr_ jzpfcw hJ ,f? tJ't D csed w
f ek ;f u zG@J pnf;yHu k dk Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;u
ta&;}uD;vd@k &&dS if tajccHOya'qdw k m (3) &ufe@J awmif +yD;atmif vkyv f @kd &w,fv@kd ajymcJw h phJ um;&Syd g
w,f? ckwikd ;f jynfuvnf; ta&;}uD;aewJt h csed rf mS rl=urf;udak wmifrS ckxd tqH;k rowfEikd af o;wmbJ?
wu,fbJ ud, k yf ikd &f mE_e;f jynfh ppftyk cf sKyfa&;uae+yD;awmh tJ'v D jkd zpfomG ;&ifawmh w0ufwjyuf 'Dru kd
a&pD ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udak wmifrS rvdv k m;wJh vuQ%mudk jyaewmjzpfygw,f?
a'guw f mausm&f ifvid_ f? ?olu qufomG ;r,fqv kd @kd &&dS ifvnf; twdik ;f twm wpfcx k ad wmh qufomG ;vd@k
&r,f? b,favmuf twdkif;twm qdkwmuawmh wyfrawmftpdk;& wckwnf; wdkif;jynfwpfckxJeJ@
rqdik b f ;l av? 'gayr,fjh zpfvmwJh tajctaeay: rlwnf+yD;awmh usaemfw@kd oH;k oyf&rSm? (2006) ckEpS rf mS
jzpfysuaf ewJh tajctaeeJ@ =unf+h yD; oH;k oyf&r,fq&kd ifawmh avmavmq,ftajctaeu wyfrawmf
tpd;k &u olw@kd vyk cf siw f yhJ pkH eH @J trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd +yD;qH;k oGm;atmif vkyEf ikd w f ,fv@kd usaemfw@kd u jrifyg
w,fcifAsm?
oH;k oyfcsuf (7)
avmuygvw&m;qdw k m jrwfpmG bk&m;&Jw

h &m; jzpfw,f? ig;yg;oDvukrd rS vHòk cHwhJ ppfAv
dk af wG rwef
wJh pum;awG ajymxGu=f uwmyg?
1990 a&G;aumufyJG tóudumvrSm Akv d cf sKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymcJw h ,f? “a&G;aumufyrGJ mS tEdik &f wJh
ygwu D dk tm%mtyfEiS ;f +yD; ppfwef;vsm;udk usKyfw@kd jyefrmS yg? tajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &;[m usKyfw@dk e@J rqdik f
ygb;l ? tEdik &f wJh uk, d pf m;vS,af wG wm0efyg”vd@k ajymcJw h m rSwrf =d urSmyg? +yD;awmh jynfo@l vw $ af wmf
a&G;aumufyJG yk'rf (3)wGif v$waf wmfudk rJqENe,frsm;rS a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufvu kd af om uk,d pf m;vS,f
rsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;&rnf[k jyXmef;yg&Sdonf? ,if;jyXmef;xm;csufESifhtnD v$wfawmf ac:,lzGJ@pnf;jcif;udk
Edik if aH wmf +idr0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJ@G u aqmif&u G af y;rnf[k qkcd whJ ,f?
40
aemufwpfcg Adv k cf sKyfcifne$ @f 0ef}uD;csKyfvyk pf Of tJ'aD =ujimcsu&f hJ tyk'd f (20) rSm jynforl sm;u
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvu kd af om uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;onf tem*wf 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wmf zG@pJ nf;tkycf sKyfykH
tajccHOya'udk a&;qG&J ef wm0ef&adS om yk*Kd~ vfrsm;jzpfonfq+kd yD; vufrw S xf ;dk +yD; Oya'uJo h @dk wnfaom
trde@f jzpfap&rnf ‘ykH §cifne$ @f ’ qd+k yD; vkycf w hJ myJ?
r*Fvmaqmif &Siðf yyJv G yk w
f mutp tokb oò*õ[w f mtqH;k cGiahf wmif+yD; vky&f wJw h ikd ;f jynfrmS
“w&m;r#w vGwv f yfjcif;eJ@raoG 'd@k jynf” qdw k m rjzpfEikd yf g?
wdik ;f oljynfom;awGudk vkycf sio f vdvk yk /f owfcsio f vdok wf/ cdik ;f csio f vdck ikd ;f / odr;f csiof vdo k rd ;f /
v,f/ ,m/ ajr/ tdraf wG odr;f aewmukd avmuygvw&m;qkw d hJ pum;ukd acG;yg;pyfu ewfpum; xGuo f
vdk jzpfraebl;vm;?
trJq G ;kH wkid ;f jynfrS tcsr;f omqH;k tkypf u k Akv d cf sKyfawGb=J unhf - oE mW a&$ r*Fvmaqmif/ ol@ajr;
arG;ae@/ Ak'*< g,mtvª 'gvo l &d iS =f um;udp?P
wdik ;f rª;/ omoema&;0ef}uD; etz tm%modr;f tzG@J 0if Adv k cf sKyfrsK;d n$euf kd 0ifzrf;wke;f u wa,mufpD
a&$wefcsed f (64) wefqv kd m;? 'gawmifrS Edik if w H umESihf urBmb h %fawGrmS tyfEx HS m;wJah iG rygao;bl;?
0ef}uD;csKyfcifne$ @f rmS aum wefcsed f b,favmuf&adS evJ? wwefrmS yd\csed f (625) yd\m&Sw d ,f? usyo f m;
eJ@ rwGuef @J ? yd\meJ@om wGu=f uayawmh? Akv d cf sKyfcsr;f oma&;vm;? wdik ;f jynfaumif;pm;a&; vky=f ur
vm;? Akv d af e0if;wd@k csr;f omcJw h m pm&if;ray:ao;yg?
“aoG;pGe;f vufe@J +idr;f csr;f a&;vuf”
41
tifwmAsL; (8)
bDbpD D (BBC) owif;XmeESihf oifb
h 0r~Zif;t,f'w
D m OD;wifarmifoef;
OD;udkudkatmif? ?tem*wfrSm NLD udkygwDwpf&yftjzpf qufvuf &yfwnfcGifhay;r,f? ray;bl;
qdwk mawmif ar;cGe;f xkwpf &m jzpfaeyg+yD? 'DypkH t H wdik ;f qd&k if ppfwyfubJ tajccHOya'udk qGrJ ,f? qENc, H l
yGu
J v kd nf; }uHch ikd af &;tzG@J &hJ tultnDe@J tEdik &f atmifvyk rf ,f? 'Dvekd @J bJ ppfwyfubJ tem*wfEikd if aH &;udk
xdef;csKyfoGm;Edkifr,fvdk@ ygarmuQpwdkifrwfu oHk;oyfygw,f?
OD;wifarmifoef;? ?2006 ckESpfuawmh tcGifhtvrf;awG vufvGwfoGm;&w,fvdk@ ajym&rSmayghaemf?
bma=umifv h q J akd wmh rdrv d ckd siw
f mudk ndv
‡ @kd &wJh taetxm;rSm wyfrawmfu &aew,f? trsK;d om;
'Drukd a&pDtzG@J u urf;vSr;f csuaf wGuvnf; wyfrawmfbufu vkyo f m udik o f m&Sw
d hJ vrf;pOfawG jzpf
w,fav? ck[m wyfrawmfu ol@oabmeJ@ qufomG ;wJt h cgusawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J trsK;d om;
'Drukd a&pDtzG@J csKyf bufuvnf; 'Dtwdik ;f bJ ae=u&wJh tcgusawmh ckeajymwJh Edik -f ¶_;H qdw k hJ bufu
=unf&h if ud, k b hf ufukd v#K0d ifvmwm r&Sw d thJ wGuf Edik w f ,fv@kd ajymzd@k qwkd m tcufbaJ v? Armjynf&hJ
tajctaeu Edkif§¶H_;eJ@udk ajymvdk@r&bl;? ol@atmuf udk,fhatmuf 'l;axmuf=uwm r[kwfawmh
wyfrawmfvnf; Edkifw,fqdkwmudk r&Edkifbl;? ayga=umifa=umif enf;vrf;a[mif;udkbJ av#muf&rSm
jzpfaew,fav// Armjynfqw kd mu “olvnf;vkyo f m; ud, k v
f nf;vkyof m;” qdw k mbJ?
'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH (DVB) ar;jref;I rGefjynfopfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;

Edik [
f o
H mu ajz=um;onf?
ar;? EdkifiHom;wOD;csif;pDu 'gudk udk,feJ@rqdkifbl;qdk+yD; a&iHkE_wfydwf quf+yD;ae=urSmvm;? tzGJ@csKyfeJ@

CRPP wd@k [m e*du k wnf;u nDvmcHukd vufcjH cif;r&Sw d t hJ jyif anmifEpS yf ifrmS vnf; yg0ifywfoufjcif;
r&Sw d t hJ wGuf olw@kd &hJ uef@uuG rf [_ m odyt f xl;tqef; r[kwaf yr,fh nDvmcHwufaewJh rGejf ynfopfygwD
&Jh uef@uu G af jymqdrk a_ wGtwGuu f awmh tawmfav; xl;jcm;aeygw,f?
Edik [
f o H m? ?nDvmcHrwufawmhb;l qd+k yD; jynfov l x l u k kd &Si;f jyw,f? bmvJqakd wmh t&ifu usaemfw@kd
wufz;l w,f?2004 rSm usaemfw@kd wifjyoifw h m wifjy+yD;+yD? tJ'g olw@kd vufrcHb;l ? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd
wufv@kd vnf; rxl;bl;qd+k yD; ajymjyw,f? olw@kd csrw S xf m;wJh rlu=kd unfv h u
kd jf yefawmhvnf; usaemfw@kd
vufcEH ikd pf &mr&Sb d ;l ? axmufjycGiv hf nf; &Srd aebl;? trsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS olw@kd csrw S xf m;wmuawmh
Edik if wH ckrmS wyfrawmfu wckwnf;? aemuf+yD; vufeufuikd t f zG@J 0iftm;vH;k [m ppfO;D pD;csKyf&hJ xde;f uGyrf _
atmuf/ tJ'DatmufrSm &Sd&r,fqdkwmu wu,fvdk@rsm; twnfjzpf&if usaemfwdk@udk vufeufpGef@zdk@
vufeuftyfz@kd awmif;qdv k mEdik wf mawG &Sw d ,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd rwufb;l vd@k tJ'gawG &Si;f jywmyg?
ar;? ?rGejf ynfoal wG&hJ oabmxm;u b,fv&kd v dS cJ ifAs?
ajz? ?olw@kd vnf;usaemfw@kd e@J xyfwyl gb/J vufeuftyf&r,fqakd wmh b,fvrkd S rjzpfEikd b f ;l qdw
k hJ ta=umif;
ayghav?
42
ar;? ?usaemf em;r&Si;f vd@k yg? +idr;f csr;f a&;vkyu f wnf;u vufeuftyf&r,f? rtyf&bl;qdw k mrsK;d / wcsed rf mS
vufeuftyf&r,fqdkwmrsKd; oabmwlnDcsuf&Sdygovm;?
ajz? ?'gawG rygb;l ? vufeuftyf&r,fqw kd m rygb;l av? 'gayr,fh w&m;aoawmh usaemfw@kd r[kwb f ;l ?
Edik if aH &;jy\emudk tm;vH;k ajz&Si;f +yD;vd@k &&dS if usaemfw@kd vv kd m;wJh Edik if aH &;yHpk rH sK;d jzpfvm&if aemifrmS awmh
tyf&rSmayg?h 'Dae@tcsed rf mS bmrS rudik w f , G f rajz&Si;f &ao;bJe@J / usaemfw@kd vdck siw f hJ yHpk tH aetxm;udk
ra&mufao;bJe@J vufeufukd tyfvu kd &f r,fq&kd if usaemfw@kd twGuf aemufyikd ;f bmrSvyk v f @kd uikd v f @kd
r&wJh taetxm;rsK;d jzpfomG ;r,f? 'gukd usaemfw@kd &nf&, G wf myg?
ar;? ?q&mwk@d rGefjynfopfu vdkcsifw,fqdkwm ppftpdk;&u b,fvdk[mawGudk vdkufavsmay;&r,f
EdkifiHa&;t&udk qdkvdkwmygvJ?
ajz? ?usaemfw@kd u ppfreS w f hJ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk oabmrsK;d jzpfcsiw f ,f? aemuf+yD;awmh rGejf ynfe,frmS
qd&k if rGejf ynfoal wGu ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi&hf wdS hJ v$waf wmfrsK;d / ud, k [
hf meJ@u, kd f txku d t f avsmufaygAh sm?
jynfaxmifpu k vkd t J$ yfxm;wJh tm%muvG&J if ud, k jhf ynfe,fukd ud, k q f ;kH jzwfEikd w f ,f? ud, k jhf ynfe,fu
a&G;cs,+f yD;awmh óuduw f o hJ ul kd tkycf sKyfciG hf ay;&r,f? wu,fppfreS w f hJ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk yHpk rH sK;d udk
usaemfw@kd vdv k m;wmyg?
ar;? ?tck q&mwd@k tzG@J u w&m;0ifr[kwaf yr,fh Observer wufaewmqdak wmh nDvmcHu usaemfw@kd
owif;xJrmS zwf&oavmufq&kd if awmfawmf+yD;ae+yDayg?h tajctaeu b,fv&kd v dS cJ ifAs?
ajz? ?usaemfw@kd tuJcwf&oavmufq&kd if nDvmcHukd jrefjref+yD;atmif cyfou G o f u G f cyfjrefjref vkyaf ewJh
yHpk rH sK;d awmh ay:w,f?
ar;? ?*efbm&D wd@k vmwke;f u +yD;oavmufjzpfae+yDv@kd etz bufu ajymw,f? q&mwd@k u nDvmcHrmS
&Sad ew,fqakd wmh q&mwd@k vufcw H o
hJ abm&Sv d m;?
ajz? ?usaemfw@kd nDvmcHwufw,fqw kd mu nDvmcHukd avhvmolbaJ v? Obserever qdak wmh ajym
ydik cf iG v hf nf; r&Sb d ;l ? tqdðk yydik cf iG hf wifjyydik cf iG hf r&Sb d ;l ? =unf¶h kH tuJcwf¶ykH aJ yg?h
ar;? ?qdv k w kd mu 'Dnv D mcH+yD;oGm;vd@k zG@J pnf;yHak wG bmawG xGuv f m&if tJ'gawGukd q&mwd@k tzG@J u
vufrcHbl;aygh?
ajz? ?[kww f ,f? usaemfw@kd aqG;aEG;xm;wJh tydik ;f r&Sad wmh wm0efr,lEikd b f ;l aygah v? tJ'D oabmyJav?
ar;? ?b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf nDvmcHrmS =um;ae&wmu wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J awGe@J etz=um;rSm a'o}uD;awG/
jynfe,fawG/ tkycf sKyfa&; tm%mcGaJ 0&mrSm oabmwlnrD _ r&bl;vd@k =um;&w,fcifAs? t"du q&mwd@k
od&oavmuf bmawGjy\emjzpfae=uwmvJcifAs?
ajz? ?ckaemufyikd ;f tus,w f 0ifh usaemfvnf; rodao;bl;As? usaemfw@kd xifwmu jynfe,fukd v$t J yf
xm;wJh tm%mydkif;ayghAsm? pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_utp tjcm;udpPawG trsm;}uD;ygw,f? tck[mu
jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyfuv kd nf; orRwu a&G;r,f? jynfe,f0ef}uD;awGuvnf; orRwudw k m0efc&H r,fqkd
awmh usaemfw@kd tydik ;f rSm bmrStm%mr&Sb d ;l jzpfomG ;r,fAs?
ar;? ?aemufwck ar;csifwmu nDvmcHumvrSm vHkòcHa&;aumifpDu udkifwG,fr,fqdkwJh ae&mrSm
rGejf ynfopftaeeJ@ owif;pmrSmawG@&wmu +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J awGu tar&duefu OD;aqmif+yD; vkyw f [ hJ m
udk uef@uu G w f o hJ al wG&w dS ,f? Reject awGxw k wf ,f? rGejf ynfopfu rxkwb f ;l ? ckawmh ajyvnfomG ;
+yDvm;? b,fv&kd v dS cJ ifAs?
43
ajz? ?'Dv&kd ydS gw,f? usaemfw@kd oabmxm;tppftrSeu f kd xkwjf y+yD;om;? olw@kd ajymovdak wmh usaemfw@kd
rvkyb f ;l ? usaemfw@kd oabmxm;tjrifub kd J usaemfw@kd xkwjf yef a=unmw,f?
ar;? ?tpd;k &u tJ'v D akd jymwmudk uef@uu G b f @kd &v
dS m;?
ajz? ?wjcm;tzG@J tpnf;awGuawmh 'Dvkd 'Dvv kd yk af e=uw,f? usaemfw@kd oabmxm;udv k nf; ajymay;
ygt;kH vd@k ajymygw,f? rD', D mu ar;vm&if usaemfw@kd tzG@J &hJ tjrifoabmudyk J xkwjf yefvu kd w f ,fav?
ar;? ?rGejf ynfopfu ukvvHòk cHa&;aumifprD mS udik w f , G rf ,f[
h mudk axmufcw H ,fayg?h
ajz? ?usaemfw@kd óudqykd gw,f? usaemfw@kd wifjywJt h xJrmS yxrtcsuu f jynfwiG ;f a&;udk jynfwiG ;f rSm
ajz&Si;f wmu taumif;qH;k jzpfw,f? 'kw, d tcsuu f taumif;qk;H jzpfayr,fh 'Davmuf=umvmwJh um
vrSmaygAh sm? ppfreS w f /hJ w&m;r#wwJ/h wef;wlwhJ awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGq J w kd m wpfcgrS jzpfrvmao;bl;? tJ'D
tay:rSm usaemfw@kd Edik if &H phJ ;D yGm;a&;tajctae/ vlra_ &;tajctaeawGe@J wjcm;aygAh sm/ usyw f nf;aewJh
umvrsK;d rSm vHòk cHa&;aumifpt D aeeJ@ tJovd0k ifa&muf+yD;awmh udik w f , G v f mwJt h ay:rSm usaemfw@kd óudqkd
w,f qdw k t hJ a=umif; usaemfw@kd ajymygw,f? usaemfw@kd wifjywm aemufwpfck &Sad o;w,f? ppfa&;
enf;eJ@r[kwfbJ jrifomwJhaemufwenf; EdkifiHa&;enf;eJ@ajz&Sif;wmudk usaemfwdk@óudqdkw,f? tJ'D 3
csuu f bkd J usaemfw@kd wifygw,f?
ar;? ?rGejf ynfopfygwD wckwnf;aygah v? qdv k w kd mu +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J (17) zG@J &w dS ,fayg?h yl;wG+J yD; pmwrf;
wifwmu (13) zG@J ? tJ't D xJrmS rGejf ynfopfygwD wckb/J &J&aJ jym+yD; &J&v J yk wf hJ oabm&Sw d ,f? usew f hJ
tzG@J awGe@J aum vd&k if vdw k ohJ abm aqG;aEG;wm&Sv d m;?
ajz? ?óuH&ifóuHovdk usaemfw@kd vnf; aqG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f =uygw,f? 'gayr,fh ol@u, kd yf ikd f ol@q;kH jzwfcsuef @J
olbJayghAsm? tJ'guawmh olwdk@&yfwnfcsuftay:rSm olwdk@&yf=uwmygbJ? usaemfwdk@vnf; ajymvdk@
r&bl;av? “UN udk etzu b,fawmhrS *&kpu kd v f rd rhf nfr[kw”f
44
ar;? ?'Dvkd &Si;f jywma&m/ nDvmcH rwufwma&m aemufyikd ;f rSm ppftpd;k &eJ@ rGejf ynfopfe@J qufqaH &;
pum;/ qdv k w kd mu ppfwyfawGukd wd;k cswmrsK;d / wdik ;f &if;om;awGukd uef@owfwmrsK;d &Sv d m; cifAs?
ajz? ?ckxd xl;jcm;wmu atmufwb kd mv (14) &ufae@wek ;f uav/ usaemfw@kd XmecsKyfuv kd m+yD;awmh
ajryHkwdkif;wmwJhudpPawmh enf;enf;xl;qef;w,f? ajrwdkif;tzGJ@wzGJ@udk v$wfvmw,fav? usaemfwdk@
XmecsKyftxdudk a&mufvmw,f? xdkif;rSmoHk;aewJh ajryHkrsKd; oHk;vdk@&atmif vmwdkif;wmyg? +yD;awmh
xdkif;eJ@jrefrme,fpyfawGudk =unfhvdk@&r,fvdk@ olwdk@ajym=uw,fayghav? 'ga=umifhvmwmyg?
ar;? ?q&mwd@k zdw=f um;csuef @J vmwmvm;? olw@kd [molw@kd vmwmvm;?
ajz? ?'Dvykd g? usaemfw@kd u rvmapcsib f ;l ? olw@kd uvmw,f? tJ'D taetxm;rsK;d jzpfomG ;w,fav?
tm;vH;k ajyajyvnfvnfe@J awmh r[kwyf gb;l ? ra=urvnfwu hJ pd aP wmh &Swd maygAh sm?
ar;? ?t"du wjcm;&nf&, G cf suv
f nf;&Srd mS ayg?h ta=umif;jywmuawmh ajrwdik ;f udpaP yg?h e,fpyfbufukd
vm=unfhwmaygh?
ajz? ?[kww f ,f? tJ'v D b
kd J jzpfEikd w
f ,fv@kd usaemfw@kd tuJcwfxm;w,fav?
ar;? ?[kwf+yDcifAs? q&mwdk@vnf; vHkòcHa&;aumifpDudk apmifh=unfhw,fqdkawmh nDvmcHrSmvnf;
apmif=h unfah wmh wckcak ygAh sm? tajzwckck nDvmcHe@J bJ &yfomG ;rvm;? oH;k yGiq hf ikd f aqG;aEG;a&;bJ jzpfvm
rvm;? ckcsed rf mS bmrsm;ar#mv f ifx
h m;vJ cifAs?
ajz? ?vHòk cHa&;aumifp&D hJ aqmif&u G rf t _ ay:rSm rlwnfw,f? b,ftxdtaumiftxnf az:rvJ/ csrw S f
rvJqw kd thJ ay:rSm tajctaeajymif;vJomG ;r,fv@kd usaemfw@kd tuJcwf=unfw h ,f? wu,fv@kd vHòk cHa&;
aumifpu D aES;auG;aer,f// twGi;f bufuvnf;yHrk eS t f wdik ;f v_y&f mS ;r,fq&kd if olw@kd yrkH eS t
f wdik ;f =umvdrfh
r,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@xifw,f/
ar;? ?yHrk eS t f wdik ;f qdw
k m nDvmcH}uD;u qufomG ;aerSmayg?h
ajz? ?nDvmcH qufomG ;rSmayg?h
ar;? ?vHòk cHa&;aumifpu D qH;k jzwfr,fq&kd if oH;k yGiq hf ikd b
f ufukd vrf;a=umif;ajymif;oGm;r,fh oabm&Sw d ,f
vd@k ,lqvd@k &ygovm;?
ajz? ?[kww f ,f? vHòk cHa&;aumifp&D hJ yxrcsrw S rf ,fh tajccHoabmxm;udk usaemfw@kd apmif=h unfh aeyg
w,f? tJ'gukd csrw S rf ,fq&kd if wpHw k &mawmh tuJcwfv@kd &Edik w f ,fv@kd usaemfw@kd wGux f m;ygw,f?
ar;? ?ckaqG;aEG;oGm;wmuawmh vl@tcGifhta&; bmrStmrcHcsufray;EdkifwJh anmifESpfyifnDvmcH&Jh zGJ@
pnf;yHt k opftay: rGejf ynfopfygw&D hJ a0zefry_ g?
oH;k oyfcsuf (8)
etz[m wpn tEdik &f vdrrfh ,fv@dk txif}uD;+yD; 1990 rSm a&G;aumufyJG vkycf w hJ ,f? wyfe,fajr
awG tygt0if r*Fvm'Hrk mS awmif NLD u tEdik f &vdu k w f ,f? Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD;apmarmifu uwdtwdik ;f
tm%mv$/J v$waf wmf ac:ay;&r,f ajymvmawmh Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$ u Akv d cf sKyfcifne$ @f udk t¶l;aq;
xd;k cdik ;f +yD; ae&muae z,f&mS ;ypfvu kd w
f ,f?
tJ'DrSm tm%m&Sif rmpwmb&def;&SdwJh OD;ae0if;u tEdkif& NLD trwfawGtygt0if tjcm;
trwfawGudk enf;rsK;d pHek @J 'kuaQ y;cdik ;f ygawmhw,f? trwfwpfa,muf&hJ rdom;pk vkyif ef;udik if ef; tao;
45
pdwf rSwfwrf;ðypk+yD; trwfukd,fwdkifukd =uyfvdk@ &&if&/ r&&if om;orD;tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;

'grrS [kwf ajr;/ tp&So d jzifh &yfwnfa&;/ &mxl;wufa&; ynmqufvuf oif=um;a&;awGrmS wif;wif;
usyu f syf udik yf gawmhw,f?
trwfu Ekwx f u G rf vm;? wjcm;&yfwnfa&; wd;k wufa&; om;orD;a&;udk =unhrf vm;? ¶ku d +f yD;om;
pm&Gurf mS vufrw S f xk;d ckid ;f wm? owfv@kd &wJh oludk owfypfwm/ axmifcsv@dk &wJo h u
l dk axmifcsypfwm/
vGw&f ufaph&if aemufy'k rf wpfcek @J xyfcswm? 'Dvkd enf;rsK;d pHek @J jynfo@l u, dk pf m;vS,af wG ynm&Siaf wGudk
aysmufatmif okwo f ifaewm ckxyd gb?J
OD;ae0if;&Jh n$e=f um;csuef @J NLD ukd òzdciG ;f +yD;rS acgi;f ndwrf ,fh ykwo f ifnKd awG zgacgi;f awG/ bde;f
bk&ifawG arSmifc&kd mZmawGudk trnftrsK;d rsK;d eJ@ ppfAv dk t f m%mwnf+rJa&; r[mpmwrf;zwfyu JG dk vkyv f m
vduk w f m 14 ESpo f m =umvm vdu k wf ,f? urBmrSm t&Sn=f umqH;k nDvmcHtjzpf *&if;epf pHcsed f 0ifomG ;
vdkufw,f?
1992 ckEpS f nDvmcHusi;f ybk@d n‡Ed id_ ;f aqG;aEG;yGvJ yk =f uwJt
h cg etzacgi;f aqmifawGudk &Sr;f trsK;d om;
acgi;f aqmif OD;cGex f eG ;f OD;u xar;cJw h ,f? trsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS ajymqdak 0zef oH;k oyfcsuaf wGudk a&;om;
xkwfjyefvkda=umif;/ 'DudpPa=umifh rnfol@udkr# ta&;,ljcif;/ w&m;pGJqdkjcif; ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif; r&SdbJ
aqmif&GufEdkifyghrvm;vkd@ ar;jref;cJhygw,f?
vGwv f yfpmG aqG;aEG;cGihf &Syd gw,f? owif;ukad wmh olw@kd xkwjf yefomG ;r,f? t}uHðy aqG;aEG;csuf
awGe@J ywfouf+yD; ta&;,lr_ ðyvkyrf mS r[kwb f ;l vd@k etzu ajymcJw h ,f? 'gayr,fh a'guw f matmifcif
qifch rsm axmiftESpf (20) usomG ;cJ&h ygw,f? trSef a0zefaxmufjyolwikd ;f axmifxrJ mS aouke+f yD?
axmifxrJ mS &Sad e=uqJyg? vGw&f ufaphayr,fh zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f r_ &Sad eqJyg?
“awG@qHak qG;aEG;a&;udt
k vdrk &Sad om etz”
46
“93 ckEpS u f pcJw h hJ nDvmcH[m

13 ESp/f 14 ESpt f xd 0ifvm+y?D
tJ'aD wmh
usaemfw@kd wdik ;f jynf[m
vGwv f yfa&;oufwrf;eJ@jyef=unf&h if
vGwv f yfa&;&wm 59 ESp&f +dS y?D
59 ESprf mS
usaemfw@kd wikd ;f jynfrmS
tajccHOya' r&Sw d uhJ mvu
1962 uae 74 xd 12 ESp?f
ckwpfcg 88 uae 2006 xdqakd wmh
18 ESp?f 2 ckaygi;f &if ESpaf ygi;f 30?
tJ'aD wmh
vGwv f yfa&;oufwrf; 59 ESp&f hJ
xuf0ufausmaf ygAh sm?
tajccHOya' r&Sb d ;l ?”
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf NLD
ajymcGi&fh yk~Kdvf OD;ode;f n$e@f
47
tifwmAsL; (9)
'Dru
kd &ufwpfjrefrmhtoHa&'D,kd (DVB) ESihf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf NLD
ajymcGi&fh yk~Kdvf OD;ode;f n$e@f / &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmif p0fZefa,mifa[G/ rGejf ynfopf
ygwt D axGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;Edik [ f oH m/ jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, dk pf m;ðyaumfrwD CRPP
twGi;f a&;rª; OD;at;omatmifw@kd qufo, G af r;jref;csu?f
'DAGDbD? ?t&ifwkef;ua&mzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJwm 'Davmuftcsdef=umcJhbl;ygovm;?

OD;ode;f n$e@f ? ?tcsed t f wdtus owfrw S zf @kd udpyP g? bmjzpfv@kd tcsed t f wdtus owfrw S zf @kd ajym&vJq&kd if
ArmEdik if H tawG@tóuHt& usaemfw@kd wikd ;f jynfrmS 1947 wke;f u Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'
a&;qGJ cJw h ,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u xkwjf yefxm;cJw h hJ ordik ;f taxmuftxm;awGt& 7 vausmb f J =umw,f?
aemufwcg 1974 ckEpS rf mS jynfaxmifpq k &kd ,
S v
f pforRwjrefrmEdik if aH wmf&hJ zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' a&;qGJ
cJw
h ,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u pcJw h hJ 1971 ESpyf xrt}udrf ygwn D vD mcHuae aemufq;kH jynfv;kH u|wf qENc, H yl JG
twnfðywJh 1974 ck Zefe0g&D (3) &ufae@txdq&kd if2 ESpaf usmb f J =umw,f? tJ'aD wmh yxrw}udrf 7
vausmf =umw,f? aemufwpf}udrrf mS 2 ESpaf usmf =umw,f? ck[mu tm;vH;k odwhJ twdik ;f bJ? 93
ckEpS f u pcJw h hJ nDvmcH[m 13 ESp/f 14 ESpt f xd 0ifvm+yD? tJ'aD wmh usaemfw@kd wdik ;f jynf[m vGwv f yfa&;
oufwrf;eJ@ jyef=unf&h if vGwv f yfa&;&wm 59 ESp&f +dS yD? 59 ESprf mS usaemfw@kd wikd ;f jynfrmS tajccHOya'
r&Sw d u hJ mvu 1962 uae 74 xd 12 ESp?f ckwpfcg 88 uae 2006 xdqakd wmh 18 ESp?f 2 ckaygi;f &if
ESpaf ygi;f 30? tJ'aD wmh vGwv f yfa&;oufwrf; 59 ESp&f hJ xuf0ufausmaf ygAh sm? tajccHOya' r&Sb d ;l ?
tJawmh tajccHOya'eJ@ywfoufwhJ Oya'ynm&Siaf wG/ Edik if aH &;awG;ac:ynm&Siaf wG ajym=um;csut f &
qd&k if tajccHOya'umv =umjrifph mG r&Sw d m b,fvrkd S roifah wmfb;l ? tJ'v D kd tJ'v D kd tcsuaf wGa=umifh
usaemfw@kd tajccHOya' a&;qGrJ ,f? 'DtajccHOya'[mvnf; trsm;jynfo/l wdik ;f &if;om;awGtygt0if
tm;vH;k vufcEH ikd w f hJ tajccHOya' jzpfz@kd q&kd if tckoufwrf;umv[m tm;vH;k odwt hJ wdik ;f awmfawmf
=umanmif;aeyg+yD?
'DAb DG ?D ?tck etza&;qGaJ ewJh zG@pJ nf;yHt k ajccHOya'[m wdik ;f &if;om;awGvv kd m;wJh yHpk jH zpfvmEdik rf vm;?
p0fZefa,mifa[G? ?wdkif;&if;om;awGu rauseyfwm trsm;}uD;bJav? &Srf;rltwdkif;aygh? ppfrSefaom
jynfaxmifpak yg?h usaemfw@kd vdck siw f muawmh Armjynfuv kd nf; jynfe,fwpfcv k kd oabmxm;+yD;awmh
usefwJhjynfe,f 7 ckeJ@twl wef;wl§nDwl qufqHr_? tJ'gbJ vdkcsifwmbJ? t&ifu vkyfaewmu
jynfratmufu jynfe,f? tJ'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@ rausreyf jzpfae=uwmbJ? tJ'gudkjyifr,fqdk&if
wdik ;f jynfòydurJG ,f ajymw,f? usaemfw@kd b,fvrkd S rwwfEikd b f ;l ? usaemfw@kd u wnfwchH ikd +f rJaom ròyduJG
aom jynfaxmifp}k uD; jzpfcsiw f m? ck[mu jynfaxmifpt k ppftrSerf [kwb f eJ @J jynfaxmifpt k wk jzpfae
w,f? jyef+yD;awmh pum;ajymvd@k vnf; r&bl;av? b,fvx dk u G v f m rvJq&kd if ckeuajymovdak yg?h 1947
ckEpS u f Armjynfaxmifp/k trnfcw H yfxm;wJh wpfjynfaxmif jynfaxmifpb k ?J wygwt D m%m&Sipf epf?
tck tpdk;&qGJxm;wm usaemfwdk@avhvm+yD;+yD? bmjzpfvmrvJqdk&if jynfaxmifpkvnf; r[kwfbl;?
wyfrawmfu }uD;pd;k xm;wJh trnfcjH ynfaxmifp?k 'gbJ jzpfrmS bJ? ppfreS w f hJ jynfaxmifpk rjzpfawmhb;l ?
bmjzpfv@kd vq J &kd if t*Fvyd pf um;yHv k akd yg?h ',ft;kd xJrmS ylv@kd rD;zdak y: ckecf svu kd o f vdb k ?J ckjzpfaewmu
48
wyfrawmfu w&m;0iftpd;k & jzpfomG ;rSmbJ? wdik ;f jynfe@J vrl sK;d twGuf bmrSjzpfvmrSm r[kwb f ;l ?
'DAb DG ?D ?rGet f zG@J taeeJ@a&m b,fvjkd rifv?J
Edik [
f o H m? ?2004 ckEpS rf mS usaemfw@kd wif+yD;+yD? tJ'gawGukd vufrcHb;l ? 'ga=umifh wufv@kd vnf; rxl;bl;
qd+k yD;awmhayg?h aemuf+yD; olw@kd owfrw S xf m;wJh rluv kd nf;usaemfw@kd vufcEH ikd w f hJ taetxm;r&Sb d ;l ?
usaemfw@kd axmufjywm wcsKd @&ydS gw,f? tJ't D rsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS olw@kd csrw S w f muawmh Edik if w H ckrmS
wyfrawmfu wckwnf; aemufvufeufudkiftzGJ@0iftm;vHk;[m ppfOD;pD;csKyf&Jh xdef;uGyfr_atmufrSm
&S&d r,fqw kd [hJ mawGu wu,fv@kd rsm; usaemfw@kd wufv@kd twnfðyvdu k &f if usaemfw@kd ukd vufeufpeG @f b@kd
wyftyfb@kd awmif;qdv k mzd@k &w
dS ,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd rwwfb;l ? cktaetxm;rSm bmrSrudik w f , G /f
rajz&Si;f &ao;bJe@J usaemfw@kd vv kd m;wJh yHpk t
H aetxm;udk wpfpw kH pf&m ra&mufao;bJe@J vufeufukd
tyfvu kd &f r,fq&kd if aemufyikd ;f rSm usaemfw@kd taeeJ@ bmrSvyk v f @kd uikd vf @kd r&wJh taetxm; jzpfomG ;r,f?
'gudk usaemfwdk@&nf&G,fwmyg?
'DAb DG D? ?OD;at;omatmifw@kd CRPP taeeJ@ b,fvv kd yk rf ,fppD Ofxm;ygovJ?
OD;at;omatmif? ?tzGJ@tpnf;wcku csKyfudkif+yD;awmh a&;qGJaevdk@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wck
r&Edik yf gb;l ? Edik if o H m;awGtm;vH;k udk ud, k pf m;ðywJh ud, k pf m;vS,af wGtaeeJ@om 'Dz@JG pnf;yHu k kd a&;qG&J rSm
jzpfygw,f? aemufaemifvnf;bJ CRPP taeeJ@bJ jzpfjzpf/ &cdik 'f rD u kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf taeeJ@jzpfjzpf/ jynfol
awGudka&m vuf&Sd tkyfcsKyfaewJh tpdk;&tm%mydkifawGudka&m óuH&ifóuHovdk ajymoGm;zdk@ tpDtpOf
&Sdygw,f?
'DAb DG D? ?bmawGrsm; xyfajymcsiyf gao;vJcifAs?
“1962 ppftm%mrodr;f rS”D “1962 ppftm%modrf;+yD;aemuf”
49
Edik [
f o
H m? ?+idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J awG wufaew,fav? olw@kd &nf&, G cf suaf wG bmrSajymvd@k r&bl;? acsmifx;kd
xm;wm usaemfxifw,f? olw@kd taeeJ@awmh wufaevJta=umif;rxl;bl;? xGuv f mwm taumif;qH;k
vd@k ajymwm? rGejf ynfopfwckb?J olw@kd ajymwJh vdik ;f twdik ;f bJav? olw@kd wifjyw,f? tpd;k &u vufrcH
bl;? aemufawmh rGejf ynfopfu wufawmhwufw,f? tzG@J 0iftjzpfe@J rwufb;l ? avhvmoltjzpfe@J bJ
wufawmhw,f? 1 zG@J wnf;eJ@ 2 zG@J 3 zG@J e@J wrsK;d awmhumG rSmaygAh sm? rsm;vmvd@k &&dS if tpd;k &u pOf;pm;&if
vnf; pOf;pm;vmrSmayg?h tE &W m,f&&dS dS r&S&d dS ajymoifwh mudak wmh &J&&J if&h ifh ajym&rSmbJ?
oH;k oyfcsuf (9)
jynfo@l vw $ af wmfEiS hf vlrsK;d pkvw$ af wmf jynfe,fwidk ;f a'o}uD;v$waf wmfrsm; tm;vH;k wGif ppfwyfEiS fh
ppfwyfaxmufco H rl sm; v$r;f rd;k &ef aocsmaeojzifh jynfe,f§wdik ;f a'o}uD; tpd;k &rsm;Y Oya'ðyr_ (od@k )
tkycf sKyfa&;tm%m &Sad wmhrnfh r[kwyf g?
jrefrmEdik if w H iG f tpd;k &ESihf a&&Snpf pfyGJ qifEaJ$ e=uqJ wdik ;f &if;om; tzG@J rsm; &Sad eqJ jzpfonf? ppfajy;
'kuo Q nfrsm; xdik ;f e,fpyfwiG f aomif;*%ef; &Sad eonf?
etz . tajccHrt l & Edik if aH wmforRwonf jynfe,fvw $ af wmf trwfrsm;xJrS jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyf
ukd a&G;cs,f cef@tyf&rnfjzpf+yD; jynfe,fvw $ af wmf. twnfðycsuu f dk ,l&rnf jzpfayonf? Edik if aH wmf
orRwonf trnfopfwpfcu k kd wifoiG ;f cGihf &So
d nf? tu,fI jynfe,fvw $ af wmfu xyfrI H twnf
rðyv#if bmjzpfrnfurkd l jyXmef; rxm;yg?
jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyfonf e,fpyfa'o vHòk cHa&;twGuf ppfbufrS yk*K~ v d rf sm;udk 0ef}uD; cef@tyf&rnf?
0ef}uD;csKyfu jynfe,fv$wfawmfudkwifjy+yD; twnfðycsuf,l&rnf jzpfonf? jynfe,fv$wfawmfu
jiif;y,fciG rhf &S?d twnfrðyv#if bmjzpfrnfukd ajymrxm;yg? jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;tm; cef@tyfr_ tqH;k t
jzwfu orRway: rlwnfaeonf? jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyfEiS hf jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;onf orRwudk wm0efcH
&onf? jynfe,fOya' t&m&Srd sm; cef@tyfru _ kd jynfe,fvw $ af wmfEiS hf jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyfw@kd u twnf
ðy+yD;onfw h ikd af tmif orRw. twnfðycsuf ,l&OD;rnf jzpfonf? A[kt d pd;k &ESihf jynfe,f Oya'ðyvkyif ef;
udk rnfo@kd qufpyf xde;f n‡rd nfukd tajccHrrl sm;u &Si;f vif;rxm;yg?
etz.rlt& w&m;pD&ifa&;rSm orRw/ 0ef}uD;csKyf/ 0ef}uD;rsm;. pdwóf uduf a&G;cs,af om jynfe,f
Oya't&m&Sdrsm;udk cef@tyf&rnf qdkxm;aoma=umifh ‚if;wdk@u b,folukd axmifcsvdkuf b,foludk
v$waf y;vdu k [ f k ,QKetz. w&m;pD&ifa&;jzpfaerSm aocsmaeygonf?
wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pktajccHrl trSwf (12) u atmufygtwdik ;f ajymonf?
1)EdkifiHawmfonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ukd rdrdwdk@. bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_ zGH@òzd;wdk;wuf
a&;twGuf tultnDay;&rnf?
2) Edik if aH wmfonf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkw@kd t=um; aoG;pnf;nDnw $ rf _ csp=f unf &if;ES;D r_EiS hf yl;aygi;f aqmif
&Gurf _ zH@G òzd;wd;k wuf&ef tultnDay;&rnf?
3) Edik if aH wmfonf ynma&;/ use;f rma&;/ pD;yGg;a&;ESihf qufo, G af &;tygt0if vlrp_ ;D yGg;a&; wd;k wufrE_ iS hf
pyfvsOf;I zGH@òzd;r_edrfhusaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkukd tultnDay;&rnf?
etz .tajccHrl trSwf (12) rSm bmompum;tcGit hf a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_tcGit hf a&; ynma&; tcGifh
50
ta&;ESin hf n
D w
$ af &;ta=umif; az: jyxm;aomfvnf; uk, d yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi/fh uk, d yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; jynfe,f
. tm%mydik rf E_ iS fh jynfe,ftajccHOya'rsm;ta=umif; jyXmef;rxm;onfukd txl; *¶kðy=u&rnf?
etz. tajccHrrl sm;onf wdik ;f jynfudk zdp;D ESyd pf ufaeaom tcsut f csm udp&P yfrsm;udk rajz&Si;f jcif;
jzpfonf? wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm;tm; zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk abmiftwGi;f rdrw d @kd u,dk yf ikd f tpd;k &jzifh
tkycf sKyfa&;udk az:xkwyf okH iG ;f Edik &f ef uk,
d yf ikd f ray;oa&G@ tajccHrrl sm;xJwiG f uwdðyxm;aom txufyg
udpP (3) ckrmS jzpfajrmuf jynf0h Ekid rf nf r[kwaf y?
Federal ESifhywfoufI 15/ 7/ 89 ae@ 14;00 em&DwGif UNLD tzGJ@csKyf¶kH;a&S@ &efukefòrd@
Adv
k af tmifausmv f rf;wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu atmufygtwdik ;f ajymcJo h nf?
“Federal qdkwm cGJa&;r[kwfygbl;? Central Government jynfaxmifpktpdk;&eJ@ Local
Government jynfe,ftpd;k &=um; b,fvt kd m%mcG&J r,fqw kd hJ t"du jy\emyg? jynfaxmifpu k
b,favmuf tm%m,l+yD; jynfe,ftpdk;&u b,favmuftm%m,l+yD; b,fvdk tm%mawG
toH;k ðyrvJ 'gukd cJ&G r,f? Federal vd@k yJ ac:ac:/ jynfaxmifpv k @dk yJ ac:ac:/ ta&;}uD;wmu usrwd@k
=um;xJrmS tm;vH;k oabmwlnED ikd rf ,fyh pkH &H w dS hJ Edik if w
H pfcu
k kd az:xkwzf @kd ygy?J Demonstration by Unity
of Diversity 'D[mudk OD;wnf&r,f?
uGJjym;aewJh,Ofaus;r_/ ,Hk=unfr_ xHk;pHawG[m usrwdk@ jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;twGuf
tm;opf tm;rmefay;wJh a&pD;a=umif; trsK;d rsK;d jzpf&r,f? jynfaxmifp}k uD;jzpfwhJ jrpf}uD;udk tm;ay;wJh
jrpfi,facsmif;i,frsm; jzpf&r,f?
usr Federal qdkwJh pum;vHk;ukd roHk;csifovdk Unitary vnf; roHk;csifygbl;? jynfaxmifpk
qdw k hJ Armpum;oufoufy/J ‘&$w&f w $ f 'Gw'f uf’awG rygwmukd oH;k csiw f ,f? b,fvykd pkH eH @J jynfaxmifpk
wckudk wnfaqmuf=urvJ? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;'Drdkua&pD vdkvm;wJhtzJG@tpnf;rsm; 0dkif;0ef;+yD;
yHhydk;ay;=uyg?”
51
'Dae@Armjynfvx l u k aemf
'Dae@wyfrawmftpd;k &
vkyaf ewJv h yk if ef;
a&S@qufomG ;r,fqw kd hJ
vkyif ef;tay:rSm b,favmufxd
vufcx H m;ovJ?´
vufcx H m;wJt h wdik ;f twmudk
NLD u odz@kd aumif;wmaygA h sm?
odv@kd &&dS if odwt hJ wdik ;f twmeJ@
vduk af v#mnDaxG
ðyjyifajymif;vJoifw h mudk
ðyjyif ajymif;vJ?
rawmif;qdo k ifw h mudk
ZGwt f wif;rawmif;qdek @J
'Drukd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;u
ta&;}uD;w,fAsm?
tJ'cD gusawmh
cifAsm;vkycf sif vkyv f @kd &w,f?
tck[mu 'Dru kd a&pD
toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;udk rajymbJe@J
awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;bJ ajymaeawmh
'Drukd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;u
b,fa&mufaerSe;f rodb;l ?
wpn OD;cifarmif+idr;f
52
tifwmAsL; (10)
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv
f id_ Ef iS hf wpn OD;cifarmif+idr;f / trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfrS ajymcGi&hf
yk~Kd vf OD;jrifo
h ed ;f qufo,
G af r;jref;cef;?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ? etzu 25 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ,lxm;wmudk OD;cifarmif+idr;f b,fv, dk ql ygovJ?

OD;cifarmif+idr;f ? ?umvH a'oH t*~g"eH aygAh sm? 'Dacwf? 'Dumv? 'DtajctaerSm 'Dvv kd yk rf S wdik ;f jynfu
ydak t;csr;f oGm;r,fAsm? ay;wJh tajctaeudb k J trdt& qkyu f ikd +f yD;awmh wpfqif+h yD;rS wpfqifh vSr;f wm
[m rSew f ,fv@kd jrifwt hJ wGuf 'Duae@ ArmjynfrmS wyfrawmfrygbeJ @J bmwckrS vkyv f @kd r&bl;? 'ga=umifh
usaemfw@kd u twdik ;f twmwpfpw kH pf&mt& wyfuvlawG ygyap? 75 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f u jynfov l x l u k a&G;rSm
yJAsm? wyfu 25 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ? olw@kd ygwm bmjzpfv?J
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ ?f ?'gqv kd @kd &&dS if trsK;d om;nDvmcH taetxm;u b,fawmhavmuf vlxq k ENc, H yl JG vkyEf ikd f
vdrrhf ,fv@kd ,lqvJcifAs?
OD;cifarmif+idrf;? ?tck aemufqHk;nDvmcH}uD; udk,fpm;vS,fawG wifjywJhtay:rSm obmywdtzGJ@u
aumufEw k +f yD; pkpnf;&r,f? wlwm rwlwmpk+yD; aumfr&Sit f zG@J &Jh oabmxm;udjk yr,f? tJ'gukd nDvmcH
ud, k pf m;vS,cf sjyzd@k twGuf arvavmufukd ac:r,fxifw,f? aemufq;kH 15 csux f u J tcef; 15 cef;
teufu tcef; (6) cef;u [mbJ ygw,f? 'Dtcef;tcsK@d awGuvnf; rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r[kww f t hJ wGuf
jyefcsjywmawG usaemfw@kd tcktzG@J xrJ mS jyefaqG;aEG;wmawG? nDvmcH rsuEf mS pHn k rD mS aqG;aEG;wmawG/
ud, k [hf mud, k f [dt k cef;/ 'Dtcef; ajym=uqd=k uwmawG tvGeq f ;kH =um wpfv? wpfvcGb J AJ sm? 'D+yD;vd@k &&dS if
nDvmcH}uD;u +yD;+yD?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ?nDvmcH+yD;vd@k &&dS if 2007 ckEpS x f rJ mS vlxq k ENc, H yl v
JG yk zf @kd tvm;tvm&Sv d m;cifAs/
OD;cifarmif+idr;f ? ?&SEd ikd w f mayg?h nDvmcH}uD;[m 2007 ZGev f rSm +yD;r,fq&kd if aemufq;kH 'DZifbmv txd
zGJ@pnf;yHk jyXmef;+yD;awmh tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&mawGudk Ground Work awG ayghvkyfr,f? +yD;&if
Referendum udk aemufq;kH 2007 ckEpS f ukecf ge;D aomfvnf;aumif;/ 2008 tpaomfvnf;aumif;
vkyEf ikd wf hJ oabm&Sw d mayg?h
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ ?f ?,ckvuf&dS tajctaeudk jyef=unfrh ,fqv kd @kd &&dS if trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu nDvmcH
vnf; rwufjzpfb;l jzpfaew,f? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf taeeJ@ a&G;aumufy0JG ifr,fh tvm;tvm
b,fvjkd rifvJ cifAs?
OD;cifarmif+idr;f ? ? olw@kd ygwt D aeeJ@ quf+yD;awmh wnf+rJaew,f? a&G;aumufyJG rvkycf ifrmS a&G;aumufyJG
Oya'xkwrf ,f? xkw+f yD;wJt h cg ygwaD wG zG@J pnf;cGihf ay;r,fAs? ygwt D opfawG trsm;}uD; ay:vmtH;k r,f?
tJ'D ay:vmwJt h cg NLD [m quf+yD;awmh ygww D &yftaeeJ@ &yfwnfrvm;? &yfwnfr,fq&kd if ajym&
awmhrmS ? ajym&wJt h cgo@l taetxm;eJ@wuG vkyaf eudik af ewJ[ h m rlwnf+yD;awmh ygwt D jzpfowfrw S zf @kd
ygwDjzpf&ifa&G;aumufyGJ0ifvdk@ &+yDayghAsm?
OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ?NLD ygwu D ae+yD;awmh ppftpd;k &eJ@awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; awmif;qdak ewmudk qufvuf
awmif;qdo k mG ;r,fv@kd ajymxm;wJt h wGuf tJ't D csuaf y: wpn bufu b,fv, kd q l ygovJ cifAsm?
OD;cifarmif+idr;f ? ? tJ'gu odyw f ,loef}uD; usveG ;f w,fAsm? ckacwfu cifAsm;/ (Totalization) wbuf
53
uvnf; 'gurkd av#m?h [db k ufuvnf; 'gurkd av#m?h 'gukd rjzpfEikd b f ;l ajymaew,f? 'guq kd uf+yD; qkyu
f ikd f
xm;awmh b,ftvkyjf zpfrmS vJ? w&m;ao}uD; qkyu f ikd xf m;wm bmrS tvkyrf jzpfb;l ? tvkyrf jzpfayr,fh
wbufu +yD;atmifvyk ?f vkyo f mG ;aewm nDvmcH+yD;vd@k (Referendum) csjyonftxd quf+yD;awmh
awG@qkH aqG;aEG;a&;udb k J ajymaetk;H rSmvm;? awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;qdw k m 'Dwpfenf;bJ&o dS vm;? wjcm;enf;
vrf;awG r&Sad wmhb;l vm;?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ?taumif;qH;k enf;vrf;taeeJ@ NLD udk b,fvkd t}uH^m%fay;csiyf govJ cifAsm?
OD;cifarmif+idr;f ? ?aysmah ysmah ysmif;aysmif; tvkyv f yk zf @kd ajymcsiw f ,fAsm?
OD;pdefausmfv_dif? ?Oyrmtm;jzifh aysmhaysmhaysmif;aysmif;qdkwJh t"dy`g,fudk ydk+yD;awmh jynfolawGem;&Sif;
oGm;atmifayghcifAsm?
OD;cifarmif+idrf;? ?'Dae@Armjynfvlxkuaemf 'Dae@wyfrawmftpdk;& vkyfaewJhvkyfief; a&S@qufoGm;r,f
qdwk v hJ yk if ef;tay:rSm b,favmufxd vufcx H m;ovJ?´ vufcx H m;wJt h wdik ;f twmudk NLD u odz@kd
aumif;wmaygAh sm? odv@kd &&dS ifow d hJ twdik ;f twmeJ@ vdu k af v#mnDaxG ðyjyifajymif;vJoifw h mudk ðyjyif
ajymif;vJ? rawmif;qdo k ifw h mudk ZGwt f wif;rawmif;qdek @J 'Dru kd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;u ta&;}uD;
w,fAsm? tJ'cD gusawmh cifAsm;vkycf sif vkyv f @kd &w,f? tck[mu 'Dru kd a&pD toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;udk r
ajymbJe@J awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;bJ ajymaeawmh 'Dru kd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;u b,fa&mufaerSe;f rod
bl;?
OD;pdefausmfv_dif? ?tJ'Dawmh 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&; qdkwJhae&mrSm bmyJajymajym/ ppftpdk;&u
tkycf sKyfaewJt h csed f jzpfwt hJ wGuf ppftpd;k &ajymwJv h rf;a=umif;bJ trSeq f ;kH vd@k wpnu ,lqw,fqw kd hJ
t"dy`g,fygvm;cifAsm?
'Drdkua&pD
EdkifiHawmfodk@
etz
fh&
u d k , &;vkyfcGi
S,f
fpm;v
f&yf
;a
typ
pD;yGm
54
OD;cifarmif+idrf;? ?'guawmh twdkif;twm wpfpHkwpf&mtxd umvwpfpHkwpf&mxdrSm wyfrawmfudk

cifAsm;wd@k vufvw $ x
f m;vd@k r&bl;? wyfrawmfu twdik ;f twm wpfpw kH pf&mxd ygaetH;k rSmbJ? 'gayr,fh
wpfoufv;kH ygae&r,fv@kd usaemfw@kd ajymaewmr[kwb f ;l ? ol@tcsed ef @J ol (Side Out) jzpfomG ;rSmbJ?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ ?f ?apmapmu wpnygww D bJG uftwGi;f a&;rª; OD;cifarmif+idr;f ajymovdk NLD bufu
awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; awmif;qdak ewm[m w,loefusw,fv@kd ajymqdw k t hJ csuf tay:rSm bmrsm;&Si;f jycsif
ygovJ cifAsm?
OD;jrifoh ed ;f ? ?awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;[m w,loefusw,fv@kd ajymwm usaemfem;rvnf Edik b f ;l ? bma=umifv h J
qdak wmh awG@qakH qG;aEG;w,f qdu k wnf;u ESpOf ;D ESpb
f uf aqG;aEG;wmyg? aqG;aEG;wm/ wdik yf ifwm/ ndE‡ id_ ;f
wm 'gukd w,loefusw,fv@kd ajymvd@k r&bl;? awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;qdw k m tay;t,l&w dS hJ vkyif ef; wpfcjk zpf
w,f? 'ga=umifh w,loefusw,fv@kd ajymqdw k mudk rSm;w,fv@kd usaemfjrifygw,f?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ ?f ?'gayr,fv h @kd wpnygwb D ufu jrifwmusawmh tJvakd wG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; awmif;qd&k if;eJ@
ppftpdk;&bufu zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'awmifrS vlxkqENcH,lyGJvkyfawmhr,f? tJ'D taetxm;xd
wbufuvnf; awG@qakH qG;aEG;zd@k qENr&Sb d ;l qdwk m xkwaf jym+yD;+yDqv kd @kd &&dS if 'DtajctaeawG[m roifh
awmfb;l vd@k wpnygwu D ajymwmudk b,fvjkd rifygovJ cifAsm?
OD;jrifo h ed ;f ? ?usaemfw@kd u Edik if u H kd t=urf;rzufwehJ nf;eJ@ ðyjyifajymif;vJb@kd rlvuwnf;u cH,x l m;+yD;
jzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifh (1990) jynfhESpfu jynfolawG ,Hk,Hk=unf=unf a&G;cs,fwm0efay;vdkufwJh
jynfo h @l u, kd pf m;vS,af wG jzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifah jym&&if/ jynfoal wGtaetxm;u usaemfw@kd uv kd J
'Drukd a&pD ajymif;vJa&;twGuf uwdðyxm;wJt h wGuf usaemfw@kd ukd ,H=k unfw,fv@kd rSwo f m;xm;ovdk
wyfrawmfuv kd nf; 'Dru
kd a&pDajymif;vJa&;twGuf rrSw d rf okef aqmif&u G af y;vdrrhf ,fv@kd tckxd rSwo f m;
xm;wke;f bJ jzpfygw,f?
oH;k oyfcsuf (10)
Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;. nDnw $ af &;ESiyhf wfoufI aemufq;Hk rde@f cGe;f æ æ æ æ æ
pm;zg;awG nDnw $ w f m usaemfrvdck siyf gb;l ?
wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; nDn$wfa&;/
wdkif;oljynfom; vlxknDn$wfa&;/
tJ'D nDnw $ af &;ESpcf k r&Sod r# umvywfv;kH /
'Dwdkif;jynf[m vGwfvyfyif vGwfvyfjim;aomfvnf;/
b,fygwD wufwuf/ b,ftpd;k &vkyv f yk /f
zgonfwdkif;jynf jzpfaerSmbJvdk@/
usaemfajymcsifw,f?
tJ'aD wmh 'DEpS cf uk kd cifAsm;wd@k rysujf ym;ygapeJ@?
b,fou l bmvkyv f yk f rysujf ym;ygapeJ@?
tJ'g tifrwef ta&;}uD;ygw,f?
(13/ 07/ 47 ckEpS f òrd@awmfcef;ra&S@wiG f rde@f =um;onhf Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;. rde@f ceG ;f aumufEw
k cf su?f )
55
1947 ckarv zqyvnDvmcHwGif jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;zcif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u “usaemfwkd@

jrefrmEdkifiHopfukd wnfaxmifwJhtcgrSm jynfaxmifpkpepfeJ@ wnfaqmufrvm;/ 'grSr[kwf wpfjynf
axmifpepfe@J wnfaxmifrvm;” [k ar;cGe;f xkwcf o hJ nf?
Tod@k ar;onht f csed wf iG f 1947 tajccHrl a&;qGaJ ecsed jf zpf+yD; yxrrl=urf;ukd twnfðy+yD;csed f jzpf
onf? “usaemft h jrifuawmh wpfjynfaxmifpepf Edik if x H al xmifwm vufawG@rusb;l vd@k xifw,f? us
aemfw@dk [m wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkawG&hJ tcGit fh a&;awGukd umuG,Ef ikd zf @kd / oifah wmfpmG xde;f csKyf =uyfrwf
xm;wJh jyXmef;csuaf wGe@J jynfaxmifpk wnfaxmif&r,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfw@kd [m yl;aygi;f +yD; vJusomG ;
wmrsKd;rjzpfap&bJ pkpnf;nDn$wfr_eJ@ }uhH}uHhcdkifcdkif x&yfwmrsKd;jzpfatmifowdðy=u&r,f” [k ajymcJh
onf?
jynfaxmifpktwGif;&Sd jynfe,frsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@ukd,fydkif tajccHOya'rsm; tajccHEdkifiHa&;
taqmufttHkrsm; zGJ@pnf;EdkifonhfpGrf;tm;ukd tajccHrlrsm;u csrSwfay;oihfonf? ,if;pGrf;tm;rsm;
xda&muf w&m;0ifEikd &f ef jynfaxmifpt k ajccHOya'ukd av;pm;vdu k ef maom abmiftwGi;f rSm &S&d ygrnf?
jrefrmhorkid ;f wGif (wpfO;D csi;f vGwv f yfciG Ehf iS fh vlrsK;d pkjy\em) yËdyuQajz&Si;f a&;twGuf t"du aomh
csufrSm 'Drdkua&pDjr‡ihfwifa&; tpdwftydkif; jzpfaom ukd,fydkifjynfe,f tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfu tusKd;ðyyg
vdrrhf nf? Edik if aH wmfvòHk cHa&; yxr vrf;wHwm;/ wrHwnfaqmufa&; 'kw, d / 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;uaemufr[ S k
qdak eaom etz.t,ltqESihf tajymta[mwd@k rmS ukv d edk o
D rm;wd@k . tarGjzpfonf? use;f rmoefprG ;f
aom 'Dru kd a&pDonf vHòk cHa&;udb k ,fawmhrS taESmuft,Suf rjzpfapEdik yf g?
etz. tajccHrlrsm;rSm tm¶kHv$Jonfhenf;jzifh ppfwyftxufv$mtaejzifh tm%mjyef,lEdkif&ef
twGuf 'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifr_ qef@usifwm;qD;a&; t,ltqukd yHkpHxkwfxm;jcif; jzpfonf?
Akvd cf sKyfae0if; a&;qGJ az:xkwcf ahJ om 1947 ck tajccH Oya'onf 'Dru kd a&pDudk vH;k 0ydwyf ifxm;jcif;
a=umifh òydusomG ;cho J nf? tajccHrrl sm;udk az:xkwf olw@kd onf ordik ;f oifcef;pmrsm;udk owdro l ifoh nf?
,Ofaus;wd;k wufaom t&yfrsuEf mS aygi;f pHu k zuf'&,fEikd if o H nfom wpfcw k nf;aom tajzjzpfa=umif;
n$efjyaeonf?
1962 ckEpS rf S pI jrefrmppftyk pf o k nf ‚if;wd@k ppfwyftyk pf ;kd r_ cdik cf ef@awmifw h if;ap&ef pD;yGm;a&;ESifh
ynma&;pepf ESprf sK;d vH;k ukd vuf0g;}uD; tkyx f m;cJo h nf? ppfbufEiS fh t+idr;f pm; ppfbufy*k K~ v d rf sm;onf
Oya'ðytm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%mrsm;udk &,lusifhoHk;cJhonf? ppfbuf
txufwef;v$m rdwaf qGrsm;/ txufwef;ynm tvkyaf umif; tudik af umif;/ vdik pf if ra&rwGuEf ikd f
aom tcGit hf a&;/ 0ifaiG/ t&m&mudk ‚if;wd@k u qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf? vlxt k oif;tzG@J rsm; tm;aumif;pGm
jyefvnfay:xGe;f r_ukd ajymif;jyefveS yf pfvu kd o f nf? vlra_ &;o[Zmwjzpfru _ kd xde;f odr;f xm;aom vlxk
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vGwfvyfaomrD'D,mrsm;ukd pepfwus zsufodrf;ypfvdkufonf?
ppfwyf. csKyfuidk rf o _ nf vl@todik ;f t0dik ;f . b0wdik ;f xd pdr0hf if ys@H E@HS omG ;+yD; &yfuu G tf qifh a'oE &W
tkycf sKyfa&;. aumfrwDrsm;udyk if pdwcf s&olrsm;udo k m cef@xm;cJo h nf? 'Dbuf&mG rSom;u [db k uf&mG u
tarxHo@kd tvnfomG ;wm ppfwyfpw d óf uducf ef@ &,u q,ftrd rf ;ª xHrmS {nhpf m&if;/ wpfnudk (b,f
avmuf - - )ay;+yD;rS tdrcf iG &hf wm =unhyf g?
wuk, d af umif;qefwwfwhJ ppfAv dk af wG r[mvlrsK;d }uD;pdwu f dk azsmufr&wJv h al wG? zuf'&,fq&kd if
cGx
J uG af &;vd@k oabmaygux f m;wJv h al wG? igomawmf igomod b0ifav[wfaewJh olawG[m trsm;
56
aumif;pm;a&;/ wkid ;f jynfw;kd wufa&;/ wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw $ af &;qd+k yD; [pfaºuG;aeawG[m vl=um;
aumif;atmif ajymae=uwmyg? jrefrmEdik if u H dk tkycf sKyfcw hJ hJ ppfAv dk cf sKyfawG tqufquf b,fol wd;k wuf
atmif vkycf yhJ govJ? olw@kd rdom;pk aumif;pm; oGm;ovm;? wdik ;f jynfe@J vrl sK;d aumif;pm;oGm; ovm;?
rGjJ ymusomG ;ovm;? rsujf rif 'dXyg?
etztajccHrrl sm;wGif Edik if aH wmforRwonf tkycf sKyfa&;wGif t"dywd jzpfaeI w&m;pD&ifa&;vnf;
vGwv f yfr_ r&Sb d J orRwudk ¶k;d usK;d trde@f emcH&rnf? ygwpD pHk epf[k etz [pfaºuG;aeaomfvnf; 1974
ckEpS f tajccHOya'ESifh xl;rjcm;em;a=umif; odomygonf?
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; }uHzh @HG / pGr;f tm;&Si/f pGr;f aqmif&iS Ef iS hf tjcm;tzG@J tpnf;rsm; &Sad omfvnf; vefqef;
om,m0ajymaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;wpfck rjzpfEikd af y? acwfopfv@l tzG@J tpnf;wGif w&m;Oya'/ w&m;pD
&ifa&;onf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm (rnfol. =oZmukdrS rcHbJ) &Sdae&+yD; tajccHOya'abmiftwGif;Y
Edik if vH ;kH qdik &f m vl@tcGit fh a&;aumfr&Si/f jynfo@l 0efxrf;aumfr&Si/f pme,fZif;aumifp/D trsK;d orD;/ trsK;d
om;/ ausmif;om;/ b¾ma&; ponfh taqmufttkrH sm;onf tm%mukd xde;f n‡ad y;onfph epf jzpfonf?
etzwdk@,QKðyrlae=uonfrSm wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;twGuf rarhoifhaom q&mawmfOD;OwWrwdk@vdk
Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k . *k%af us;Zl;ukd rxkwaf z:? yifet D usu ô dk 0wfv#iyf if olyek v f @kd owfrw S af e¶krH u
¶ky&f iS rf if;om;ukad usmo f l wd@k vkd wdik ;f jynftusK;d ðy/ vlra_ &;vkyif ef;ukyd ifra&Smif EdyS u f yG zf @kd 0efrav;=ubl;?
zG@pJ nf;yHk tajccHOya'[m vlxb k 0eJ@wu kd ¶f u dk yf wfoufaew,fqw kd m vlwikd ;f oabmayguf =u&ygr,f?
wdkif;jynf&Jh tcsKyftjcmtm%m[m vlxkqDu qif;oufvmwmjzpf+yD; vlwpfOD;csif;pD&Jh vGwfvyfr_/
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvkH; nDr#r_/ w&m;r#wr_awGay:rSmtajccH+yD; tpdk;&&Jh tm%mukd uef@owfjyXmef;
xm;wJh zG@pJ nf;yHk tajccHOya'wpf&yf ay:ayguv f mrSom vlxb k 0+idr;f csr;f r_e@J zG@H òzd;wd;k wufr_ &Edik rf ,fqkd
wm vlwikd ;f odatmif avhvm=u&ygr,f? igw@kd upd jP zpfw,fq+kd yD; tav;*¶kðy=u&ygr,f?
tdref ;D jcif; tdE, dN / w¶kww f @kd [m armf=unf&h avmufatmif zG@H òzd;wd;k wufvmae=uw,f? tdE, dN [m
'Dru kd a&pDEikd if /H w¶kwu f uGejf rLepfEikd if jH zpfwma=umifh pepfEpS cf o k m uGmaewmyg? zG@H pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'udk
r¾dKifðy+yD; Oya'pd;k rd;k r_udk av;pm;vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &mrSm twlwyl g?
trsKd;om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&; qdkwmudk rSm;,Gif;pGm t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk+yD; Oya'ðyv$wfawmfawGrSm
ppfAv dk af wGudk w&m;0if Oya'ðycGiahf y;vdu k v f #if rw&m;wJh Oya'awG[m b,fawmhrS ¶kyo f rd ;f cH&awmhrmS
r[kwaf wmhbJ &moufyef qufvufwnf&adS eawmhrmS jzpfovdk aemifuv kd nf; rw&m;wJh Oya'awG
qufvufay:aygufvmzdk@ vlxku w&m;0iftm%m tyfESif;vdkufovdk jzpfoGm;ygr,f? vwfwavm
tcGifhta&;ukd=unhf+yD; ,pfrl;roGm;zdk@ ta&;}uD;ygw,f?
OD;ae0if;&Jh 1974 ck zG@J pnf;yHek @J wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfukd òzdzsu&f mrSm ausmif;om;jynfol &[ef;&Siv f l
rsm;pGm aoG;acsmif;pD;cJh/ b0awG ysufcJh=u&wmawG axmifxJrSm aooGm;=uwJh olawG/ axmifxJrSm
usae=uwJholawG/ axmifxJrSma&mufae=uwJholawG/ ynmu wydkif;wpeJ@ csKd;zsufcHvdkuf=u&wJh
ausmif;om;§ausmif;olawG aouGJ &Siu f /JG trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ ,QKxufwikd f cHpm;ae=u&wJh olawG =uufiu S u
f kd
ypfowfovdk owfcJh=uwJhaoG;awG rcrf;ajcmufao;ygbl;?
jynfwGif;u jynfolawGrSmvnf; tvkyftudkif&Sm;yg; 0rf;a&;urzlvHk/ ynmroifEdkif/ om;ao
vifaysmuf b0qHk;awG&Jh tjzpfawG[m rarhoifh rarhtyfygbl;? wdkif;jynf&Jhtem*wfumvudk wnf
aqmuf=ur,fh ynmoif&r,fh t&G,u f av;i,fawG pmoifcef;rSm r&Sb d J vrf;ab;rSm tr_u d af umuf
57
aps;a&mif;/ awmif;&rf; pm;aomufae=u&awmhrS b,foal wG wkid ;f jynfudk xlaxmif=uawmhrvJ?

jrefrmjynfolawG t&G,fa&mufwmeJ@ tdrfeD;jcif;wdkif;jynfawGudk u|eftjzpf a&mufukef=uawmh
rSmaygh? weyfpm;tcGifhta&;udk }udwfrSdwfòrdodyf+yD; tem*wfwkdif;jynfta&;udk =unhf=uzdk@vdkygw,f?
“twif;ajym udk,fusdK;&Smolrsm;”
58
wu,fv@kd 'Dz@JG pnf;yHu k kd

usaemfw@kd u
toH;k csc+H yD;vkycf =hJ ur,fq&kd if
wcsed rf mS 74 zG@J pnf;yHu k kd
vlx&k t hJ oufawG/ aoG;awGe@J
jyifqifajymif;vJc&hJ ovdrk sK;d
'Dnv D mcHrmS a&;aewJh zG@J pnf;yH[ k mvnf;
aemif &[ef;/ &Siv f /l ausmif;om;/
jynfoal wG&t hJ oufawG/ aoG;awGe@J
&if;+yD;awmhrS jyif&r,fv&J r,fqw kd m
usaemfw@kd ckuwnf;u
óuwifoad ewJt h wGuf
'Dnv D mcHxu J usaemfw@kd xu G cf whJ ,f?
nDvmcHwufaewJh tzG@J tpnf;awG
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,q f o
kd al wG[m
“awmfveS af &;a&$cu G u f ”kd “yJavSm”f eJ@
vJpm;cJw h ,fv@kd
ordik ;f wif=urSm jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh
usaemf vufrcHEikd yf gb;l ?
cGefjrifhxGef;
oxHòk r@e,f NLD jynfo@l v$waf wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,f
59
tifwmAsL; (11)
bDbpD D owif;XmeESihf jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,cf eG jf rifxh eG ;f / Adv
k rf ;ª }u;D
vGe;f awmif;/ rGejf ynfopfygwrD S Edik af tmifrai;wd@k qufo, G af r;jref;csu?f
18/ 7/ 2007 BBC jrefrmhta&;urBmt h a&; (aemufq;kH nDvmcH tpae@)
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?nDvmcHuae csrSwfr,fh twnfðycsufawG[m jynfolwpf&yfvHk;twGuf b,f
avmufxd yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ay;EdkifrvJ/ Adkvfrª;}uD;vGef;awmif; &Sif;jyay;ygcifAs?
Adv
k rf ;ª }uD;vGe;f awmif;? ?usaemfw@kd awmfveS af &;vkyv f mcJw h m jynfov l x l ak umif;pm;a&;/ &ydik cf iG hf &&Sad &;
twGuf wdkufvm=uwm? 'gayr,fh =umav vufawG@rusavbJ? 'ga=umifhwenf;tm;jzifh b,fvdk
vkyEf ikd rf vJ=unfv h u kd af wmh aumif;+yD? 'DtawG@tcdu k u f kd &xm;+yD;awmhrS Edik if aH &;qufvyk &f ef tcsed u f s+yD
qdk+yD;awmhrS ta&;t}uD;qHk;u usaemfwdk@ trsKd;om;nDvmcHrSm tajccHOya'w&yfudk a&;qGJEdkifjcif;
tm;jzifh Edik if aH &;&Jh tqH;k tjzwf jzpfvrd rhf ,f? tJ'rD mS taumif;qH;k jzpfEikd af tmifq&kd if bmawGvo kd vJ?
yg0ifaqmif&u G w
f hJ ud, k pf m;vS,af wG tm;vH;k uaomfvnf;aumif;/ +yD;awmh jynfov l xl &k hJ tjrifaomf
vnf;aumif;/ tm;vH;k u taumif;jrif0g'eJ@ 0dik ;f +yD;awmh vkyjf cif;tm;jzifh 'Dwikd ;f jynftwGuf trsK;d om;
nDvmcH[m tusK;d jynf0h wJh tajccHOya'w&yf xGuaf y:vmEdik w f ,fv@kd usaemfw@kd ,H=k unfw,f? 'gay
r,fv@kd tm;vH;k wef;wl trsm;qH;k xm;Edik af &; jzpfvmr,f?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?jynfyudak &mufvmwJh cGejf rifx h eG ;f uawmh Adv k rf ;ª }uD;vGe;f awmif; ajymovdk tm;vH;k
pkaygi;f +yD;awmh tajz&Smvd@k &&dS if taumif;qH;k &r,fv@kd ajymw,f/ tJ'g vufcyH govm;cifAs?
cGejf rifxh eG ;f ? ?vufrcHygb;l cifAsm;? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh NLD taeeJ@ 3 ESpf 3 rd;k vH;k vH;k usaemfw@kd u
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G cf +hJ yD;yg+yD? wwfEikd o
f r# trsK;d rsK;d enf;rsK;d pHek @J yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G cf hJ +yD;yg+yD? yl;aygi;f aqmif
&Guv f @kd r&vd@k nDvmcHu xGuv f mcJwh myg? 'Dnv D mcHrmS vkyaf ewmu qd&k , S vf pftrnfcH ppftyk cf sKyfa&;
udk 1974 zG@J pnf;yHek @J xnfaxmifco hJ vdrk sK;d ? ckvnf;yJ 'Dru kd a&pDtrnfceH @J ppftyk cf sKyfa&;udk twif;tusyf
xlaxmifaewmjzpfwt hJ wGuf usaemfw@kd xGucf &hJ wmyg? 'Dawmh 'Dnv D mcHrmS wdik ;f &if;om;awGtm;vH;k
ygw,f? v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG ygw,fqdkwmrsKd;udk toHk;cs¶HkrSwyg; tjcm;bmrS r&SdwJhtwGuf
xGucf &hJ wmyg? wu,fv@kd 'Dz@JG pnf;yHu k kd usaemfw@kd u toH;k csc+H yD;vkycf =hJ ur,fq&kd if wcsed rf mS 74 zG@J pnf;yHk
udk vlx&k t hJ oufawG/ aoG;awGe@J jyifqifajymif;vJc&hJ ovdrk sK;d 'Dnv D mcHrmS a&;aewJh zG@J pnf;yH[ k mvnf;
aemif &[ef;/ &Siv f /l ausmif;om;/ jynfoal wG&t hJ oufawG/ aoG;awGe@J &if;+yD;awmhrS jyif&r,f vJ&r,f
qdw k m usaemfw@kd ckuwnf;u óudwifoad ewJt h wGuf 'Dnv D mcHxu J usaemfw@kd xu G cf w hJ ,f? nDvmcH
wufaewJh tzG@J tpnf;awG v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,q f o kd al wG[m “awmfveS af &;a&$cu G u f ”kd “yJavSm”f
eJ@ vJpm;cJw h ,fv@kd ordik ;f wif=urSm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemf vufrcHEikd yf gb;l ?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?apmapmu ajymoGm;wJt h xJrmS 74 wke;f u a&;qGx J m;cJw h hJ tajccHOya'udyk J tm%m
&Sipf epfukd jyef+yD;xlaxmifz@kd vkyaf ew,fq&kd if NLD uvnf; nDvmcHu rxGucf iftxd yg0ifaqG;aEG;wJh
twGuf 'Dtcsuaf wGukd ud, k b
hf ufu vlxu k ,kd pf m;ajymEdik af tmifv@kd b,favmufyg0ifaqG;aEG;cJv h cJ ifAs?
cGejf rifxh eG ;f ? ?b,favmufyg0if aqG;aEG;cJv h q J akd wmh nDvmcHrmS qd&k if usaemfw@kd v$waf wmfu OD;aqmif
tkycf sKyfwphJ epfukd NLD u wifygw,f? wpnuvnf; v$waf wmfO;D aqmifr_ pepfygb?J xdek nf;wlyJ
60
tpd;k &a&G;cs,zf w d =f um;xm;wJyh *k Kd~ vf? tJ'w D ek ;f u a'guw f mrsK;d oef@wif wd@k uvnf; v$waf wmftyk cf sKyfwhJ
pepfuykd J wif=uw,f? aemuf nDvmcHwywfziG w hf thJ cgrmS usi;f ya&;aumfrwDOuUXOD;atmifw;kd u orRw
OD;aqmiftkyfcsKyfwJhpepfudk Mandate ay;+yD;awmh axmufcHcdkif;ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk vkyfwJhtcgusawmh
NLD taeeJ@u v$wfawmfu OD;aqmiftkyfcsKyfwJhpepfwdk@ orRwuOD;aqmiftkyfcsKyfwJhpepfwdk@ qdkwJh
enf;vrf;udk xdkufoifhoavmuf usaemfwdk@ vdkufavsmhygw,f? odk@aomfvnf;yJ tESpfom&tm;jzifh
uawmh 'Dru kd a&pD&hJ r¾dKifuef@owfcsuef @J awmh udu k nf &D r,f? 'Du xGuv f mwJh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'
[m usaemfw@kd udik x f m;wJh t"du tcsuu f trsK;d om;jyefvnf oifjh rwfa&;twGuf jzpf&r,f? aemuf
trsm;jynfol vufcEH ikd &f r,f? 'Dru kd a&pDay:xGe;f &r,f? 'Dtcsuf oH;k csuyf gy?J 'Dtcsuo f ;kH csuu f kd tajccH
+yD;awmhrS zG@J pnf;yH&k hJ yHo k ¾mefawGay:rSm wwfEikd o f avmuf usaemfw@kd vdu k af vsmay;cJw h ,f? aemufwcg
vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rSm jyXmef;xm;wm r&Sb d eJ @J obmywdtzG@J u òcHio kH ;kH oyfwt hJ cgusawmh 'gvyk yf ikd cf iG hf
r&Sb d ;l qdw
k mudk vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf; (38) t& uef@uu G pf m wifygw,f? NLD uwifwt hJ cgusawmh tJ'D
ae&m tzG@J csKyfOuUX OD;atmifa&$e@J OD;vGiu f kd tpd;k &{nfah *[mudk ac:oGm;+yD;awmhrS NLD rygvnf;yJ 'D
Constitution udka&;vdk@&ygw,fvdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrsKd;!$ef@wdk@ AdkvfcsKyfarmifoifhwdk@ usif;ya&;aumfr&Sifu
ac:+yD; ajymygw,f? 'gayr,fv h @kd usaemfw@kd u yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;rlt& 'Dru kd a&pDay:xGe;f zd@k twGuf
OD;wnfcsuef @J usaemfw@kd rmS &Sw d hJ rmefrmeawGukd wwfEikd o f r# xde;f odr;f +yD;awmh aemufxyf (2) ESpw f m
usaemfw@kd yg0if yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? tJ'v D kd t+rJwrf;yg0ify;l aygi;f aqmif&u G af yr,fv h @kd wpfzufu
b,fvrkd S jyifqifajymif;vJrr_ &Sw d t hJ cgrmS usaemfw@kd xGucf &hJ wmyg?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?avhvmoltjzpfwwfwhJ rGejf ynfopfygwu D Edik af tmifrai;wd@k uawmh tck aqG;aEG;
csut f ay: b,fvkd oabm&Syd govJ cifAsm?
Edkifatmifrai;? ?trsKd;om;nDvmcHu xGuf&Sdvmr,fh&v'f[m usaemfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;awGtwGuf
wu,fjynfph w kH hJ wdik ;f &if;om;tcGit fh a&;awG &r,fv@kd rar#mv f ifyh gb;l ? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh wdik ;f &if;om;
tcGit hf a&;eJ@ywfoufv@kd usaemfw@kd wifxm;wm? usaemfw@kd (13)zG@J t}uHðycsuaf wG +yD;awmh “0” ud;k
uef@awG typf&yftzG@J awG jzpfoifw h hJ tajccH&ydik cf iG ahf wGygb?J 'DtajccH &ydik cf iG ahf wGuakd wmifrS cGiðhf y vdu k f
avsmr_r&Sb d ;l qd&k if a&S@quf+yD;awmh wdik ;f &if;om;tcGit hf a&;udk jynfjh ynfph pkH &kH r,fv@kd usaemfw@kd rar#mf
vifyh gb;l ? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd uvnf; trsK;d om;nDvmcH&hJ t}uHðycsuaf wGukd wifjyxm;+yD;+yDr@kd b,fvrkd S
vdkufavsmr_r&Sdbl;qdk&if usaemfwdk@wpfqifhavsmh+yD; avhvmoltjzpf wufa&mufcJh&ygw,fcifAs?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?'gayr,fh nDvmcHusi;f ya&;tzG@J u tckajymaewmu nDvmcHrmS aemufq;kH tqifh
taeeJ@ jyefvnfo;kH oyfwmawG jznfph u G w f mawG pOf;pm;r,fv@kd ajymw,fav? tJ't D cgusawmhaum
avhvmoltjzpfqdkvdk@&Sd&if udk,fhrSm yg0ifaqG;aEG;cGifhr&SdwJhtwGuf qHk;¶_H;raebl;vm;cifAs?
Edik af tmifrai;? ?usaemfw@kd u b,ftqifu h kd jyifqifr,f? b,ftcef;u¾udk jyifqifr,fqw kd m wdwd
usus rodb;l cifAs? ta&;ygt&ma&mufwhJ tcef;udk jyifqifr,f? aocsmwJt h cef;udk jyifqifr,fq&kd if
awmh usaemfw@kd u wufa&mufz@kd tqifo h ifyh gb?J 'gayr,fh usaemfw@kd jyifqifvw kd thJ cef; t"du tcef;
r[kwyf J omrntcef;bJ jzpfaer,fq&kd if 'D NC tay:rSm bmrS aqG;aEG;zd@k r&Syd gb;l ? wufz@kd vnf;
tpDtpOf r&Syd gb;l ?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?t"dutm;jzifh bmudjk yifqifz@kd - rGet f ygt0if wdik ;f &if;om;awGu vdv k m;ygovJ
cifAs?
61
Edik af tmifrai;? ?t"du jyifqifz@kd awmif;qdx k m;wmu 'Dnv D mcHxrJ mS aygah emf/ ud, k pf m;vS,af wG pHpk kH
nDneD @J wufa&mufz@kd &,f usi;f yyHk usi;f yenf; vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;ayg?h OD;wnfcsuf eHygwf (6) wyfrawmf&hJ
OD;aqmifr_ tcef;u¾eJ@ tajccHrl (104) csuu f kd jyifqifaqG;aEG;zd@k &,f/ tzG@J tpnf;awG yGiv hf if;pGmjzifh
rSwfwrf;wifEdkifcGifh 'gawGudk usaemfwdk@ awmif;qdkygw,f? 'Dvdk jyifqifcGifhudkvnf; SPDC nDvmcH
usif;ya&;aumfr&Sifu jyifqifcGifhray;ygbl;?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?tJ'aD wmh Adv k rf ;ª }uD; vGe;f awmif; cifAs/ olw@kd jyifqifciG hf awmif;qdx k m;w,f? 'gayr,fh
vd@k bmrSjyifqiforH =um;&bl;? tJ'aD wmh 'Dnv D mcHuaum wu,fwrf;usawmh ucsijf ynfoal wG tyg
t0if wdik ;f &if;om;awGtwGuf b,favmuftusK;d &SEd ikd rf vJ/ ucsiv f x l xk rJ mS vnf; oabmxm; uGaJ e=u
wmbJ r[kwv f m;?
Adv
k rf ;ª }uD;vGe;f awmif;? ?ucsiv f xl t k aeeJ@aomfvnf;aumif;/ wdik ;f jynfwjynfv;kH twdik ;f twmeJ@ aomf
vnf;aumif;/ ud, k pf u
D ,kd if u
S ud, k &hf chJ ,H cl sut f ay:rSm rlwnf+yD;awmh ud, k u
f ajyma&;qdck iG &hf wdS ,f?
usaemfwdk@ KIO u wjcm;r[mrdwfawG awmfvSefa&;vkyfolawGeJ@ usaemfwdk@vkyfcJhw,f? tJ'Dawmh
ud, k óf uduwf hJ yef;wdik uf akd &mufz@kd ud, k w f ikd ,
f zl @kd y&J w
dS ,f? =umav =umav b,forl S rEdik b f ;l ? jynfol
vlxkuaomfvnf;aumif;/ typf&yfaomfvnf;aumif; tm;vHk;¶H_;w,f? tcsif;csif;owfjzwfwJh enf;
xuf yd+k yD;awmhaumif;wm bm&Sv d q J &kd if tckval wG ajymae=uwJh &if=um;apha&;/ Edik if aH &;udk Edik if aH &;
enf;t& ajz&Si;f Edik af &;/ 'gawGu tifrwefrS aumif;w,f? 'D etz qdw k mu 'Dru kd a&pDroH;k bl;? olw@kd rmS
tajccHOya'jyXmef;csurf S r&Sad o;bJ? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd KIO u tckxufyakd umif;wm bm&So d vJ
qd+k yD; aqG;aEG;jcif;jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfar;csiyf gw,f? b,fojl zpfjzpf 'Dxufyakd umif;wJh enf;em
vufeufudkifpOf
vufeufudkifpOf;pm;
tcGifhta&;,l
62
bm&Sad o;ovJ? tJ'g usaemfw@kd vckd siw f ,f? usaemfw@kd tjrif vGwv f yfwm r[kwb f ;l ? w&m;r#wwm
r[kwb f ;l ? 'gayr,fh tJ'aD y:rSm oifah wmfwv hJ yk if ef;udk usaemfw@kd vkyaf eygw,f?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?'Dxufaumif;wJh enf;vrf;udak um rpOf;pm;bl;vm; cGejf rifx h eG ;f wd@k ajymygt;kH cifAsm?
cGejf rifxh eG ;f ? ?ajymoGm;wJt h xJrmS ESpb f ufpvH;k ¶H;_ aew,f? ESpb f ufpvH;k Edik af tmif/ olEikd u f , kd Ef ikd jf zpfb@kd
&mrSm ESpb f ufpvH;k u tjrifreS &f b dS @kd vdyk gw,f? ESpb f ufpvH;k u wu,fu h kd apwemrSeb f @kd vdyk gw,f?
tJ'aD wmh ud, k b hf ufu apwemrSeaf evd@k r&bl;? ol@bufu apwemrSev f matmif oHo,uif;vm
atmif vkyb f @kd vykd gw,f? 'Dae&mrSm axmifwiG ;f tawG@tóuHe@J usaemfajymjyygr,f? axmifxrJ mS a&muf
vmwJEh ikd if aH &;tusO;f om;awG tukev f ;kH udk tpma&pmjzwf+yD;awmhrS avSmifyw d xf m;vdu k w f ,f? tcGihf
ta&;awG tukev f ;kH udk ydwx f m;vdu k w f ,f? tJ'v D kd ydwxf m;vdu k +f yD;awmhrS wpfa,mufcsi;f / wpfa,muf
csi;f udk cG+J yD;awmhrS pnf;¶H;k w,f? [dt k cGit hf a&; enf;enf;ay; 'DtcGit hf a&; enf;enf;ay;/ tJ'rD mS wif
usaemfw@kd awG pnf;¶H;k r_awG òyduv JG mw,f? usaemfw@kd u awmifrh cHEikd af wmhb;l ? atmifrh cHEikd af wmhb;l ?
tJ'rD mS ol@bufu tompD;vkycf w hJ m? tJ'aD wmh axmifxrJ mS vkyyf v kH yk ef nf;awGe@J tjyifrmS wdik ;f jynf
tkycf sKyfaewmawG[m twlwyl ?J tJ'aD wmh ppftpd;k &bufu tjrifreS v f matmif usaemfw@kd u Edik o f
avmuf awmifx h m;zd@k / atmifx h m;zd@k awmh vdyk gw,f? tJvkd rawmifEh ikd af wmhb;l ? ratmifEh ikd af wmh bl;qkd
&if/ ckeuvdk &oavmuftcGit hf a&;avmufe@J yJ +yD;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?rGejf ynfopf taeeJ@a&m/ ol@bufu, kd b
hf uf tjrifreS &f vmatmif b,fvv kd yk af e
ygovJ cifAsm?
Edik af tmifrai;? ?oH;k OD;oH;k zvS,f awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;twGuf usaemfw@kd ajymwm=umvSyg+yD? 'DaqG;aEG;a&;
[m wbufowfvrf; r[kwyf gb;l ? trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifh jrwfa&;twGuyf g? SPDC tpd;k &udv k nf;
usaemfw@kd u cGijhf yKxm;wJh tydik ;f awG trsm;}uD; &Syd gw,f? 'gukd pOf;pm;ay;zd@k yg? usaemfw@kd u 'Dru kd a&pDe@J
wdik ;f &if;om;tcGit hf a&; r&&Sb d J acwfrzD @HG +zdK; wd;k wufwhJ wdik ;f jynfwckjzpfvmbd@k r,H=k unfygb;l cifAsm?
usaemfwdk@udk 'Drdkua&pDpepfeJ@ wdkif;&if;om;tcGifhta&;udk apwemrSefrSefeJ@ qEN&Sd&Sday;r,fqdk&ifawmh
'gtenf;qH;k oH;k OD; oH;k zvS,f aqG;aEG;yG&J v'fukd wufapcsiyf gw,f? wbufu wZGwx f ;kd r=unfb h eJ @J
r#r#ww =unfrh ,fq&kd if aumif;rGew f v hJ rf;a=umif;wpfck jzpfvmvdrrhf ,fv@kd ar#mv f ifyh gw,f?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ? ckusaemfw@kd aqG;aEG;wJt h cgrmS tajccH&r,frh al wG[m wdik ;f jynftwGuf b,favmuf
taumif;qH;k jzpfrvJ? qdw k uhJ pd u P kd tajctwif ajym=uw,f? ckjynfyudk a&mufaewJh cGejf rifx h eG ;f wd@k
tzG@J uawmh jynfyudak &mufae+yDqakd wmh wu,fwrf; nDvmcHwufwhJ yk*Kd~ vfawGukd taumif;qH;k t}uH
bmay;rvJ cifAsm?
cGejf rifx
h eG ;f ? ?usaemf t}uHay;bd@k tcsed u f enf;enf;vGeaf e+yD? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh 2004 nDvmcHwek ;f u
+idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J awGu pmyd@k ay;+yD;awmh vdv k m;csuaf wGukd awmif;qdw k ,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'v D v kd m;csuaf wG
udk olw@kd u r&bJe@J nDvmcHxu J kd 0ifomG ;wJh tcgrmS cknv D mcHxrJ mS jy\emawG yd+k yD;awmh xyfjzpfw,f?
olw@kd ar#mv f ifo h vdk nDvmcHxu J srS aqG;aEG;ygqw kd m ratmifjrifc=hJ ubl;? tJ'aD wmh ck[mnDvmcH r0ifcif
wnf;ud, k u f b,fvkd vdv k m;csuaf wG&rS nDvmcHukd wufr,fqw kd hJ oabmwlnrD u _ kd t&if r&bJe@J
nDvmcHxu J kd t&if0ifomG ;+yDqw kd hJ tcgusawmh/ olvyk o f vdk cH&r,ft h aetxm;rSm usaemfu b,fvkd
t}uHay;&rvJ? t"du 'D (Constitution) udk usaemfw@kd vufrcHEikd af wmhb;l ? qdw k mu ppfwyfu
t&m&m v$rf;rdk;xm;&r,f? qdkwJh[mudk t"duajymcsifw,f tJ'DtcsufeJ@ ywfoufwJh[mudk rdrdvdk
63
tyfcsufudk }udKwif awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_r&SdbJeJ@ nDvmcHxJudk 0ifoGm;vdk@uawmh usaemfwdk@ t}uHjyKbdk@

awmfawmf cufomG ;yg+yD cifAsm?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?rGeb f ufuawmh t}uHjyKbd@k cufomG ;+yD [kwv f m;?
Edik af tmifrai;? ?'D tóuHjyKcsuu f kd nDvmcHrpcif 2004 rSmxJu wifjyxm;wmyg? 'gayr,fh usaemfw@kd
wifjyxm;wmawG bmrS jzpfrvmbl;av? y,fzsufr,f jyifqifr,f? tu,fI jzpfcJhr,fqdk&ifawmh
avhvmoltjzpfuae+yD;awmh wufz@kd &Syd gw,f? bmrS yHak y:rvmwJt h wGuf tuJcwf =unfah e¶Hyk gb?J
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?Adkvfrª;}uD;vGef;awmif; cifAsm;? usaemfwdk@ aqG;aEG;csufawG/ t}uHKjyKcsufawGudk
nDvmcHu aumif;aumif;jzpfEikd yf grh vm;? tcsed &f oavmuf tjrefq;kH ajymjyay;yg?
Advk rf ;ª }uD;vGe;f awmif;? ?tckusaemfw@kd ud,
k u
hf u kd , kd f qef;ppfb@kd yg? bma=umifv
h q
J &kd if avmu}uD;rSm
wpfz@JG u tay:pD;&xm;awmh wpfz@JG u b,fvv kd yk rf vJ? tJ'=D um;rSm em;vnfra_ wG &S&d edS @J b,fvv
kd yk rf vJ
'gu tajz jzpfygvrd rhf ,f?
oH;k oyfcsuf (11)

jynfow l @kd 'Dru
kd a&pDqw kd hJ pum;vk;H awGudk a&vJo;kH ae=uw,f? 'gayr,fh t+rJyJ t¶k;d cHpw
d ef @J oH;k ae
wmawmh r[kwb f ;l ? 'gawG[m vlawGudk zrf;pm;zd@k pum;vH;k awGyJ jzpf+yD; jynfov
l x
l t
k wGuf tm%mudk
toHk;csr,fvdk@ xif&olawGvufxJ tm%mudka&mufatmif vSnfhpm;wmom jzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh
'Dval wG [m aemufq;kH rSmawmh jynfoal wG&hJ tusK;d pD;yGm;udk qef@usi+f yD; tm%m&vlwef;pm; twGuyf J
'gawGudk toH;k cs=uw,f[k Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;u owday;xm; cJyh gw,f?
nDvmcH uk, d pf m;vS,wf pfO;D onf rdród udwifay;yd@k xm;aom aqG;aEG;csuf pmwrf;twdik ;f zwf=um;
aqG;aEG;&rnf? aqG;aEG;csupf mwrf;wGif ryg&adS om ta=umif;t&mukd rajymqd&k ? aqG;aEG;wifjy&mwGif
“OD;wnf&mrwlnaD om avSupkd ;D aeaombke;f }uD; qGr;f iwfawmhrnf”
64
uk,d pf m;vS,pf k tzG@J . aqG;aEG;csupf mwrf;yg tcsut f csK@d udk zwf=um; wifjy&ef use&f v
dS #ivf nf;aumif;/
aqG;aEG;csuf twdik ;f om rSww f rf;wifxm;&rnfq+kd yD; uef@owfxm;avawmh 'Dvkd nDvmcHrsK;d urBmrSm
b,fae&mrSm =um;zl;=uygovJ? +yD;awmh etzpdwóf uduaf &;xm;wJh pmwrf;ukd zwf&wJh twkta,mif
nDvmcHqw kd m ar;p&mvdak o;vd@k vm;? rdwaf qGrsm; cifAsm;? wpneJ@+idr;f tzJ@G awG[m &SOv hf aJ vsmufom
ysm;vnf;pGJom uyf;zm;,yfzm;vkyf+yD; tcGifhxl;cHae&mudk &,lcsifwmvm;? 'grSr[kwf tom;pm;wJh
usm;u Oykoaf pmifw h ,fqw kd mudk rsupf rd w
dS +f yD; ,Hak ewmvm;? 'grrS [kwf wajz;ajz;eJ@ aemufqw k o
f mG ;
r,fv@kd xifaewmvm; rodb;l ? usaemftwdtus ajymEkid w f m wpfcak wmh &Sw
d ,f? etz[m tm%m
ukw d nf+rJatmif r& &wJeh nf;eJ@ jrefjref jzpfjzpf aES;aES;jzpfjzpf &atmifvyk af erSmbJ?
aocsmpGm=unfyh g? OD;wnfcsuf (6) &yf

1)jynfaxmifpk ròyduaJG &;
2)wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vH;k nDnw $ rf _ ròyduaJG &;
3)tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwhH cdik +f rJa&;
1)ppfreS o f nhf ygwpD 'kH rD u
kd a&pDpepf ay:ayguaf &;
2)Edik if aH wmfwiG f w&m;r#wr_/ vGwv f yfr_ wef;wlnrD #r/_ paom avmuygv w&m;rsm; xGe;f um;a&;
3)tem*wf Edik if aH wmf. trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;wGif wyfrawmfu OD;aqmifonhf tcef;rS yg0ifa&;?
aomhcsuu f sonfh OD;wnfcsuf trSwf (6) udk wyfrawmfEiS q hf ikd o

f nhf tcef;&Sd tajccHrl (10) ESihf
wGzJ wf=unh&f ygrnf? ,if;tajccHru l “wyfrawmfonf tajccHOya'udk umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&ef t"du
wm0ef&&dS rnf” [k qdx k m;onf?
etz. tajccHOya'rlrsm;u jynfe,fw@kd . tcGit hf a&;udk A[du k azmufzsujf cif;/ csKyfcs,jf cif;udk
cGifhðyxm;onf? A[kdonf rdrd.wyfrsm;ukd rnfonfhjynfe,fwGifrqdk csxm;Edkif+yD; vufeufudkifwyf
rsm;udk xdef;csKyfr_,lEdkifonf? jynfe,frsm;onf A[kdrS e,fy,fodrf;ydkufa&;wyfrsm; vufatmufodk@
tcsdefra&G; usa&mufEdkifygonf?
orRwonf Edik if t H }uD;tuJ jzpfonf? jynfe,fwikd ;f ESifh tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mukd tajccHOya'ESit fh nD
rnfo h @kd yHpk cH aJG 0rnf[k wpfceG ;f rS rajymxm;acs? xd@k tjyif (Z) (3) wGif vHòk cHa&; (od@k ) e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD;
wm0ef,&l ef wyfrawmf umuG,af &; OD;pD;csKyfu trnfpm&if; wifoiG ;f xm;aom wyfrawmfom;rsm;
onf jynfaxmifpk wdkif;a'o}uD; jynfe,f/ ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;a'oESifh ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;wdkif;.
tkycf sKyfa&;wGif yg0if&rnf[k qdx k m;onf?
qdv k o kd nfrmS wdik ;f jynf. wu,fv h ufawG@tm%m[lor# ppfwyf. vufwiG ;f &Sad eonf[k qdv k kd
onf? vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmfEiS hf jynfo
h @l vw $ af wmfrmS vl&nfp&m/ pmwef;zwf/ uGupf yd q f &mrsm; jzpfomG ;
vdrfhrnf?
xkrd #ru Ttcsuu f dk (31) ESihf wGzJ wf=unhyf gu ppfwyf. wu,ft h pDtpOfrmS wdik ;f jynfudk &mouf
yef v$r;f rd;k a&;jzpfa=umif; awG@&ygrnf?
n) wyfrawmfEiS yfh wfoufI
1) wyfrawmfonf }uHch ikd af wmihw f if;I acwfraD om/ wpfcw k nf;aom wyfrawmfjzpfonf?
65
2) wyfrawmfonf ppfbufqidk &f m udpt P m;vH;k ukd vGwv f yfpmG pDraH qmif&u G cf iG &fh odS nf?
3) wyfrawmf umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfonf vufeufuikd w f yfz@JG tm;vH;k . OD;pD;acgi;f aqmif jzpfonf?
4) wyfrawmfonf Edik if aH wmf vHòk cHa&;ESifh umuG,af &;udprP sm;twGuf trsm;jynfow l &yfv;kH ESifh qufpyf
aqmif&u G cf iG fh &So
d nf?
5) jynfaxmifpk ròyduaJG &;/ wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw $ rf _ ròyduaJG &;/ tcsKyftjcmtm%mwnfwhH ckid +f rJa&;
twGuf wyfrawmfwiG f wm0ef&o dS nf?
6) tajccHOya'udk umuG,&f eftwGuf wyfrawmfwiG f t"duwm0ef&o dS nf?
Ñ Ttcsurf sm;ESifh ywfoufI OD;ausmZf o H m BBC/ OD;0ifEikd Of ;D RFA ESihf OD;atmifx;l (jrefrmEdik if H
a&S@aersm;aumifp)D wd@k u a&S@tcef;rsm;wGif &Si;f vif;+yD; jzpfygonf? Ñ
OD;wnfcsuf (6) &yfwiG f OD;wnfcsuf (5) onf w&m;r#wjcif;/ vGwv f yfjcif;ESihf wef;wlnrD #jcif;
paom avmuygvw&m;rsm; xGe;f um;a&;udk az: jyxm;onht f wGuf tay:,Htm;jzifh w&m;oabm
jzihf eD;pyfonf[k xif&onf? od@k &mwGif OD;wnfcsuf (6) u vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f Y ppfwyfudk tcGix hf ;l cH
vlwef;pm;tjzpf zefw;D vdu k jf cif;tm;jzifh vlra_ &; o[Zmw jzpfr/_ Edik if aH &; o[Zmw jzpfrw _ @kd ysupf ;D
apaoma=umihf OD;wnfcsuf (5) rSm vufawG@taumiftxnf ray:vmEdik af wmhay?
OD;wnfcsuf (1) rS (4) rSmvnf; wefz;kd pHrsm;r[kwbf J tm%m&Sif tpd;k &. aºuG;a=umforH sm;om
jzpfygonf?
“etz. trSew
f &m;&SmyHak wmf”
66
1? jynfaxmifprk òyuGaJ &;

ròyduGJa&;[laom pum;&yfonf jiif;qHr_ukd jyae+yD;cGJxGufa&;ESihf qufpyfem;vnf&onf? T
twdik ;f omqdyk gu jynfaxmifpu k dk ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef jynfov l x l . k +idr;f csr;f pGmtm;xkwrf _ tm;vH;k udk
tpk;d &u zdEydS yf pf&ef tcGit fh m%m &&So d mG ;ygvrd rhf nf?
jynfaxmifpkudk rnfhonfhenf;ESifhrqdk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&rnf[k ta=umif;jyum tpdk;&u
rdr. d vky&f yfrsm; w&m;a=umif; qifajcay;Edik o f nf?
tu,fIom vlrsK;d pkwikd ;f / vl@tv$mwdik ;f tajccHOya'ESit fh nD jzpfoifh jzpfxu dk o
f nfh vufawG@
tuef@towfrsm; atmufY wef;wlnrD # tcGit fh a&;cHpm;Edik yf gu jynfaxmifp}k uD; òydurJG nf r[kwyf g?
od@k jzpfI wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHt
k =um; wef;wla&;ESihf om§em nDr#a&; wefz;dk rsm;om jzpfoifyh gonf?
2? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDn$wfr_ròyuGJa&;
urBmay:&Sd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;trsm;pku a,bk,s wefzdk;xm;vdkvm;=uaom EdkifiHa&;a0g[m&wck
jzpfonf? od@k aomf ,if;pum;vH;k ukd tajccHOya'oabmt& toH;k csrr_ sm;rSm [muGurf sm;pGm &Sw d wf
=uonf?
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGihfukd EdkifiHom;rsm;. wpfOD;csif;tcGihfta&;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifh tjcm;
vl@tv$mrsm;.pkaygif;tcGifhta&;wdk@ukd usifhoHk;EdkifiHa&;twGuf tajccHOya'u yEMuf¶kdufay;rSom
wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDn$wfa&; xajrmuf atmifjrifEdkifygrnf? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDn$wfa&;ukd
csO;f uyf&nfne$ ;f aeygu A[kcd sKyfuikd w f if;usyaf &;udk tajccHOya'jzifh usio
hf ;kH cGiðfh yovdk jzpfEikd yf gonf?
3? tcsKyftjcm tm%mwnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;

Edik if .H tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f &rnf[al om oabmw&m;rSm acwfrD tajccH
Oya'0g' tawG;tac:t& tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfolvlxkxHrS qif;oufvmjcif; jzpfonf?
Edik if aH wmfrS qif;oufvmjcif; r[kwyf g? vlx. k tcsKyftjcmtm%m[k urBmwv$m;rS 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if H
trsm;tjym;wGif usio hf ;kH ae=uonf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f vlx. k tcsKyftjcmtm%m ydik q
f ikd rf _ tajccHrrl sm;
udk oGwo f iG ;f jcif;rSm vH;k 0vufcEH ikd b
f ,
G f r&Syd g?
4? ppfreS o f nfh ygwpD 'kH rD u kd a&pDpepf jzpfxeG ;f ay:ayguaf &;

jynfov l x l o
k nf rdrEd pS o f ufovdk wygwpD epfo@kd r[kwf ESpyf gwpD epfukd usio hf ;kH Edik o f nf? toif;
tzG@J zG@J pnf;xm;aomfvnf; vGwv f yfpmG pk¶;Hk cGiu hf dk ydwyf ifxm;ygu rnfo@kd r# tvkyf jzpfEikd rf nf r[kwyf g?
toif;zG@J pnf;cGiEfh iS hf pk¶;Hk cGi&fh adS omfvnf; vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf z:cGiu fh dk jiif;y,fxm;ygu rnfo@kd r# 'Dru kd a&pD
xGef;um;Edkifrnf r[kwfyg?
tpd;k &rsm;onf tajccH vGwv f yfciG ofh ;kH rsK;d ukd ESpaf v;q,fausm=f um zsuo f rd ;f ypfco hJ nf? tem*wf
jrefrmhvlabmifY TvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk tajccHOya'u tmr rcHrcsif; jynfolvlxktaejzihf rdrdwdk@
uk,d yf ikd f Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; wnfaxmifz@JG pnf;cGihf &Sad omfvnf; pk¶;Hk pka0;cGihf uef@owfc&H Edik o f nf? vGwv f yf
pGm xkwaf z:ajymqdck iG hf ydwyf ifcx H m;&ygu Edik if aH &;ygww D nf&rdS E_ iS hf pH¶k ;Hk r_w@kd rmS t"dyg` ,&f v dS rd rhf nf r[kwyf g?
NLD ¶k;H rsm; ydwcf x H m;&jcif; qdik ;f bkww f ifciG hf r&&Sad wmhjcif;ESihf tEdik &f ALD (&cdik 'f rD u kd a&pDtzG@cJ sKyf)
67
wdk@rSm vuf&SdcHae=u&onf?
(5) Edik if aH wmftwGi;f w&m;r#wr_/ vGwv f yfr_ wef;wlnrD #rp_ aom avmuygv w&m;rsm; xGe;f um;a&;
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@. wefzdk;pHrsm; jzpf=uonf? Tonfwdk@udk xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef tajccHOya'u
Edik if o
H m;wdik ;f . wpfO;D csi;f pD tcGit fh a&;/ vlrsK;d / vl@tv$mwd@k . tcGit hf a&; wk@d udk umuG,jf yXmef;rSmom
jzpfEdkifayvdrfhrnf? Oya'ðya&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; [laom EdkifiHawmf tm%moHk;&yft=um;
tjyeftvSef xde;f csKyfonhpf epfudk xlaxmifjcif;/ Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; tajccHay:wGif vGwv f yfonhf tpd;k &ESihf
qufpyfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;vlxktoif;tzGJ@rsm; zef;wD; wnf&Sdaejcif;wdk@rSwqifh o[Zmw jzpfr_
ay:vmygrnf? t&G,af &mufow l ikd ;f rJay;cGiu
hf dk tajccH+yD; jynfov l x l u
k a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufaom
tpd;k &udk xlaxmifz@JG pnf;&ygrnf jzpfonf? od@k &mwGif etz tajccHrrl sm;onf t"duusaom jynfaxmif
pkEiS fh jynfe,ft=um; rnfo@kd rnfykH tm%mcGaJ 0 tkycf sKyfrnfudk tao;pdwf raz: jyxm;I tem*wf
jrefrmhv@l abmifwiG f vGwv f yfr/_ w&m;r#wr_/ wef;wlnrD #rw _ @kd udk vufawG@az:aqmif&ef jzpfEikd f vdrrhf nf
r[kwfyg?
6? tem*wf jrefrmEdik if aH wmf. trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;wGif wyfrawmfu t"duOD;aqmifr_ tcef;u¾rS

yg0ifa&;
etz. tajccHrrl sm;xJwiG f Ekid if aH wmftm%m usio hf ;Hk rnfh tm%mykid t
f zG@J tpnf;rsm;wdik ;f Y wm0ef
xrf;aqmif&ef ppfwyfrS yk*~dKvftpk}uD;wpk (25) &mcdkifE_ef; (orRw/ 'korRw/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/
tajzodvdku pmtkyfukdapmif;=unfhvkdufyg?
68
'kumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD;csKyf a&G;aumufcHp&mrvdkbJ cef@tyf&ef owfrSwfay;xm;

onf? ‚if;wk@d . yg0ifr/_ v$r;f rd;k r_EiS hf tcef;u¾rSm wifp;D vGe;f / tcGit fh a&; ,lveG ;f vSonf? trSeu f
jynfolvlxkrS rdrd. tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd A[kdtqifhwGif jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfrS wpfqihfvnf;
aumif; jynfe,ftqifw h iG f jynfe,fvw $ af wmfrS wpfqihv f nf;aumif; usio hf ;kH &rnf?
xdvk w $ af wmfrsm;wGif ppfbufy*k Kd~ vfrsm;twGuf trwfae&m csex f m;ay;&rnf [lonfrmS wavm
uvH;k u vufcx H m;onfh 'Dru dk a&pDusiphf OfEiS fh vH;k 0qef@usif aeygonf? 'Dru kd a&pDrt l & tpd;k &zG@J pnf;r_
yHo
k ¿mefudk jynfov l x
l u k owfrw S f jyXmef;&rnf jzpfygonf?
tajccHOya'[lonf vl@tzJ@G tpnf;. tpdwt f ydik ;f trsK;d rsK;d ukd ,SOòf ydicf iG fh ay;xm;&rnf jzpfonf?
TonfEiS fh qef@usipf mG etz tajccHrrl sm;onf vlrv _ w l ef;pm; tv$mrsm;udk cGjJ cm;qufq+H yD; ppfwyfudk
tv$mtm;vH;k . txufwiG f xm;&So d nf? ,if;. tusK;d quftjzpf Edik if aH &;ygwED iS fh vlxt k oif;tzG@J rsm;
taejzifh vl@tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;twGuf ta&;ygonhf tcef;u¾rS jiif;y,f[ef@wm;jcif; cH&onf?
ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDpepf. t"duo¶kyrf mS twdu k tf cHrsm; wnf&rdS y_ ifjzpfonf? Tt&m tm;vH;k
csKd@wJhaeaom etz. tajccHrlrsm;ukd =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh twkta,mif orRwpepfwpfck zefwD;&ef
&nf&G,fa=umif; oufaoxlaeonf?
tajccHOya'onf rdrjd ynfo. l av;pm;vdu k ef mr_EiS fh ,H=k unfru _ kd &,lEikd &f ygrnf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;Y
vl@tv$m wpfcw k nf;udo k m txl;tcGit fh a&;ay;xm;aom tajccHOya'ukd jynfov l x
l k wpf&yfv;kH u
av;pm;,H=k unf vufcv H u kd ef m usiohf ;kH &ef vH;k 0rjzpfEikd yf g? Tr#EiS yfh if etz.tajccHrrl sm;rSm vufcH
Ekid zf ,
G rf &Sad =umif; xif&mS ;aeygonf? Edik if aH &;wGif ppfwyfqikd &f m OD;aqmifrt _ cef;udk jyXmef;vdu k jf cif;
tm;jzifh Edik if o H m;rsm;twGi;f vlwef;pm;ESp&f yfv;kH ukd zefw;D vdu k jf cif; jzpfygonf? ppfwyfonf jynfol
vlx. k u,fwif&iS jf zpfonf[al om tjrifukd zefw;D vdu k jf cif;vnf; jzpfygonf?
69
wufaewJh v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,/f

avmavmq,f (1088) a,mufrmS
(12) a,mufom
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f aeeJ@ygw,f?
a&G;aumufyrJG mS tEdik &f wJh
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f rygb;l ?
tpd;k &a&G;cs,x f m;wJh vlawGjzpfw,f?
aemufwpfcu k nDvmcHe@J ywfouf+yD;
jyXmef;xm;wJOh ya'awG tukev f ;kH udk
qef@usicf sK;d azmuf+yD;
vkyaf ewJt h wGu/f 'Dnv D mcH[m
twkta,mifbv J @kd usaemfw@kd 'Dvb kd J
jrifygw,f? ppfwyfu t&m&mudk
v$r;f rd;k OD;aqmif&r,fqw kd hJ pepfukd
xlaxmifwt hJ wGuf
wdik ;f jynfrmS vnf; 'Dru kd a&pDpepf
rxGe;f um;Edik b f ;l ? jynfe,fe@J
vlrsK;d awGtwGuv f nf; tusK;d r&Sb d ;l ?
usaemfw@kd jynfwiG ;f ppfbufukd
OD;wnfomG ;+yD;awmh/
yd+k yD;=urf;wrf;oGm;Edik yf gw,f?
e²t²z vkyv f mwJh (Referendum)
qdw k mawG[mvnf;/ vlxt k aeeJ@
t=urf;zufru _ ykd J cH&ygvrd rhf ,f?
cGefjrifhxGef;
oxHòk r@e,f NLD jynfo@l v$waf wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,f
70
tcef; (3) anmifEpS yf iftm;"gwcf cJG ef;Y ppfaq;jcif;

tifwmAsL; (12)
xdik ;f jrefrme,fpyf 15/ 7/ 2007 ae@ owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJ
RFA owif;axmuf udrk ;kd ausm.
f ar;jref;csut
f m; rGejf ynfe,f/ oxHòk rd@e,f NLD jynfo@l vw
$ af wmf
ud,k pf m;vS,cf eG jf rifxh eG ;f u ajz=um;onf?
cGejf rifx
h eG ;f ? ?wufaewJh v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,/f avmavmq,f (1088) a,mufrmS (12) a,mufom
v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftaeeJ@ygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJrSmtEdkif&wJh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f rygbl;?
tpdk;&a&G;cs,fxm;wJh vlawGjzpfw,f? aemufwpfcku nDvmcHeJ@ywfouf+yD; jyXmef;xm;wJhOya'awG
tukev f ;kH udk qef@usicf sK;d azmuf+yD; vkyaf ewJt h wGu/f 'Dnv D mcH[m twkta,mifbv J @kd usaemfw@kd 'Dvb
kd J
jrifygw,f? ppfwyfu t&m&mudk v$r;f rd;k OD;aqmif&r,fqw kd hJ pepfukd xlaxmifwt hJ wGuf wdik ;f jynfrmS
vnf; 'Drdkua&pDpepf rxGef;um;Edkifbl;? jynfe,feJ@ vlrsKd;awGtwGufvnf; tusKd;r&Sdbl;? usaemfwdk@
jynf w G i f ; ppf b uf u d k OD ; wnf o G m ;+yD ; awmh / yd k + yD ; =urf ; wrf ; oG m ;Ed k i f y gw,f ? e²t²z vk y f v mwJ h
(Referendum) qdw k m awG[mvnf;/ vlxt k aeeJ@/ t=urf;zufru _ ykd J cH&ygvrd rhf ,f? qENux kd w
k af z:zd@k
r[kwfbl;vdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f?
u&ifjynfe,f/ wdik ;f &if;om;tpktzG@J ud,

k pf m;vS,/f apmt,f'aD xG;
“vlxuk a&m/ urBmua&m vufrcHEikd w f hJ tajctaerSm&Sw d /hJ tajccHOya'+yD;oGm;&if/ tajctaeu
qd;k wJb h ufrmS yd&k v
dS mr,f? tckq&kd if ('pfp}f udw)f oGm;ae&wJo h al wG/ wpfcg 'Dbufjcrf;udxk u G af jy; vm&
wJh olawG/ Refugee uef@xaJ &mufomG ;wJv h al wG/ 'Dxufyrkd sm; vmzd@k &ydS gw,f? bmjzpfv@kd vnf; qdak wmh
wdik ;f &if;om;tcsi;f csi;f ndE‡ id_ ;f aqG;aEG;r_rS ratmifjrifb?J tJ'D tay:rSm rlwnf+yD;awmh tjypfrw hJ hJ jynfol
awGtrsm;}uD; cH&rSmawmh aocsmaew,f?
a&'D,zkd &D;at;&Sm;owif;XmeESifh jrefrmEdik if aH &S@aersm;aumifpD OD;atmifx;l /

jrefrmhEikd if aH &;avhvmoH;k oyfol OD;rif;aqG wd@k qufo, G af r;jref;csu?f
OD;atmifx;l ? ?trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd (1§90) tajccHtyd'k f (20)u Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHk tajccHOya' a&;qGJ
a&;wm0ef[m vlxkua&G;cs,fxm;wJh udk,fpm;vS,fawG&Jh wm0efjzpfw,f? vuf&SdwnfqJOya' jzpf
w,f? tJ'aD wmh vuf&w dS nfqJ Oya'eJ@tnD/ zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'/ ay:ayguaf &;udk etzu jyefwifay;zd@k
wm0ef&w dS ,f? t+yD;owf csiw f ,fq&kd if vuf&t dS rsK;d om;nDvmcH[m (1§90) u csrw S x
f m;wJh Oya'
vrf;a=umif;twdik ;f jyefvnfaz:aqmifay;rSomv#if tqH;k owf&rSm jzpfygw,f? az:aqmifay;rSmvm;?
ray;bl;vm;qdw k m e²t²z eJ@bJ qdik w f ,f?
RFA ? (0g&iS w f ef¶;kH ) (Road Map) Edik if aH &;vrf;nGecf suf (7) &yftwdik ;f oGm;aew,f qdw k mudk 'Dru
kd a&pD
pepfukd az:aqmifaewm jzpfw,fv@kd jrefrmppftpd;k &u r=umc% ajymavh&ydS gw,f? 'gayr,fh jrefrm
tpd;k &&Jq h ikd &f m owif;xkwjf yefcsuf t&qd&k if tem*wfz@JG pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rSm ppfwyf&hJ tcef;u¾udk
cdik cf ikd rf mrm xnfo h iG ;f tqdjk yKxm;wmudk awG@&ygw,f? (13) ESpcf =JG umcJw h hJ tajccHrl tqdðk ycsurf sm;udk
71
OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f befaumuf¶;kH cGu J oH;k oyfxm;ygw,f?

OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ?1993ckEpS pf wifcw hJ hJ trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd OD;wnfcsuf (6) csuf abmifxu J usi;f yzd@k
owfrw S cf yhJ gw,f? OD;wnfcsut f rSwf (6) rSm tem*wfEikd if aH &; OD;aqmifrt _ cef;u¾rSm ppfwyfu
OD;aqmif&r,fqw kd hJ tcsuu f kd nDvmcHwufaewJh wdik ;f &if;om;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@ twdu k tf cHtcsK@d [m
oabmruswJh tcsuftjzpf xif&Sm;cJhygw,f? wdkif;jynfrSm ta&;óuHvm&ifppfwyfu tm%modrf;
Edik v
f @kd yg? tajccHral wGxrJ mS owfrw S cf yhJ gw,f? Edik if aH &;tydik ;f u =unfah wmhvnf; v$waf wmfrmS ppfwyfu
trwf(25) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ,l&r,fv@kd yg owfrw S cf yhJ gw,f? 'gt h jyif ppfom;udrk S v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
jzpf&r,f? t&yfbuf0efxrf;qd&k if v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f rjzpf&vd@k (2006) ck atmufwb kd m (31)
&ufxw k f owif;pmawGrmS az: jycJyh gw,f? (2006) ckEpS f ESpq f ef;ydik ;f nDvmcHrmS awmh/ ppfwyftcef;u¾/
(14) csuu f kd owfrw S cf +hJ yD;/ umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf &mxl;[m 'korRw&mxl;eJ@ nDw,fv@kd tqdjk yKcJyh gw,f?
'ghtjyif EdkifiHawmf orRw[m umuG,fa&;eJ@vHkòcHa&;aumifpD&Jh tqdkðycsufeJ@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfudk
cef@tyf&r,fv@kd owfrw S cf yhJ gw,f? umuG,af &;eJ@ vHòk cHa&;aumifpu D kd =unfah wmhvnf; Edik if aH wmforRw/
'korRw (2) OD;/ v$waf wmfOuUX/ trsK;d om;v$waf wmfOuUX/ umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf/ 'kumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf/
umuG,af &;0ef}uD;Xme/ 'k0ef}uD;/ Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;/ e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD; pwJyh *k Kd~ vf (11) OD; yg0ifwm
awG@&ygw,f? trsK;d om;umuG,af &;eJ@ vHòk cHa&;tzG@J 0if (11) OD;udk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm=unfrh ,fq&kd if orRwu
ppfa&;tawG@tóuH&o dS l jzpf&r,f? umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfe@J 'kumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu ppfom;/ umuG,af &;
0ef}uD;Xme/ jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;XmeeJ@/ e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD;Xme udv k nf; ppfwyfubJ udik x f m;rSmqdak wmh
(11) OD;rSm (6) rJu ppfwyfutydik f &xm;wmqdak wmh/ wdik ;f jynfta&;óuHvm&if trsK;d om;umuG,af &;eJ@
vHkòcHa&;aumifpDtpnf;ta0;rSm ppfwyfvdkcsifwJhyHkudk orRwu zefwD;cGifh&aew,fvdk@/ &efukefEdkifiHa&;
avmurSm a0zefajymqdak e=uygw,f? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rSm yg0if&r,fh wyfrawmftcef;u¾ rlawGukd
=unf&h ifawmh/ &Jtygt0if vufeufuikd f wyfawGtm;vH;k ppfwyf&hJ uGyu f rJG a_ tmufrmS &S&d r,f? ppfbuf
w&m;pD&ifa&;rSm wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf&hJ tqH;k tjzwfu t+yD;tjywf jzpfw,f? wyfrawmf[m
wyfyikd ;f qdik &f m udpt P m;vH;k udk vGwv f yfpmG pDrcH ef@cJG pD&ifyikd cf iG &hf wdS ,fv@kd qdx k m;jyefygw,f? ppfom;u
&mZ0wfr_usL;vGefw,fqdk&if t&yfbuf w&m;pD&ifa&;u t&mra&mufawmhovdk jzpfaewJhtwGuf/
tem*wfw&m;pD&ifa&;rSm/ &ifav;p&mjzpfaew,fv@kd &efuek af &S@aersm;u axmufjyygw,f? ajym&r,f
qd&k ifawmh/ v$waf wmfrmS yg0if&r,fh (25) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ukd tem*wfukd umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu vsmxm;cGihf
&Sdygw,f? 'gwifru umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;eJ@ e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD; cef@zdk@udkawmif
tem*wf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu v#mxm;cGifh&Sdw,fvdk@ tajccH Oya'rlxJrSm tqdkðyxm;ygw,f?
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfxufjrifhwJh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;udkawmif/ udk,fóudufwJh vludkcef@xm;cGifh&Sdw,f
qdak wmh tem*wfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf[m tpd;k &xufy+kd yD;/ =oZm}uD;vGe;f aewJt h wGuf vufeufuikd f
wdkif;&if;om;awGbufu vufrcHEdkifwJhoabmvdk@ r=umcifu xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfudk xGufvmwJh
(&vvz) cGx J u G af jymcGi&hf yk*Kd~ vf Adv k rf ;ª }uD; cGex
f ;D aqmifu ajymqdyk gw,f? xl;qef;wmu 'Davmuf=oZm
}uD;vSwhJ tem*wfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfukd trsK;d om;umuG,af &;eJ@ vHòk cHa&;aumifp&D hJ axmufccH suef @J
orRwu cef@xm;Edik w f ,fv@kd qdx k m;ayr,fh ol@ub kd ,fvðkd zwfEikd w f ,fqw kd m tajccHrl (104) csux f rJ mS
xnfo h iG ;f xm;wm rawG@&ygb;l ? apmapmu wifjycJw h t
hJ csuaf wG[m (13) ESpcf aJG usm=f um tcsed , f +l yD;
tqdðk yxm;wJ/h jrefrmppftpd;k &zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rSm yg0ifvmr,fh ta&;}uD;wJh ppfwyftcef;u¾awG
72
udk aumufEw k w f ifjycJw h m jzpfygw,f? (13) ESpcf aJG usm=f umcJw h hJ 'Dz@JG pnf;yH[
k m jynfoal wG vufcEH ikd w f hJ
zG@J pnf;yHk jzpfvmEdik yf grh vm;? yckuLU òrd@u Edik if aH &;avhvmqef;ppfol OD;rif;aqG&hJ tjrifukd =unf&h atmifAsm?
OD;rif;aqG? ?Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHk wckq=JG ur,fqw kd m/ urBmay:rSm&Sw d hJ b,fEikd if rH mS rS vl (1000) eJ@ ESpaf ygi;f
(10) ESpf (15) ESpf a&;qGJcJh=uwm r[kwfygbl;? oifhawmfr#watmif tajr‡mftjrif&Sd&Sd trsm;jynfol
vufcEH ikd rf ,f[ h mrsK;d Oya'ynm&Siaf wG awG;ac:pOf;pm;+yD; a&;wmyg? vGwv f yfpmG ajymqd=k u/ a0zef=u/
vGwfvyfpGm qENrJay;=uenf;eJ@ oGm;=u&wmyg?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ ?f ?+yD;cJw h hJ (2006) atmufwb kd m nDvmcHrmS (NLD) u xkwyf ,fcx H m;&wJh trwfwcsK@d
uae+yD; wifjyxm;wm&Sw d ,f? tqdðk yxm;wm&Sw d ,f? bmvJqakd wmh jrefrmppf tpd;k &[m a&G;aumufyJG
awG/ vlxq k ENc, H yl aJG wG +yD;vd@k yxrt}udrf v$waf wmfac:wJt h xd/ vuf&t dS m%mudk v$rJ ay;oifah o;
ygb;l wJ?h bma=umifv h q J akd wmh/ tpd;k & zG@J &tH;k r,f/ orRw cef@&tH;k r,f? qdak wmh tJ'D tajctae+yD;atmif
ae+yD;awmhrS tm%mqkyu f ikd xf m;oifw h ,fv@kd olw@kd tóuHðyxm;w,f? yxrt}udrf v$waf wmfvnf;
b,fawmh ac:r,freS ;f rodb;l ? tpd;k &b,fawmh zG@J r,fqw kd mvnf; rodb;l ? orRwb,fawmh cef@r,f
qdw k mvnf; rodb;l ? (5) ESp=f umrvm;? (10) ESpf =umrvm;? b,fEpS f b,fumv qdw k mrodwhJ tcgus
awmh/ ppftpd;k &udk tuef@towfr&Sd tkycf sKyfz@kd tqdjk yKxm;ovdk jzpfaew,fv@kd wdik ;f &if;om;awG bufu
jrifw,f? OD;rif;aqG b,fv, kd q l ygovJcifAsm?´
OD;rif;aqG? ?'guawmh ud, k uf sK;d pD;yGm;a&;orm;awG ppftm%m&Siaf wG auseyftm;&atmif/ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
awG tm;&atmif ajym=uwmyg? Edik if aH wG ajymif;vJ=uwm[m ¶kwcf sn;f ajymif;vJ=uwmyg? wdik ;f jynf
zsucf siw f o hJ al wGu/ tm%mudk t=um}uD; ,lxm;+yD;rS jynfoal &G;wJv h al wGukd ajz;ajz;csi;f ajz;ajz;csi;f
enf;enf;csi;f / enf;enf;csi;f qdw k m[m/ urBmrSm r&Sw d hJ pdwu f ;l ,Ofenf;awGyg? wu,fh wu,fawmh/
“trSefuefqHk; qHk;jzwf&eftcsdef”
73
tm%mudk enf;rsKd;pHkeJ@ qGJcsifaewmyg? yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yJ ajymr,f? (90) jynfhESpfrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG

OD;aqmif+yD;awmh a&G;aumufyv JG yk w
f ,f? a&G;aumufy&JG v'f rygvmbJe@J vkyw f uhJ pd P usaemftm¶kH rxm;
bl;? usaemfw@kd wdik ;f jynftwGuf taumif; jzpfvmvdrrhf ,fv@kd rxifb;l ? 'g}uD;u vG,v f ,G }f uD; azsmuf
ypfv@kd r&bl;? ordik ;f yg? vG,v f ,G af v;azsmufzsuyf pf&if ordik ;f rSm w&m;cHjzpfrmS bJ?
OD;pdeaf usmv
f id_ ?f ? aomw&Sirf sm;cifAsm reufjzef Zlvikd v
f (18) &ufrmS p+yD; jyifqifoifw h m/ jznfph u G f
oifhwm/ vkyfr,fvdk@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdef &Jh pum;xJrSm/ zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rSm cdkifcdkifrmrm
tqdðk yxm;wJh ppfwyftcef;u¾awG yg/ ryg qdw k mudak wmh apmif=h unf&h rSm jzpfa=umif;ygcifAsm//
(rSwfcsuf? ? OD;atmifxl; &Sif;vif;cef;wGif jyef=unfhyg?)
-------------------------------------------------------------
RFA OD;rif;Zif? ?(18) &ufae@ jyefpr,fh nDvmcHrSm jyifqifjznfhpGufcGifh &r,fqdkawmh jynfwGif;u

óudq=kd uayr,fh e,fpyfu Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawGu jyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uu G =f uygw,f? vrf;qH;k +yDv@kd
,lq=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh Oa&my¶H;k wm0efcH p0f[efa,mifa[Gu —
p0f[efa,mifa[G? ?e²t²z u trsKd ;om;nDvmcHukd +yD;atmifvyk rf ,f? Edik if aH &;vrf;ukeo f mG ;+yDqw kd mu
rSm;ygw,f? usaemfajymcsifwmu/ EdkifiHa&;qdkwJh[mrSm/ aumif;atmif tajz&Smay;wm jzpfygw,f?
e²t²zu olóuduo f vdk vkyo f mG ;r,fq&kd if vrf;rukeaf o;ygb;l ? bma=umifv h q J &kd if Edik if aH &;tzG@J awG
bmrS rygawmh/ vlxu k vufrcH&if jy\emawG jyefay:vmr,f? Edik if aH &; wu,fvyk rf ,fh yk*Kd~ vfuawmh
tcGit hf a&;&Sw d ,f? vrf;&Smvd@k &ao;w,f? ajymcsiw f muawmh/ trsKd ;om;nDvmcH+yD;oGm;wmeJ@ vrf;ukef
oGm;+yDqw kd m r[kwyf gb;l vd@k usaemfajymcsiyf gw,f?
RFA OD;rif;Zif? ?tar&duefEikd if t H ajcpdu
k f pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif a'guw f maZmfO;D uvnf; jzpf&yfwpfcu k kd
tao qG+J yD;awmh tajymif;tvJukd ¶_@jrifv@kd r&bl;vd@k qdyk gw,f?
a'guw f maZmfO;D ? ?'Dae@ (18/ 7/ 2007) usi;f yawmhr,fh trsK;d om;nDvmcHuae t+yD;owf vkyaf wmhr,f
qdak yr,fh tcrf;tem;wpfcak =umifh usaemfw@kd wikd ;f jynf[m taumif;bufuykd jJ zpfjzpf/ tqd;k bufuykd jJ zpf
jzpf ajymif;oGm;vdrfhr,fvdk@ usaemfrxifygbl;? usaemfajymcsifwJh ta=umif;t&if;uawmh EdkifiHwpfck
xlaxmifwmyJ jzpfjzpf/ pepfwpfcu k kd ajymif;vJatmif vkyw f myJjzpfjzpf/ usaemfw@kd tcsed , f &l ygr,f? ZG&J dS
&ygr,f? trsm;}uD; óud;pm;&ygw,f? usaemfw@kd vb kd J tajymif;tvJ jzpfc=hJ uwJh Oyrm- awmiftmz&du
rSmqdk&if e,fqifrif'Jvm;[m (27) ESpf axmifrSmuscJh+yD;awmh ol@&Jh vkyfaz: udkifbufawG[mvnf;
jynfyrSm tESpf (30) avmuf apmifch &hJ ygw,f? ydv k efEikd if rH mS qd&k if (aqmfavmfabmfvwD) tzG@J [m tckus
aemfw@kd jzpfaeovdyk gb?J uGejf rLepfawG&hJ vrf;jyajryHak tmufrmS onf;nnf;cH+yD;awmh/ a&G;aumufyu JG kd
vnf; oH;k ckavmufz@JG +yD;rS ndE‡ id_ ;f yGaJ wGtrsK;d rsK;d vky+f yD;rSomv#if 'Dru kd a&pDukd ajymif;vJEikd cf w hJ m jzpfygw,f?
tJ'aD wmh 'DtrsK;d om;nDvmcH}uD;+yD;awmhrmS rd@k v@kd igw@kd vyk cf siw f m vkyv f @kd &+yDq+kd yD;awmh etz acgi;f aqmif
awGu vkyv f mcJrh ,fq&kd if/ 0rf;omaecJrh ,fq&kd if/ 'grrS [kw/f 'Dru kd a&pD bufawmfom;awGuvnf;0rf;
enf; a'gojzpfaecJhr,fqdk&if usaemfwdk@&Jh e*dkrlvapwemjzpfwJh ArmEdkifiHaumif;pm;a&; qdkwJh[mudk
usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; rsufajcjywfoGm;Edkifygw,f?
RFA OD;rif;Zif? ?jrefrmEdik if rH mS acsmarG@whJ toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; jzpfrvmbl;qd&k if/ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;omru/
74
wdik ;f &if;om;ta&;rSmyg jy\emóuHEikd w f ,fv@kd OD;[efa,mifa[Gu qdyk gw,f?

p0f[efa,mifa[G? ?tajymif;tvJr&SdbJeJ@/ tckvdkyJ wufoGm;&ifawmh EdkifiHwum/ Oa&myor*~/ t
ygt0ifuawmh/ vufrcH=ubl;? ajymcsiw f muawmh ta&;}uD;wmu usaemfw@kd jynfojl ynfom;awG
wu,f vufcEH ikd =f urvm;qdw k m ydtk a&;}uD;w,fv@kd usaemfjrifw,f? tJ'rD mS jynfojl ynfom;qdw k hJ
ae&mrSm wdkif;&if;om;awG tukefvHk;ygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdk&if wdkif;&if;om;vlOD;a&u (40)
&mcdik Ef e_ ;f avmuf &Sw d ,f? vufeufuikd x f m;wJh tzG@J awGvnf;&Sw d ,f? Edik if aH &;jy\emudk rajz&Si;f bJe@J
trsKd;om;nDvmcH udkbJ qufvkyfoGm;&ifawmh tjypf&yftzGJ@awGudk tusyfudkifr,f? vlxku
vufrcHEdkif&if e²t²z taeeJ@ &yfwnfEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? wu,fhEdkifiHa&;tajz&Smzdk@ vdkygw,fvdk@
usaemfajymcsifygw,f?
RFA OD;rif;Zif? ?a'gufwmaZmfOD;uvnf; vrf;jyajryHkudk pD;yGm;a&;¶_@a'gifhuvnf; ¶_@jrifoifhw,fvdk@
qdkygw,f?
a'guw f maZmfO;D ? ?tcktcsed rf mS usaemfp;D yGma&;ynm&Siw f pfa,muftaeeJ@ jrifrw d mu usaemfw@kd jrefrm
EdkifiH[m b,fvrf;a=umif;uyJ oGm;oGm;/ aemufqHk;rSmawmh vlxkvdktyfcsufudk aoGznf+yD; oGm;vdk@
r&awmhbl;vdk@ usaemfxifygw,f? tckvuf&Sd taetxm;udk =unfhr,fqdk&if usaemfwdk@&Jh pD;yGm;a&;
tajctae[m tifrwef tcuftcJ jzpfae+yD;awmh t"duEdik if aH &;pepf/ Edik if aH &;ordik ;f udk ajymif;&jcif;
&nf&, G cf suu f vnf;/ vlxak umif;pm;a&;udk a&S@¶@_ &mjzpfwt hJ wGuaf =umifh vlxt k usK;d pD;yGm;udk yd+k yD;awmh
OD;pm;ay;&r,fh taetxm;rsK;d jzpfvmEdik yf gw,f? tJ'aD wmh 'Dvrf;jyajryHk (7) csuu f kd vkyaf e&if;rSmbJ
vlx&k hJ vdt k yfcsuu f yd+k yD;awmh jyif;jyif;jyjyeJ@ awmif;wvmr,fq&kd if/ wm0ef&w dS hJ e²t²z acgi;f aqmifawG
'Dtcsuu f kd axmuf¶@_ jcif;tm;jzif/h vrf;jyajryHk (7) csuu f kd ajymif;vJoifw h [ hJ mawG ajymif;vJ+yD;awmh/
oGm;oifw h [hJ m jrefjrefomG ;zd@k jzpfvmEdik w f ,f? wcsed w
f nf;rSmbJ usaemfw@kd 'Dru kd a&pDbufu awmif;qdk
=uolawGtaeeJ@uvnf;/ vrf;jyajryHk (7) csufjzpfvmEdkifr,fqdk&if tedrfhqHk;awmh/ wpfpHkwpfckaom/
twdik ;f twmtm;jzifh pnf;eJ@pepfe@J vkyrf ,fh Oya'pepfwpf&yfawmh jzpfvmEdik yf gw,f? tJ'D Oya'pepf
abmiftwGi;f rSm vlxt k usK;d &Srd ,fh pD;yGm;a&;udpaP wGukd etz taeeJ@ bmvkyEf ikd w f mvJ qdw k t hJ csuu f kd
aZmif;ay;+yD; wdu k rf ,fq&kd if vlxv k v kd m;wJh tusK;d ðywJ[ h mudk vkyEf ikd v
f rd rhf ,fv@kd ar#mv f ifyh gw,f?
RFA OD;rif;Zif? ?RFA u qufoG,fwJh avhvmol trsm;pkuawmh trsKd;om;nDvmcHudkyJjzpfjzpf/
¶_jrif oH;k oyf&mrSm toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;twGuf taxmuftuljzpf rjzpfqw kd muom oH;k oyfoifah =umif;
ygwJhcifAsm?
'DAGDbDowif;axmuf ukdxufatmifausmfu trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf jyef=um;a&;wm0efcH

OD;odenf e$ @f ukd qufo,
G f ar;jref;xm;ygw,f?
udkxufatmifausmf? ?nDvmcH}uD;jyefpzdk@ ESpf&uftvdkrSm &efukefòrd@u tajctaebmrsm;xl;rvJvdk@/

avhvm=unfw h t
hJ cgrmS jynfe,f§wdik ;f toD;oD;u/ ud,k pf m;vS,af wG/ wdik ;f &if;om; ud,
k pf m;vS,af wG/
v,form;/ tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,fqdkolawG wpfaxmifeD;yg;udk nDvmcH{nfhcHa&; aumfrwDOuUX
Adkvfrª;}uD;xifvif;udk,fwdkifu anmifESpfyifpcef;qDodk@ ydk@aqmifay;cJh+yDvdk@ ppftpdk;& owif;pmawGrSm
az: jywmudk t&ifqHk;awG@&ygw,f? w&m;0if ucsifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (5)a,mufudk (KIO)
75
OuUXa'gufwmwl;*smudk,fwdkif OD;aqmif+yD; 0ifoGm;ovdk/ rGefjynfopfygwDu avhvmol (3) OD;udk

EdkifwifvS acgif;aqmif+yD; pcef;0ifoGm;+yDvdk@ &efukef¶Hk;oufqdkif&m wm0efcHawGu &Sif;jycJhygw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfoed ;f pde&f hJ aemufq;kH tausmh nDvmcHrmS ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;awG vkyaf y;ygrh ,fqw kd hJ uwdpum;
tay: ar#mv f ifah eolrsm;&Jh tajctae b,fv&kd ydS govJv@kd (NLD) tzG@J csKyf jyef=um;a&; OD;ode;f nGe@f ukd
ar;jref;cJhygw,f?
OD;ode;f nGe@f ? ?ckcsed x f d Adv
k cf sKyfoed ;f pdeaf jymwJh udpt P ay:rSm w&m;0ifaygAh sm/ aumif;rGew f /hJ ajcvSr;f wpfvrS ;f
tjzpf usaemfw@kd óudqckd +hJ yD; jzpfygw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm xl;jcm;wJzh w d =f um;jcif; r&Scd yhJ gb;l ?
udx k ufatmifausmf? ?nDvmcHwuf&r,ft h vm;tvm bmrSrawG@&bl;vm; cifAsm//
OD;ode;f n$e@f ? ?usaemfw@kd tzG@J csKyftaeeJ@uawmh/ vkypf &m&Sw d mudb k J aqmif&u G &f rSm jzpfygw,f?
udx k ufatmifausmf? ?[kwu f hJ ppftpd;k & t&ifwek ;f uzdww f m&Sw d ,f ,ckzw d pf myd@k wm&Syd gvm;cifAsm?
OD;odef;n$ef@? ?2004wkef;uawmh nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,f tjzpfwufa&mufcJhwJh yk*~dKvfawGudk tdrfwdkif
&ma&muf vmyd@k cw hJ m&Sw
d ,f? 'gayr,fh yk*Kd~ vfa&; zdww f mjzpfwthJ wGuf tzG@J csKyfukd zdwyf gv@kd 2004 ck
ESpf nDvmcHtpwnf;u oabmxm;wifjyxm;+yD;om; jzpfygw,f? nae¶Hk;ujyefvmwJhtxd ¶Hk;rSm
bmrS xl;jcm;wm rawG@c&hJ ygb;l ?
udx k ufatmifausmf? ?AdkvfcsKyfodef;pdefudk apwemrSefrSefeJ@ aqmif&Gufay;ygvdk@ +yD;cJhwJh &ufydkif;twGif;
a=ujimcsuf xkwjf yefawmif;qdk wdu k w f eG ;f cJo
h l wdik ;f &if;om;(11) ygwu D ajymcGi&hf yk*Kd~ vf OD;usicf six
hf ef
jzpfygw,f?
“wpfeyfpmud=k unfah om nDvmcHu,

kd pf m;vS,rf sm;. tem*wf”
76
OD;usicf six hf ef? ?=um;aumif;atmif ajymwmyJ jzpfw,f? bmrS ajymif;vJr_ r&Sb d ;l ? nDvmcHOya't&
zdw=f um;r,fq&kd if &ufaygi;f (30) avmuf cGm+yD;awmh zdwx f m;&rSm? ck[mu ESp&f ufyv J akd wmhw,f
qdak wmh/ usaemfw@kd vnf; rygb;l ? NLD udv k nf; rzdwb f ;l aygAh sm? tvum;ajymaewm usaemfw@kd u
tpuwnf;u vufrcHwm? olw@kd ral jymif;+yD; ajymwmvm;? =um;aumif;atmif ajymwm/ bmrSrjrif
bl;? t,Ht k =unfvnf; r&Sb d ;l ?
udx k ufatmifausmf? ?aumfrwDOuUX Adv k cf sKyfoed ;f pdeuf kd t,Ht k =unfr&Sad wmhwhJ OD;usichf six hf ef jzpfyg
w,f? tvm;wl aumfr&SiOf uUXuom w&m;0ifvyk rf ,fq&kd if w&m;0ifu, kd pf m;vS,f apv$wb f @kd t
qifoifh jzpfygw,fv@kd a=unmxm;wJh rGejf ynfopfygwu D kd usaemfquf+yD; ar;=unfch yhJ gw,f?
Edik af tmifrai;? ?'Duae@txd Adv k cf sKyfoed ;f pdef a=ujimxm;wJh y,fzsurf ,f/ jyifqifr,f qdak wmh/ 'Dupd rP mS
bmrS jyef=um;csuf r&Sb d ;l ? qdak wmh avhvmoltjzpfe@J wufwmyg? trsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS jzpfay:wd;k wufr_
apmif=h unfw h hJ oabmaygah emf? pHn k pD nf;a0;yGrJ mS bmawG wdik yf ifaqG;aEG;=uw,f qdw k m csucf si;f jrifv@kd
&w,fayg?h trsK;d om; jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&; vrf;a=umif;rSm &Sw d ,fqw kd m jywJo h abmaygah emf? jyifqif
r,f? jznfph u G rf ,fq&kd if ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpfe@J wufa&mufz@kd tqifoifyh gbJ cifAsm?
udx k ufatmifausmf? ?rGejf ynfopfygw[ D m 'Dnv D mcHrmS typf&yftzG@J tjzpf wpfz@JG wnf;aom tzG@J jzpf
ygw,f? +yD;oGm;wJh tywfurS awmjyefco kd mG ;wJh (&vvz) tzG@J u ud, k pf m;vS,t f qifh apv$wcf w hJ ,f
vd@k od&ygw,f? tEdik &f ygwD (NLD) rygbJ ðyvkyw f hJ nDvmcHb,fvkd yHpk rH sK;d jzpfvmEdik rf vJ OD;ode;f nGe@f
udak r;=unfah wmh æ æ æ
OD;odef;nGef@? ?cke ajym+yD;+yD? wdkif;jynfu a&G;aumufxm;wJh jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
rygb;l qd&k if/ Oya'a=umif;t& ar;cGe;f xkwpf &mawG trsm;}uD; ay:ayguaf wmhrmS bJ? usaemfw@kd bufu
ar (27) &ufae@u wdik ;f od§jynfod xkwjf yefxm;wm &Syd gw,f? Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@òH zd;a&;
aumifp[ D m ryg&ifrjzpfovd/k v$waf wmfuvnf; ryg&ifrjzpfb;l ? tzG@J csKyfu a&G;aumufyJG tEdik &f xm;+yD;
awmh/ jynfolvlxkuae ayghAsm/ tyfESif;xm;wJh tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfygw,f? tJ'DtzGJ@tpnf; rygbJeJ@
aqmif&u G rf _ rSeo f r#[m/ ay:ayguv f mr,ft h ajccHOya'eJ@ ywfouf&if/ wdik ;f &if;om;awG/ jy\em jynfol
awG&hJ ,H=k unfr/_ jy\em tajctae trsK;d rsK;d udk óudwifwu G q f =uzd@k vnf; vdyk gw,f?
e,l;a'vDygvDrefvrf;r qENjyyGrJ S a'gufwmwifah qGe@J ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udak usmo

f ef; ajym=um;
csut
f usO;f ? ( aemufq;kH nDvmcH tpae@ )
vlxk qENtppftrSef r[kwb f ;l ? ppfwyftpd;k & tm%m a&&Snq f yk uf ikd x

f m;bd@k yJ jzpfw,f? 1990
jynfh a&G;aumufyu JG kd usi;f y+yD; tm%mrv$cJ siw f thJ cgrmS 1990 Zlvikd v
f 29 &ufae@rmS 1§90 a=ujim
csuef @J ,ck a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufwhJ trwfawG[m/ zG@J pnf;yHak &;qGzJ @kd q+kd yD; a=ujimcJyh gw,f? od@k aomf
vnf; ,ae@ trsK;d om;nDvmcH usi;f ywJt h cgrmS yxrOD;qH;k t}udrrf mS v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,q f vkd @kd
(15) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f &Scd yhJ gw,f? tckvufa&G;pif ac:xm;wJh (1088) a,mufrmS v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,qf v kd @kd
(1²1) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f yJ yg0ifygw,f?
77
oH;k oyfcsuf (12)
Edik if aH &; yuwd vdt k yfcsu/f wdik ;f oljynfom;awG&hJ jyif;jyif;jyjyvdv k m; awmif;wcsuaf wGukd vuf&dS
tcGix hf ;l cHae&r_ vufnK‡d ;nGef apcdik ;f aer_awGukd Adv k cf sKyf}uD;rsm; aoaocsmcsm acgi;f at;at;xm;+yD;
pOf;pm;& ygawmhr,f? vufeufrygwhJ vlxak wG&hJ cHpm;r_awG/ cHjyif;r_awGay: xGuv f mwJt h cg (88) wke;f
uxuf ydrk jkd yif;xefvmEdik o f vd/k tJ'w D ek ;f ueJ@ rwlwhJ twdu k t f cH tiftm;pkawG jynfyurBmrSm a&muf&dS
aer_awG/ enf;ynmtopftqef;awG wwfajrmufxm;r_awG[m vHk;0ar#mfrSef;vdk@r&wJh taetxm;
wckukd ay:ayguo f mG ;Edik wf mudk Advk cf sKyf}uD;awG xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;oifw h ,f? ay;qyf&r_awG zdEydS &f ufpufr_
awGudk onf;rcHEdkifwJhwae@rSm ppfAdkvfawG usnfqHwukefypfwmudk tavmif;xyfatmif taocH+yD;
ajymif;0udk ¶du k cf sK;d &JwohJ wWv d x
l rk mS &Sv d mcJ&h if wdik ;f jynfub kd ,fvx kd ed ;f rSmvJ?´ 88wke;f u vlxak cgi;f
aqmifqw kd m tqifoifrh &Scd ?hJ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif qdw k mvnf;r&Scd ?hJ twdu k tf cHygwq
D wkd mvnf;
r&Scd ?hJ tckvx l vk ufcaH om acgi;f aqmifawG/ tzG@J tpnf;awG &SEd iS +hf yD;om;qdw k m odxm;apvdyk gw,f?
78
wòyifeufxrJ mS vdt k yfvmvd@k &&dS if

ppftpd;k & a&;qGjJ yXmef;wJh pmcsKyfukd
vufrcHb;l qdw k m jiif;&JwhJ owW/d
tm;vH;k wòyifwnf; &J&&J if&h ifh
tm;vH;k arG;zd@k pdw"f mwfav?
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79
12/8/2007 ae@n RFA OD;0if;Edik Of ;D ESihf 88 ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif rif;udEk ikd /f

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bmygovJqakd wmh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udpaP wG ygaew,f? &Spaf v;vH;k vlxt k ºkH uGr}_ uD;[m (74) tajccH
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tm%m&Sipf epfxufawmif qd;k r,fv@kd ajym=uw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDtjynfu h kd rajymeJ@/ wpf0ufavmuf&&if
awmfyg+yDqw kd hJ vlawGawmif vufcEH ikd pf &mr&Sb d ;l ? b,f'rD u kd a&pDEikd if u H rS oabmrwlEikd w f rhJ ql akd wmh
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ajymEdik v f cJ ifAs? rSeu f efwhJ tajccHz@JG pnf;yHk wpf&yfr[kwb f ;l qdv k @kd &&dS if b,favmufxd qd;k qd;k 0g;0g; tusK;d
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aygi;f pHak exdik w f /hJ usaemfw@kd Eikd if rH sK;d rSm wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmif toD;oD;u b,fvakd ygi;f pyf+yD; ae=ur,f?
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aemufaemifukd jyifv@kd r&atmif taocsKyfuikd x f m;r,fq&kd if zG@J pnf;yHak bmifxu J ae nifnifomom
ajymif;vJEikd w f hJ taetxm;r&Sad wmhbeJ @J aoG;xGuo f , H ekd @J ayguu f &JG wJh tajctaersK;d bJ OD;wnfvm
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rsK;d vJ? b,fvv kd yk Ef ikd wf hJ tajctae &So d vJ? vkyEf ikd w f t hJ iftm;eJ@ taetxm;u &So d vm;? b,fvt kd cef;
u¾u ygEikd o f vJ? udrk if;udEk ikd f ajymyg?
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vS,fawG[m jynfol@udk,fpm;jzpfwJhtwGufa=umifh olwdk@&J@ oabmxm; qENawGudk tav;teuf
ðy&r,f? rdred @J wdu k qf ikd o f nfjzpfap/ rwdu k q f ikd o f nfjzpfap olw@kd &hJ oabmqENawGukd oabmwl n‡Ed id_ ;f
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81
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vJwmwpfcx k w J if vdv k m;wm rjzpfapcsib f ;l ? usaemfw@kd &hJ tem*wfawGukd 'Dvkd 'Dvkd tqd;k oHo&mawGt
xJ vnfapr,f? qdkvdkwmu tm%m&Sifpepfwpfckudk w&m;0ifðyay;&r,fh Oya'eJ@tnD w&m;0if
tkypf ;kd r,fh tm%m&Siyf pkH rH sK;d udk usaemfw@kd jynfoal wG vdv k m;w,f qdw k mrsK;d udk usaemfw@kd r,H=k unfygb;l ?
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wpfcyk g? tJ'ED ikd if u H /kd A[du k csKyfuikd +f yD;awmh/ twif;oabmwl&r,fq+kd yD;/ tm;enf;wJh vlrsK;d i,fawG
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avmufxt d a&;ygwm &Srd vJ? udrk if;udEk ikd f ajymygt;kH cifAsm?
rif;udkEdkif? ?usaemfwdk@aumif;aumif; rSwfrdygw,f? 1974 zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk twnfðyjyXmef;zdk@
óud;pm;wJt h cgrmS usaemfajymr,f? 1970 rSm &efuek w f uUov kd f a&$&wkobif usaemfi,fi,fb0wke;f u
rSwrf w d ,f? o¶kyyf suf *Dwvd@k 0ikd ;f +yD; zdEydS cf x H m;&w,f? aemufawmh pwD&, D v kd @kd ac:wJh tEkynmorm;awG
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vdkufw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm rvdk&ifwpfrsKd; vdk&ifwpfrsKd;/ vdk&ifwpfrsdK;oHk;wmudk usaemfajymaewm?
ta=umif; a=umif;a=umifh tEkynmorm;awGukd olw@kd o;kH vdu k Ef ikd af yr,f/h aemufq;kH (1988) ta&;awmf
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usaemfwdk@em;vnfxm;wmvnf; 1§90 udk cktcsdefxd olwdk@rzsufao;bl;vdk@ usaemfwdk@xifygw,f?
1§90 udk rzsuaf o;wJt h wGuf 'gukd b,fvakd usmrf vJayg?h yg;yg;av;ausmrf vm;? 'grrS [kwf 'g}uD;udb k J
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f m;wJh tajccHral wG
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ta&;udk t&ifuxufpm&if t&ifuxuf txl;wvnfay;xm;w,fv@kd ajymxm;ygw,f cifAs? tJ'gukd
wdk;wufr_vdk@ ajymvdk@r&bl;vm;cifAs?
OD;atmifx;l ? ? wdik ;f &if;om;tcGit hf a&;eJ@ywfoufvm&if jrefrmEdik if rH mS ay:cJw h hJ 1947 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHt k
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tJ'v D w $ af wmfxrJ mS wdik ;f &if;om;ud, k pf m;vS,af wGu a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufjcif;eJ@wufwhJ ud, k pf m;vS,f
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xJrmS wdik ;f &if;om;aygi;f pHyk g0ifEikd w f t hJ wGuf tJ'x D rJ mS wdik ;f &if;om;awG ud, k pf m;ðycGi&hf wdS ,f?
bDbpD D udak ersKd ;ol&ed f? ? 'gayr,fh 'kw, d Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ode;f pdeaf jymoGm;wJh rde@f ceG ;f xJrmS jrefrmEdik if rH mS ol
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wzG@J puD ae a'owpfcpk u D aevnf; jynfe,fvw $ af wmfawGrmS ud, k pf m;vS,w f pfa,muf a&G;cs,cf iG &hf
r,f? wcg vlO;D a&wpfaomif;ausmw f hJ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pktwGuv f nf; ud, k pf m;ðycGi&hf r,fq+kd yD; ajym
xm;ygw,f cifAs?
OD;atmifx;l ? ? usaemfw@kd u tJ'v D w $ af wmfawGukd ud, k pf m;ðycGiðhf ywJt h csuu f awmh ude;f *%ef;t&awmh
rSew f maygah v? od@k aomft"dutcsuf usaemfw@kd =unf&h rSmu v$waf wmfwpf&yfu vGyv f yfpmG eJ@ b,f
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awmfrsdK;rSm wdkif;&if;om;awG udk,fpm;ðycGifh wpfpHkwpf&m&Sdw,fqdkwmvnf; bmrSt"dy`g,f&Sdvmp&m
t a=umif;r&Sb d ;l ?
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y” b,fvw $ af wmfrS vdt k yfwhJ Oya'jyXge;f Edik rf mS r[kwb f ;l ? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rSmwnf;u ud, k u f ,ck
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hJ aetxm;rsKd ;udk zefw;D ay;xm;wmrsKd ;r&Sb d ;l ? tajccHpmwrf;
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&yf cGiðhf yxm;onfu h pd rP w S yg; 24 em&Dxuf ydck sKyfciG rhf &Sad wmh- tck 24 em&Dxuf ydck sKyfxm;wJh azmufjyefwhJ
Oya'awGukd y,fzsucf siw f ,fq&kd if v$waf wmfrmS bmtcGit hf m%mrSr&Sb d ;l ?
bDbpD D udak ersKd ;ol&ed f? ? tckavmavmq,f csrw S x
f m;wJh tajccHral wGt&qd&k if aemif ay:ayguv f mr,fh
v$waf wmfawG[m ,cifjyXge;f xm;+yD;om; Oya'awGukd y,fcsciG v hf ;kH 0r&Sb
d ;l qdw k hJ t"dyg` ,yf gvm;cifAs?
OD;atmifx;l ? ? wcsKd @ usaemfw@kd ta&;rygwhJ Oya'awGukd zsucf iG &hf EdS ikd w f mayg?h
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xm;wmrsdK;um; awG@&vm;cifAs?
OD;atmifx;l ? ? odyaf wG@&wmaygAh s? 'DtajccH vl@tcGit hf a&;awGukd tmrcHcsuaf y;Edik w f hJ (Oya')rsKd ;[mudk
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Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; - - - - at;csr;f om,ma&;tvd@k imS - - - - jyXge;f xm;onfh Oya'rsm;ESihf rqef@usiv f #if
- - - - qdw k m twdtvif;a&;xm;+yD;om;?
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qHk;jzwfrvJcifAs?
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r&Si;f rvif;xnfx h m;wJt h cgusawmh Edik if aH wmf vHòk cHa&;qdw k hJ us,jf yefwahJ tmufrmS vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf o dS mG ;wm
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bDbpD D udak ersKd ;ol&ed f? ? 'gayr,fh tckavmavmq,f usi;f ycJw h hJ trsKd ;om;nDvmcHrmS t"dutm;jzifh
typftcwf&yfpJa&; &,lxm;wJh wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf; trsm;pkvnf; yg0ifwufa&mufcGihf&cJhwm
awG@&ygw,f? tJ'aD wmh tajccHOya'rlawGay:vmvd@k &&dS if jrefrmEdik if rH mS wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd f jy\
emaum tckxufy+kd yD;awmh at;csr;f oGm;Edik rf ,fh tvm;tvm tenf;qH;k r&SEd ikd b f ;l vm; cifAs?
OD;atmifxl;? ? ydkqdk;vmr,fvdk@ usaemfxifw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh [dkwavmubJ ucsifvGwf
ajrmufa&;tzG@J uae+yD;awmh tcsuf (19)csuw f ifw,f? tJ't D xJrmS tifrwefaumif;wJh tcsuaf wGyg
w,f? Oyrm – zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk xde;f odr;f umuG,af pmifah &Smufz@kd wm0ef[m wyfrawmfrmS &Sw d ,f
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oD;jcm;zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya' a&;qG+J yD;awmh usio hf ;kH cGi&hf o dS ifyh gw,f?
ponfjzihf aumif;wJt h csuaf wG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ygygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'Dtcsuaf wGukd wif
xm;+yD;awmh xnfhay;wm &SdrSr&SdbJudk;/ a&S@udk jyef=unfhygtHk;? (13)zGJ@aygif;+yD; wifxm;wm&Sdw,f?
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpu k kd tajccHwhJ ppfreS w f jhJ ynfaxmifpu k kd wnfaqmufcsiw f t hJ wGuf tajccHuswt hJ
csuaf wGwifxm;w,f? bmwpfcrk x S nhrf ay;bl;? aemufq;kH ucsiu f wifw,f? bmwpfcrk S xnfrh ay;bl;?
96
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bDbpD D udak ersKd ;ol&ed f? ? jrefrmEdik if H a&S@aersm;aumifpu D OD;atmifx;l jzpfygw,f?
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cHcsuaf y;Edik rf vJqw kd meJ@ywfoufv@kd OD;armifarmifoef;u 'Dwywf jrefrmhta&;/ urBmt h a&;u¾rSm
aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;ygw,f?
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abmxm;awGukd csrw S af y;Edik cf w
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udk tðrawtjzpfxm;+yD; a&;qG&J r,fv@kd tydwrf ed @f ceG ;f rSm ajym=um;oGm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fv h @kd tajccHOy
a'udk b,ftcsed rf mS b,foal wGu a&;qGrJ ,fqw kd mudak wmh twdtusajymroGm;ygb;l ? ck usi;f ywJh
nDvmcHukd a0zefoal wGuawmh twkta,mifjzpfw,f? vuf&pdS pftpd;k &u tm%mudk a&&Snrf mS w&m;
0if&&Sdatmifvdk@ Legitimacy jzpfatmifvkyfwmvdk@ a0zefoHawG trsdK;rsdK;=um;ae&ygw,f? 'Dawmh
nDvmcH&@J csrw S w f rhJ al wGtwdik ;f oGm;&if wu,fbJ cdik rf mwJh jynfaxmifp}k uD;eJ@ vlxak r#mrf eS ;f wJh 'Dru kd a&pD
vl@abmifudk a&muf&Sdzdk@ b,favmuftmrcHEdkifrvJqdkwmudk aqG;aEG;zdk@twGuf jynfyrSma&mufaewJh
NLD oxHòk rd@e,ftrSwf (1) jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f cGejf rifx h eG ;f / NLD uE_wx f u G +f yD;awmh
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zdwf=um;xm;ygw,f?
yxrqH;k ar;csiw f muawmh 'DtajccHral wGtwdik ;f oGm;&if olw@kd ajymovdk jrefrmEkid if &H @J tem
*wf[m yd+k yD;awmh awmufyvmEdik rf vm;? 'Dru kd a&pD&zd@k aum b,favmuftmrcHcsuf &Syd govJ? tJ'D
awmh OD;=unf0if;u ud, k w f ikd wf ufcw hJ ,fqakd wmh 'D[mu 'Dru kd a&pDukd b,favmuf tmrcHxm;ygovJ?
OD;=unf0if;? ? 'Dru kd a&pDukd b,favmuftmrcHxm;ovJqv kd @kd &&dS if wyfrawmfu trsKd ;om;Edik if aH &;rSm
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Edik if aH wGxuf aemufrusb;l vd@k usaemfajymvdyk gw,f?
bDbpD D OD;armifarmifoef;? ? 'gqv kd @kd &&dS if tck trsKd ;rsKd ; a0zefae=uw,f? 'Dnv D mcHrmS vGwv f yfpmG ajym
qdck iG /hf t}uHðycGirhf &bl;? aemuf+yD; jyifqifjznfph u G cf iG ahf wG ay;r,fq+kd yD;awmh wdwu d sus bmrS xifo
avmufr&bl;vd@k ajymw,fav? tJ'aD wmh b,favmufxd vGwv f w G v f yfvyf/ t}uHðywmwd@k wifjyaqG;
aEG;wmwd@k vkyv f @kd &vJ OD;=unf0if;wd@k tawGtóuHu?
97
OD;=unf0if;? ? 'd@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg;/ jynfaxmifprk òyduaJG &;/ tcsKyftjcmtm%mwnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;/ tJ'OD pPm
awGe@J ywfoufv@kd wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw G rf r_ òyduaJG &; rxdcu kd bf ;l qdv k @kd &&dS if oufqikd &f m acgi;f pOf
u¾rSm ole@J ywfoufwhJ t}uHðypmawGukd óuduo f vdk t}uHðyvd@k &ygw,fcifAs?
bDbpD D OD;armifarmifoef;? ? usaemfw@kd =um;wmu wdik ;f &if;om;awG oH;k cgww d ad wmif;qdw k ,fv@kd =um;
w,f? 'gayr,fv h @kd aemufq;kH vdt k yfcsuaf wG awmif;qdck suaf wGukd bmrS rjyef=um;bl;qdw k hJ owif;awG&dS
w,fav? tJ'[ D muaum vufawG@rmS wdik ;f &if;om;awGu auseyf=uygrh vm;?
OD;=unf0if;? ? tJ'g - - - 'D - - - nDvmcHpn kH rD mS olw@kd wifxm;wJh pmwrf;awGrmS ryg - - ygb;l ? wdik ;f
&if;om;awGe@J tjcm;zdw=f um;oifw h t hJ zG@J pmwrf;awG/ usaemfw@kd em;axmifae&wmbJ/ tJ'rD mS olw@kd
wifwmr[kwb f ;l ? olw@kd wifwOhJ pPmu usaemfxifygw,f? oufqikd &f m+idr;f csr;f a&; wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J
tpnf;awGu ae+yD;awmh tpd;k &qDwifwhJ udpb P J jzpfvrd rhf ,f? nDvmcHxrJ mS w&m;0ifawmh rwifygb;l ?
bDbpD D ODarmifarmifoef;? ? cGejf rifx h eG ;f cifAs? wdik ;f &if;om;awG[m ucsiq f &kd if (19)csuw f ifw,fav?
OD;=unf0if;u tpd;k &qDwifwmvd@k ,q l w,f? tJ'g [kwyf govm;?
cGejf rifx
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v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f OD;cifarmifcsKd u pHn k pD nf;a0;rSm olw@kd qifqmvkyx f m;wJh tyd'k u f kd rjzwfbeJ @J
zwfvdk@qdk+yD;awmhrS OD;cifarmifcsdKudk nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfu xkwfy,fcJhygw,f? tJ'DudpPudk udk
=unf0if;vnf;odygw,f? tJ'aD wmh udck ifarmifcsKd u ol@&@J pmwrf;rSm rygwmudk xnfah jymvd@k q+kd yD;awmh
nDvmcHu xkwyf ,fypfcw hJ ,f? +yD;awmhrS atmufrmS xdik af ewJh tJ'w D ek ;f u ppfOya'csKyf Adv k rf ;ª csKyf oef;OD;
uae+yD;awmh obmywdukd &yfvu kd /f &yfcikd ;f vdu k /f &yfcikd ;f vdu
k f qd+k yD;awmh trde@f ay;w,f? tJ'gvnf;
ud=k unf0if;odygw,f? aemufwpfcg “0” tzG@J u ae+yD;awmhrS – OD;cifarmifcsKd vdb k J qifqmjzwfxm;wm
xnf+h yD;awmh “0” uzwfw,f? olw@kd uawmqifqmudk vufrcHb;l ? “0”tzG@J usawmh nDvmcHuae
xkwyf ,fjcif;rcH&ygb;l ? 'Dnv D mcHrmS &Sw d hJ vkyyf v kH yk ef nf;awG[m usaemft h jrifuakd jym&if tiftm;ay:rSm
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wdkif;&if;om; +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@awGuawmh pHknDtpnf;ta0;udkawmifrS wifjycGifhr&bl;qdk&if/ olwdk@&J@
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98
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awmh zGJ@pnf;yHkudk jyifzdk@cufwJhudpP[m &ifav;p&mjzpfw,f? jy\emawGjzpfw,f? tJ'gudk wufcJhwJh
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99
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vnf;qdkawmh wyfrawmfuvnf; atmfaewmyJ/ trsdK;om;a&;udk b,fawmhrS opPmrazmufbl;vdk@
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100
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101
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&Si;f vif;yGrJ mS jrefrmEdik if q H ikd &f m ukvor*~txl;ud, k pf m;vS,f rpPwmtDA&m[if *efbm&Du jrefrmEdik if H
twGi;f rSm vwfwavm avmifpmqDaps;E_e;f jrifrh m;r_a=umifh qufE, G +f yD;/ +idr;f +idr;f csr;f csr;f qENjyolawGukd
qENjyoltygt0if zrf;qD;xm;wJEh ikd if aH &; tusO;f om;rsm;tm;vH;k udk v$waf y;zd@k awmif;qdv k ukd yf gw,f?
jrefrmEdik if rH mS vwfwavmjzpfay:aewJh tajctaeawG[m 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f a&;eJ@/ trsKd ;om;
jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuf jrefrmtm%mydik af wGtaeeJ@ b,favmufxd uwdwnfovJqw kd thJ ay:
ar;cGe;f xkwpf &mjzpfae+yDv@kd olua0zefcyhJ gw,f? jrefrmEdik if [ H m Edik if aH &;/ vl@tcGit hf a&;/ vlom;csi;f pm
emaxmufxm;wJh tultnD/ vlra_ &;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;udpaP wGtwGuf Edik if w H um&J@tultnDukd vdt k yfaewJh
tcsed rf mS tckvuf&dS qENjyolawGtay: zdEydS cf sKyfcs,/f ESyd pf ufra_ wGa=umifh Edik if w H um&J@ axmufct H m;ay;r_
&atmif qufvufxed ;f odr;f zd@k ydI k cufvmw,fv@kd oluajymygw,f?
vwfwavm+yD;pD;oGm;wJh trsKd ;om;nDvmcHe@J ywfouf+yD;/ ajymqdak 0zefc&hJ mrSmvnf;/ rpPwm
*efbm&Duppftpd;k &&J@ Edik if aH &;vrf;nGex f uJ yxrOD;qH;k tqifjh zpfwhJ trsKd ;om;nDvmcHuae ay:xGuf
vmwJh &v'fawGtay: olutjypfwifcyhJ gw,f? 'D trsKd ;om;nDvmcH +yD;qH;k oGm;+yDqw kd m rSeaf yr,fv h nf;
'Dae@txd 'Dnv D mcHrmS Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawG tm;vH;k ryg0ifEikd af o;wJt h ay: pd;k &drrf ad =umif;/ trsKd ;om;
nDvmcHrmS owfrw S jf yXmef;csuaf wG[m trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDay:xGe;f a&; &nf&, G f
csuaf wGe@J udu k nf rD r_ &Sad =umif;/ tJ't D wGuf rdru d pd;k &draf =umif;/ tajccHOya'qdw k m Edik if wH pfct k wGuf
ESpaf ygi;f &mcs+D yD; a&S@aqmifvrf;jyay;oifw h hJ jyXmef;csuaf wGjzpfwt hJ wGuf 'Dvjkd yXmef;csuaf wG a&;om;jyKpk
wJah e&mrSm jynfoal wGtaeeJ@ rdrw d @kd qENawGukd az:xkwzf @kd &zd@k oifah =umif; ponfjzifh jrefrmEdik if q H ikd &f m
ukvtwGi;f a&;rª;csKyf&@J txl;ud, k pf m;vS,f rpPwmtDA&m[if *efbm&Du owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGrJ mS ajymqdk
oGm;ygw,fcifAsm?
102
“etzwd@k trSew
f &m;udk t+rJwrf;zk;H uG,af vh&o
dS nf”
103
5² 8² 2007 DVB rS (88)rsKd ;qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif udrk if;udEk ikd t

f m;
ar;jref;csuf
udrk if;udEk ikd f? ? jynfov l x l w

k &yfv;kH tHºk uGayguu f +JG yD;awmh awmif;qdrk a_ wGjzpfvmw,fqw kd m[m/ Edik if H
awmftm%mudk trde@f e@J tm%mawGxw k +f yD;awmh Edik xf ufp;D eif;jyKr_v@kd tHºk uGrj_ zpfvmwmygy?J (1974)ck
zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'&J@ wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfa=umifh t"dujzpfw,fv@kd ajym&ygvrd rhf ,f? 'g[m b,fu
vmwmvJqakd wmh (1962) rwfv(2)&ufae@ ppfwyfu tm%modr;f +yD;awmh/ ppftm%modr;f r_&@J tusKd ;
quftjzpf wzufowfa&;qGo J mG ;wJh tajccHOya'&J@ tusKd ;qufv@kd ajym&ifvnf; &ygw,f?
ordik ;f qdwk m taemufujkd yef+yD;awmh av#mu h somG ;zd@k r[kwb f ;l ? wpfqif+h yD;wpfqifh avSum;
xpfvkd wufvmzd@k / vl@,Ofaus;r_ tqift h wef; jrifrh m;vmzd@k usaemfw@kd ajymaewm? (74)wke;f u ppfwyf
pdw}f udKuf qGcJ sio f vdq k /JG wjcm;Edik if aH &;orm;awG/ oabmxm;rwlwhJ olawGuzkd rf;qD;/ tJ'v D rkd sKd ; xif&m
cdik ;f oGm;wJh wygwt D m%m&Sipf epf? (1947) (1974) zG@J pnf;yHEk pS cf [ k m t"duwdik ;f &if;om; wef;wltcGit hf
a&;awG 'Dru kd a&pD tcGit hf a&;eJ@ vl@tcGit hf a&;awGukd jynfjh ynf0h 0 tmrrcHEikd w f thJ wGuf aemufq;kH rSm
&Spaf v;vH;k awmfveS af &;}uD; jzpfc&hJ wmayg?h tJ'zD @JG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' ESpcf rk mS awmifrS ppfwyfuav;yHk
wpfykH ae&m,lr,fqw kd m vH;k 0rygao;bl;? tck etza&;qGaJ ewJh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'u tajcmufwu kd f
ppfwyfu av;yHw k pfy0kH if+yD;/ ae&m,lr,fqakd wmh &Spaf v;vH;k vdk tHºk uGru _ awmh rvGrJ ao/ taES;eJ@tjref
a&mufvmrSmjzpfygw,f? wpfcgxyf+yD;awmh aoG;xGufoH,dkr_awG trsm;}uD;óuH=u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
4² 9² 2007 tm&ftufzaf t
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? OD;=unf0if;wd@k [m awmufav#muf nDvmcHwufcrhJ ,fqakd wmh/ tck (13)ESpcf JG
ausmf=umcJhwJh trsdK;om;nDvmcHudktESpfcsKyf+yD; ajym&r,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if bmrsm;ajymcsifvJcifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ? tESpfcsKyf+yD;awmhajymr,fqdk&if (47)eJ@vnf;rwlbl;? (74)eJ@vnf;rwlbl; txl;ojzifh
wdkif;&if;om;awGtwGufudk tcGifhta&;ydkay;xm;wJh zGJ@pnf;yHk}uD;wpfckjzpfw,fvdk@ usaemfjrifygw,f?
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? wdik ;f &if;awGtwGuf tcGit hf a&;ydak y;xm;w,fv@kd OD;=unf0if;uajymayr,fv h @kd
wdkif;&if;om;awGbufudk ar;=unfhwJhtcgusawmh typf&yftzGJ@ (13)zGJ@ awmif;xm;wmvnf;r&bl;/
rpOf;pm;bl;vd@k =um;&ygw,f? tJ'g b,fvu kd mG [csuf jzpfaeygvJ cifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ? ¹cGi;f cset f m%mqdw k muawmh q&m&,f ody+f yD;awmhta&;}uD;wJh tm%mr[kwyf gb;l ?
¹cGi;f csew
f t
hJ m%mudk jynfaxmifpv k w
$ af wmfu,lxm;wm? ajym&r,fqv kd @kd &&dS if Oya'jyKa&;tm%mawG
xJrmS jynfov l x l t k wGuf usecf rhJ ,fqv kd @kd &&dS if vkyaf y;vd@k vG,af tmifv@kd tJ'o D abmrsKd ;yg? olw@kd uakd y;
vdu k w f ,fqv kd @kd &&dS if tqihq f ifqh w kd m wufvmtH;k r,f? jynfaxmifpu k wufvm&r,fh tydik ;f xd&rdS mS ud;k ?
104
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? ppfwyftydik ;f u¾awG jyef=unfw h t hJ cgrmS Edik if aH wmfrmS ta&;}uHKvm&if um
uG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu tm%modr;f cGi&hf w dS ,f? aemufwpfcg umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfukd ay;xm;wJv h yk yf ikd cf iG hf
awGu tawmfurkd sm;jym;aewJt h wGuf tem*wfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf[m tpd;k &xuf=oZm&Sad ew,fv@kd
wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifwcsKd @u usaemfw@kd uakd jymygw,f? q&mOD;=unf0if;wd@k tawG@t}uHKudk &Si;f jyay;
apvdkygw,fcifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ? usaemftjrifu t"duawmh umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf r[kwfbl;q&m&J@/ orRwyg orRw
awmifrS olvyk cf siw f ikd ;f vkyv f @kd r&bl;? vH+k cHKa&;eJ@ tkycf sKyfra_ umfrwDqw kd m &Syd gao;w,f? (11)a,mufe@J
zGJ@xm;wm 'DaumfrwD&J@ oabmwlnDcsufeJ@ vkyf&rSmyg? vkyf+yD;&ifawmifrS vkyf&wJhta=umif;&if;udk
oufqikd &f mv$waf wmfukd teD;pyfq;kH v$waf wmfusi;f yaew,fqv kd @kd &&dS if wifr,f? wu,fv@kd usi;f yae
wmr[kwv f @kd &&dS if (21)&uftwGi;f ac:+yD;awmhrS ta=umif;jyef+yD;awmh wifjy&ygvrd rf ,f?
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? trsKd ;om;vH+k cHKa&;eJ@ umuG,af &;aumfrwDukd jyef=unfv h @kd &&dS if (11)OD;ygw,f?
(6)OD;u ppfwyfe@J ywfoufaer,fqakd wmh tJ'(D 11)OD;&J@ qH;k jzwfcsu[ f m tem*wfjrefrmEdik if &H @J ta&;ay:
tajctaeawGrmS bufvu kd rf &_ EdS ikd w
f ,fv@kd wcsKd @u,lqygw,f? q&mOD;=unf0if; b,fv, kd q l ygovJ
cifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ? 'gtrsdK;om;a&;udpPbJcifAsm? usaemfwdk@ bmbJjzpfjzpf (11)OD;u nd‡Ed_if;+yD;vkyf&rSmaygh?
txl;ojzifh odyt f onf;toefjzpfrS olw@kd rcJ +JG yD; qH;k jzwfrmS yg? wyfe@J ywfoufou l (6)a,muf t&yf
om;eJ@ywfoufolu (5)a,mufayghaemf?
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? zG@J pnf;yHek @J ywfoufv@kd tcsut f csKd @ukd jyifcsiw f ,fq&kd if (10)ESp=f umrS jyifoifyh g
w,fv@kd q&mOD;=unf0if;wd@k t}uHjyKxm;w,fv@kd xifygw,f?
OD;=unf0if;? ? [kwyf gw,fcifAsm?
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? b,fvekd nf;eJ@ jyKjyif&r,fvcJ ifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ? usaemfw@kd t}uHKjyKxm;wJh twdik ;f rusygb;l ? yxrydik ;f uawmh usaemfw@kd pOf;pm;vdu k w f m
aygah emf? jynfov l x l yk ikd ;f uxnf+h yD; usaemfw@kd pOf;pm;vdu k w f mayg?h b,fvpkd Of;pm;rdovJqv kd @kd &&dS if (75)
&mcdik Ef e_ ;f ausmq f v kd @kd &&dS if aemufxyf(25)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f u (25)ygqifq h &kd if 0rf;jzpfomG ;wmayg?h wyfu oabm
wlrS jyifv@kd &w,fqakd wmh usaemfw@kd u 'gukd olw@kd vu kd af vsm+yD;vd@k &&dS if jynfob l ufu jyef,v l @kd &rvm;
qd+k yD; wif=unfv h u kd w f ,f? 'gayr,fh r&bl;cifAsm? r&awmhwpfcg wbufvn S phf Of;pm;ygw,f? trsKd ;om;
a&;udpeP @J usaemfw@kd jyefpOf;pm;w,f? power balance ndw ‡ ,f? [kw+f yD olw@kd jzpfcsiw f OhJ pPmudk olw@kd /
wyfrawmfuoabmwlrS jynfolvlxkjzpfcsifwJhOpPmudk jzpfvdk@&r,fhoabm?
olw@kd jzpfapcsiw f OhJ pPmudk usaemfw@kd oabmrwl&if&rvm;qdw k thJ ydik ;f udk usaemfw@kd jyefpOf;pm;
ygw,f? 'g Edik if t H wGuu f kd usaemfw@kd u trsKd ;om;a&;twGuf vkyv f m+yDqv kd @kd &&dS if 'gukd a&Smifvv J$ @kd r
&ygb;l ? uef@uu G v f @kd r&ygb;l ? trsKd ;om;a&;udprP mS trsKd ;om;a&;bufu &yfwnfr,fv@kd ,H=k unfygw,f?
bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh trsdK;om;a&;udk wyfrawmfonf b,fawmhrS opPmrazmufvdk@ajymxm;wmudk
rlvtwdik ;f (75)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f ausmrf o S mv#if zG@J pnf;yHjk yifv@kd &r,f? yxrqH;k wifwOhJ pPmu jynfov l x l t k
wGuu f =kd unf+h yD; (10)ESpf (5)ESpo f ufwrf; (2)ckaygah emf? olw@kd uakd y;vdu k rf ,fqv kd @kd &&dS if usaemfw@kd qrD mS
vnf; 'Dru kd a&pDtavhtusiahf wG &oGm;+yD? wyfuvnf;wyfukd jyefr,fq&kd if jzpfae+yD tJ't D ajctae
105
jzpfvmatmifq+kd yD;awmh jynfov l xl b k ufu wifay;vdu k w f myg? jzpfrvmbl;? jzpfrvmawmh pOf;pm;&

rSmaygah emf? tck'rD mS wufaewmu Edik if aH &;ygwaD wGe@J v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,o f mr[kwb f ;l ? wdik ;f &if;
om;ud, k pf m;vS,af wGvnf;ygw,f? wyfrawmfvnf;ygw,f? igw@kd vckd siw f mcsn;f bJ igw@kd tukerf &cJb h ;l ?
usaemfw@kd vckd siw f maum &cJo h vm;qdak wmh &wJt h ydik ;f awGvnf;&Sw d ,f? xdek nf;vnf;aumif;bJ wdik ;f &if;
om;awGvnf; olwdk@vdkcsifwJhtydkif;awGvnf; olwdk@&vdkufw,f? wyfuvnf; olwdk@vdkcsifwJhtydkif;udk
tukerf &bl;? olw@kd tvdck siw f hJ tydik ;f awGvJ olw@kd &vmw,f? 'gnE‡d i_d ;f aqG;aEG;yG&J @J obm0usw&hJ v'fv@kd
usaemfjrifygw,f?
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? q&mOD;=unf0if; tckeuajymwJt h xJrmS ppfwyfuvdck siw f hJ tydik ;f qdw k meJ@ r
vdck siw f t hJ ydik ;f qdwk m Oyrm bmawGvJ cifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ? ppfwyfu vdck siw f muawmhAsm? orRwolw@kd vckd siw f ,f? olw@kd vu l b kd J wifcsirf mS aygAh sm?
wyfupDru H yG uf aJ e&m 0ef}uD;Xme (3)ae&m aemufxyf&&ifvnf; olw@kd vckd sirf mS ayg?h 'gayr,fh tkycf sKyfa&;
rSm 0ef}uD;Xme (3)ae&mbJ&w,f? Oya'jyKjyifa&;u¾rSmvnf; (25)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f ,lxm;wJt h wGuf jynfo&l
ydik cf iG hf qH;k &H;_ ovm;vd@k jyef=unfw h t hJ cg jynfo&l ydik cf iG v hf nf; rqH;k &_;H bl;?
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d ?f ? apmapmu q&mOD;=unf0if;ajymovdk ppfwyfukd (5)ESpo f ufwrf; ESp}f udraf y;oifh
w,fqw kd hJ t,ltqudk axmufcw H m nDvmcHxrJ mS b,favmufrsm;vJcifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ? axmufcw H mnDvmcHxJ b,favmufrsm;vJqakd wmh ud, k thf qd/k ud, k [hf mud, k f wif=uwm
bJAsm/ b,fou l axmufcw H ,f b,fou l raxmufcb H ;l qdw k m tJ'v D rkd [kwyf gb;l av? usaemfw@kd tqdu k
tJ'rD mS =um;&wmud;k axmufcv H m;/ rcHvm; tJ'rD mS rS qH;k jzwfwmud;k ?
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? tcktrsKd ;om;nDvmcHuawmh +yD;oGm;+yD? +yD;oGm;wJah emufrmS rl=urf;a&;qGaJ &;
aumfr&Siu f nDvmcHu oabmwln+D yD; tcsuaf wGtajccH+yD; a&;r,f? a&;+yD;&if vlxq k ENc, H yl vJG yk rf ,f?
tJ'q D ENc, H yl JG vkyv f @kd &&dS if Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG xyfz@JG r,f?
OD;=unf0if;? ? zG@J +yD;vd@k &&dS if a&G;aumufyv JG yk rf ,f?
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? tJ'aD &G;aumufyrJG mS (NLD) ,SO+f ydKifyg0ifciG hf &Edik yf grvm;cifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ? tajccHrx l rJ mS wpfcak wmhygwmaygah emf? a&;qGcJ srw S x
f m;wJh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk Edik if aH &;
ygwDawGu vdkufem&r,fqdkwJh tcsufwpfcsufygw,fcifAsm? olwdk@ 'DzGJ@pnf;yHkudk ,Hk=unf+yD;
vdkufemr,fqdk &ifawmh ygwDwpf&yftaeeJ@ yg0if,SOf+ydKifvdk@&wmaygh? olwdk@'gudk r,Hk=unfygbl;vdk@
vkyx f m;+yD;awmh 0ifr,fq&kd ifvnf; olw@kd ou d mQ ydik ;f &Srd mS aygah emf q&m?
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? a&G;aumufyJG rSmygw}D uD;awGbJ ygEikd rf ,fqakd wmh/ (1990) jynfah &G;aumufyJG
wke;f u tEdik &f xm;wJh wdik ;f &if;om;ygwaD wG tzsucf x H m;&wJh ygwaD wG&w dS ,f? 'DygwaD wGtwGuf tvm;
tvm b,fv&kd ydS govJcifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ? wdik ;f &if;om;ygwaD v;awGukd enf;enf;yg;yg; olw@kd ciG jhf yKrSmyg? bmjzpfv@kd vq J &kd if wdik ;f &if;
om;vlO;D a&uvnf; enf;wmud;k // wjynfv;kH udk ud, k pf m;jyKwJh ygw}D uD;awGuswmh t&ifuvdk trsm;}uD;
rxm;awmhbl;vdk@ usaemfxifygw,f? ygwDtvGefqHk;&Sd&if oHk; av;ckayghaemf? OyrmAsm ygwD0ifb,f
avmuf&Sd&r,f? tenf;qHk; a&G;aumufyGJ b,favmuf0if&r,f? 'Dvdkuef@owfcsufuav;awG ygvm
csif ygvmrSmaygah emf?
106
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d ?f ? Edik if aH &;ydik ;f u¾udk jyef=unfw h thJ cgusawmh ta&;}uD;wJ(h 25)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f udk ppfwyf
u,lxm;w,f? usew f (hJ 75)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f u jynfojl zpfw,f? od@k aomfvnf;bJ (75)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f u vkyyf ikd cf iG u hf kd
jyef=unfw h t hJ cgusawmh wjznf;jznf;eJ@ ajymif;csiw f hJ zG@J pnf;yHpk epfukd avmavmq,frmS awmh q,fEpS f
=umawmifrS bmrSajymif;Edik zf @kd 'Dtcsuaf wGujkd yifEikd zf @kd tcGit hf a&;r&Sb d ;l vd@k em;vnfxm;wJt h cgusawhm
aemufxyf ESpaf ygi;f b,favmuf=umrS 'Dru kd a&pDa&;udk yDyjD yifjyif jzpfvmvdrrhf ,fv@kd OD;=unf0if; ,lqyg
ovJcifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ?wpfO;D eJ@wpfO;D usaemfw@kd Eikd if rH mS &Sw d ,fcifAsm? Edik if aH &;orm;awGe@J wyfe@J oo H ,awG&w dS ,f?
'Doo H ,awG[m wGv J yk rf &S r,f? v$waf wmfawGrmS wyfe@J jynfow l @kd aygi;f vkyv f mvd@k &&dS if jynfo@l vw G f
awmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wG&@J oabmxm;awG olw@kd ov d mr,f? olw@kd awG&@J oabmxm;udv k nf; jynfo@l
udk,fpm;vS,fu odvmr,f/ odvm+yD;vdk@&Sd&if EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk olwdk@ txif}uD;av;pm;vmwJh
wpfae@rmS 'Dae&mrSm olw@kd qufaerSm r[kwaf wmhygb;l ? cifAsmwd@k usaemfw@kd av;pm;+yD;om; bm;wdu k u f kd
jyefr,fv@kd olw@kd bmom olw@kd jzpfvmrSmyg?
RFA 0g&iS w f ef'pD &D ;kH ? ? tJ'guawmh nDvmcHu jyefvmwJh OD;=unf0if;udk OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f qufo, G af r;jref;
cJhwmyg?
“tpuóuodc&hJ if”
107
ed*;kH
1947 ckEpS f zJ@G pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk a&;qGcJ w hJ hJ tcsed wf ek ;f u jrefrmEdik if rH mS zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'ukd
wu,fem;vnf wwfu|r;f wJo h l b,fo&l o dS vJv@dk uG,v f eG of mG ;+yD;jzpfwhJ orRw}uD;pyfa&$ou kd &f o
hJ m;
&Sr;f trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif a'guw f m( Eugine saotzang) p0fZef@a,mifa0h (c) ,lusi;f u a&'D,kd
tifwmAsL;wpfckuae ajymoGm;wm =um;vdkufrdvdk@yg?
Tonfudkaxmuf¶_aomf 1947 ckzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ukd em;vnfr_wpfpHkwpf&m vHkvHkavmuf
avmuf r&SdbJeJ@ a&;qGJcJhwma=umifh jy\emjzpfcJh&wm jzpfw,fvdk@ EdkifiHa&;ody`Hynm&Sif a'gufwm
(Eugine saotzang) p0fZef@a,mifa0h (c) ,lusi;f u axmufjycJb h ;l ygw,f?
,QKvuf&dS usi;f yaewJh trsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS yxrqH;k vrf;vGaJ ewJh tcsuw f pfcu k awmh “tESpo f m
&t& b,fvkd wdik ;f jynfrsK;d wnfaqmufoifo h vJ qdw k mudk raqG;aEG;bJ wkid ;f jynfukd b,fvykd o Hk ¿mefrsK;d
eJ@ wnfaqmufoifw h ,fqw dk mukb d J aqG;aEG;ae=uw,f?”
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'ukd em;rvnfbJ wufciG &hf wJh olawGudk em;vnfatmif vkycf iG &fh v dS #if jzpfEikd af jc
&Sad o;aomfvnf; etzu nDvmcHrwufcif em;vnfatmif vGwv f yfpmG avhvmcGirhf ðy/ vlxek @J vnf;
n‡Ed id_ ;f wkid yf if oabmxm;,lciG hf r&&Scd yhJ g? nDvmcHwufaewJh tawmtwGi;f rSmvnf; jynfwiG ;f jynfyu
ynm&SifawGqDu vGwfvyfpGm t}uH^m%f&,lcGifhawG b,fvdkrSr&&SdcJhwma=umihf tJ'DzGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'[m wdik ;f jynftwGuf vH;k 0tusK;d &SEd ikd rf ,f r[kwyf g?
urBmhynm&SifawGu vGefcJhwJh ESpfaygif;ESpf&mausmfavmufup+yD; EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pD&Jh tajccH
tcGit hf a&;awGe@J (Individual Right) vlrsK;d pkvm$ tcGit hf a&;awG (Collective Right) ukd umuG,f
apmifah &SmufwhJ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'udk taumif;qH;k vd@k vufcx H m;=uw,f?
w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&mtzJG@. vGwfvyfr_qdkif&m ukvor*~a=ujimcsufukd tajccHOya'ESifhtnD
tmrcH&rnf? TtzG@J . vGwv f yfrt _ "dyg` ,rf mS tvGew f &mus,jf yef@+yD; ygwED ikd if aH &; uef@owfxm;r_ukd
rawG@&yg? w&m;pD&ifru _ sio hf ;kH &mwGif tqift h oD;oD;rS w&m;¶k;H rsm;onf bufrvdu k b f J tm%mydik rf sm;
. =oZmuif;vGw&f mjzifh pD&ifq;kH jzwfEikd &f ef vdt k yfonf?
Tod@k jzpfEikd &f ef w&m;pD&ifa&;tzG@J udk oufwrf;wpfck owfrw S +f yD; w&m;ol}uD; cef@tyfjcif;/ ta&;
,l ðzwfcsjcif;ukd ukvor*~. w&m;pD&ifa&; tzG@J qikd &f mrlrsm;ESit hf nD tajccHOya'wGif jyXmef;xm;oihf
onf? w&m;ol}uD;wd@k .vkyif ef;/ ynmydik ;f avhusirhf u _ dk tm;ay;jr‡iw hf if&efEiS hf w&m;pD&ifa&; vGwv f yfru _ dk
umuG,f&ef w&m;ol}uD;toif;tzGJ@rsm; vGwfvyfpGm zGJ@pnf;cGifhudk ukvor*~rlrsm;u todtrSwf
ðyxm;ygonf? od@k aomfetz tajccHrrl sm;wGif ,if;ESiyhf wfoufI rnfo@kd r# az: jyxm;jcif; r&Syd g?
Edik if w
H ikd ;f onf rdrEd ikd if oH m;rsm;twGuf w&m;r#w+yD; vGwv f yfonhf w&m;¶k;H pepfudk tmrcHEikd &f
ygrnf? w&m;¶k;H rsm;onf jyifytzG@J tpnf;wpfcck k txl;ojzifh tpd;k &. pGuzf ufro _ @kd r[kwf =oZmouf
a&mufr_ r&Sb d /J w&m;Oya'ESit fh nDr#waom pD&ifcsut f m; vGwv f yfpmG csrw S Ef ikd &f ygrnf? w&m;ol}uD;
rsm;onf aumif;pGmavhusio hf if=um;xm;olrsm; jzpf&ef vdt k yfygonf? Ttcsuu f dk etz wd@k tajccH
Oya'wGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;&rnf?
108
,QKetztajccHrlwGif w&m;ol}uD;rsm;tm; cef@tyfjcif;ESifh ðzwfcsjcif;
1? EdkifiHawmforRwonf jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmf. twnfðycsufjzifh jynfaxmifpkw&m;ol}uD;csKyfukd

cef@tyf&rnf?
2? twnfðyay;&eftwGuf Edik if aH wmforRwrS trnfwifoiG ;f xm;aom jynfaxmifpk w&m;ol}uD;csKyf
avmif;onf tajccHOya'wGif owfrw S x f m;onfh jynfaxmifpk w&m;ol}uD;csKyftwGuf t&nftcsi;f
rjynfhrDr_uvGJI rnfonfh ta=umif;a=umihfrS rjiif;Edkifacs? odk@jzpfI EdkifiHawmforRwonf rdrdukd
¶ku
d sK;d emcHrnfh rnfou l rdk qdk a,bl,st&nftcsi;f &Sv d #if a&G;cs,cf ef@tyfEikd af yonf? wpfO;D wnf; trde@f
t&jzpfaeI w&m;ol}uD;avmif;ukd jynfaxmifpk v$waf wmfuyif 0wfauswef;aus twnfðycsuu f odk m
&&Sdxm;onf?
tajccHrl (i) (1) t& jynfaxmifp0k ef}uD;jzpf&ef toufuef@owfcsuf touf 40 ESp[ f k owfrw S f
xm;onf? w&m;ol}uD;csKyfodk@r[kwf w&m;¶kH;csKyfw&m;ol}uD; jzpfEdkif&ef trnfpm&if;wifoGif;cH&ol
onf a&S@aetjzpf tESpf (20) aqmif&GufcJhzl;&rnf[k t&nftcsif; owfrSwfxm;onf? xdk@a=umifh
vli,frsm; ynmb,favmufawmfawmf/ rjzpf&atmif ydwyf ifxm;onf? urBmh rnfonhaf e&mwGirf mS rS
r&Syd g? w&m;¶k;H csKyfonf rdr. d tkycf sKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm;ukd rdrb d momcef@tyf+yD; 0efxrf;pnf;rsO;f rsm; a&;qGJ
cGifh &S&d ygrnf?
w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ukd,fwdkifvnf; Oya'txufwGif &Sdrae&yg? rdrdwdk@ tvkyfrsm;udk w&m;r#wpGm
vkyu f ikd af ejcif; r&So
d nfh w&m;ol}uD;rsm;udk wdik cf suzf iG Ehf ikd &f ef tajccHOya'u pepfwpfck zefw;D ay;&rnf?
pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;ESihf z,f&mS ;&ef enf;vrf; &S&d ygrnf? ok@d &mwGif tpd;k &onf w&m;ol}uD;csKyf od@k r[kwf
w&m;¶k;H csKyf w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ukd ta&;,lðzwfcsEidk o f nfh tm%m r&So d ihaf y?
w&m;pD&ifa&;w&yf vGwv f yfr&_ w
dS ,f§r&Sb d ;l qdw k mukd tjrifq h ;kH jzpfwhJ w&m;¶k;H csKyf&hJ w&m;ol}uD;
csKyfawGukd b,fvckd ef@w,f/ ðzwfw,fqw kd hJ vkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;udk avhvm+yD; ydik ;f jzwfv@kd &ygw,f? 1947
ckEpS f zJ@G pnf;yHk tajccH Oya't& w&m;ol}uD;csKyfudk
1) 0ef}uD;csKyfeJ@ wdkifyif+yD;
2) v$wfawmfESpf&yf wGJzuftpnf;ta0;&Jh oabmwlnDcsufeJ@
3) Edik if aH wmforRw cef@xm;&r,fv@kd yk'rf (140) rSm jyXmef;xm;ygw,f?
onfae&mrSm &Si;f zd@k vykd gvrd rhf ,f? 1947 tajccHOya't& tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mukd tjrifq h ;kH ukid w
f ,
G of u l
orRw r[kwyf g? 0ef}uD;csKyfom jzpfygw,f? tJonfwek ;f u orRwrSm wdik ;f jynftyk cf sKyfb@dk tm%mvH;k 0
r&SdbJ EdkifiHawmf&Jh OD;ao#mifwdkif;jynf&Jh *k%fusufoa&aqmiftjzpfom xm;&SdcJhwmyg? xdkpOfu
(w&m;0ef}uD;csKyf) w&m;ol}uD;csKyfucdk ef@o[ l m tkycf sKyfa&;tm%m&So d l r[kwb f ;l qdw
k m avhvmawG@&&dS
ygw,f?
etz&Jh tajccHrrl mS orRwu w&m;ol}uD; csKyfudk cef@tyfciG , hf x l m;ovdk y,fzsuzf @dk v$waf wmfrmS
tcGihfwpfcsufom&Sdygw,f? t&nftcsif;rjynfhrDbl; qkdwJhtcsufyg?
vlwpfOD;rSm t&nftcsif;r&Sdbl;vdk@ txift&Sm;bmeJ@ oufaoxlrvJ?´ trSefawmh orRwu
w&m;ol}uD;csKyfwpfO;D udk olpw d óf uducf ef@csio f vdk cef@ciG &hf atmif vky}f uHxm;wJh jyXmef;csuf oufoufyg?
'gt h jyif Edik if aH wmf. aus;Zl;opPmawmfukd azmufzsuw f ,fv@kd pGypf +JG yD;awmh orRwu w&m;ol}uD;awGukd
109
ðzwfz@kd tqdðk ycGihf &Sad ejyefw,f? Edik if aH wmf. aus;Zl;opPmudk azmufzsuw f ,fqw kd m[m b,fvu kd pd rP sK;d udk
qdkvdkwmjzpfw,fvdk@ twdtvif;owfrSwfrxm;avawmh orRwu pdwfwdkif;rus¶HkeJ@ tcsdefra&G;
ðzwfcsc&H Edik w f hJ taetxm;atmufrmS w&m;ol}uD;awG w&m;pD&ifa&;wm0efukd xrf;aqmif=u&awmhrmS
jzpfygw,f? TjyXmef;csurf sK;d urBmb h ,fz@JG pnf;yHrk mS rS r&Syd g?
'Dtcsuaf wGukd òcHio kH ;kH oyfvu kd &f if w&m;pD&ifa&;[m tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mydik af wG&hJ vufatmufrmS
a&muf&adS ewma=umifh vGwv f yfr_ uif;rJo h mG ;+yDqw kd m xif&mS ;aeygw,f?
qdvk o kd nfrmS tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfov l x l x
k rH S qif;ouf+yD;/ vlxak &G;cs,f wifajr‡muf
cH&olrsm;u tkyfcsKyfjcif;om w&m;0ifonf[laom tcsufrSm 'Drdkua&pD. “pH”xm;csuf jzpfonf?
tpd;k &. vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m%mrsm;udk uef@owf&ef vdt k yfonf? w&m;Oya' a&S@arSmufwiG f vlwikd ;f wef;wlr_
&Sad &;wd@k ukd vrf;!$erf rl sm;wGif azmfjyyg&&dS rnf? tajccHOya'onf wEdik if v H ;kH wGif tjrifq
h ;kH jzpf&rnf?
od@k &mwGif etz tajccHrw l iG f ppfwyftm%modr;f a&;twGuf tajccHOya'udk zefw;D xm;onf?
ppfwyfonf zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk twnfðyusio hf ;kH +yD;aemuf rsm;r=umrDtwGi;f ygvrD ef rsuEf mS zH;k udk
cGmcsv#uf ppfwyftyk pf ;kd r_ukd Oya'topf trsK;d rsK;d xkwjf yefI csrw S yf gvrd rhf nf?
“tpd;k & xl;c|eaf umif;rGerf u _ kd wdik ;f wm&mY w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf xda&mufatmifjrifrx _ uf omvGef
onfh aq;r&S”d [k e,fpm;}uD; b&du k pf u f ajymcJo h nf?
vuf&u dS mvY tajccHOya' ay:ayguaf &; óud;yrf;&mwGif jynfov l xl .k twdwt f awG@tóuHrsm;udk
xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&ygrnf? od@k rS tem*wf jrefrmhv@l abmifopfwiG f jynforl sm; xyfr'H u k cQ pH m;&rnf r
[kwaf wmhyg? Oyrm - ppftpd;k & tqufquf jrefrmjynfw0ef;Y tjypfryhJ *k Kd~ vfrsm;udk xifovdk zrf;qD;csKyf
aESmif axmifcsweG ;f yd@k vkyaf ecJo h nf? w&m;a&;r¾dKif wdr;f apmifaev#if wdik ;f jynftwGuv f nf;raumif;/
vlxt k wGuv f nf; tE &W m,f&ydS gonf? w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k r_r&Sad om jrefrmjynfwiG f rnfo@kd aom b0tmr
cHcsuEf iS hf vHòk cHrw_ @kd r&Sod jzifh vljzpf&jcif;twGuyf if t"dyg` ,rf &Sad wmhyg? od@k jzpfI w&m;vufvw G f ðyrlru _ kd
tumtuG,&f &S&d ef jynforl sm; ,H=k unf tm;ud;k avmufonfh taqmufttHk wnfaxmifxm;&ygrnf?
,if;wd@k teuf ta&;t}uD;qH;k rSm w&m; pD&ifa&;tzG@J jzpfygonf? w&m;enf;vrf;wusrvkyyf J w&m;
vufvGwf nDvmcHrS w&m;enf;vrf;us aom tajccHOya' anmifESpfyifrS xGufay:vmzG,f&m r&Sd
a=umif; wifjytyfygonf?
pkpnf;wifjyol
ausmfaomif;
t,f'Dwm
&cdkifhwHcGef*sme,f
befaumuf/ xdik ;f Edik if H
110
wkid ;f jynfuzdk suf &k'rf uf (7) csuf

jrif;wdk@onf rsufrSeftpdrf;wyfay;xm;I jrufajcmuf/ aumuf¶dk;ajcmufrsm;tm; jrufpdrf;/
aumufyifpdrf;rsm;tjzpf xifrSwfI +rdefa& ,Sufa& pm;aomufwwf=uonf? olwdk@onf tdyf/ pm;/
umrrSwyg; tjcm;pOf;pm;jcif; rðywwf=u? rSm;jcif;/ rSejf cif;/ aumif;jcif;/ raumif;jcif;/ bmqdk bmrS
rod=u/ +ydwmW EG,0f if t[dww f &d p>mefrsm;yif jzpfacsawmhonf? “vl” rEk\vlom; [kwyf gonf? urBm
ay:wGif &So d r#aom ouf&o dS wW0gw@kd xw J iG f vlom;rsm;tm; tod^m%ft&Sq d ;kH tjzpf owfrw S =f uonf?
vlom;wd@k xuf cE<mzG@J pnf;yHt k qaygi;f rsm;pGm}uD;aom qifowW0grsm;tm; vlom;wd@k u vdt k yfovdk
cdkif;apEdkifjcif;uyif odomEdkifonf? ‚if;tod^m%f}uD;aom vlom;wdk@wGif trsKd;tpm; uGJjym;=ujyef
onf? orRmtmZD0 rSeu f efaumif;rGepf mG &yfwnftoufarG;aomol/ raumif;r_ rdpm> tmZD0 tukov kd f
ðyI toufarG;=uolrsm; [lI jzpf=uonf?
obm0w&m;}uD;onf ol@tvdv k kd jzLpifoef@&iS ;f +yD;om;om jzpfygonf? acwf/ pepf/ 0g'wd@k rnfonf
vlom;wd@k zefw;D ,lvmjcif;om jzpf=uonf? jrefrmEdik if . H ordik ;f a=umif;udk aphiyk af ocsm avhvm=unfh
ygu tajctaejzpf&yfreS f t&Su d kd t&S/d yuwdwikd ;f rjrifwwf jrifatmifr=unfb h J qEN/ a'go/ b,m/
arm[ ponfh t*wdw&m; av;yg;jzifo h m jrifod qH;k jzwfcahJ =umif; &Si;f vif;pGm awG@&&dS ayonf? u|Eykf f
onf BA,COW,BEDC bmbG@J rrS &Sad om omrefvw l pfO;D om jzpfonf? od@k jzpfI bdpk mvH;k ra&;vdak y?
jrefrmjynfrmS wu,fvw G v f yfa&;&+yDvm;?´ 1885 ckEpS u f ae 1948 ckEpS x f d wdik ;f wyg; +Adwo
d #/ t*Fvyd /f
*syefawG tkyfcsKyfcJh=uonf? 1962 ckESpf tm%modrf;+yD;onfrS ,ck 2006 ckESpf ppfwyfrS vlowf
vufeufudk pnf;vGwf urf;vGwf udkifwG,f+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHom;awGudk ta=umufw&m;jzifh enf;rsKd;pHk
zdESdyftkyfcsKyfaewma=umifh jynfolawGrSm vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkpnf;a0;cGifh/
vGwv f yfpmG a&;om;xkwaf 0cGi/hf vGwv f yfpmG toufarG;ydik cf iG hf ponfh tajccHarG;&myg vl@tcGit hf a&;
[lor# vH;k 0 r&&S=d uay? 'Dvw G v f yfciG ahf wG[m vlwikd ;f ESio hf ufqikd w f ma=umifh taemufwikd ;f ,Ofaus;r_
awG[k rajympaumif;? NLD rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t hf wl ordik ;f . awmif;qdck suaf =umifh ay:ayguf
vm&jcif;jzpfI etz tkyfpktaejzifh acsr_ef;wdkufcdkufI uG,faysmufoGm;vdrfhrnf[lI xifrSwfygu
vHk;0rSm;rnf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk@. ESvHk;om;xJwGif 'Drdkua&pD[laom
pepftm; vdv k m;awmifw h aejcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? NLD rSm rif;rJh ygwrD [kw?f vlxk 82 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ausmf
tonf;=um;rS rJwpfjym;ay;tyfI wcJeufaxmufcH tm;ay;xm;aom vlxk tm;ud;k ,H=k unfxm;aom
vlxkygwD}uD; jzpfonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif &Sm;yg;jcif;a=umifh ay:ayguv f maom acgi;f aqmif
vH;k 0r[kw?f tpOftvm}uD;rm;pGmjzifh e,fcs@J ordik ;f / vGwv f yfa&;ordik ;f wd@k wiG f ajymifajrmufpmG wdu k yf 0JG if
cJah om tzd;k Adv k rf if;a&mif.ajr;/ vGwv f yfa&;Adou k m}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. orD;yDyD wdik ;f jynfEiS hf
vlrsKd;tay: cspfjrwfEdk;aomacgif;aqmifaumif;wpfOD; jzpfonf[k ,Hk=unfxm;=uolvnf; jzpfonf?
Edik if w
H umtodtrSwðf y wuUov kd }f uD;rsm;rSm ynmoif=um;zl;olvnf; jzpfjcif;wd@k a=umifh Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
wd@k uo hJ @kd tm%m&Siv f nf; vH;k 0r[kwaf y? &if0,fyu kd o f m;rsm;udyk if rvGr;f tm;? vifom; tJ&pf aoeD;qJ
wGif oGm;IrawG@Eikd ?f jrefrmjynfot l m;vH;k twGuf b0wpfcv k ;kH pGe@f vw
$ xf m;onfrmS tm;vH;k todyif
jzpfonf?
cGyaf 'gi;f wd@k onf tacsmiform; Edik if aH &;pm;zm;rsm; vH;k 0r[kw?f trsK;d om;a&;/ e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/
111
vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJrsm;wGif a&S@wef;rS yg0ifcJh owWdaoG;jycJh=uonf? ordkif;a=umif; ajymifcJh=uonf?

,ckvnf;ajymifq/J aemifoo H &m tqufquf ajymifaeOD;rnfjzpfyg.? cGyaf 'gi;f wd@k ueG ;f cd&k m ausmif;om;
or*~taqmuftOD;udk e,fcs@J wikd ;f wyg;om;rsm; vufzsm;ESiahf wmif rwd@k xcd ?hJ Adv k af e0if; ppfwyftyk pf rk S
azmufccJG w hJ m r[kwv f m;? cGyaf 'gi;f awmifycH wforH sm; uAsmudak &;wJh ausmif;om;awGukd bma=umifh
zrf;&ovJ?´ tdr=f uuf r[kwb f ;l ? cGyaf 'gi;f rS cGyaf 'gi;f ygAsm? ausmif;om;awG wdik ;f jynfta&; óuHwikd ;f
a'gi;f td;k a0&,fv@kd wGecf /hJ ucJah yr,fh orRwae&m trwfae&m wpfcgrS cGuaf pmif; rawmif;cJzh ;l yg? rw&m;
r_reS o f r# cGyaf 'gi;f u awmfveS af &;wGeo f H [pfaºuG;aerSmyg?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wdk@u ynmwwfacwfrDwJh t*FvdyfawGudk wdkufcdkufcJh&wmyg? vlom;csif;rdk@
oabmayguf vG,u f cl ahJ yr,f/h wajrwnf;ae wa&wnf;aomuf tm%m¶l; ppfbv D ;l awGukd awmfveS f
&wm u|yJ g;apmif;wD;& ovdyk gy?J BA,BED bG@J yikd &f iS f armifapwem trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;udk ynmwwf
yDopGm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;a&;yg? EdkifiHawmf/ tcsKyftjcm/ trsKd;om;a&;0g'/ trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; qdkwm
ppftm%m&Si0f g'? ppftm%m&SiEf ikd if aH &;[k u|Eyfk f xifrw S o f nf? u|Eykf o f nf ppfwyfrek ;f wD;a&;0g'D r[kw?f
t&St d wdik ;f ajymrnf? (1948) uae (1961) twGi;f 'Dru kd a&pDpepf usio hf ;kH pOf ta&S@awmiftm&SrmS
tcsr;f omqH;k / twd;k wufq;kH / tzG@H òzd;qH;k pm&if;rSm jrefrmEdik if yH g0ifco hJ nf? xdpk Ofu tdE, dN / ygupPwef
(,ck b*Fvm;a'h&Sf) w¶kwf/ xdkif; ponfh wdkif;jynfwdk@rS tvkyform;rsm; jrefrmjynfodk@ vma&muf
tvkyf vkyu f ikd cf =hJ u&onf? ,ck tm&Susm; jzpfaeaom puFmylu|e;f Edik if u H kd wnfaxmifol vDueG , f u l
ESpfESpfq,ftwGif; Armjynfudk rSDatmifvdkufrnf[k ajymqdk+yD; puFmylòrd@awmfudk &efukefòrd@yHkpH,lI
wnfaqmufcJhonf? (1947) ck AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqHk;+yD;aemuf jynfaxmifpk/ yifvHkpmcsKyft&
wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf uwdxm;vufrw S af &;xd;k r_rsm;udk azmufzsuv f I kd ‚if;/ wdik ;f jynftm%m
odr;f cJo h nf? wygwD tm%m&Sipf epfjzifh (26) ESp=f um tkycf sKyfvmaomtcg jynfoyl ikd [ f al om pum;tvS
ae&mrSm wdik ;f jynf ydik q f ikd rf &_ wem[lor# Adv k af e0if;ESihf ppfAv kd w
f pfpo k m ydik q f ikd cf =hJ uonf? ta&S@awmif
tm&SrmS tcsr;f omqH;k / qefpyg;txGuq f ;kH wdik ;f jynfuae urBmt h qif;&Jq;kH rSwyf w kH ifc&hJ onf? tcsr;f
omqH;k u Adv k af e0if; jzpfc&hJ onf? rSm;,Gi;f aom rl0g'vrf;pOf wd@k a=umifh (1988) ckEpS w f iG f jynfv;kH u|wf
vlxt k ºkH uGI wygwt D m%m&Sipf epf vH;k 0csKyf+idr;f cJ&h onf? ppfwyfu (1988) ckEpS f pufwifbmv (18)
&ufwiG f aemufwpfzef tm%modr;f cJo h nf?
(1962) ckEpS u f ae ,ck (44) ESpw f mumvtxd wdik ;f jynfuckd spaf om (trsK;d om;a&;/ Edik if aH wmf/
tcsKyftjcm) ponfh ponfh a0g[m&ydik &f iS f ppftm%m&Siw f @kd tkycf sKyf vmcJ=h uonf? ynmwwf/ ynm&Sif
wd@k . t}uH^m%fukd vufrcH/ ,ck ppfwyftyk cf sKyfcH jrefrmjynf. zG@H òzd;wd;k wufru _ kd tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;ESihf
,SO=f unfyh gu ppfAv kd f ppftm%m&Siw f @kd . t&nftaoG;rSm odomrnf jzpfonf? armifapwem acgi;f pOf
wyfwhJ odyeH` nf;us trsK;d om;a&;0g'qdw k m bmvJ?´ jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&;ydik f vDrw D ufukd b,foal wG ydik q f ikd f
ovJ?´ wEdik if v H ;kH pD;yGm;a&;/ yd@k uek o f iG ;f ukeaf wGukd b,foal wG vkyo f vJ?´ b,foal wG vkycf iG &hf o dS vJ?´
cifAsm;ajymwJh trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; t&SifocifAdkvf}uD;awGyJ r[kwfvm;?´ ajym&rSm t&Suf&p&myg
armifapwem? qifaoudk qdwo f m;a&eJ@ rzH;k csiyf ge@J ? jynfoal wGukd cifAsm;wd@k trsK;d om;a&;0g'aD wGu
'guo kd /d 'guzkd wf/ 'guykd J em;axmif/ 'guykd J =unf/h 'guykd J vky/f 'Dvkd u|ew f r# iwfaoatmif vky=f uwm
trsK;d om;a&;vm;?´ Edik if aH &; tajctae/ (2) rSm vlwef;pm;todw&m;rJah eaom vl@tzG@J tpnf; jzpf
aejcif;vd@k cifAsm;ajymxm;w,f? wbufapmif;eif; cifAsm;wd@k rkom;0g/ vdrn f mvSnzhf sm;+yD; jynfoal wGukd
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ESpaf ygi;f (50)=um zdEydS t f yk cf sKyf &cJah yr,fh pepfzif+rJz@kd qdw k m vG,v f , G ef @J rjzpfEikd af wmhwm trSeyf gy?J
jynfolawGem;yGifh/ rsufpdyGifh jzpfae=u+yD; wu,fhvGwfvyfaom ppfrSefaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
'Dru kd a&pDpepfEiS hf acwfrzD @HG òzd;r_ukd vdv k m;=uwmyg? cifAsm;wd@k &hJ pnf;urf;jynf0h wJh 'Dru kd a&pD (Edik if aH wmf
tm%mppfwyf vuf0,f&adS &;) udk vH;k 0 (vH;k 0) tvdrk &Syd g?
armifapwem cifAsm;§ NLD a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd &p&mr&Sad tmif ajymw,f? trsK;d om;0g'D
awGu NLD ygw0D ifawG/ tD;ygwmutp cifAsm;wd@k rsuaf jcrjywf apmif=h unfah ewm teH@cH aumif;vd@k
vm;? ygw0D ifawG ygwu D rxGux f u G af tmif tusyu f ikd af ewm trsK;d om;0g'aD wGyJ r[kwv f m;?´ vH;k yg;
yg;vmwm r[kwyf gb;l ? ygw¶D ;kH awGziG chf iG /hf ygw0D ifawG pnf;¶H;k cGi/hf pka0;cGihf bma=umifh ydwyf ifxm;ovJ?´
vufeuftm;ud;k ESihf vkyw f m/ OD;csK&d v dS @kd tEdik , f wl m tpG,&f v dS @kd Adv
k v f yk wf m vltvkyv f m;?´ wd&pd m> ef
tvkyv f m;? bG@J & armifapwem odrmS yg? jynfoal wG b,fo@l ukd ,H=k unftm;ud;k ovJ qdw k m trsK;d om;
a&;0g'aD wGe@J NLD udk rJy;kH axmif+yD; vGwv f w G v f yfvyf rJay;cdik ;f =unfyh gvm;?´ 1990 jynfh a&G;aumufyJG
rSm jynfcsppf pfom;awG/ b,fygwu D kd rJay;cJo h vJ cifAsm;odygw,f? cifAsm;ajymwJh trsK;d om;a&;0g'aD wG
a[majymyGv J yk /f 'Dwzufu a':atmifqef;pk=unf a[majymyGv J yk /f jynfoal wG b,fo@l a[majymyGrJ mS
em;axmif=urvJ?´ rif;wd@k twif;tusyf aoewfr;kd +yD;awmhom rvkyef @J ? jynfo@l oabmxm;eJ@ jynfol
qHk;jzwfygap? rif;wdk@ trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJrSm ,ifq,faumifavmuf a&muf&if ighvnfyif;
jzwfcrH ,f armifapwem? wdik ;f jynf&hJ t"dujy\emudk ajyvnfatmif rajz&Si;f vd@k y?J wdik ;f jynfqif;&Jwm
wdik ;f oljynfom; todw&m;rJah eovdv k kd NLD a':atmifqef;pk=unf a=umifv h vkd kd rkev f mO vkyaf jym
aewm? odumQ &S&d if &Suw f wfprf;ygAsm? urBmrSm ppftm%m&Sif pepfe@J tkycf sKyf+yD; csr;f omwJEh ikd if &H &dS if
ajymjyprf;yg?
'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJ0ifae=uwJh yk*~dKvfawG? wdkif;&if;om;awG ygwDawGESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf
wd@k [m ykqed ¶f ;kd awG r[kw=f uygb;l ? ppfwyfz,f&mS ;a&;/ ppftm%m&Sif rke;f wD;a&; r[kwb f ;l ? w&m;Oya'
pdk;rdk;+yD; vlwef;aph wdk;wufom,m aumif;pm;a&;twGuf b0ysufcH/ touf taocH/ ay;qyfjcif;
trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ wdu k yf 0JG ifae=uwmyg? cifAsm;wd@k trsK;d om;Edik if aH &; (0g) ppftm%m&Sif &moufyefwnf+rJa&;
wd@k uom toHaumif;[pfae=uwmyg? w&m;Oya'udk &mbmuGi;f vdk csK@H v@kd cs@J v@kd &wJh wdik ;f jynf? tm%m
&Siaf wG bmvkyv f yk /f Oya'r&Sw d hJ wdik ;f jynfqw kd m 0efcpH rf;yg armifapwem? wdik ;f jynftem*wf wd;k wuf
om,ma&;rSm ppfwyfu EdkifiHa&;0ifvkyfaeor# pkwfjywfowfaerSm taotcsmyg? 2003 ckESpfrSm
a':atmifqef;pk=unf tus,fcsKyfuvGwf+yD; wdkif;jynfudk pnf;¶Hk;a&;qif;wm vlxkawG axmufcHr_
tjynf&h adS o;wmudk Adv k of ef;a&$ rsuv f ;kH jyL;+yD; (,ck0ef}uD;csKyf) Adv k pf ;kd 0if;udk arv (30) &ufrmS w&m;0if
vlowfyJG vkycf ikd ;f cJw h ,f? rD;armif;xd;k +yD; 0dik ;f 0ef;¶du k o
f wf =uw,fqakd wmh cifAsm; tdyaf ysmaf erSm r[kwf
bl; xifw,f? vSpH yG af v;udik +f yD;awmif cifAsm;ygrvm;bJ? 'gayr,fh owWad =umif+yD; r[kww f m a&;wwfwhJ
cifAsm; vlowform; yg;uGuo f m;awG aomufz@kd t&uf0,fay;oljzpfrmS awmh aocsmrSmyg? csiAf sm;wd@k &hJ
pnf;urf;jynf0h aom 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m ygvrD efrmS jynfoal &G;aumuf wifajr‡mufp&mrvdb k J ppfAv
kd f 25
&mcdik Ef e_ ;f yg0ifa&;/ orRwppfAv kd jf zpfa&; wdik ;f a'o}uD;awGrmS tm%mt&Sq d ;kH vl[m ppfwikd ;f rª;awGjzpfa&;/
'gbJ r[kwv f m;? 'gukd cifAsm;wd@k r@kd oGm;&nfwrsrs/ t+rD;wES@H E@HS jzpfaewmyg? tJ'g pnf;urf;jynf0h wJh
'Dru kd a&pDr[kwb f ;l armifapwem? 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m jynfo@l tm%m/ jynfo@l vuf0,f &Sad ewmyg? b,f
wyfrawmf/ b,fygw/D b,fy*k Kd~ vfqrD mS rS r&Syd g? aocsmpGm avhvmygt;kH ? cifAsm;pmwwfoyl g?
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cifAsm;wdk@ trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;[m jynfolawG iwfoxufiwf+yD; acwfaemufusoxuf usrnfh

pHepfyg? urBmEh ikd if aH wGu vlawG b,fvakd exdik =f uovJ? twwfynmawG b,fvkd qnf;yl; oif,cl iG hf
&S=d uovJ? use;f rma&;apmifah &Smufr_ b,fvkd &&S=d uovJ? vlwpfO;D csi;f vGwv f yfciG /hf vHòk cHr_ b,fv&kd &Sd
=uovJ? b0wdk;wufa&;udk b,fvdkzefwD;cGifh &&Sdae=uovJ? a&/ rD;/ c&D;oGm;vma&; b,favmuf
vG,ful acsmarG@ovJ? jrefrmjynfu wpf&ufavmufxGuf+yD; avhvm=unfhyg? ppftm&SiftkyfcsKyfr_
atmufrmS Armjynfom;jzpf&wm b,favmuf vljzpf¶;H_ w,fqw kd m cifAsm; odvmygvrd rhf ,f? usaemf
olrsm; wdik ;f jynfukd txif}uD;vd@k ajymwmr[kwb f ;l ? ESpf 50 jrefrmhordik ;f rSm wd@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg;u
&yfwnfvmcJw h hJ vly*k Kd~ vf/ ygw/D tzG@J tpnf;awG rSeu f efajzmifrh wfc&hJ if 21 &mpk jrefrmEdik if rH mS urBm
t&yf&yfu vm+yD; ynmawmfoifawG vmae=uvdrfhr,f? jrefrmpum;rwwf&if urBmywfvdk@r&?
pD;yGm;a&;/ ukefoG,f a&;vkyfr& jzpfae&r,f? Armjynfom;awG urBmvSnfh&if pum;jyefawG 3-4 OD;
0dkif;0dkif;vnfae&r,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh ajray:ajratmuf/ a&ay:a&atmuf obm0o,HZmw
aygºuG,f0+yD; vdrRm,Ofaus;aom wdkif;jynfESifh ZGJowWd&Sdaom vlrsKd;rsm;jzpf=uI ajym&jcif;jzpfonf?
trsK;d om;Edik if aH &; ppftyk pf u k kd uAsm/ pm/ oDcsi;f trSew f ikd ;f a&;om;r_ukd tvdrk &S?d vufrcH/ trSew f &m;
bufu &yfwnforl sm;udk zrf;qD;axmifcs owfjzwfonf? opPm&So d u l ukd ,fI opPmrJo h u l kd y,fjcif;r
[kw?f uHo;kH yg;ESihf vm;vm;r# rqdik ?f ajcv_y&f if ajcjzwf? vufvy_ &f if vufjzwf/ Ed;k =um;ol[o l r#ukd
trsK;d om;ppfAv kd af wGu owfjzwf tEdik , f cl whJ myJ r[kwv f m;? touf 78 ESpt f &G,f OD;wifO;D / touf
70 ausmt f &G,f owif;pmq&m}uD;OD;0if;wif/ touf 60 ausmt f &G,f a':atmifqef;pk=unf olw@kd
awG[m cifAsm;wd@k &hJ &efoal wG r[kwb f ;l ? cifAsm;wd@k toufEiS hf b0awGukd u,fwifr,fh rdwaf qGawGyg?
wdik ;f jynfukd qufrvdryf gEiS ?hf jynfoal wGukd rnmyge@J awmh? cifAsm;wd@k trsK;d om;a&;0g'/D trsK;d om;
EdkifiHa&;AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG wpfae@udk a&$acsmif;b,favmuf/ aiGodef;b,fr#&atmif vkyfae=uwm[m
Edik if aH wmfqw kd hJ pum;vH;k vm;? tcsKyftjcmqdw k hJ pmom;vm;? wd@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg;vm;? ajymprf;yg
armifapwem? jynfoal wG tdraf cgirf ;kd Edik =f u&Jv h m;? uav;oli,fawG tpm0+yD; ynmoifEikd =f u&Jv h m;?
enf;enf;avmuf apmifi=hJ unf=h uygvm;? a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J 'Dru kd a&pDvv kd m;olawG[m wdik ;f jynf
u opf&u G u f av; wpf&u G rf # a&mif;rpm;=uao;ygb;l ? wdik ;f jynf o,HZmw [lor#ukd vufnKd‡ ;xd;k +yD;
a&mif;pm;olawG[m b,foal wGvJ armifapwem? 'd@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg; ydik &f iS af wG ESpaf ygi;f (44) ESpf
ausm=f um wdik ;f jynfukd tkycf sKyf ESpðf r‡yv f mcJ+h yD;+yD? 'Dru kd a&pD bufawmfom;awG/ cifAsm;wd@k zsuq f ;D xm;
wJw h ikd ;f jynf (aq;0g;r&Sad omaq;¶H/k ynmt&nftaoG;r&Sad om wuUov kd /f qufo, G af &; pepf/ a&/ rD;
udpaP wGudk (10) ESpaf vmuf ðyjyif cdik ;f =unfyh gvm;? qufrrdu k =f uyge@J Asm? jynfwiG ;f jynfyu vrf;jyajryHk
(7) csuu f kd axmufcaH e=u+yDw?hJ t[kwyf v J m; armifapwem? nDvmcH axmufcyH u JG kd wpftrd f wpf
a,muf rvmrae&? rvm&ifaiG'%f/ axmif'%f trsK;d rsK;d '%fawGe@J aoewfwnf+h yD; vmcdik ;f aewmudk
ajymaewmvm;? ud, k ahf jcaxmufu, kd f wdu k rf v d @kd vJomG ;+yD; ‘x’ r&jzpfaewJh xufqif&iS ef m0wfvm;?´
tdENd,/ w¶kwf/ a'0l;odkuform;awGvm;? r[kwfwmvkyf+yD; r[kwfwm ajym&rSm &Sufwwfprf;yg
armifapwem?
cifAsm;ajymwJh pD;yGm;a&;tajctae tyk'f (4) rSm (26) ESpw f m qd&k , S v f pfpepf usio hf ;kH rdcjhJ cif;qd+k yD;
“rd” av;wpfv;kH eJ@ wdik ;f jynf rGo J mG ;cJwh mudk acsyowJv h m;? tckaum/ trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD pnf;urf;
jynf0h aom 'Dru kd a&pDpepf (18) ESpf wnfaqmufrI d qd+k yD; rajymvdak o;bl;vm; armifapwem? wdik ;f jynf
114
udv k wG vf yfwhJ wdik ;f jynf jzpfciG ðhf yvdu k yf g? trsK;d om;a&;awG? trsK;d orD;a&;awG/ }uHzh @HG awG/ pGr;f tm;&Siaf wG
rvdkygbl;Asm? u,fwif&Sif}uD;tzGJ@0if Adkvfcifn$ef@/ &efukefwdkif;wdkif;rª;/ omoema&;0ef}uD;/ jynfol@
v$waf wmfOuUX Adv k rf sK;d n$e@f / Advk xf eG ;f =unf/ Advk af usmb f / Adv
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rvm/ rD;r&S/d ppfAv kd f AGt D ikd yf D &yfuu G rf mS a&/ rD;tv#t H y,f &Sad e&w,f? bd;k bGm;pOfquf yk*v ~ u d ydik f
tdrfajr/ +cHajrawGudk rw&m;odrf;+yD; cifAsm;wdk@ trsKd;om;a&;ppfAdkvfpHtdrfawG aqmuf=uw,f?
Advk o f ef;a&$ rdom;pk/ Ak'*< g,mrSm a':vmode;f cs+D yD; vª'ge;f cJw h ,f? jynfo@l b¾m cd;k wmr[kwv f @kd aqGpOf
rsK;d quf csr;f omolr[kww f hJ ausmufqnfe,fom;u b,fuaiGe@J vªcw hJ mvJ? &mZ0ifxu J olc;kd }uD;
iwufjym;awmifrS jynfo@l b¾m w\ar'tcGeq f wkd m rcd;k aumif;bl;qd+k yD; ajymcJw h m &Sad o;w,f?
iwufjym;olcdk;xuf todr&SdwJh trsKd;om;a&;ppfAdkvfawG cdk;csifwdkif;cdk;aewJh olawGqdk&if jiif;rvm;/
acwfrDzGH@òzd;wJhEdkifiHawmfopf wnfaqmufaeygw,fvdk@ wdkif;jynfb¾m&wemawGudk ,lcsifovdk,l+yD;
toHa&mifpHk[pfaewm ausmufcJudk qD}udwfovdkjzpfaerSmaygh?
trSefw&m;udk b,favmuf zHk;uG,fEdkif=urvJ? etz ppftm%m&Sifrsm;&J@ aemufqHk;&ufrsm;
uawmh - - OD;ae0if;aowm umv0rf;a&m*ge@J aoovd/k romyd@k ol q,fO;D awmif ryd@k cyhJ gb;l ? ¶k'rf uf
q&m}uD; Adkvfcifn$ef@wdk@rsm; qdkif;iHhaxmifaºuG; (44) ESpfwJh? ordkif;aumif;cJhw,fqdkwJh wyfrawmf
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ynm todynmawG[m wrGe;f wnfph mtwGuf rjzpfygapeJ@? tzdEydS cf jH ynfo@l b0bufu &yfwnf&w J hJ
pmayorm;aumif;jzpfygapa=umif; qkawmif;ygw,f armifapwem?
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4/ 7/ 2006 ae@xkwf a=u;rHkowif;pmyg armifapwem (Ba,Bed) . “wjynfol ra&$xm; (odk@)
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115
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upm;=uvdrfhrnf? tkyfcsKyfr_,E W&m;tay: tkyfpD;olrsm; tajymif;tvJðyjcif;jzifh jynfolvlxktm;
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enf;enf;a&S@ukd a&mufaew,f? aumif;uif&hJ 90 'D*&D rsO;f rwfukd a&mufaew,f? csO;f uyfaew,f?
Ak'<[l;ò*d[fuvnf; bkrRd&moDudk 'D*&Dawmif ruGJbl;? aom=umò*d[fuvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&wkef;u
twdik ;f bJ? 'ga=umifh jrefrmjynfom;awG&hJ vGwv f yfa&; uH=urRm[m wausmjh yefvnfvmw,fv@kd a[m&
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awG&òhJ *d[qf akd wmh jynfoal wG =oZmawG &Sv d mr,f? yd+k yD;awmh vkyu
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awG pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf _ yd&k vmr,f? 'DtajctaeawGukd 'DEpS rf mS cHpm;&zd@k &Syd gw,f? vGwv f yfa&;,lwek ;f u
t*F gò*d[u f 90 'D*&D atmufrmS aeawmh usaemfw@kd Eikd if rH mS ppfyaJG wG/ aoG;xGuo f , H rkd a_ wG/ vufeufuikd f
yËdyuQawG/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;awGe@J usaemfw@kd wav#mufv;kH aexdik cf =hJ u&w,f? tck tJ'gawG &Si;f oGm;+yD?
jynfoal wG&aJh tmifyv JG @kd ,lqvd@k &w,f? jynfo@l uZH mwm aumif;vmw,fv@kd a[m&ygr,f? taumif;
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116
Akv
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d cf sKyfatmifqef;. rde@f cGe;f aumufEw
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117

ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ~ ဖြဲ ့စည္းပံု အေျခခံဥပေဒဆိုင္ရာ အင္တာဗ်ဴးမ်ား

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ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ~ ဖြဲ ့စည္းပံု အေျခခံဥပေဒဆိုင္ရာ အင္တာဗ်ဴးမ်ား

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oH;k oyfcsuf (10)

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aocsmpGm=unfyh g? OD;wnfcsuf (6) &yf

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