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apmbOD;}uD;ESifh vlrsdK;pkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;jy\em

armifpif=u,f
trsdK;om;pmayqkESifh pmayvGwfvyfcGifhqk&

(rmwdum)
(u)
(c)

trSmpm (armifpif=u,f)/
apmbOD;}uD;. &kyfyHkv$m (apmomawm)/

(yxrydkif;)
1//
2//
3//
4//
5//
6//
7//
8//
9//
10//
11//

Zmwd&Gm bJ*&uf/
apmbOD;}uD; arG;ae@trSef/
OD;omjrwf}uD; (apmbOD;}uD;zcif)/
bJu&uf&Gm wnf&SdyHk/
apmomjrwf}uD;/ a'gufwmapmpHpDzdk;/ a'gufwmepfudk;/
xif&Sm;wJh uef}uD;a'gifh&Gm/
vlvm;ajrmufp apmbOD;}uD;/
vef'efodk@ a&muf&Sdjcif;/
apmbOD;}uD;ESifh tdrfaxmifa&; (yxr)/
ykodrfjyefa&mufp apmOD;}uD;. rdom;pkb0/
[dik f;}uD;uef;udk ydkifcJhol/
2

12//

txD;usefapmbOD;}uD;/

13//
14//
15//
16//
17//
18//
19//
20//
21//

(B. I. A )acwf u&if/ ArmydyuQ/

u&if/ Arm ydyuQtajccH/
apmazomESifh apmbOD;}uD;/
apmbOD;}uD;. 'kwd,ESifh wwd,tdrfaxmif/
ppf+yD;acwf u&ifhEdkifiHa&;/
aeol&deftpnf;ta0;ESifh apmbOD;}uD;/
a'gufwmpHpDzdk;. jrefrmjynfESifh u&ifrsm;pmtkyf/
vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;. vHk+cHKa&;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;/
Oya'wGif; pkaygif;ta&;qdkjcif;/

22//
23//
24//

AdkvfcsKyfaqmifqef;ESifh (K. C. O)acgif;aqmifrsm;awG@qHkyGJ/

u&ifrdwfquftzGJ@/
bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&ef@(pf). u&ifjynfe,f/

25//

(K.N.U) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&kHk;zGJ@pnf;jcif;/

26//

(K.N.U) 'kwd,t}udrfESifh ( K.N.D.O )zGJ@pnf;jcif;/

27//
28//
29//
30//
31//

(K.N.U) ta&;ay:nDvmcHrS awmif;qdkcsufrsm;/

EdkifiHa&;ESifh yk*~dKvfa&;jy\em/
&D;(pf)0DvD,H. awmifwef;a'o pHkprf;a&;/
OD;EkESifhapmbOD;}uD; cspf=unfa&;c&D;/
wif;rmrSK. txGwftxdyf/
3

32//
33//
34//
35//
36//
37//

apmbOD;}uD;. ordkif;0ifpum;/
tif;pdefwdkuyf GJtp/
AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;ESifh AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm/
apmbOD;}uD;. +idrf;csrf;a&;qEN/
AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. tif;pdefwdkuyf GJ/
tif;pdefta&;tcif;ESifh u&ift&m&Sdrsm;/

38//
39//
40//
41//
42//
43//
44//
45//

au*sDbD(K.G.B)zGJ@pnf;jcif;/
apmbOD;}uD;zwfapcsifaom uGefjrLepfpmtkyfrsm;/
apmbOD;}uD;usqHk;jcif;/
apmbOD;}uD;tay: jrifaomtjrifrsm;/
q&matmifAv. apmbOD;}uD;udk,fawG@/
twdwfu apmbOD;}uD;/
ref;bZefjrifaom apmbOD;}uD;/
AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. trSm;ESifhtrSef/

('kwd,ydkif;)
46//
47//

&efol@xH owif;ydk@ol/
obmywda&G;cs,f cH&jcif;/

48//
49//

apmbOD;}uD; uG,fvGef+yD;aemuf(K.N.U). t=uwftwnf;/

ref;bZef. 'kwd,vrf;pOf/
4

50//

aumfolavppfwrf;/

51//
52//
53//

(K.N.U)rS ( K.N.U.P) ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;jcif;/

apm[efwmomar$;ESifh ref;bZefuGJ=u+yD/
ref;bZefESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ/

54//
55//
56//
57//
58//

(K.N.U.P)rS ( K.N.U)/
tuGJt+yJESifh tustqHk;/
uefawmf. odcJhaom ref;bZefESifh apm[efwmomar$;/
paumv,fawm. ajrmufydkif;c&D;/
(psmef&)OD;pdk;rif;. awG@qHkar;jref;cef;/

59//
60//
61//
62//
63//
64//

(K.N.U). vuf0JrS vusFmtajymif;tvJ/

'Drdkua&pDESifh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;/
acwf+ydKifxkwfa0jcif;/
OD;Ek.awmwfvSefa&; (yD'DyD)tedrfhtjrifh/
AdkvfcsKyfvusFmESifh oHk;ESHK;rSK txGwftxdyf/
ordkif;0ifAdkvfvusFmpm/

(wwd,ydkif;)
65//
66//
67//

+Adwdo#vufxuf jrefrmEdkifiH/
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom u&ifeDjynf/
xdkpOfu u&ifeDacgif;aqmifrsm;. tjrif/
5

68//
69//
70//
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72//
73//
74//
75//
76//
77//
78//
79//
80//
81//
82//

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;awG@jrifaom jynfaxmifpk/
OD;jrifhodef;vdk ynm&SifwpfOD;/
cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;/
p0fa&$odku.
f edrdwfjy rdef@cGef;/
yifvHEk Sifh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvGwfawmf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. vlrsdK;qdkwmbmvJ/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tajccHrlESifh vrf;!Gefcsuf/
b,fvdkEdkifiHrsdK; wnfaxmifrvJ/
jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;&r,f/
tcsKyftjcmtm%m&Sd&r,f/
tm%monf jynfol@xHrSqif;ouf&r,f/
tcGifhtvrf;tqifhtwef; wl&r,f/
vlenf;pktcGifhta&;&Sd&r,f/
v$wfawmfwGif vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh&Sd&r,f/
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHpdwf"gwf arG;&r,f/

(pwkwydkif;)
83// zGJ@pnf;yHktwnfjzpfatmifvkyfcGifhr&oGm;aomAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/
84// zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' jyifqifa&;qGJa&;/
85// jynfaxmifpktpdk;&. oabmxm;/
6

86//
87//
88//
89//
90//
91//
92//
93//
94//

jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;. zGJ@pnf;yHkudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;/

tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrwDzGJ@pnf;jcif;/
OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;) wifoGif;aompmwef;rsm;/
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ OuUp0fcGefcsdKrdef@cGef;/
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tm%modrf;+yD/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. zGJ@pnf;yHk/
U.N.L.DESifh N.L.D awG@qHkyGJrSwfwrf; (EdkifaiGodrf;)/
Adkvfatmifausmfvrf; yl;wGJa=unmcsuf/
ESpfig;q,fjynfh jynfaxmifpkae@tcrf;tem; (a':atmifqef;pk=unf)/

(yrydkif;)
95//
96//
97//
98//
99//
100//
101//

jynfaxmifpkudk b,fvdkwnfaqmufOD;rvJ/
jynfaxmifpkqdkif&m taxGaxGwifjycsuf/
yifvHkpmcsKyfESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; (pdkif;wifaz)/
yifvHkrS vGwfvyfa&;odk@ (*gr%d)/
oDaygapmfbGm; p0f=umqdkif (&Srf;oHawmfqifh)/
vlrsdK;rsm;. jzpfpOfESifhed,mrw&m; (armifpif=u,f)/
ArmawG&J@ udk,fwGif;raumif;qdk;0g; (a'gufwmZmenf)/

apmbOD;}uD; twKy`wWdjyKpka&;ESifh xkwfa0a&;

(aumfrwD)
1//
2//
3//
4//
5//
6//
7//
8//
9//

pma&;q&m armifpif=u,f (ref;!Gef@armif) obmywd/

apmomawm
(OuU)/
ref;cvSdKuf
('k-OuU)/
apmodef;ausmfa0
(twGif;a&;rSL;)/
ref;ausmfausmf
(wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;)/
apma';zdk; (apmzdk;cGg@)
(uGefjyLwm)/
q&mpef;armif
(trSKaqmif)/
ref;atmifjynfhpHk
(
//
)/
apm!Gef@0if;
(
//
)/

10//
11//
12//
13//
14//
15//

apm'dkif;eD&,fxGef;xGef; (U.S.A)
apm[ef!Gef@ (e,fomvefEdkifiH)
ref;rsdK;jrifh (rJaqmuf-xdkif;EdkifiH)
ref;bv&Sif (rJaqmuf-xdkif;EdkifiH)
apmbvSodef; (wdkusdK-*syefEdkifiH)
apmaomrwf(pf) (wdkusdK-*syefEdkifiH)

//

)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/

16//

ref;xGef; (qpf'eD/ =opa=w;vsm;EdkifiH) (

)/

17//

apmwifxGef; (befaumuf/ xdkif;EdkifiH) ( //

)/

(
(
(
(
(
(

//
//
//
//
//

trSmpm
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh apmbOD;}uD;wdk@ uG,fvGefcJh=uonfrSm
ESpftm;jzifh ajcmufq,fausmfcJhav+yD/ ,if;umvrsm;twGif;Y AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;.twKy`wWdonfif;/ apmbOD;}uD;.twKy`wWdonfif;/ xkduf
xkdufwefwef xGufvm&efoifhaomfvnf; rxGufEdkifvmao;acs// ,if;yk*~dKvf
ESpfOD;teuf AdkvfcsKyfaqmifqef;. twKy`wWdxGufvma&;rSm apmbOD;}uD;.
twKy`wWdxu
G fvma&;xuftqrsm;pGm vG,fulvSayonf// ta=umif;aomf
um; AdkvfcsKyfaqmifqef;onf EdkifiH.acgif;aqmiftjzpfjzifh uG,fvGefaom
a=umifh apmpD;pGmuyif ay:xGufvmoifhaom pmtkyfjzpfavonf//
apmbOD;}uD;rSm vGwfvyfa&;r&rDuav;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&vuf
xufY 0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfcJh+yD; aemufydkif;wGif 0ef}uD;b0rSEkwfxGufum trsdK;
om;a&;(u&iftrsdK;om;a&;)twGuf vufeufudkifawmfvSef&mY ppfwyf.
acsmif;ajrmif;vkyf}uHjcif;cH&aom olykefacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfI aeavonf//
odk@jzpfI apmbOD;}uD; twKy`wWday:xGufa&;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
twKy`wWdESifh b,fvdkenf;r#jzifh ESdKif;,SOfEdkifjcif;r&Sdawmhygacs//
okd@&mwGif=opa=w;vsm;EdkifiHY a&muf&Sdae=uaom u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;
onf b,fvdkenf;vrf;jzifhjzpfap/ apmbOD;}uD;.twKy`wWdukd a&;om;xkwf
a0apcsif=uonf// Todk@jzifh a&;om;jyKpka&;ESifh xkwfa0a&;tydkif;ESpfydkif;
&Sdonfhteuf a&;om;jyKpka&;tydkif;onf pma&;q&mjzpfaom u|efawmhf
acgif;ay:odk@ usa&mufvmavonf//
TwGif apmbOD;}uD;.twKy`wWda&;om;jyKpkEdkif&ef aumfrwDwpfck
zGJ@pnf;&ef vdktyfvmawmhonf// aumfrwD.OuUrSm(A.K.O)ac: =opa=w;
vsm;u&iftrsdK;om;tzGJ@ (AUSTRALIA KAREN ORGANIZATION)rS
apmomawmjzpfI twGif;a&;rSL;rSm tvGefwufuGI apmbOD;}uD;
9

twKy`wWdukd rjzpfraexkwfapcsifonfh odef;ausmfa0wdk@udk trmcHxm;vsuf

aumfrwD0ifrsm;jzifh +cH&HI zGJ@pnf;&avawmhonf//
pmwtkyfa&;om;&mwGif
[if;wcGufcsufonfhoabmyifjzpfav
onf// yxraumif;rGefaom om;ig;&&Sd&ef vdktyfayonf// +yD;rSt
pyft[yfaumif;rGefpGmjzifh csufjyKwf&avonf// odk@jzifh vGefcJhaomESpfaygif;
ajcmufq,fausmfu tpdk;&udk qef@usifawmfvSef&if; uG,fvGefoGm;&Smonfh
apmbOD;}uD;ESifhywfouf&mywfoufa=umif;udk&Edkif&ef &SmazGa&;ESifhpkaqmif;
a&;udk pwif=u&ef aqmf=o&ayawmhonf// TwGif 0D&d,t&mwGifif;/
t&SmtazGt&mwGifif;/ &SmazGaumif;olESpfOD;rSm OuUapmomawmESifh
twGif;a&;rSL;odef;ausmfa0wdk@yif jzpf=uavonf//
wESpfausmftwGif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;&mwGif
t*Fvdyf/ jrefrm/ pmtkyf/ pmapmif/ pmwrf;/ rSwfpktygt0if twefyif
jynfhpHkpGm pkaqmif;&&Sdavonf// u|efawmfhxHwGif &Sdaeaomtcsuftvuf
rsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;vdkufaomf pmwtkyfawmh jzpfEdkifaumif;ayonf// ,if; odk@
tcsuftvufrsm;&&Sd+yD;aemufwGif b,fvdka&;om;=urvJqdkwmu aemuf
u vdkufvmavonf// aumfrwD0iftcsdK@u apmbOD;}uD;ta=umif;udk
0wK[eftwKy`wWdrsdK;a&;om;vdkolvnf;&Sd.// trSefrSm apmbOD;}uD;. b0
onf wdkawmif;vSayonf//t&G,af &mufI vlvm;ajrmufonfESifh t*Fvef
oGm;I Oya'ynmoif,l&onf/ jrefrmjynfjyefa&mufaomtcg 0wfvHkynm
jzifh oufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyK&ef qHk;jzwfxm;onfh=um;rS *syefacwf/ u&ifArmta&;tcif;a=umifh EdkifiHa&;xJodk@ a&mufvm&jcif; jzpfavonf//
=opa=w;vsm;rSwqifh apmbOD;}uD;.b0udk vrf;ar#mf=unfhvdkuf
v#if tvGefa0;uGmaeonfrSm (1) apmbOD;}uD;. i,fpOfb0udk ar;jref;
pHkprf;&rnfholr&Sdawmhjcif;/ (2) apmbOD;}uD;bdvwfwGif 0wfvHk ynmoif&m
wGif ar;jref;pHkprf;&rnfhol r&Sdawmhjcif;/ (3) *syefacwfu&if-Arm
ta&;tcif;ESifh tif;pdefta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifcJholrsm;tm; &SmazGI
10

r&&Sdawmhjcif;/ (4) um,uH&Sifudk,w

f dkifu&ifhawmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmif
tjzpf uG,fvGefoGm;jcif;a=umifh rSwfpkrSwfwrf;rsm;enf;yg;aejcif;wdk@yif
jzpfavonf//
xdkta=umif;Tta=umif;rsm;xuf
ta&;}uD;aomta=umif;
wckrSm apmbOD;}uD;acgif;aqmifrSKjzifh wnf&SdvmcJhaom (K.N.U)tzGJ@.
tqifhqifhaom EdkifiHa&;}udK;yrf;tm;xkwfrSKrsm;yifjzpfavonf// yxrwGif
apmbOD;}uD;onf u&ifjynfe,foD;jcm;xlaxmifa&;udk awmif;qdkcJhbl;onf//
awmifilrSwqifh zgyGefuGef*&ufwGif aemufqHk;apmbOD;}uD;ajymcJhonfrSm
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;jynfe,f (Autonomy) &&Sda&;yifjzpfavonf// apmbOD;
}uD;. acgif;aqmifrSKtarGudk qufcHaomacgif;aqmifrsm;teuf ref;bZef
onfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;rS usefvlrsdK;rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;I udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf
a&;udk &,l&efwdwdyyyif ajymcJhavonf// 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;EkawmwGif;odk@
qif;vmcsdefwGif ref;bZefESifhAdkvfcsKyfjrwd@k acgif;aqmifrSKrSm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
rjzpfao;/ cGJxGucf Gifhudk ajymqdk&mrS OD;Ekonf'Drdkua&pDygwDrS ESKwfxGufoGm;
jcif;yifjzpfavonf// ,cktcg vlrsdK;pkrsm;onf cGJxGucf Gifhtpm; wef;wla&;
ESifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhuo
dk m aZmif;ay;I wifjyaecsdefyifjzpfavonf//
Todk@jzifh jzwfoef;wnf&SdrSKenf;yg;aom apmbOD;}uD;.twKy`wWd
wGif vlrsdK;pkrsm;.EdkifiHa&; jy\emESifhaygif;pnf; vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh apmbOD;
}uD;.tvdkESifhvnf;udkufn/D vlrsdK;pkrsm;. qENESifhvnf; avsmfuefoifhjrwf
Edkifayrnf[k ,lqEdkifayonf// odk@jzpfI ,ckpmtkyfwGif apmbOD;}uD;.
twKy`wWdESifhtwl AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhvlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;. pmwef
rsm;udkyg yl;wGJIwifjyvdkufygonf// ,if;odk@ pDpOfvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh tem*gwf
umvwGif usef&Sdaeao;aom vlrsdK;pkrsm;jy\emudk tvG,fwul pOf;pm;
ajz&Sif;Edkif=uayvdrfhrnf[k ,lqEdkifayonf// //
armifpif=u,f
(pma&;q&m)
11

&Sif;vif;wifjycsuf
armifpif=u,f
trsdK;om;pmayqkESifh pmayvGwfvyfcGifhqk&
(1)

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ apmbOD;}uD;ESifhacsa*GAm;&m;wdk@onf 'kwd,

urBppf}uD;umvwGif ay:xGef;vmaom ol&Jaumif;rsm;yifjzpf=uayonf//
xdkpOfu urBay:wGiftqif;&JqHk;/ tedrfhusqHk;ESifh udkvedk Db0wGif a&muf&Sd
ae=uaom wdkuf}uD;oHk;wdkufrSm tm&S/ tmz&duESifh vufwiftar&dum;
(awmiftar&dum;)wGif um&pfbD,Ha'o tygt0ifjzpf=uavonf//
,if;odk@ 'kwd,urBmppfyGJpwifvmI tm&Swdkuw
f Gif t*Fvdyftar&duefr[mrdwfrsm;ESifh*syefwdk@ ppfyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;vmaomtcg AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESifhvli,facgif;aqmifrsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf TppfyGJwGif
yg0ifcJh=uayonf// 'kwd,urBmppfyGJ+yD;cgeD;wGif t*Fvdyf/ tar&duef/ qdkAD
,uf&k&Sm;wdk@ oabmwlcsKyfqdk=uaom twWvEWdwfpmcsKyft& jrefrmEdkifiH
onf vGwfvyfa&;&awmh&ef jzpfvmavonf//
12

xdktcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;udk

tydkiftEdkifwnfaqmufvsuf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf rem;raeaqmif&Guf
aepOf apmbOD;}uD;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aemufwGif xuf=uwfruGm
yg&Sdvm+yD; Armhwyfrawmfjyefvnf zGJ@pnf;a&;wGif tzGJ@0ifwOD;taeESifh
yg0ifcJhjcif;/ vGwfvyfa&;t}udKtjzpf u&ifeD(u,m;)acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
awG@qHk&mwGif acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpfyg0ifjcif; xdk@tjyif (ywzv)ac:
(zqyv)OD;pD;tzGJ@0ifwOD;vnf; jzpfavonf//
odk@&mwGif xdkpOfu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhapmOD;}uD;wdk@wGif tdrfruf
udk,fpD&S=d uonfrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.tdrfrufrSm jrefrmEdkifiHwckvHk;
waygif;wpnf;wnf; vGwfvyfa&;jzpfI apmbOD;}uD;. tdrfrufrSm u&if
acgif;aqmifwOD;taeESifh u&ifawGb0vHk+cHKa&;tvdk@iSg udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh
&Sdaom oD;jcm;u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;wdk@yif jzpfavonf//
,if;odk@ vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yef;pOfumvESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh
apmbOD;}uD;wdk@ toufxif&Sm;&SdpOf u&ifudpPt00udk pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;&ef
tvdk@iSg apmbOD;}uD;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom (zqyv)
acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; (K.N.U) XmecsKyfwnf&m trSwf(5) OD;vleDvrf;Y
zdwf=um;I aqG;aEG;=ujyefavonf// odk@&mwGif xdkaqG;aEG;yGJY t"dutcsuf
rsm;udk oabmwlnDrSKr&&Sdojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhapmbOD;}uD;wdk@
toufxif&Sm;&SdpOf usif;yaomwdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumuf yGJudk
(K.N.U)onf r0ifa&mufyJ oydwfarSmufcJhavonf//
(2)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &efukeftv,fydkif; wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf
trwftaeESifh
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfyxrt}udrftpnf;ta0;wGif
(zqyv)y%mrjyifqifrSKnDvmcHY oludk,w
f dkifwifjycJhaompmwef;udk ,ck
13

v$wfawmfY jrefrmEdkifiHudk jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifhwnfaqmufrnfjzpf

a=umif;ESifhvlrsdK;pkrsm;. tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;&Sda=umif;udk tus,fw0ifhyif
wifoGif;cJhavonf// ,if;ta=umif;rsm;udk ,ckapmbOD;}uD;ESifhvlrsdK;pk
rsm;. EdkifiHa&;jy\em pmtkyfwGif wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifhjrefrmjynfol/ vlrsdK;pk
jynfolrsm;zwf&SKEdkif=uayonf//
tm;vHk;od&Sd+yD;jzpfonfhtwdkif;
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf'kwd,
tpnf;ta0;udk jyefvnfrusif;yrD AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtmZmenf
acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;onf *VKefOD;apm. vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;udk cH&avonf//
TwGif vGwfvyfa&;udpPrSm r+yD;jywfao;aoma=umifh &ufydkif;twGif;u
v$wfawmfOuUjzpfvmaomocifEkonf 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvm+yD; +Adwdo#xHrS
vGwv
f yfa&;&&Sdvmonf// odk@&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;v$wfawmfwGif
wifoGif;cJhaom jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;a&;ESifhvlrsdK;pkrsm;. tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;
onf Oya'jzpfrvmyJ jynfwGif;ppfonfom tqifhqifhjzpfay:vmavonf//
,if;odk@ jynfwGif;ppfjzpfthHqJqJ tajctaewGif xdef;odrf;aom
tm;jzifh 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkESifh apmbOD;}uD;wdk@onf rtlyif/ ajrmif;jr/ vyGwWm/
ykodrf+rdK@rsm;odk@if;/
&efukef+rdK@rpf&Sifvrf;ESifh
apmbOD;}uD;aetdrf&Sd&m
tif;pdef+rdK@odk@if; twlwuGcspf=unfa&;ESifhem;vnfrSK&&Sda&;udk wnfaqmuf
cJhaomfvnf; vufawG@wGif jynfwGif;ppfqDodk@om a&muf&Sdvmavonf//
jynfwGif;ppftpydkif;wGif tif;pdefudk A[dkjyKI jzpfyGm;vm&m ( K.N.U)
bufwGif
(K.N.D.O)umuG,fa&;vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifhwyfrawmf
wGif;&Sd u&ifvufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;yg0if=uI(zqyv) tpdk;&bufwGif
wyfrawmf =unf;/ a&/ av/ ppf&J rsm;ESifhtaysmfwrf;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm; yg0if=u
avonf//
tif;pdefppfajrjyifwGif yg0if=uaomu&ifvufeufudkif wyfzGJ@ESifh
wyfom;rsm;tm; cGifh&uf&Snfay;vdkuf&mwGif vuf&SdppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfol
prpf'Gef;vnf; yg0ifavonf// (zqyv)tpdk;&onf wyfrawmfudk
14

ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;&mY AdkvfcsKyfae0if;onf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmonf//

umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;onf ajrmufydkif;wdkif;rSL;jzpfol AdkvfrSL;
csKyfausmfaZmtm; awmifydkif;wdkif;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@+yD; tif;pdefppfajrwGif
wm0ef,laponf// apmbOD;}uD;ESifhvef'efwGif twlwuG Oya'oifwef;
wufa&mufcJhol
awmifydkif;wdkif;rSL;AdkvfrSL;csKyf
atmifoif;tm;
wyfrawmfrS t+idrf;pm;ay;vdkufavonf// ,ckapmbOD;}uD;ESifhvlrsdK;pkrsm;.
EdkifiHa&; jy\emwGif txufyg wyfrawmf acgif;aaqmifrsm;tajymif;
tvJESifh olbufudk,b
fh uf/ bufESpfbufwifjyxm;aom tif;pdefwdkufyGJ
ta=umif;rsm;udkyg zwf&SKEdkif=uayonf//

(3)
tif;pdefwdkuyf GJtxGwftxdyfodk@ a&muf&SdaecsdefwGif 0ef}uD;csKyf
OD;Ekonf apmbOD;}uD;ESifh (K.N.U)tm; +idrf;csrf;a&; urf;vSrf;vmavonf//
apmbOD;}uD;ESifhref;*sdef;xGef;atmif (tvkHrpf&Sifvrf;&Sd ba&weftxufwef;
ausmif;tkyf)wdk@onf omoemjyKq&mwOD;ESifha'gufwmpHpDzdk;. orD;
tultnDjzifh &efukef+rdK@wGif;odk@ oGm;a&mufI +idrf;csrf;a&;udk aqG;aEG;=u
avonf// xdktcsdefwGif ordkif;vrf;qHk&Sd u&if-Armvlxk}uD;ESifhtif;pdef
ppfajrjyif. wm0efcHAdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZmtygt0if +idrf;csrf;a&;udk ar#mfvifh
apmifhpm;ae=uavonf// odk@&mwGif apmbOD;}uD;onf 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkESifh
oabmwlcJhonfh +idrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsufudk ,laqmifI (K.N.U)
acgif;aqmifrsm;&Sd&m tif;pdefodk@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmavonf//
xdkpOfu tif;pdefwGif&Sdaeaomtxifu& (K.N.D.O)acgif;aqmif
rsm;rSm apm[efwmomar$;/ ref;bZef/ AdkvfcsKyfapmpef;au;/ tajrmufwyfrS
bufajymif;vmaom Adkvfatmifpdefwdk@yif jzpf=uavonf// (K.N.U)
OuUapmbOD;}uD;onf olESifh0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekwdk@. oabmwlnDcsufudk csjy&m
15

(K.N.D.O)acgif;aqmifrsm;rS ,if;oabmwlnDcsufonf +idrf;csrf;a&;oabm

wlnDcsufr[kwfyJ vufeufcsa&;omjzpfa=umif; jyefajym=uonf// TwGif
apmbOD;}uD;. wdkufwGef;csuft& ref;bZefrS +idrf;csrf;a&;oGm;a&muf
aqG;aEG;jyef&m (zqyv)tpdk;&bufrS tav;teuf raqG;aEG;awmhacs//
,if;apmbOD;}uD;. +idrf;cspfa&;oabmwlnDcsuf ysufjym;oGm;yHkudk aemuf
ydkif;Y apm[efwmomar$; ESifhref;bZefwdk@onf oHwla=umif;uJGajymqdk
=uavonf// apm[efwmomar$;u tif;pdefwdkuyf GJumv +idrf;csrf;a&;&,l
vdkolrSm apmbOD;}uD;jzpfI qufvufwdkucf dkufvdkolrSm rdrdESifh(K.N.D.O)
acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfa=umif;
tif;pdefawmifolukef;bk&m;ausmif;0wfjyK
qkawmif;yGJY ajym=um;cJhonf// ref;bZefuvnf; aemufydkif;Y ol.
ref;bZefESifhu&ifhawmfvSefa&;wGif atmufygtwdkif; ajymjyxm;av
onf//
u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHa&;rSm Ekw,f/ u|efawmfwdk@acgif;aqmif}uD;
apmbOD;}uD;udk t}uD;tus,fav;pm;w,f/ bmawGaqG;aEG;r,f/ bmawG
vkyfr,fqdkwJh (mandate)ray;vdkufbl;/ [dak &mufawmh OuU}uD;udk [du
k
pnf;&Hk;/ 'Dupnf;&Hk;qdkawmh vnfoGm;w,f//
tif;pdef+idrf;csrf;a&; oabmwlnDcsuf ysufjym;oGm;yHkudkvnf;
apmbOD;}uD;ESifhvlrsdK;pkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;jy\emwGif txufygtwdkif;
zwf&SKEdkif=uayonf//
(4)
tif;pdefta&;tcif;. aemufydkif;wGif apmbOD;}uD;onf awmifil+rdK@
odk@ a&muf&Sdvmonf// u&ifhawmfvSefa&;onf a&&SnfawmfvSefa&;jzpf
onfudk oabmaygufojzifh ol.vufaxmufrsm;tm; vuf0Jpmay
rsm;ESifhvDeif;/ pwmvifwdk@ a&;om;onfhpmtkyfrsm;tygt0if armfpDwHk;.
a&&Snfppf udkygzwf&SK&ef t}uHay;avonf// xdkrSawmifil+rdK@wGif (K.G.B)
16

ac: aumfol;avtpdk;&udk rdrdOD;aqmifI zGJ@pnf;cJhavonf// awmifilrS wqifh

xGufcGgvm&m zgyGefwGif usif;yaomuGef*&ufY wufa&mufI apmbOD;
}uD;onf u&ifjynfe,f udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfa&;(autonomy)&&Sda&;wGif &efolu
apwemjzifhyif owfrSwfay;rvm;/ vufeufudkifenf;vrf;jzifh &avrvm;/
tajctaetcsdeftcgt& &ayrvm;qdkonfudk &Sif;vif;wifjycJhavonf//
,if;tcsufrsm;udkvnf; apmbOD;}uD;ESifhvlrsdK;pkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;jy\em
wGif zwf&SKEdkif=uayonf//
apmbOD;}uD;usqHk;oGm;+yD;aemuf (K.N.U)tzGJ@}uD;udk t"duacgif;
aqmifvmcJhol ESpfOD;rSm apm[efwmomar$;ESifhref;bZefwdk@yifjzpf=uay
onf// ref;bZefonf apm[efwmomar$;ESifhyl;wGJ acgif;aqmifaepOfrSmyif
aumfol;avtpdk;&a=umifh wAdkvfwrif;pHepfjzpfvmyHk/ (K.N.U). vrf;pOfudk
yxrvrf;pOfrS 'kwd,vrf;pOfodk@ ajymif;vJcsrSwfyHkESifhaemufqHk; (r'nw)
zGJ@pnf;I ocifoef;xGef;ESifh w&if;wESD;qufqH&ef ref;bZefyif csrSwfcJh
avonf//
xdkrS ref;bZefonf vuf0Jtiftm;pkESifh&if;ESD;&mrS (K.N.U)udk
(Auy)ESifh ydkrdkeD;uyfap&ef (K.N.U)rS (K.N.U.P)udk zGJ@pnf;av&m
apm[efwmomar$;acgif;aqmifaomtpkonf ajray:odk@ jyefoGm;onfhtxd
&SdcJhavonf// apm[efwmomar$;onf ajray:odk@ jyefa&mufaomtcg
(K.N.U)csrSwfcJhaom vrf;pOfrsm;udk wcsufpD jyefvnfxdk;ESufaz:jyI EdkifiH
a&;wGif udk;uG,f&mr&Sdjzpfawmhum/ bk&m;ocifudkom wrf;w&avawmh
onf// ,if;tjzpftysufESifh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udkvnf; ,ck apmbOD;
}uD;ESifhvlrsdK;pkrsm;.EdkifiHa&;jy\emwGif zwf&SK=u&ygrnf//
ref;bZef. aemufqHk;EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrSm AdkvfcsKyfae0if;
tm%modrf;I tm%mrJhb0jzifh awmwGif;odk@ qif;vmaom0ef}uD;csKyf
a[mif;OD;EkESifh'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf oHk;ygwDzGJ@(K.N.U)/ rGefjynfopfygwD/
'Drdkua&pDwdk@ yl;aygif;zGJ@ pnf;jcif;yifjzpfavonf// xdkpOfu OD;Ek.(oef@&Sif;)
17

zqyv (yxp)onf (1960)ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJ wGif (80)&mcdkifESKef;ausmf

rJtEdkif&ojzifh jynfe,frsm;ESifh vlrsdK;pkrsm;. awmif;qdkcsuft& (1947)ckESpf/
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk jyifqifay;&ef awmif}uD;+rdK@Y jynfe,faygif;pHk
nDvmcHw&yf usif;y&ef oabmwlcJhavonf// ,if;tcsdefwGif (1947)ckESpf/
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf (10)ESpfjynfhaomumvvnf; jzpfayonf//
q,fESpfjynfh aom(1947)ckESpf/ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif jynfe,frsm;
qdkif&mESifhywfoufI
tcef;(10)YcGJxGuEf dkifaomtcGifhta&;vnf;
yg&Sdayonf//
,if;tcef;(10)ygcGJxGufEdkifaomtcGifhta&;udk
zGJ@pnf;yHkpwifa&;
qGJpOfu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh teD;uyfI ajymqdka&;qGJcJhaomyk*~dKvfrSm
w&m;0ef}uD;csKyfOD;jrifhodef;yif jzpfavonf// odk@jzpfI ,if;pmydk'f bma=umifh
(1947)ckESpf/ zGJ@pnf;yHkwGif yg0if&onfudk a&;qGJolOD;jrifhodef;udk,fwdkif
a&;om; wifjycsufrsm;udkvnf; ,ckapmbOD;}uD;ESifhvlrsdK;pkrsm;.EdkifiHa&;
jy\emwGif zwf&SKEdkif=uayonf//
(5)
&Srf;jynfe,f/ awmif}uD;nDvmcHrSwqifh &efukef+rdK@/ jrefrmhtoHwGif
jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcHudk qufvufusif;y&m(1962)ckESpf/ rwfv(1)&uf
ae@nwGif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;onf EdkifiHawmforw/ 0ef}uD;
csKyf/ tpdk;&tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ twdkuftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhjynfe,fvlrsdK;pk
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;I tm%modrf;avonf// cGJxGufcGifhudk
ta=umif;jyI wdkif;jynftpdyfpdyf tr$mr$mr+ydKuGJ&avatmif ppfwyfu
tm%modrf;&ygonf[k ta=umif;jycJhavonf//
TwGif (1949)ckESpf/ vGwfvyfa&;&pwGif (K.N.U)wckwnf;om
vufeufjzifhtpdk;&udk qef@usifykefuefcJhaomfvnf; (1962)ckESpf/ AdkvfcsKyf
18

ae0if;tm%modrf;aomtcg &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;/ rGef/ &cdkif/ u,m;(u&ifeD)/

ytdk0fhESifhwuG vlrsdK;pkwdkif; ykefuefqef@usifcJh=uavonf// xdkrSwqifh ppfwyf
onf vHk+cHKa&;ta=umif;jycsufjzifh (1988)ckESpfwGif 'kwd,t}udrftm%m
odrf;jyefav&m vli,fausmif;om;rsm;onfyif vufeufpGJuidk fI tpdk;&tm;
ykefuefqef@usifvm=ujyefygonf// ,if;tjzpftysufrsm;udkvnf; ,ck
apmbOD;}uD;ESifhvlrsdK;pkrsm;.EdkifiHa&;jy\emwGif tenf;ESifhtrsm;zwf&SK
Edkif=uayonf//
EdkifiHtm;vHk;ESifhvlrsdK;tm;vHk;wdk@. ordkif;onf &Snfvsm;I tauG@
taumuf/ twuftuswdk@jzifh rsm;ajrmifvSygonf// +yD;cJhonfrsm;udk
+yD;ap[lI oabmrxm;yJ/ +yD;cJhonfrsm;udk trSeftuef qifjcifoHk;oyfI
tem*gwfumvY rSefuefpGm jzwfoef;Edkif&ef ta&;}uD;vSygonf// ,cktcg
jynfe,f rsm;ESifhvlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;bufrS cGJxGufcGifhudk ajymqdkjcif;tpm;
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wifoGif;cJhaom wef;wl
a&;ESifhu,
dk fydkifjymef;cGifhay:wGif tajccHxm;aom udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&
(autonomy)/ jynfe,frsm;xlaxmifa&;yif jzpfavonf//
tar&duefzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif &Sd=uonfh jynfe,faygif;
(50)ESifh udkvHbD,mc&dkifwck/ =opa=w;vsm;zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif
&Sd=uonfhjynfe,faygif;(8)ck/ uae'gzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif &Sd=uonfh
jynfe,faygif;(12)ck/ vljzLvlrJyl;wGJtkyfcsKyfaom awmiftmz&du zuf'&,f
jynfaxmifpkwGif &Sd=uonfhjynfe,faygif;(9)ck/ &k&Sm;zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
wGif &Sd=uonfh jynfe,faygif;(22)ck/ qGpfZvef zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif
uefwGef(CanTons)ac: jynfe,faygif; (26)ck/ *smreDzuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk
wGif &Sd=uonfhjynfe,faygif;(16)ck/ ruUpDudkzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif
&Sd=uonfh jynfe,faygif;(32)ck/ ADeDZG,fvmzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif &Sd=u
onfh jynfe,faygif;(22)ck/ b&mZD;vfzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif &Sd=uonfh
jynfe,faygif;(28)ck/ Edkif*sD;&D;,m;zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif &Sd=uonfh
19

jynfe,faygif; (37)ck/ urBay:wGif wwd,us,f0ef;I EdkifiHESifhvlOD;a&

oef;aygif;(1500)eD;yg;&Sdaom w&kwfjynfol@orwEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHkrSm
wjynfaxmif(Unitary State)pepfjzpf+yD; jynfe,faygif;rSm(31)e,f&SdI
,if;wdk@teufrS udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ay;xm;aom jynfe,foHk;ckrSm vlOD;a&
oef;aygif;(22)oef;ausmf&Sdonft
h wGif; rGef*dkvD;,m;jynfe,f vlOD;a&(18)
oef;ausmf&Sdaom qifusef(0Dum)jynfe,f/ vlOD;a& ESpfoef;cGJausmf&Sdaom
wdbufjynfe,fESifh tdENd,zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif &Sd=uonfhjynfe,f
aygif;rSm (32)ck&Sdavonf//
(6)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ apmbOD;}uD;ESifhacsa*GAm;&m;wdk@onf rdrdEdkifiH/
rdrdvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf txufaz:jyyg zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkrsdK;ESifhvlrsdK;rsm;
twGuf wef;wla&;ESifhu,
dk fydkifjymef;cGifhudk &,lay;vdkaomfvnf; &efol.
vkyf}uHowfjzwfrSKa=umifh xdktcdkufrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh apmbOD;
}uD;wdk@onf b0ZD0defcsKyfcJh&avonf// acsa*GAm;&m;rSm usL;bm;rS trdEdkifiH
tm*sifwD;em; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf tjyefbdkvDAD;,m;ta&mufY
bdkvDAD;,m;ppfwyf. &ufpufpGmESifh,kwfrmpGm owfjzwfjcif;udk cH&av
onf//
apmbOD;}uD;ESifhvlrsdK;pkrsm;.EdkifiHa&;jy\emudk zwf&SK&olrsm;
onf &SKaxmifhtoD;oD;ESihf tjriftoD;oD;wdk@udk jrifawG@Edkifap&eftvdk@iSg
(zqyv)y%mrjyifqifrSKnDvmcHESifh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf yxrt}udrf
tpnf;ta0;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wifoGif;cJhaom pmwef;/ 1961-ckESpf/
awmif}uD;jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcHwGif (&Srf;jynfudk,pf m;jyK) OD;xGef;jrifh
(awmif}uD;)wifoGif;aompmwef;/ 1989-ckESpf/ jynfaxmifae@ESpfig;q,f
ajrmufwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfwifjyaompmwef;ESifh (U.N.L.D,L.A)
20

nDvmcHwGif qvdkif;vsefrkef;wifjyaom t"dupmwef;rsm;ESifh wOD;csif;pD

tawG;tjrifrsm;udkyg ,ckpmtkyfwGif yl;wGJwifjyxm;ygonf//
,if;pmwef;}uD;rsm;ESifh wOD;csif;pDtawG;tjrifrsm;onf acwfumv
ESifhtajctaet&/ vdkw;dk ydkav#mhrsm;vnf;jzpfEdkifayonf// a0g[m&toHk;
tESKef;rsm;oHk;pGJ&mwGifvnf; tEkt=urf;rsm;vnf; jzpfapEdkifayonf//
,if;csdK@,Gif;csuf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifhrjynfhpHkaomtcsufrsm;udk AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESifhapmbOD;}uD;tygt0if jrefrmjynfol/ vlrsdK;pkjynfolrsm;.
rsufESmudk axmuf&SKvsuf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkxlaxmifa&;ESifhvlrsdK;pk
rsm;. wef;wla&;ESifhu,
dk fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk a&S@&SK=uygpdk@ ---

(armifpif=u,f)

21

apmomawm. apmbOD;}uD;&kyfyHkv$m
ol@t&yfu 5ay/ 8vufr&Sd+yD; qHyifudkaooyfpGm aemufjyef
+zD;avh&Sdw,f// ycHk;us,f+yD; uGufom;vSdKif;awGeJ@zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh cE<mudk,f[m
a,musFm;yDo+yD; tvGef=unfhaumif;olwa,muf jzpfw,f// av;axmifh
ususrsufESmrSm t+yHK;&dyfawGt_rJa0aeayrJh av;eufwnf=unfpGm cef@nm;
aewJhol@udk uif;ba&@*sfwuUodkvf (Cambridge University)rS cifrifol
rdwfaqGawGu z&uf tvJef(Fred Allen)vdk@ cifrifpGmac:=uw,f// t+rJvdkvdk
rsufrSefwyfxm;avh&Sdwo
Jh l@udk "gwfyHkxJ rsufrSefrygbJ awG@&awmh wrsdK;av;
qef;aeovdkygbJ// csrf;omuG,f0wJh rdbrsdK;&dk;u qif;oufvm+yD; taemuf
wdkif;acwfynmwwfwJho[
l m taetxdkifoef@jyef@_yD; rdrdudk,f rdrd,Hk=unf
rSKtjynfh&Sdol/ pdwf"gwfjrifhrm;cdkifrmolwa,mufjzpfw,f// ol[moef@oef@
&Sif;&Sif;/ oyfoyf&yf&yfeJ@ pwdkifusepGm aexdkifwwfolwa,mufvnf;
jzpfw,f//
u|efawmfh&J@ tdyf,mab;rSm azaz&,f/ arar&,f/ u|efawmf&,f
oHk;a,muf tD'Jefba&@*sf (Edenbridge)rSmaewHk;u wGJ&dkufxm;wJh "gwfyHk
av;&Sdw,f// "gwfyHkxJrSm araru u|efawmfhudk odyfxm;wJh uav;wGef;
vSnf;av;udkudkif+yD; rwfwyf&yfaew,f// azazu tjzLa&mif&Syftusudk
0wfxm;w,f// vuftdyfpGwfxm;wJhvufrSm xD;wvufudkuidk fxm;_yD;
OD;xkyftydkif;av; aqmif;xm;wJh azaz[m uifr&mudk pl;pdkuf=unfhaew,f//
udkvedk DacwfwHk;u acwfpm;wJh umuDabmif;bDwd@k udk 0wfxm;+yD; 'l;atmuf
em;avmufxd&SnfwJh tm*sD;acstdwf&Snftay:rSm tnKda&mifom;&nf
zdeyfudk pD;xm;wJhazaz[m xHk;pHtwdkif; t+rJwrf;=unfhaumif;aeygw,f//
"gwfyHkxJu ol[m tJ'DwHk;u toufESpfq,fausmfausmfbJ&SdOD;rSmyg//
tckawmh"gwfyHkav;u aq;om;wcsdK@ys,faeyg+yD//
azaz[m wa,mwvufudk ydkifqdkifxm;ayrJh olwa,mxdk;wm
udkawmh u|efawmfwcgrS rawG@zl;ygbl;// 'gayrJh ol[mwa,mxd;k
22

0goemygcJh[efwlygw,f// tJ'ga=umifh u|efawmfwdk@ uif;pf0k'f (Kingswood)

rSm aecJhw;Hk u u|efawmfwdk@udk *Dwoifwef;wufapcJhw,f// ol@&J@txuf
wef;qefqefeJ@ pwdkifusus aexdkifwwfwJh"avhu tEkynmeJ@pmayudk
pdwf0ifpm;bdk@ ta=umif;jyKcJh[efwlayrJh tJ'Dta=umif;awGudkawmh olwcgrS
yGifhyGifhvif;vif; rajymcJhygbl;//
ol[m oif=um;rSKrSm pdwf&SnfwJhvw
l a,mufawmh r[kwfygbl;//
ol@&J@oif=um;rSKyHkpHuawmh jrif;Zuf}udK;udk cyfqwfqwfudkif+yD; ESifwHwdk@
ajy;apwJhtvm;ygbJ// ol[mu|efawmfhudk pufbD;pD;/ jrif;pD;/ a&ul;eJ@
vufa0S@ynmmawG udk,fwdkifwGef;wGef;ydk@ydk@ oifay;cJhygw,f// vufa0S@
oifay;wJhtcgrSmawmh uav;t&G,f u|efawmfheJ@ t&yfcsif;wlatmif
'l;axmuf+yD; olupm;avh&Sdw,f// 'l;ay:rSmrdk@ a&G@vsm;rSKaES;auG;wJhol@udk
u|efawmfu rdrd&& xdk;rdvdk@ ESmwHaoG;,dkoGm;wJhtcgawGrSmawmh azaz[m
u|efawmfhudk=unfh+yD; t&rf;tm;&*k%f,laeawmhw,f// azaz[m avhusifh
xm;wJh tm;upm;orm;wa,muf&J@ cE<mudk,ftcsdK;tqpfudk obm0ydkif
qdkifxm;ayrJh xl;c|efwJhtm;upm;orm;wa,muf jzpfvmbdk@awmh pdwf
&SnfpGm usdK;pm;ravhusifhygbl;//
azaz[m olvkyfcsifwm/ jzpfcsifwmawGtm;vHk;udk wu,f
jzpfvmatmifvkyfEdkif/ pGrf;aqmifEdkif wJh t&nftcsif;&Sdol obm0yg&rD&Sdol
wa,mufjzpfygw,f// uif;ba&@*sf(Cambridge)wuUodkvf 0ifcGifh&bdk@
twGuf vdktyfwJhvufwifbmompum;udk ajcmufvtwGif; oif=um;
wwfajrmufEdkifwm[m olrSwf^m%feJ@^m%f&nf b,favmufaumif;w,f
qdkwmudk az:!Gef;aeygw,f// owfrSwfcsdef twdkif;twmwcktwGif;
uif;ba&@*sfvdkwuUodkvfrsdK;u Oya'bGJ@udk tqifhjrifhjrifhatmifjrifEdkifcJhwm
[mvJ ol@&J@bmompum;u|rf;usifydkifEdkifrSKeJ@ xufjrufrSK&J@taumif;qHk;
oufaoawGygbJ//
23

ol@&J@^m%fyg&rDeJ@xufjrufrSK/ pdwf"gwfcdkifrmrSKawGu ol@b0udk

}uD;us,fatmifjrifapcJhygw,f// 'gayrJh azaz[m +iD;aiG@zG,f tvkyftudkif
}uD;awGeJ@ t+rJwrf;tcsdefukefaewJhvlwa,mufawmh r[kwf ygbl;// ol[m
oli,fcsif;awGeJ@aysmf aysmf&$if&$if pdwfvufayghyg;pGm aexdkifavhvnf;
&Sdygw,f// ol@rSm ol@vdkbJ aiGa=u;jynfhpHkwJh w&kwfvlrsdK;rdwfaqGaumif;
wa,muf&Sd+yD; olwdk@ESpfa,muftwlwl tyef;ajzbdvd,ufxdk;+yD; ol@&J@
tm;vyfcsdefawGudk ukefvGefapygw,f//
b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpf 'gawGtm;vHk;[m wcsdefu azazb0&J@ yHk&dyf
wcsdK@yg// tckawmh ppf}uD;u t&m&mudk tm;vHk;ajymif;vJoGm;apcJhyg+yD;// //

apmomawm

rdkifu,foDtdk'dk

24

yxrydkif;

25

apmbOD;}uD;ESifh vlrsdK;pkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;jy\em

armifpif=u,f
(trsdK;om;pmayqkESifh pmayvGwfvyfcGifhqk&)

(yxrydkif;)
tcef; (1)
Zmwd&GmbJ*&uf
{&m0wDwdkif;(jrpf0u|ef;ay:)a'owGif
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;acwfrS
,ae@wdkif c&dkif}uD;ig;ck&SdI wdik f;wck&Sdonf// ,if;wdk@rSm rtlyifc&dkif/
zsmyHkc&dkif/ ajrmif;jrc&dkif/ [oFmwc&dkifESifh ykodrfc&dkif (wdkif;)wdk@yif
jzpf=uonf// &efukefESifhteD;qHk;rSm rtlyifc&dkifjzpfI &efukefESifhta0;qHk;/
awmifbuftqHk;wGif ykodrfc&dkif(wdkif;)jzpfavonf// yifv,fa&iHESifha'o
tcsdK@ xdawG@aeaomc&dkifrSm zsmyHkc&dkif/ ykodrfc&dkifwdk@yif jzpf=uonf//
ukef;wGif;c&dkifoHk;ckrSm rtlyifc&dkif/ [oFmwc&dkif/ ajrmif;jrc&dkifwdk@yif jzpf=u
avonf//
[oFmwc&dkifonf ucsifjynfe,f/ jrpfqHka'orSpD;qif;vmaom
{&m0wDjrpf.tqHk;wGif &Sdonf// ol.atmufbufrS rtlyifc&kdif/ zsmyHkc&dkif/
ajrmif;jrc&dkifESifhykodrfc&kdifwdk@onf aemifaomtcgwGif ay:xGef;vmaom
jrpf0u|ef;ay: (ajrEk)a'ojzpfavonf// u|efawmfonf ajrmif;jrc&dkif/
0g;c,fr+rdK@e,f/ a&$avmif;&GmZmwdjzpfonf// 0g;c,fr+rdK@e,f. ordkif;pmwef;
wapmiftvdkt&/ a&$avmif;&Gmonf bdk;awmfbk&m;vufxufawmfwGif
26

avSol}uD;wOD;cs&yfcJh+yD; a&$avmif;&Gm&Sd bk&m;}uD;onf xdkavSol}uD;wnfcJh

onf[k tqdk&SdcJhbl;onf//
u|efawmfi,fpOf ausmif;om;b0u ajrmif;jrc&dkif u0ufajr
eDukef;&Gmtv,fwef;ausmif;/
ajrmif;jr+rdK@
trSwf(1)tv,fwef;
ausmif;ESifhajrmif;jr+rdK@(R.C.M)txufwef;ausmif;wdk@wGif
ausmif;aecJh
aomfvnf; ykodrf+rdK@odk@ ra&mufcJhbl;acs// u|efawmfvlvm;ajrSmufI tvkyf
cGif0if&aomtcgwGif ykodrf+rdK@odk@ b0trsdK;rsdK;/ vkyfief;wm0eftoD;oD;jzifh
oabFmjzifhif;/ tenf;enf;tzHkzHk a&mufbl;ygavawmhonf//
yxrtacgufwGif urBm@vli,fausmif;om;yGJawmftwGuf a&muf
vmaom &k&Sm;vli,frsm;tm; (&cdkifvli,f)OD;eDatmifausmfESifhtwl ykodrf
aumvdyfodk@ ydk@aqmifjcif;/ (rqv)vufxuf u&ifh,Ofaus;rSKnDvmcHodk@
zdwf=um;cH&ojzifh ykodrf_rdK@wdkifw&m (udkomjzL)txufwef;ausmif;odk@
a&muf&Sdjcif;/ ukefoG,fa&;t&m&SdtaeESifhykodrf+rdK@&Sd ukefoG,fa&;0efxrf;rsm;
tm; vlrSKzlvHka&;t&Sm&SdESifhtwl vlrSKzlvHka&;rSwfyHkwifay;&jcif;/ Tc&D;
rsm;rSm &efukefrSykodrfodk@ toGm;tjyef c&D;r#omjzpfavonf// u|efawmfh
twGuf arhr&aomc&D;rSm (1959)ckESpf/ EdkifiHa&;c&D;yif jzpfavonf//
xdkpOfu u|efawmfwdk@onf pdk;&drfa=umifhuspGmjzifh tpnf;ta0;
+yD;qHk;onfh aemufwae@wGif ykodrfrS [oFmwodk@ r0ifbJ/ [oFmw
wbufurf;rS om&a0gvufyHwef;odk@ul;I &efukefjyefonfh c&D;yif
jzpfavonf// ,if;c&D;wGif u|efawmfwdk@onf ykodrfrS xGufcGgvmaomtcg
u&ifacgif;aqmif}uD; a'gufwmpHpDzdk;. ud;k ql&Gmudk jzwfoGm;jzwfvm
a&mufcJh./ udk;ql&GmrS xGufvm+yD;aemufwGif u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif
apmbOD;}uD;. Zmwd&GmbJ*&uf b,fae&mwGif &Sdonfudkum; rSef;qI
yifr&=u/ ar;jref;aomf ajymrnfholvnf;r&Sd/ xdktcsdefu AdkvfcsKyf ae0if;.
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&rS
a&G;aumufyGJusif;yay;&ef
pDpOfaecsdefvnf;jzpf.//
27

apmbOD;}uD;onf {&mrolykefacgif;aqmif}uD; b0ESifhuG,fvGefjcif;vnf;

jzpf.// pHkprf;jcif;xuf rpHkprf;rar;jref;jcif;u aumif;ao;.[k u&ifwdkif;
rSwf,lae=u&./ odk@jzifh qdwfqdwfom aevdkuf&.//
trSefrSm u|efawmfonf apmbOD;}uD;tm; rjrifbl; rodbl;&aomf
vnf; ol.aoG;om;rsm;ESifhum; tvGef&if;ESD;cJhbl;./ wOD;rSm apmbOD;
}uD;. 'kwd,ZeD; (aemfrav;)ESifh&aom (orD;)o&mrlxD;rl (Thi Mu)jzpf./
(apmpHbdk;oif. pmtkyfzwfyg)/ aemufxyfESpfOD;rSm apmbOD;}uD;wlom;
rsm;jzpf=uaom apmabm'Gif}uD;(u&ifjynfe,f,Ofaus;rSKrS &efukef,Ofaus;
rSKXmeodk@)ESifh apmuoGD;(ukefoG,f a&;/ awmifil)wdk@yif jzpf=uavonf//

apmbOD;}uD;arG;&yfESifh bJ*&uftuGmta0;
apmbOD;}uD;onf i,fi,f&G,f&G,f toufav;q,fausmf (1950)
ckwGif olykefacgif;aqmifb0jzifh usqHk;uG,fvGefcJhaoma=umifh pdk;&drfa=umifh
&GH@olrsm;tzdk@ rar;&J/ rrSwf&Jjzpf=u&m/ ,ck &mpkw0ufausmfa&mufvm
csdefwGif trSwftom;rsm;u rluGJrsm;jzpfvmavawmhonf// ,if;odk@
rSwfom;&mwGif tcsdK@onf jynfwGif;rSjzpfI tcsdK@onf jynfyrSjzpf=uonf//
odk@jzpfI apmbOD;}uD;. orD;jzpfol oJvfrm&DZm(oJvf}uD;)onf
zcifapmbOD;}uD;. arG;ouU&mZfudk twnfjyKay;&&Sm onftxd &SdcJhay
onf// apmbOD;}uD;. arG;ouU&mZftppftrSefrSm (1903)ckESpf/ atmufwdk
bmv(7)&ufae@jzpfonf// (aemfoJvfrm}uD;xHrS)/ ykodrf+rdK@rS apmbOD;}uD;
Zmwd(bJ*&uf)udk az:jy&mwGifvnf; rluGJrsm;u &Sdaejyefonf// tcsdK@aom
okawoDrsm;u tuGmta0;udk (7)rdkif[ak z:jy+yD; ref;bZef(ref;bZefESifh
u&ifhawmfvSefa&;)wOD;wnf;uom ykodrf.ta&S@ajrmufbuf rdkif(40)
tuGmwGif apmbOD;}uD;.Zmwd(bJ*&uf)&Sdonf[k az:jyxm;avonf//
xdk@xufqdk;aom tcsufrSm apmbOD;}uD;onf &efukefwuUodkvw
f Gif ( B.A)
28

atmif+yD;aemuf vef'efoGm;I 0wfvHkbGJ@,lonf[al om a&;om;csufrsm;

yif jzpfavonf// ,if;ESifhywfoufI oJvfrm}uD;u atmufyg twdkif;
a&;om;xm;avonf//
yg;yg; (apmbOD;}uD;)udk (1903)ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv(7)&ufrSm
arG;ygw,f/ txufwef; ynmudk armfv+rdKifESpfjcif;c&pf,mef txufwef;
ausmif;rSm oif,lcJhygw,f/ (tJ'Dwkef;u ausmif;q&mtrsm;pk[m t*Fvdyf
vlrsdK;awGjzpfygw,f)/ wdkufqdkifrSKwckudk ajym&&if yg;yg;&J@ordkif;q&m
rpP(pf)*sHK; Mss Jonesu tefwDudk uavm+rdK@rSm pmoifay;cJhygw,f/
zl;zl;(apmomjrwf}uD;)[m yg;yg;(apmbOD;}uD;)&J@ ol@0rf;uGJnD (apmazom)
wdk@udk t*Fvefv$wf+yD; Oya'ynmoifapcJhygw,f/ yg;yg;[m tJh'Dwkef;u
touf(17)ESpf rjynfhwwfao;ygbl;/
(oJvfrm}uD;)

rnfodk@yifjzpfap/ ,cktcg apmbOD;}uD;. arG;ouU&mZftrSefudkif;/

apmbOD;}uD;.ynma&; tjynfhtpHkudk if;/ trSeftwdkif; od=u&+yD; jzpfonfh
tjyif ykodrfESifhapmbOD;}uD;.Zmwd bJ*&uf tuGmta0;udkyg od&Sd=u
&+yD; jzpfavonf//

29

OD;omjrwf}uD; (apmbOD;}uD;zcif)

apmbOD;}uD;. rdbESpfyg;rSm apmomjrwf}uD;ESifha':atEkwdk@jzpf=uI

arG;csif;av;OD;teuf apmbOD;}uD;rSm 'kwd,om;jzpfonf// apmbOD;}uD;.
arG;ouU&mZftpftrSefrSm (1903)ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv(7)&ufae@jzpfonf//
OD;omjrwf}uD;onf t&yftarmif;jynfh+zdK;onf/ ESKwfcrf;ar$; tenf;i,f
xm;I acgif;aygif;udkcGaygif;aygif;xm;./ ol@Oy"d&kyfonf wnf=unf
cef@nm;aom ajrydkif&Sif/ v,fydkif&SifESifh &Gmol}uD;yHk[efyif jzpfavonf//
(apmpHzdk;oiftwKy`wWd)

v,fydkif&Sif/ ajrydkif&SifESifh&Gmol}uD;jzpfol OD;omjrwf}uD;. bJ*&uf

&Gmta=umif;udk pmzGJ@olrSm enf;yg;vSonf// aemufydkif;wGifrS bJ*&uf&Gm
onf apmbOD;}uD;udk ta=umif;jyKI ydkrdkvlodrsm;vmavonf//
a*smh(1)atmf0Jvf(Georgeorwell)onf apmbOD;}uD;arG;zGm;vmaom bJ*&uf
30

ESifhywfoufI ol.bm;rm;a'; (Burma Days)pmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif;

a&;om;xm;avonf//
apmbOD;}uD;onf ykodrf+rdK@. taemufawmifbufESifh ykodrfESifh
reD;ra0;&Sd bJ*&uf&GmwGif (1903)ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv(7)&ufae@Y
arG;zGm;onf// ,if;a'oonf jrefrmEdkifiH. Taemufbuf t&yftjzpf
tm;vHk;od=uI a=umufrufzG,f OD;qdk;wdkufcdkufrSKrsm;/ em&f*pfrkef;wdkif;ESifh
rD;&xm;vrf; rsm;tygt0if &$H@EGHrsm;ESifhawmifwef;rsm;u 0dkif;&Hxm;onfrSm
ESpfrsm;pGmuyif jzpfavonf// apmapmydkif;wpf&mpk(bDpD)avmufwGif yk*Hrif;
rsm;tkyfcsKyfcJh+yD; (13)&mpkavmufwGif rEWav;ESifhreD;ra0;wGif tif;0rif;
qufudk xlaxmifcJh=uayonf/
1903-ckESpf +Adwdo#bk&ifr. tifyg,mtwGif; aemufqHk;rEWav;
bk&ifeef;usI tdENd,rSwqifh jrefrmEdkifiHudk +Adwdo#wdk@ tkyfcsKyfcJh=uav
onf// TwGif tif;0ESifhrEWav;onf ta&;rygawmhyJ &efukefonf aejynf
awmfopfjzpfI vmavonf// Todk@jzifh ykodrfonf {&m0wDwdkif;wGif
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfaom qdyfurf;+rdK@jzpfvmonf// xdkpOfu {&m0wDwdkif;onf
tvGefqif;&J/ tvGefacwfaemufusaom vlolrvkyfaomajr&dkif;/ ajruGuf
rsm;tjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm &SdaecJhaoma=umifh awmtkyfrsm;/ &GH@EGHrsm;/ acsmif;
ajrmif;rsm;ESifh qif&dkif;rsm; usufpm;&ma'ojzpfI aeavonf// ,if;ajr&dkif;
rsm;wGif Arm/ rGef/ u&ifrsm; a&$@ajymif;a&muf&Sdvmojzifh vlOD;a&rsm;jym;
vmawmhonf// xdkpOfu u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;onf rdrdtdrfudk 0if;cwf/ +cHcwfI
aeaoma=umifh tjyifvlESifhwd&dp>mef&dkif;rsm;yif r0ifa&mufEdkif=uay//
aemufydkif;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&rS a&maESmaom,Ofaus;rSKt&/
qefpyg;/ pdkufysdK;a&;awGyg zGJ@+zdK;wdk;wufvm&m w&m;&Hk;ESifhtwl tdENd,rS
aiGacs;olrsm;/ b*FgvDqdkifa&mif;olrsm;/ qpf&Jom; rsm;ESifhw&kwfukefonf
rsm;tygt0if a&muf&Sdvmonf// {&m0wDzvdkwDvmukr`%DrS oabFmi,f
rsm;jzifh ykodrf/ &efukefrS +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfaom tdENd,txd vrf;yef;rsm;yg
31

aygufa&mufavawmh onf//
(a*smhatmf0Jvf. bm;rm;a';)
(1)

NENETEEN EIGHTY FOUR, BURMA DAYS BY GEORGE OR WELL.

bJ*&uf&Gmwnf&SdyHk
xdkrS aemufydkif;wGif q&m,k'\ef. aemufvdkuw
f OD;jzpfol
[,f&Drm&S,f(Herry Ingnatius Marshalls)rS ol.jrefrmjynf. u&ifvl
rsdK;rsm; (The Karen People of Burma) pmtkyfwGif tjynfhtpHk a&;om;xm;
jyef&m u&ifvlrsdK;uGJESifh bJ*&uf&Gmwnf&SdyHkyg yg&Sdvmavonf//
xdt
k csdefu jrefrmEdkifiH. vsifjrefaom ajymif;vJrSKwGif u&ifvlrsdK;
rsm;twGuf odomxif&Sm;aom ajymif;vJrSKvnf; yg0ifavonf//
c&pf,mefynma&;pepfonf +rdK@rSawma&maESmaexdkifaom &Gmrsm;odk@
a&mufvmaomtcg 0wfpm;qif,ifrSKyHkpHrsm;yg ajymif;vJvm&m taemuf
wdkif;yHkpHyg ajymif;vJvmavonf// xdkpOfu jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owGif u&if
vlrsdK;rsm;rSm woef;ausmf&Sdae&m +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm tom;usvm
+yDjzpfI ta&S@t&yfawmifay:wGif aexdkifaom u&ifrsdK;EG,fpkacgif;aqmif
rsm;tygt0if ajrjyef@a'oESifhjrpf0u|ef;ay:qDodk@ qif;oufvm=uonf/
,if;odk@ us,fjyef@pGm qif;oufvmaom u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;wGif
tkyfpktm;jzifh paumu&if/ ydk;u&ifESifhbGJu&ifrsm;yif jzpf=uayonf//
paumu&ifrsm;onf xif&Sm;aomta&twGufjzifh {&m0wD(jrpf0u|ef;ay:)
bufESifh jynf.awmifbufydkif;wdk@wGif 0ifa&mufaexdkifvm=uayonf//
TtxJwGif paumu&ifjzpfaom apmbOD;}uD;. zcifapmomjrwf}uD;.
bdk;pOfabmifqufrsm; tygt0ifjzpf=uavonf/
([,f&Drm&S,f. jrefrmjynf.u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;)
32

bJ*&uf&Gmuav;onf xdkpOfu wnf_idrfat;aq;aom &Gmuav;

jzpfaomfvnf; acwfrDaom qufoG,fa&;um;r&Sday/ jrif;vSnf;/ avSormef
wdk@udkom w&GmESifhw&Gm/ we,fESifhwe,f qufoG,fa&;twGuf tm;udk;
&avonf// bJ*&uf&GmESifhcwfvSrf;vSrf;wGif rD;&xm;vrf;&Sdaom +rdK@odrf/
+rdK@i,fav;rSm uef}uD;a'gifh(Kan Gyi Daung)&Gm/ (+rdK@)&Sdavonf// ,if;
uef}uD;a'gifhwGif t&yf&yfu odxm;=uonfrSm &$ef;jyaom0ufuif
0uftlacsmif;yifjzpfonf//
bJ*&ufonf jrpf0u|ef;ay:. "avhtwdkif; urf;ajcay:wGif
tpOfvdkuw
f nfaeaom &GmjzpfI tv,favmufwGif apmbOD;}uD;.
zcif&Gmol}uD;ESifh v,fydkif&SifOD;omjrwf}uD;. aetdrf&Sdonf// ,if;&GmwGif
u&iftrsdK;om;csnf; aexdkif=uonfr[kwfyJ u&ifESifhArma&maESmaexdkif
=uonf// Todk@jzifh apmbOD;}uD;pum;ajymaumif;yHkudk apmpHbdk;oifu
atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;avonf//
apmbOD;}uD;onf tvGef&kyfacsmonf/ rif;om;&kyfESifhcyfqifqifyg/
pum;ajym&mY tvGef em;0ifcsdKatmif ajymEdkifpGrf;&Sdygonf/ olwdk@rdom;pkrSm
paumu&ifESifhydk;u&ifrsm;rS qif;oufvm =uolrsm;jzpfaoma=umifh xdkr#
vSyacsmarmI cspfp&maumif;avovm;/ u|efawmfa0cGJr& jzpf&yg./
(apmpHbdk;oiftwKy`wWd)

33

a'gufwmwDoHjym/ a'gufwmpHpzD dk;/ a'gufwmepfudk;

&Gmol}uD;ESifhola;}uD; OD;omjrwf}uD;(owfyef;omjrwf}uD;)onf
&Gmom;rsm;rS av;pm;&efESifhtm;udk;tm;xm;jyK&efvnf; aexdkifonf// &Gm.
wbufrSm u&ifrsm;aexdkifI &Gm.tjcm;wbufrSm Armrsm;aexdkif=u./
ol@buftjcrf;wGif c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;ESifh tpnf;ta0;usif;y&ef
ol@tdrfwGif jyKvkyfavh&Sd./ Armrsm;buftjcrf;wGifvnf; pmoifausmif;ESifh
bkef;}uD;ausmif;&Sd./ rlvu ewfudk;uG,faom u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;onf tar&d
uefESpfjcif;omoema&muf&Sdvmaomtcg c&pf,mefbmomodk@ ul;ajymif;I
bk&m;ausmif;wGif wD;rSKwfaomwl&d,m/ oH+ydKiftwlwuG oDqdkaom
aw;oHwdk@jzifh ,Ofaus;rSKonf wpwpjzifh ajymif;vJvmavonf//
apmbOD;}uD;onf ,if;.rdom;pkaetdrfwGif tpfr/ nDrrsm;ESifh
twlwuG aexdkifvmcJh./ ,if;aemuf zcifOD;omjrwf}uD;. tpDtrHjzifh
vef'efY 0wfvHkbGJ@&,lEdkif&ef armfv+rdKif&Sd ESpfjcif;c&pf,meftxufwef;
ausmif;odk@ ajymif;a&$@vmonf// yxrqHk;apmbOD;}uD;. t*Fvdyfpm q&mr
rSm rpP(pf)*sHK;(Mss Jones)jzpfonf// (aemufydkif;wGif q&mr*sHK;onf apmbOD;
}uD;. orD;oJvfrm}uD;. t*Fvdyfq&mrtjzpf uavm+rdK@ uif;pf0k'f (Kings
wood)ausmif;wGif q&mrjzpfvmonf/)
34

xdkpOfu ykodrf+rdK@onf us,fajymaom a'owckvnf;jzpfonf//

txl;ojzifh ydk;ESifhpaumu&ifrsm;twlwuG aexdkif=uaom u&if&yfuGuf
onf aps;uGuf. tcsuftcsmae&mvnf;jzpfonf// u&iftrsdK;om;
acgif;aqmif}uD; a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf ol.aq;ukcef;udk Tae&mwGif
zGifhvSpfI ykodrf+rdK@. jrLeDpDy,fvl}uD;wOD;vnf; jzpfvmonf// aemufydkif;wGif
a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf (17)rS (19)OD;xdyg0if Oya'jyKaumifpDwGif tzGJ@0ifwOD;
jzpfvmonf// ,if;aumifpDonf +Adwdo#bk&ifcHudk t}uHay;&aom
aumifpDjzpfI ykodrf+rdK@&Sd u&ifrsm;ESifhu&iftrsdK;om;rsm;u rsm;pGm*k%f,l=u
avonf//
(1881)ckESpfwGif u&iftrsdK;om;toif;csKyf (The Karen National
Association)udk zGJ@pnf;&mwGif a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfvm
onf// ,if;tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;&mwGif apmbOD;}uD;. zcif(OD;omjrwf}uD;)ESifh
a'gufwmpHpDzdk;wdk@onf aumif;wdkifyif qdk;wdkifyifrsm;jzpf=uI ,if;rdom;pk
onf aemufydkif;wGif cGJr&atmifjzpfvmavonf// apmbOD;}uD;wdk@ zcif
OD;omjrwf}uD;onf tjrifus,f&mwGif ol@acwfol@tcgu &SmrS&Sm;./ txl;
ojzifh a'gufwmpHpDzdk;ESifhausmcsif;uyf aygif;oif;&Hkomru a'gufwm
epfudk;ESifhvnf; tvGef&if;ESD;pGm aygif;oif;.//
OD;omjrwf}uD;ESifh a'gufwmepfudk;wdk@tygt0if xdkpOfu ykodrf
toif;awmfESifh wdkifw&mausmif;udk wnfaxmifcJh=uaom omoem
q&mrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfavonf// yxrt*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyGJ+yD;I
t*Fvdyfu ppfEdkifaomtcg jrefrmbufrS &cdkif;wdkif;ESifhweoFm&Dwdkif;wdk@udk
ay;vdkuf&./ 'kwd,ppfyGJ&SHK;jyefaomtcg jrefrmwdk@bufrS +Adwdo#udk jynfESifh
awmifilatmufydkif;yg0ifaom atmufjrefrmEdkifiHtm; ay;vdkuf&jyefonf//
TwGif armfv+rdKifESifhusdKufcrDwGif &SdaeaomESpfjcif;omoemq&mrsm;
teufrS rpPwmtufabmh(Mr Abbot)onf OD;OD;zsm;zsm; ykodrf+rdK@odk@
a&mufvm+yD; omoemudk pwifxlaxmifonf// q&mtufabmh.
35

aemufwGif ykodrf+rdK@odk@ a&mufvmaom rpPwmbDcs,f(Mr Beecher)onf

vHk+cHKa&;tom;rusao;aom ae&mudk tomxm;I ykodrfESifhav;rdkif
tuGm udk;qla'oudk a&G;cs,fI ajr(6){uay:wGif wdkifw&mausmif;udk
pwifwnfaqmuf.// rpPwmbD;cs,f.aemufwGif q&mumyifwm(Mr
Carpenter)onf &efukef+rdK@Y (1874)ckESpfwGif u&ifaumvdyftrnfcH
(,k'\ef)aumvdyfudk pwifzGifhvSpf wnfaxmifcJh+yD; ,if;&mxl;rS ESKwfxGuf
um ykodrf+rdK@odk@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmonf// ,if;. vufxufwGif +Adwdo#
a'ocHtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;xH ajruGuftvSLcH&m ajr(10){u&ojzifh pkkpkaygif;ajr
(16){uay:wGif wdkiftvHk;aygif;(116)vHk;&Sdaom wdkifw&mausmif;(ac:)
udkomjzLtxuf wef;ausmif;}uD;jzpfvmonf// q&mumyifwm tar&d
um;odk@ jyefoGm;_yD;aemufwGif a'gufwmepfudk;u ,if;tarGudk qufvuf
cH,lonf//
(armifpif=u,f. ,k'\efESifhjrefrma&$jynf)

qufvufI apmbOD;}uD;orD; (oJvfrm}uD;)u ol@tbdk;

(OD;omjrwf}uD;)ESifh a'gufwmepfudk;wdk@ rnfIrnfr#&if;ESD;yHkESifh apmbOD;
}uD;rdom;pk ykodrfjyefa&mufvmpOf a'gufwmepfudk;aexkdifonfh tdrfa[mif;
}uD;wGif olwdk@rdom;pk(8)ESpfwdkif aexdkifcJhyHkudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;
avonf//
zl;zl;(bdk;bdk;)[m ykodrfrSm&SdwJh paumu&iftxufwef;ausmif;udk
t+rJulnDygw,f// udkomjzLausmif;a[mif;tm; t&ifopfom;taqmuf
tOD;udkrl (2000)qef@wJh uGefu&pftaqmuftOD; jzpfvmatmif
aqmif&GufvmcJhygw,f// ykodrfwe,fvHk;[m 'Dausmif;udk tm;udk;tm;xm;
jyK&ygw,f// 'g[m yg;yg;(apmbOD;}uD;) rdom;pk&J@ aemufcHordkif;a=umif;wck
jzpfygw,f// olwdk@rdom;pktm;vHk; wm0efod+yD; pnf;vHk;=uygw,f/
qufvufI oJvfrm}uD;u olwdk@rdom;pk epfudk;tdrfa[mif;}uD;wGif
ae&yHkuv
dk nf; qufvuf a&;om;xm;.//
36

tefwDwdk@ epfudk;a*[m (Nichol House)rSm ae=uw,f// u&if

txufwef;ausmif; wnfaxmifcJhwJh (Dr Nichol)aecJhwJh tdrfjzpfygw,f//
tJ'DtdrfrSm (8)ESpf=umw,f// aemufawmh ykodrf+rdK@jyifrSm tdrfopfwaqmif
aqmuf+yD;aeygw,f// tJ'Dtdrf[m zl;zl;(tzdk;)&J@ vufaqmifjzpfygw,f// zl;zl;
om;orD;wdkif;udk tdrfwaqmifqDaqmufay;ygw,f// tdrfxJrSm a&csdK;cef;/
a&ydkufeJ@a&qGJtdrfomyg&SdwJh ykodrf+rdK@rSm yxrqHk;tdrfaygh/ vmvnfwJh
rdwfaqGawGtm;vHk;u oabmus=uw,f//
(oJvfrm}uD;. apmbOD;}uD;twKy`wWd)

xif&Sm;wJh uef}uD;a'gifh
bJ*&uf&GmESifh
twefuav;vSrf;+yD;
rD&xm;vrf;&Sdonfh
uef}uD;a'gifh+rdK@i,fav;onf apmbOD;}uD;wdk@ arG;vmpOfuwnf;u
xif&Sm;aom +rdK@i,fav;w+rdK@jzpfonf// uef}uD;a'gifhwGif trsm;udk;uG ,f
aom Ak'<bmomrSmax&0g'Ak'<bmomjzpfonf// odk@jzpfI c&pf,mef
udk;uG,fonfv
h lrsm;rS c&pf,mef,Ofaus;rSKt& vkyfaqmif=uI Ak'<bmom
udk;uG,folrsm;uvnf; ,Ofaus;rSKt& ZmwfyGJoGif;jcif;/ bm;u|rf;upm;
jcif;/ rif;om;rif;orD;tqdktujzifh oufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyK=ujcif;wdk@ jzpfav
onf// odk@&mwGif ta&;t&may:aygufvmaomtcgwGifum; olwdk@tm;vHk;
yif &Gmol}uD;OD;omjrwf}uD;. 0&efwm&Sd &Hk;cef;qDodk@ a&mufvm=u
awmhonf//
,if;uef}uD;a'gifh+rdK@. xl;jcm;csufrSm apmbOD;}uD;arG;zGm;onfh
(1903)ckESpfwGif [oFmwESifhykodrfodk@ uef}uD;a'gifhudk =um;cHxm;I
+Adwdo#tpdk;&onf rD;&xm;vrf;azgufjcif;jzpfonf// ,if;rwdkifrDwGif
trsdK;om;(jrefrmbmom)q,fwef;ausmif;udk zGifhvSpfxm;&m armfv+rdKif+rdK@
&SifAk'<aCmo txufwef;ausmif;Y (,ck) uef}uD;a'gifhausmif;wGifyg
ausmif;q&m}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol OD;boef;(bD-at)onf
37

olyxrqHk;pwif a&;om;xkwfa0onfh (jrefrm&mZ0if) (1930)ckESpfrSm

,ae@wdkif tvGefxif&Sm;aom ordkif;pmtkyfjzpfI aeavonf// tqdkyg
uef}uD;a'gifh+rdK@rS ay:xGufvmaom ESvHk;&nf/ vuf&Hk;&nftpGrf;xuf
olrsm;teuf uAsmq&mESifhpma&; q&mrif;,ka0 rSmvnf; wa,muf
jzpfavonf//

38

tcef;(2)
vlvm;ajrmufp apmbOD;}uD;
qHwjynfoHk;yJ-*smreDAHk;}uJpum;yHkjzifh jrefrmEdkifiHESifhtvSrf;a0;
uGmaom (1914)ckESpf/ yxrurBmppfyGJonf Oa&myY jzpfyGm;cJhavonf//
,if;e,fvlppfyGJwGif +Adwdef/ jyifopf/ &k&Sm;wdk@u wbuf/ *smreD/ =opbdk[efa*&DESifh tDwvDwdk@uwbuf jzpfyGm;av&m +Adwdo#udkvedk DEdkifiH
jzpfaom tdENd,ESifhjrefrmEdkifiHwdk@onfvnf; ,kwfpGmhtqHk; ppfom;awmh
pkaqmif;ay;&avonf// xdkpOfu todtjrifzGH@+zdK;p jzpfvmaom u&ifvlrsdK;
rsm;onf yxrwGif c&pf,mefomoemESifhqHkawG@&+yD; aemufydkif;Y yxr
urBmppfyGJtrnfcH (Great War)r[mppfyGJESifh}uHKawG@ jyefavonf// ,if;
urBmyxrppfyGJtwGuf vkdtyfaomppfom;rsm;udk xdkpOfu pkaqmif;ay;&
olrsm;wGif ykodrf/ udk;ql&Sd u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; a'gufqmpHpDzdk;ESifh
ESpfjcif;omoemrS a'gufwmepfudk;wdkvnf; yg0if=uavonf//
,if;yxrurBmppfyGJonf (1914)ckESpfxd =um&Sdavonf// usHKaysmf
om;av;(prpf'Gef;)onf tpfudkjzpfol. ajc&mudkeif;I ppfwyfxJ0ifav&m
yxrESpfwGif toufrjynfhao;I 0ifcGifhr&acs/ 'kwd,ESpfwGifrS 0ifcGifh&
avonf// Todk@jzifh prpf'Gef;onf (1935)ckESpf/ tdENd,jynf (I.M.A.)
(Indian Militans Academs)ppfausmif;wGif +Adwdo#csD;jrifhaom tjrifhqHk;
*k%fxl; aqmifaiG"g;qk(Sward Of Honour)udk &&SdcJhonft
h jyif jrefrmEdkifiH
vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdaomtcg yxrqHk;aom umuG,fa&;OD; pD;csKyfvnf;jzpfI
vmavonf// u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;a'gufwmpHpDzdk;rSm(qmbGJ@)udk
xyfrH&&SdI a'gufwmepfudk;rSm (K.I.H)bGJ@udk &&Sdavonf// TurBmhyxr
ppfyGJtwGif;rSmyif apmbOD;}uD;rSm vnf; vlvm;ajrmufum (15)ESpf&G,fodk@
a&muf&Sdvmavawmhonf//
39

owfyef;omjrwf}uD;onf vlvm;ajrmufpjzpfvmaom om;jzpf

olapmbOD;}uD;udk t&dyfw=unfh=unfh =unfh&if;jzifh wbufwGif u&if
trsdK;om;rsm;.ta&;udk ar#mfawG;rd./ Ttcsdef(1890)ckESpfY +Adwdo#
w&m;&Hk;rsm;. w&m;pD&ifyHkESifhta&;ygyHkw@dk udkvnf; ol}uD;jzpfaom OD;om
jrwf}uD;u od&Sdae.// Todk@jzifh om;jzpfoltm; tdENd,udk apv$wfI tdENd,
ynma&;udk &,laprvm;/ +Adwdefudk apv$wfI +Adwdo#ynma&;udk &,lap
rvm; a0cGJr&jzpfaeavonf// xdktcsdefwGif OD;omjrwf}uD; onf +Adwdo#
vlrsdK;wOD;. a&;om;xm;csufwckudk awG@vdkuf&avonf// a&;yHkrSm --jrefrmwOD;onf ol@wGif&SdaomaiGxJrS tenf;i,fukefcsifukefygap/
w&m;&Hk;wGif ol@tdrfeD;csif; qif;&Jom;wOD;tm; rSwfom;avmufatmif
w&m;pGJ&efrSmawmh b,fawmhrS 0efrav;ay/
Todk@jzifh OD;omjrwf}uD;onf om;jzpfolapmbOD;}uD;tm; Oya'
ynmudk qnf;yl;&ef qHk;jzwfcJhavonf// wqufwnf;wGif wljzpfol
apmazomudkyg apmbOD;}uD;enf;wl Oya'ynmoif,l&ef wcsdefwnf;
wGif qHk;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfavonf// apmbOD;}uD;onf t*Fvdyfpmudk ydkifEdkifap&ef
twGuf armfv+rdKif&Sd ESpfjcif;c&pf,mef txufwef;ausmif;wGif ajymif;a&$@I
aexdkif.// (1921)ckESpf a&mufwGif apmbOD;}uD;onf touf(17)ESpf&G,f
jzpfvmonf// xdktcsdefwGif urBmh0ef;usifESifhapmbOD;}uD; 0ef;usifwGif
tajymif;tvJawGuvnf; rsdK;pHkaeawmhonf// trsdK;orD;rsm;rJqENay;cGifh
&ojzifh rJay;ae=ujcif;/ +Adwdefonf pHepfa[mif;t& ya'o&mZfpepfudk
qkwfuidk fxm;aomfvnf; &k&Sm;ESifh *smreDEdkifiHwdk@onf qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk
pwifusifho;Hk vmjcif;/ TtcsdefrSmyif apmbOD;}uD;onf Oya'oif,la&;
twGuf +AdwdefEdkifiHodk@ xGufcGg&ef toifhjzpfaeavonf//

40

vef'efodk@a&muf&Sdjcif;
apmbOD;}uD;onf jrefrmEdkifiHrS vef'efodk@ a&a=umif;c&D;vrf;jzifh
xGufcGgvm&m pkpkaygif; wv=umonf// trSefrSmvmcsifonfh c&D;vrf;rSm
&efukefrS bHkab/ at'ifqufvufI pl;tufwl;ajrmif;wd@k rSwqifh ajrxJ
yifv,fa'oudk jzwfoef;I vef'efta&mufc&D;jzpf.// Todk@qdkv#if c&D;rSm
ydka0;I ydk=umEdkifonf// ,ckrl wvtwGif;Y vef'efodk@ a&muf&Sdvmav
onf//
apmbOD;}uD;onf yxrESpftwGuf wuUodkv0f ifa&mufcGifh &Edkif&ef
vef'efaetdrfwGifaeI usL&Sifq&mudk iSg;&./ t*FvdyfpmtwGufcsnf;
r[kwfyJ Oya'oifwef;twGufvufwifpmudkyg oif,l&avonf//
Todk@jzifh (1922)ck/ atmufwdkbmvwGif uif;b&pf(Cambridge
Univercity)ESifh atmufpzdk@'fwuUodkv(f OXFORD). r'vif;aumvdyf
(Magdalene Collge)rSm ausmif;0ifcGifh&avonf// xdkrS (1928)ckESpf/
aEG&moDwGif Oya'ynmbGJ@udk &&Sdavonf// ,if;ESifhywfoufI orD;jzpfol
oJvfrm}uD;u atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;avonf//
zl;zl;(apmomjrwf}uD;)[m yg;yg;(apmbOD;}uD;)eJ@ ol@0rf;cGJnD
(apmayom)wdk@udk t*Fvef v$wf+yD; Oya'ynmoifapcJhygw,f// yg;yg;[m
tJ'Dwkef;u touf(17)ESpf rjynfhwwfao;ygbl;//
emrnf}uD; atmufpzdk@'f(OXFORD)ESifh uif;b&pf(CAMGRIDGE)
wuUodkvfawGrSm ynmoifzdk@twGuf vufwif(Latin)bmomwwfzdk@ vdkyg
w,f// yg;yg;[m tdrfwvHk;&Smaew,f// q&mwa,mufeJ@ (Latin)bmom
oif,lw,f// +yD;awmh (CAMBRIDGE)wuUodkvfu ruf'vif; aumvdyf
(MAGDALENE COLLGE)rSm Oya'ynmoif,lygw,f// (4)ESpf=umyg
w,f// ausmif;ydwf wdkif; oliSg;xm;wJhtdrfudk jyefvmavh&Sdw,f// t*FvefeJ@
+Adwdo#tifyg,m wckvHk;rSm a&S@aevdkufEdkifzdk@eJ@ txufw&m;&Hk;rSm
(A[dkw&m;&Hk;)vdkufEdkifzdk@ vef'ef+rdK@u rpf',fwify,f( Middle Temple)rSm
41

Oya'xyfoif,l&ygw,f// 1929-ckESpfrSm yg;yg;[m t*Fvef&J@ tqifhjrifhqHk;

Oya'ynm&Sif (BARRISTER AT LAW)jzpfvmw,f//
(oJvfrm}uD;. apmbOD;}uD;twKy`wWd)

42

apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtdrfaxmifa&; (yxr)

aemfxD;rl

xdkpOfu jrefrmEdkifiHom;taeESifh vef'efwGifaexdkif&if; Oa&myolESifh

vufxyf xdrf;jrm;onf qdkonfum; vG,fulonfhudpPw&yfum; r[kwfacs/
Todk@ rvG,fonf=um;uyif xdkpOfu &Srf;apmbGm;om;rsm;jzpf=uaom
p0fcGefcsdKESifhp0f=umqdkifwdk@onf Oa&mywdkufolrsm;ESifhvufxyf xdrf;jrm;=u
ouJhodk@ apmbOD;}uD;ESifhapmayom wdk@onfvnf; Oa&myolESifhvufxyf
xdrf;jrm;+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefvnfac:aqmifvmcJh=u.// apmbOD;}uD;rSm
vef'efoljzpfI apmayomrSm paumhwvefoljzpfonf//
apmbOD;}uD;vef'efwGif tdrfaxmifus+yD; om;wa,mufESifhorD;
wa,muf&yHkudk aygvf(Paul Sztumpt)u ol.(E-booklet)wGif a&;om;xm;
ouJhodk@ oJvfrm}uD;uvnf; olr.(apmbOD;}uD; twKy`wWd)wGif jyefvnf
a&;om;xm;avonf//

43

(Renee Rose Kemp)ESifh apmbOD;}uD;wdk@ awG@=uonfhtcg

apmbOD;}uD;rSm Oya'bmomwufa&muf aecsdefjzpfonf// vef'ef+rdK@.
zuf&Sift0wftpm;rsm; a&mif;csaom&D*sifh(Regents Street)vrf;&Sd zdeyf
ta&mif;qdkifwGif (Kemp)u tvkyfvkyfaeonf// apmbOD;}uD;ESifh(Kemp)wdk@
ESpfa,mufom;&if;ESD;cifrif oGm;+yD;aemufY &kyf&SiftwloGm;=u/ uyGJtwl
oGm;=ujzifh aemufqHk; apmbOD;}uD;0wfvHkbGJ@&onfh (1936)ck/ aEG&moDwGif
vufxyfvdkuf=uonf// ,if;odk@ ZeD;armifESH aysmf&$ifpGm aexdkif=upOf (1927)
ckESpfY yxrom;rdkifu,foDtdk'dk(Michael Theodors)udk arG;zGm;I (1926)
ckESpfwGif 'kwd,orD;jzpfol oJvfrm&Dpm(Thelma Resa)udk arG;onf// ,if;ESpf
aEG&moDrSmyif touf(20)ausmf&G,f/ vef'ef0wfvHkawmf& apmbOD;}uD;
onf ZeD;r,m;orD;om;wdk@jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ jyefvmavonf// ,if;ESifh
twl nD0rf;uGJawmfol apmayomonfvnf; ZeD;onf*sif;(Jean) paumh
wvefol/ om;jzpfola'gufuvyf(Dauglas)wdk@yg0ifvsuf twlwuG jyefvm
avonf//
tJ'DESpfrSmbJ rmrD(Renee Kemp)eJ@ tdrfaxmifjyKw,f// om;w
a,mufeJ@orD;(usr)
wa,mufxGef;um;ygw,f// w&m;&Hk;csKyfa&S@ae
jzpfwJhESpfrSm usrudk arG;ygw,f// tJ'DESpfrSmbJ usrwdk@ rdom;pktm;vHk; jrefrm
EdkifiHudk jyefvm=uygw,f// OD;av;(apmayom)vJ ol@&J@paumhvlrsdK;ZeD;onf
*sif;(Jean)eJ@twl jyefvmygw,f// yifv,fc&D;jzpfygw,f// (apmayom[m
'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u 0ef}uD;tzGJ@0ifwOD;jzpfygw,f// oleJ@ol@&J@ZeD;om;
orD;awG[m ocifwcsdK@&J@ aemufvdkufawG&J@ &uf &ufpufpufowfjzwfwm
cHcJh&w,f// ol@&J@om;wOD;vJ vGwfajrmufoGm;ygw,f// u&if-Armt"du
&k%f;&J@ tpydkif;jzpfyg w,f//
(oJvfrm}uD;. apmbOD;}uD;twKy`wWd)

44

ykodrfjyefa&mufp apmbOD;}uD;. rdom;pkb0

apmbOD;}uD;ESifh ol.rdom;pkykodrfodk@ jyefa&mufpwGif ykodrf+rdK@

u&if&yfuGuf&Sd A[dkcsufr&Sd a'gufwmpHpDzdk;. aq;cef;ESifhwqufwnf;wGif
&Sdaom aq;az:pyfonfhwef;vsm;wGif a&S@aetvkyfavhusifh&if;ae&onf//
,if;ae&mudk
udkomjzLcef;raqmif[I
l vnf;ac:onf//
,if;cef;rrSm
tcef;rsm;zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;r&SdyJ apmbOD;}uD;rdom;pktjyif apmbOD;}uD;.
tpfr&Dpm(Resa)ESifhcifyGef; q&mvS&Sdef/ om;orD;rsm;jzpf=uaom oDtdk'dk
(Theodore)/ a':e,f(Chu Too)ESifh orD;tJr,fvD,m (Amelia)wdk@vnf;
pkaygif;aexdkif=uonf// yxrwGif olwdk@onf rdom;pkrsm;jzpf=uI csufpm;
jyKwfpm;vdkuf/ &kyf&SifxJY tar&duef/ tdENd,aw;oDcsif;rsm;em;axmif
vdkufjzifh tcsdefonf ukefrSef;rod ukefvmavonf//
odk@&mwGif apmbOD;}uD;.ZeD;onf(Renee)onf =umvmonfESifh
r&$ifrvef;jzpfvmonf// ,if;a[mcef;}uD;rSm avoef@avaumif;0if
aygufur&Sd/ nnfhnnfhqdkv#if (Insects)ydk;aumifawGu 0ifvmudkufonf//
r=umrD (Renee)zsm;ygavawmhonf// tzsm;rSm aoG;tm;enf;aom a&m*g
jzpfavonf// Todk@jzifh udkomjzLu&ifausmif;udk wnfaqmufcJholrsm;onf
45

a'gufwmepfudk;twGuf txl;oD;oef@ tdrfwaqmifudk aqmufvkyfay;cJh

av&m (1932)ckESpfwGif +yD;ajrmufcJhojzifh apmbOD;}uD;ESifhrdom;pkonf
a'gufwmpHpD;zdk;.aq;cef;rS a'gufwmepfudk;. tdrfopf}uD;qDodk@ ajymif;a&$@
cJah vonf// ,if;odk@ a'gufwmepfudk;. tdrfopf}uD;qDodk@ rajymif;a&$@rD
(Renee)onf olr. aoG;tm;enf;a&m*gtwGuf ajrmif;jr&Sd apmayom.
ZeD;onfxH ajymif;a&$@aexdkif&avonf//
,ckapmbOD;}uD; ajymif;a&$@aexdkif&ma'orSm paumu&iftxuf
wef;ausmif;ESifh reD;ra0;wGifjzpfI u&ifywf0ef;usifESifhvnf; xdpyfae
avonf// ausmif;wuf&efpm&if;oGif;olESifh abmf'gae ausmif;om;rsm;
yg&Sdaeaoma=umifh apmbOD;}uD;onf ,if;ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
abmvHk;uefjcif;/ ajy;ckefypfupm;jcif;/ wif;epfukwfwGif wif;epfupm;
jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKvkyfonf// apmbOD;}uD;onf rlvuyif tm;upm;
orm;jzpfI ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;tm; vufa0S@xdk;jcif;ESifh*|rf;bm;
upm;jcif;rsm;udkyg tm;upm;enf;jyq&myrm oif=um;ay;avonf//
Todk@ &SdaepOf (1930)ckESpfY apmbOD;}uD;onfvnf; ZeD;onf
enf;wl iSufzsm;ydk;0ifvm&mrS tjyif;zsm;ygavawmhonf// ol.tylcsdefrSm
jrifhoxufjrifhvmaoma=umifh rdom;pkrsm;rSm apmifrsm;udk txyfxyf+cHKay;
=u&onf// tpmrpm;Edkifojzifh qefjyKwfudk wdkufauG;=u&onf// aemufqHk;Y
q&m0efu rdk;a&xJY abmvHk;rupm;&efESifh OD;acgif;udk aEG;axG;ap&eftwGuf
tkyfrdk;xm;&ef ajym&onftxd &Sdavonf//
apmbOD;}uD;onf wbufwGifvnf; ,if;. a&S@aevkyfief;twGuf
avhusifhae&m ol@armfawmf um;av;jzifh a&S@aet0wftpm;udk 0wfpm;um
ykodrf&Sd w&m;&Hk;rsm;odk@ 0ifxGufoGm;vm aeavonf// ae@wae@wGif &efukef
teD;w0dkufu r[kwfyJ &Srf;jynfbufrS &Srf;rif;om;wOD;. eef;wGif;vkyf}uHrSK/
vlowfrSKtwGuf oluJho@dk aom bdvwfjyef0wfvHkwOD;udk iSg;&rf;vmav
46

onf// ,if;ta=umif;udk aygvf(Paul Sztumpt)u ol.(E-booklet)wGif

trGufr#oma&;om;xm;I
(K.N.U)acgif;aqmifref;bZefESifh&Srf;jynf/
awmif}uD;w&m;cGifxJwGif trSKudkwufa&mufem;axmifcJhaom tdkif;&pf
pma&;q&m}uD; arm&pf(pf)aumvpf(Maurise Collis)wdk@u us,fjyef@pGmyif
a&;om;xm;avonf//
apmbOD;}uD;&J@ bJu&uf&Gm[m ykodrf_rdK@/ ta&S@ajrmufbuf
rdkif(40)avmuftuGm ykodrf/ [oFmwrD;&xm;vrf; ay:rSm&SdwJh &Gmw&Gm
jzpfw,f// tdrfajcESpf&mavmuf&Sd+yD;/ u&iftrsdK;om;c&pf,mefbmom
0ifawG trsm;qHk;aexdkif=uw,f// bJu&uf&GmrSmaewJh apmomjrwf}uD;ESifh
ZeD;wdk@u (1903)ckESpfrSm apmbOD;}uD;udk arG;zGm;cJhygw,f//
armfv+rdKif&Sd txl;t*Fvdyfausmif;jzpfwJh rpPwm0uf'ufpzGefausmif;
rSm qufvufynmoif=um;+yD; +AdwdefEdkifiHudk oGm;a&mufum 0wfvHkynm
oif=um;cJhw,f// 0wfvHkawmfbGJ@&y_ D;aemuf apmbOD;}uD;jrefrmjynfudk
jyefvm+yD; ykodrf+rdK@/ uefoHk;qifh&yfuGufrSm aexdkifw,f// apmbOD;}uD;[m
OpPm"eayguG,f0oljzpf&Hkomru ynmwwfwOD;vnf;jzpfw,f// &kyf&nf
cef@nm;oef@jyef@acsmarmwJh ysdKwdkif;}udKufwJh ESif;qDcdkifjzpfcJhw,f//
apmbOD;}uD;udk u|Ekfyfodu|rf;vmjcif;// 1938=ckESpfrSm u|Efkyf[m
&efukefwuUodkvfyxrESpf 0dZm wef;rSm ynmoif=um;aew,f// wae@rSm
&efukef+rdK@rSm t*FvdyfbmomeJ@ xkwfa0wJh &efukefa*Zuf t*Fvdyfowif;
pmwapmifudk zwfrdw,f/ &Srf;jynfoDayge,frS apmbGm;rsdK;EG,fwOD;&J@
eef;wGif;vkyf}uHrSK trSKtcif;wckta=umif;jzpfw,f// apmoD[qdkolu
apmfbGm}uD;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfw,fvdk@ pGJqdkwt
Jh rSKyJ// tJ'DtrSKrSm w&m;cH
tjzpfpGJqdkcH&wJh apmoD[zufu emrnfrausmf=um;ao;wJh 0wfvHawmf&
apmbOD;}uD;u a&S@aevdkufw,f// apmbOD;}uD;&J@ av#mufv$Jcsufa=umifh
47

apmoD[vnf; *Gif;vHk;u|wfoGm;cJhw,f// apmbOD;}uD;&J@ t&nftcsif;eJ@

*k%foduQm[m xifay:ausmf=um;vmyg w,f//
(ref;bZef.-oEkxl;)*sme,f)

u|efawmfonf ref;bZef. apmbOD;}uD;0wfvHkvku

d faom apmoD[
trSKta=umif;udk zwfrd &mrS pma&;q&m arm&pf(cf)aumvpfpf (1)ae0if
bk&if;rsm;(Lords of The Sun-Set) (ausmfatmif bmomjyef)udk zwfrdav
onf// pma&;q&m}uD;arm&pf(cf)aumvpfqdkv#if vlcsif;rodaomfvnf;
ol.pmudk rodaomjrefrmpmzwf y&dowf[I
l r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfonf//
rd&m;zGm;apm jrefrmjynfY ppfcJhaomtrSKrsm;
jrefrmjynfwGif
aemufqHk;ESifhyxrqHk;
qdkif;,if;rD;0SdKuf
ay:wl*D(*dktm)e,frS
&cdkifjynf+rdK@a[mif;odk@ a&mufvmaom c&pf,mefbkef;awmf}uD;wOD;.
&wema&$ajr(Image of golden Land)wdk@yif jzpf=uonf//
(1)

ae0ifb&k ifrsm;(Lands of The Sunset by Maurige Collis)

pma&;q&m}uD; arm&pf(pf)aumvpfonf rsufESmjzLta&;ydkifjzpf

aomfvnf; b0wlrsufESmjzL rsm;ESifh tqifrajyaoma=umifh weoFm&Dwdkif;/
+rdwf+rdK@wGifif;/ &ckdifjynfe,fwGifif; tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;vkyfaqmif&if;
trSKtcif;rsm;udk ppfcJh&avonf// ,if;odk@jzifh olonft_idrf;pm;,l +yD;aemuf
&Srf;jynfodk@ tvnfjyefvm&mrS apmbOD;}uD;vdkufaom apmoD[
trSKppfaq;&mw&m;&Hk;tv,facgifodk@
xdkifrdvsufom;jzpfaeawmhonf//
trSKem;axmif&mwGif trSKjzpfyGm;&mrSm usdKif;wHk a[mfeef;rS eef;wGif;
vkyf}uHrSKjzpf.// pma&;q&marm&pf(pf)aumvpfonf pma&;q&myDopGm
w&m;cHapmoD[tjyif eef;crf;aq;&HkwGif olemjyKoifwef;wufaeol
apmoD[.nDrjzpfol apmzkef;vSdKifudkyg awG@cJh&avonf//
48

apmoD[trSKESifhywfoufI pma&;q&m}uD; arm&pf(cf)aumvpf

a&;om;yHktjynfhtpHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfavonf//

&Srf;ajrmuft}uHay;tzGJ@0if
pdkif;wifaz

49

[dkif;}uD;u|ef;udk ydkifcJhol

Tae&mwGif [dkif;}uD;u|ef;udk apmbOD;}uD;(OD;omjrwf}uD;)ydkifqdkifcJh

a=umif;udk odolr&SdoavmufjzpfI a&;om;olrSmvnf; tvsif;r&Sdacs//
apmbOD;}uD;orD;jzpfol oJvfrm}uD;u aEG&moD a&mufaomf apmbOD;}uD;
tygt0if rdom;pkawG [dkif;}uD;u|ef;odk@ aysmfyGJpm;oGm;a=umif;/ tkef;Eka&
aomuf&a=umif;/ aysmf&$ifpGma&csdK;=ua=umif;/ apmbOD;}uD;onf ol.
rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhtrfypfwwf
a=umif;ponfponfrsm;wdk@udk zwf&SK&aom
tcg oJvfrm}uD;udkvnf; aus;Zl;wifrd.// xdkpOfu apmbOD;}uD;. ydkifqdkifrSK
tajrmftjrifrsm;udkvnf; av;pm;rd.//
xdkrSwqifh apmbOD;}uD;. rdom;pkydkifqdkifaom [dik f;}uD;u|ef;udk
ta=umif;jyKI u|efawmfonf yxrwGif tavmif;bk&m; OD;atmif
aZ,sudk owd&rd.// 'kwd,wGif rGefwDc&pfwdk(Count of Monticristo)
e,fpm;}uD; (+rdK@pm;}uD;)udk owd&rd.// OD;atmifaZ,sonf [dkif;}uD;u|ef;udk
t"rRxdk;ppfqifvmaom +Adwdo#wdk@udk wdkufcdkuf&mwGif ykodrf+rdK@udkyg rD;&SdK@
ypf&.// ,if;aemufY [dkif;}uD;u|ef; ay:wGif ajcukwf,lvmaom +Adwdo#wdk@
ckwfxGif;&Sif;vif;ypf.//
50

rGefwDc&pfwdke,fpm;}uD;udkrl
Oa&mytv,facwfavmufwGif
jyifopfpma&;q&m}uD; tufpENm;'l,m;u a&;om;I q&m}uD;a&$Oa'gif;
u bmomjyefonf// u|efawmfjynfyxGufvm aomtcg &kyf&Sifum;udkyg
=unfh&jyefavonf// acwfa[mif;umv +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;acwfwGif
u|ef;wu|ef;udk tcGef(wHqdrfawmfacgif;)xrf;aqmifEdkifv#if rdrdydkiftjzpf
a=unmEdkifonf// rsufarSmufacwfumv a&eHxGufaom yifv,fauG@u|ef;
EdkifiHrsm;onf Ttwdkif;yif jzpfay:vm=ujcif; jzpfavonf//
aemfoJvfrm}uD;onf olrwkd@ydkifqdkifaom [dik f;}uD;u|ef;ta=umif;udk
vGrf;qGwfzG,fa&;om; xm;jyefavonf// zl;zl;ydkifwJh [dik f;}uD;u|ef;udk
usrwdk@taysmfc&D;xGufavh&Sdw,f// yg;yg;[m ol@rdwfaqGawGeJ@ trJypfw,f//
u|ef;ay:u tdrf+cH0if;em;udk awmu|JawGuyfvm&if avmufav;eJ@
ypfajcmufavh&Sdw,f// usrwdk@ yifv,furf;pyfrSm ae@wdkif;a&ul;=uw,f//
tkef;Eka&aomuf=uw,f// i,fi,fwkef;u aysmfp&mtcsdefawGudk owd&ae
wkef;ygbJ//
yg;yg;usqHk;wmeJ@ olydkifwJh [dik f;}uD;u|ef;eJ@v,fajrawG tukefqHk;
awmhwmygbJ// 'kwd, urBmppftwGif;rSm zl;zl;(tzdk;)qHk;oGm;ygw,f//
'g[mvJ aus;Zl;awmfygbJ// tedm&HkawGudk rjrifoGm;& bl;aygh// yg;yg;[m
ol@&J@toufwmudk jrwfEdk;ovdk taumif;qHk;vJ touf&SifoGm;ol
jzpfygw,f// vlom;tm;vHk;udk av;av;pm;pm; qufqHoljzpfygw,f// Oya'
ynm&Sifjzpfvdk@vJ tjypf&Sdola&m/ tjypfrJholawGudkyg em;vnfay;EdkifpGrf;&Sd
oljzpfygw,f// Oya'ynm&SiftaeeJ@ vlwOD;udk pGJcsufwifEdkif pGrf;&Sdovdk
umuG,fEdkifpGrf;vJ &Sdygw,f// xl;jcm;wm wckuawmh b,fol@udkrS oltqHk;
tjzwfay;avhr&Sdygbl;//
yg;yg;&J@ u&ifcspf=unfa&;c&D; (Karen Goodwill Mission)
1946-ckESpfeJ@ywfoufwJhtcsufawGudk xyf&Smay;ygOD;r,f// (LANCASTER)
51

vefuyfpwmwuUodkvfu uG,fvGef+yDjzpfwJh ygarmuQ[sL;wifhcg(Hugh

Tinker)&J@ (Constitutional Relation Between Britain And Burma)eJ@
(Burma The Struggle For Independence 1944-1948)wdk@jzpfygw,f//
tefwDtaeeJ@ yg;yg;ta=umif;a&;jy&wm tvGefauseyf*k%f,lygw,f//
(oJvfrm}uD;.apmbOD;}uD;twKy`wWd)

52

tcef;(3)
txD;usefapmbOD;}uD;
'kwd,urBmppfyGJonf *smreDudk ta=umif;jyKvsuf urBm@taemuf
bufjcrf;wGif jzpfyGm;+yD; urBm@ta&S@bufjcrf;wGif *smyefudk ta=umif;jyKI
jzpfyGm;jyefavonf// 1942-ckESpfwGif *syefwyf rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odk@
0ifa&mufvmavonf//
ppfonf rnfolwpHkwOD;udkrS aumif;usdK;ray;ouJho@dk apmbOD;}uD;
. rdom;pkudkvnf; aumif;usdK;ray;&Smay// *syefr0ifrD 1940-ckESpfwGif
apmbOD;}uD;.zcif OD;omjrwf}uD;uG,fvGef oGm;&Smonf// olonfruG,f
vGefrDuav;wGif ol.ydkifqdkifrSKrsm;udk om;orD;rsm;tm; tnDtr#cGJa0
ay;cJhonf//
tpfudk}uD;tzt&mpum;jzifh tnDapmbOD;}uD;onf bJu&uf&Gm&Sd
zcif.ydkifqdkifrSKt00udk wm0ef,l&avonf// xdktcsdefwGif ZeD;onfESifh
om;orD;wdk@rSm ykodrfaetdrfwGif usef&pfae=uonf// wckaomeHufapmapm
wGif apmbOD;}uD;onf ZeD;ESifhom;orD;rsm;tm; owd&vmojzifh rD;&xm;
blwm&Hko@dk ajy;qif;um ykodrfodk@ jyefvmonf// odk@&mwGif aetdrfjyef
a&mufv#if ZeD;ESifhom;orD;awGudk rawG@&awmh
ZeD;onf(Kemp). pmwdkav;udkom awG@&awmhonf// pmwGif
rdwfaqGa[mif;wOD;udk awG@&aoma=umifh ol@&J@tultnDeJ@ om;ESifhorD;
tygt0if &cdkifjynfe,f/ ppfawGodk@ vdkufygvmw,f// r=umrD bouf}uD;eJ@
ol@&J@rdom;pk tdENd,odk@ a&mufvmw,f// yxrawmh 'g*sDvifteD;rSm
olwdk@ae+yD; aemufydkif;rSm eDaygudk ajymif;oGm;=uw,f// rdrdtaeESifh
bouf}uD;tjyif ol&J@rdom;pkeJ@yg awG@w,f// 'Duae t*Fvefudk jyef&ef
53

qHk;jzwfvdkufyg+yD;/ bHkabuwqifhyg/ ppf+yD;wJhtxdyg pmrSm Tr#omjzpf

aomfvnf; apmbOD;}uD;cifAsm bmudkrS rajymEdkifawmh
Todk@jzifh apmbOD;}uD;onf jzpfvmtHhqJqJ u&if-ArmydyuQudk
rsufESmrl&avawmhonf//
(B.I.A)acwf u&if-ArmydyuQ

apmbOD;}uD;ESifh ocifEk

(1941)ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv(7)&ufae@wGif *syefonf tar&duef.

a&wyfqdyfurf;jzpfaom ykvJqdyfurf;(Peal Harbour)udk pwifI AHk;}uJ
wdkufcdkuf&mrS tar&duefESifh+Adwdo#wdk@onf *syefudk ppfa=unmavonf//
Todk@jzifh urBm@ta&S@bufjcrf;wGif 'kwd,urBmppfonf pwifjzpfyGm;av
awmhonf// ppfonfvsifjrefpGmjzifh zdvpfydkif/ a[mifaumif/ rav;wdk@qD
a&mufvm+yD;aemuf 'DZifbmvtwGif;Y &efukefonf *syef.AHk;}uJ
wdkufcdkufrSKudk yxrqHk;t}udrfcH&onf// (1942)ckESpf/ ZEM0g&Dva&mufaom
tcg *syef.trSwf(15)wyfrawmfudk 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; &SdK*sD&dkvD'g
(Shogirolida). acgif;aqmifrSKjzifh jrefrmEdkifiHudk pwifwdkucf dkufavonf//
54

azaz:0g&D(22)&ufae@wGif +Adwdo#wyfzGJ@onf jrefrmEdkifiH. ta&S@buf

tpGef;&Sd ppfawmif;wHwm;udk *syefrsm; &kwfw&ufr0ifa&mufvmEdkifap &ef
csdK;ypfvdkufavonf//
Todk@jzifh ppfawmif;ta&S@bufurf;rS taemufbufurf;odk@
ul;vmaom *syefwyfzGJ@onf yJcl;vrf;wav#muf&Sd +Adwdo#ESifhtdENd,wyfzGJ@
wdk@udk pwifwdkucf dkufavonf// TwGif &ufydkif;twGif;Y &efukef+rdK@onf
pGef@ypfjcif;cH&_yD; tpdk;&&Hk;taqmuftOD;rsm;onfyif a[mif;avmif;csnf;om
jzpfukefawmhonf// +Adwdo#ESifhtdENd,wyfzGJ@onf ab;uif;vHk+cHKpGmjzifh
&cdkifjynfe,fbufodk@ qkwfcGg=uonf// jynf/ awmifilwdk@ESifhtwl rwfv
(3)&ufae@Y rEWav;+rdK@}uD;rSm rD;avmifavawmhonf// {+yDvodk@a&mufv#if
&efukef_rdK@}uD;onf vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; *syef.tkyfcsKyfrSKatmufodk@ a&muf&Sd
oGm;avonf//
,if;jrefrmjynfodk@ rdrd.(B.L.A)wyfzGJ@udk acgif;aqmifI jrefrmjynf
xJ0ifvmolrSm ume,f plZluD;(SuZuKi)ESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@yif
jzpfonf// ,if;tcsdefxd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&vnf; r&Sdawmh/ *syef
tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&;rSmvnf; r&Sdao;I (B.I.A)wyfxJo@dk pk+yHK0ifvmaom
tqdk;taumif;[lor#wdk@onf tpdk;&.&Hk;rsm;wGifif;/ &Jpcef;rsm;wGif
vufeufodrf;Iif;/ +Adwdo#wyfESifhygroGm;aom rdrd&yf&GmwGif usef&pfcJhaom
u&ifppfom;rsm;xH vufeufodrf;,lI rif;rljcif;wdkif; rif;rl=uavonf//
Tjy\emxJwGif touft&G,f}uD;&ifhae_yD;jzpfaom a'gufwmpHpDzdk;ESifh
apmbOD;}uD;wdk@xHodk@yg a&muf&Sdvmavonf//

u&if-ArmydyuQtajccH
,if;*syef0ifp u&if=ArmydyuQrSm ,cktcg ESpfaygif;(70)ausmf
=um+yDjzpfaomfvnf; tcsdK@. oHk;oyfcsufrSm rSefuefrSKr&SdyJ &GJ@apmif;ae
55

avonf// txl;ojzifh ppftpdk;&ESpfquftwGif;Y oHk;oyfcsufrsm;onf

t&GJ@apmif;qHk;yifjzpfavonf//
+Adwdo#wyfrsm;onf atmifjrifpGm qkwfcGgjcif;jzifh pepfwus
pnf;urf;ao0yfpGm qkwfcGgEdkif=u onf[kqdkaomfvnf; u&ifvufeufudkif
wyfrsm;udkum; pepfwusqkwfcGg&ef xdef;odrf;Edkifjcif; r&SdcJhay// u&ifvuf
eufudkif tawmfrsm;rsm;onf rdrdZmwdudk rpGef@cGgEdkifaoma=umifh
vnf;aumif;/ tdENd,EdkifiHodk@ rvdkufygvdkaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ +Adwdo#
wyfrsm;ESifhuGJuGm+yD; usef&pfcJh=uonf// u&ifvufeufudkiftcsdK@om tdENd,
txd vdkufygoGm;=u+yD; trsm;pkrSmrl vufeufcJ,rf;ESifhwuG ajcOD;wnfh
&modk@ qkwfcGgoGm;=u&onf// u&ifvufeufudkifrsm;onf ppfajy;rsm;tjzpf
jrpf0u|ef;ay:/ zgyGefESifh awmifila'orS u&ifaus;&Gm;rsm;odk@ vufeufcJh,rf;
rsm;ESifhwuG a&muf&SdoGm;=uonf// *syefwyfrsm;onfvnf; atmufjrefrm
jynfudk odrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf (1942)ckESpf/ rwfvv,fcef@wGif txufjrefrm
jynfodk@ qufvufcsDwufawmhonf//
bDtdkifat wyfrawmfonfvnf; *syefwyfrsm;ESifhtwl csDwufvsuf
&Sd&m ppfaoemywdtjzpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u aqmif&Guf_yD; 'kwd,ppf
aoemywdtjzpf AdkvfvusFm(ocifvSaz)u aqmif&Gufonf//
(jynfwGif;aomif;usefolordkif; tydkif;-1)
jrpf0u|ef;ay:&Sd +rdK@rsm;rS rsdK;cspfyk*~dKvfrsm;/ ocifrsm;onf jynfwGif;
olykefwyfzGJ@ESifhqufoG,fI t*Fvdyftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfrSKr&Sdawmhonfh +rdK@rsm;wGif
,m,DtkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk odrf;ydkufxm;=u&onf// bDtdkifatwyfrsm;
a&muf&SdvmaomtcgwGif bDtdkifattkyfcsKyfa&;udk ,m,Dtm;jzifh xlaxmif
=uonf//
56

xdktcsdefwGif ppfjzpfcsdefudk tcGifhaumif;,lI xuGaomif;usef;

aeaom vufeufudkifvlqdk;rsm; ay:aygufvm+yD; +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf
atmufrSm vufeufudkif&Jrsm;udk uGyfuJrnfholr&Sd jzpfaecJh&onf//
xdk@a=umifh bDtdkifat,m,DtkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf "g;jyrsm;
tm; ESdrfeif;jcif;/ pnf;rJhurf;rJh udkifaqmifae=uonfh vufeufrsm;udk
odrf;qnf;jcif;wdk@udk aqmif&Guf=u&onf// u&ifppfajy;rsm;onf jrpf0u|ef;
ay:a'o&Sd u&ifaus;&Gmrsm;wGif vufeufcJ,rf;tjynfhtpHkjzifh cdkvKSH aexdkif
vsuf&Sd=u&m bDtdkifat,m,D tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh xdyfwdkufjy\em
wufawmhonf//
(jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rSKordki;f tydkif;-1)
(B.I.A)udk,fpm; tqdkyg rsdK;cspftzGJ@onf vlqdk;vlrdkufrsm;tm;
zrf;qD;jcif;/ vufeufrsm;oGm;a&mufodrf;ydkufjcif;rSm ta=umif;r[kwfaomf
vnf; +Adwdo#wyfESifhvu
dk fygvdkjcif;r&SdI rdrd&yf&Gm a'owGif at;csrf;pGm
aexdkifaom u&ifvufeufudkifrsm;tm; vufeufoGm;odrf;jcif;/ &efjyKjcif;
rSm {&m0wDwdkif;&Sd rsdK;cspfrsm;. trSm;yifjzpfavonf// odk@&mwGif txufyg
pmtkyfa&;om;olrsm;onfyif ,if;udpPtay:wGif rnfodk@r#roHk;oyfyJ wdwf
qdwfpGm aeavonf//
xdkpOfu jrpf0u|ef;ay:&Sd (B.I.A)trnfcHrsdK;cspfqdkolrsm;onf rdrd
wdk@udk,fwidk f tkyfcsKyfjcif;/ w&m;pD&ifjcif;/ vufeufodrf;jcif;jyK&Hkr#ru tvGef
tEW&m,f}uD;rm;aom *syefESifhu&ifudk trsdK;rsdK;&efwdkufay;jcif;vnf; jyKvkyf
=uayonf// yxrwGif *syefppft&m&Sdrsm; udk,fwdkifuvnf; ,Hk=unf=u
ao;.// aemufydkif;wGifrS r,Hkr=unfjzpfvmavonf//
atmufygwdk@rSm *syefppfAdkvf ,mr'g(Yamada)ESifh a'gufwm
pHpDzdk;wdk@udk (B.I.A)qdkolrsm;rS &efwdkufay;jcif;yifjzpfonf//
57

Through an interpreter Major Yamad replied: 'We hear there

are 800 soldiers with 400 guns waiting for us here.' Sir San C. Po
assured them it was not true. Then the B.I.A leaders came up and asked
Sir San C.Po to introduce them to the Japanese. The meeting passed off
satisfactorily and they all went into Bassein together. (Grand father
Long legs by Ian Morrison

,r'g (bmomjyefrSwqifh)

1945)ckESpf/ u&if-ArmydyuQajy+idrf;a&;}udK;yrf;&ef apmbOD;}uD;ESiOfh D;Ekwdk@

oabFmay:wGif awG@qHkaepOf

u|Ekfyfwdk@ &xm;wJhowif;t& ppfom;(800)eJ@ vufeufawG

(400)tygt0if usKyfwdk@udk apmifhaew,fvdk@ =um;&ygw,f//
qmpHpDzdk; 'Dowif;u rrSefwJh owif;awGjzpfygw,f//
Todk@jzifh *syefppfAdkvftygt0if a'gufwmpHpDzdk;wdk@ESifh tpnf;ta0;
usif;y+yD; ykodrfodk@ jyefoGm;avonf//
58

,if;ta=umif;udkyif jynfwGif;aomif;usefolordkif; tydkif;(1)wGif

atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;jyefavonf//
1942-ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dvukefcef@wGif ykodrf+rdK@udk bDtdkifatwyf
om;rsm; odrf;ydkufvku
d f=uonf// bDtdkifatacgif;aqmif;rsm;u u&ifrsm;
xHodk@ vufeuftyf&ef awmif;qdkaomtcg pHpDydk;wdk@ vlpku bDtdkifatwyf
rsm; ykodrf+rdK@rS xGufcGgom;&ef pma&;ta=umif;jyefcJhonf// Adkvfodrf;aqGESifh
Adkvf0if;onf apmbOD;}uD;/ csm;vfpawmpaom u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;tm;
zdwf=um;I AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. trdef@t& odrf;ydkuf&a=umif; &Sif;jy+yD;
*syefwyfrawmf. axmufcHcsuf pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udkyg xkwfjy =uonf//
xdk@a=umifh u&ifppfajy;rsm;ESifh bDtdkifatwdk@rSm ,m,DajyvnfrSK&&SdoGm;
=uonf//
qufvufI jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rSK ordkif;wGif az:jyxm;jyef&m
ajrmif;jre,frS pvdkufaom vlrsdK;a&;t"du&k%f;onf rtlyif/
anmifwkef;/ yef;waemf/ ZvGef/ "EkjzLpaom jrpf0u|ef;ay:+rdK@rsm;odk@
vsifjrefpGm ysH@ESH@oGm;onf// jrefrmvli,ftcsdK@onf vGwfvyfa&; &nf&G,fcsuf
aysmufuG,f+yD; u&ifqef@usifa&;&nf&G,fcsufjzifh bDtdkifatxJodk@ 0if=u
onf//
*syefacwfwGif Tpma&;olrSm q,fESpfyifrjynfhao;I uav;
t&G,fyifjzpfonf// TumvwGif pma&;ol. tpfujdk zpfolonf bdkuav;
bufY awmtkyfvkyfae&m rdcif}uD;ESifhrdom;pk pm;aomuf&eftwGuf
pyg;ig;&mudk wifaqmifI a&$avmif;odk@ jyef,lvm.// xdktcsdefwGif
ref;a&$xGef;=umonf tdrRJrS&JarmfawmfudkqGJum a&$avmif;udk rD;&SdK@&efvm.//
tpfudkESifh0rf;uGJtpfudkrsm;u wm;qD;=u&m wm;Ir&acs// odk@jzifh nOfhtcg
wGif pyg;rsm;udk a&xJodk@ oGefcsI rdom;pktjyif aqGrsdK;pkudkyg ormefY
wifaqmifI wdwfwqdwf nOfhtcsdef xGufajy;=u&.// u0J acsmif;0&Sd
bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;a&S@ wGif wyfpGJxm;aom ( B.I.A) Adkvfoed f;wyf.
59

zrf;qD;jcif;udk cH&avawmhonf// tpfudkjzpfolrSm zrf;qD;cH&+yD; 0g;c,fr

tcsKyfwGif csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;cH&.// usefrdom;pkESifh aqGrsdK;pkwckvHk;rSm
u0J bkef;awmf}uD;. Zd0dw'getouftvSLcHaoma=umifh touf&Sif=u
&&Smavonf//
,if;ajrmif;jrESifh{&m0wDwdkif;&Sd u&ifvlrsdK;rsm; owfjzwfcH&yHkudk
rmwifprpf(MarTinSmith)u ol. qlyltHkuGrSKESifhvlrsdK;pkrsm;. EdkifiHa&;
jy\empmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;avonf//
u&if&Gmrsm;&Sd u&ifvlrsdK;tajrmuftrsm; owfjzwfcH&a=umif;
ta&S@bufawmifwef;&Sd zgyGefc&dkifESifh jrpf0u|ef;ay:aus;vufa'oawGrSm
jzpfcJha=umif;od&aomfvnf; owif;tjynfh tpHkuu
dk m; r&&Sdyg/ aemufqHk;
owif;tjynfhtpHkr[kwaf omfvnf;
w&m;0ifod&aomowif;t&
ajrmif;jrc&dkifwav#mufY aoqHk;olu&if vlrsdK;aygif;rSm (1800)ausmf/
zsufqD;rD;&SdK@jcif;cH&aom aus;&Gmaygif;rSm (400)ausmfESifh &ufpuf
=urf;=uKwfpGm owfjzwfcH&ol a,musFm;/ rdef;r/ uav; pkpkaygif;tygt0if
(152)OD;wdk@udk (B.I.A)u owfjzwfcJhonf// ,if;txJwGif ppf}udKacwfu
0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfcJhol apmayomESifh ol.rdom;pkvnf; owfjzwfjcif;
cH&onf// apmayom ,if;odk@ owfjzwfcH&jcif;tay:wGif xdkpOfu aus;&Gm
rsm;&Sd u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;rSm rsm;pGmyifa=umuf&GH@xdwfvef@ ae=uayonf//
us,fjyef@vmaom vlrsdK;a&;t"du&k%f;udk EdkifiHa&;tjrifus,f+yD;
oabmxm;jynfh0 jrifhrm;onfh ocifrsm;ESifh bDtdkifatacgif;aqmifrsm;u
}udK;pm;I xdef;odrf;=uonf// ocifrsm;ESifhbDtdkifat acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhawG@qHkaqG;aEG;I wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk
jyefvnfaz:aqmifcJh=uonf// u&if&Gmrsm;udk u&ifrsm;omtkyfcsKyfapjcif;/
vufeufrsm;udk twif;t"rRodrf;,ljcif; rjyKawmhbJ aphpyfaqG;aEG;aom
enf;jzifh em;vnfrSK,ljcif;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf=uonf/ / odk@aomf ae&m
tenf;tusOf;wGifom atmifjrifcJhonf// t"du&k%f;rSm rsm;pGmjyif;xef
60

vm&m u&ifrsm;u jrefrm&Gmrsm;udk pD;eif;wdkufcdkufI &GmvHk;u|wf vk,uf

wdkufcdkufowfjzwfjcif;/ jrefrm rsm;u u&if&Gmrsm;udk wefjyefvufpm;acsI
rD;&SdK@owfjzwfjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vmonf// ESpfbufpvHk; vloltajrmuftjrm;
aoausysufpD;+yD; trsm;tjym;rSmvnf; rD;avmifjymusoGm;&onf//
(jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rSKordkif; tydkif;-1)
,if;ESifhywfoufI ocifEk(OD;Ek)u ig;ESpf&moDArmjynfpmtkyfwGif
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;avonf//
u&if-Armcspf=unfa&;onf *syefawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;wGif t"du
vkyfief;jzpfonf// xdkudpPtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ocifoef;xGef;wdk@
vnf; txl;}udK;pm;vsuf&Sd=uonf// t*Fvdyf xGufcgp ArmtkyfcsKyfa&;vnf;
ra&mufao;rD pyful;rwful;twGif; jrpf0u|ef;ay:&Sd cgawmfrSDocif
tcsdK@wdk@. &rf;um;rSKa=umifh u&ifrsm;onf ocifqdkv#if tm;vHk;vlqdk;csnf;
bJ jzpf&rnf[k 0g;vHk;&Snf}uD;ESifhodrf;I &rf;xm;aoma=umifh AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESifhocifoef;xGef;wdk@. u&if-Arm cspf=unfa&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm
xifoavmufrvG,fulay// u&if-Armcspf=unfa&;udk pwifaqmif&Guf&ef
tcGifhtvrf;udk ppftkyfcsKyfItwGif;pI &=uonf// &yHkrSm Todk@ wnf;
Armtpdk;&u a'gufwmpHpDydk;/ apmbOD;}uD;/ ref;a&$xGef;=um/
ref;bcif/ a'gufwmzdk;'DvHk;/ a'gufwma'G;tp&Sdaom u&ifacgif;aqmifwpk
udk &efukefodk@ zdwf=um;vdkufonf// TtcGifhtvrf;rsdK;udk apmifhaeaom
ocifoef;xGef;onf TudpPrsdK;wGif vufraES;ay// ol.pDrHcsuft& u&if
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk wdk@Armqif;&Jom; tpnf;t&Hk;u vbuf&nfyGJwckESifh
{nfhcHavonf// xdkvbuf&nfyGJY ocifoef;xGef;tp&Sdaom ocifacgif;
aqmifrsm;u cgawmfrSDocifrsm;. &rf;um;rSKtwGuf txl;a=uuGJ0rf;enf;
61

a=umif;/ Todk@ jzpfonfrSmvnf; xdktcgu olwdk@acgif;aqmifrsm;onf

axmifxJwGif&SdI tkyfxdef;vrf;!Gefrnfholr&Sdaoma=umifh jzpf&a=umif; -
ArmEdkifiH}uD;Y ,ckvdk aoa&;&Sifa&;jy\m}uD; ay:aygufaeonfh
tcgrsdK;wGif nD!Gwfa&;omv#if udk;uG,f&m&Sdawmhojzifh u&if-ArmnD!Gwf
a&;&&Sd&eftwGuf bmrqdkvkyf&ef toifh&Sda=umif;/ a'gufwmzdk;'DvHk;qdkol
u&ifacgif;aqmif}uD;urlum; jrpf0u|ef;ay: u&if-Armjzpf=uonfrSm
ArmawGqdk;I r[kwfyJ *syefawGu twif;t=uyfcdkif;Iom jzpf&onf[k
Armudktjypfv$wf+yD; *syefudk twdtvif; pGyfpGJacsao;.// xdkae@rSpI
u&if-Arm cspf=unfa&;vkyfief;udk qufIaqmif&Guf&ef vrf;pyGifhoGm;
avonf//
ta&;yg t&ma&mufaom u&ifvli,frsm;ESifhvnf; xrif;yGJrsm;/
vbuf&nfyGJrsm;/ r=umc%jyKvkyfI &if;&if;ESD;ESD;aygif;=uonf// Tu&ifArmcspf=unfa&;udpPtwGuf acgif;aqmifol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhocif
oef;xGef;wdk@ &Sdonfhteuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm udk,fwGif;oHvdkuf
tvGefaumif;oljzpfonf// wpdrf;w&HpmxJu olESifhawG@&v#if tus}uD;us
oGm;aom olomrsm;avonf// olESifhawG@aom u&ifwdkif; oludkyHkI
,Hk=unf=uonf// tawmfvnf; =unfndK=uonfudk od&.//
(ocifEk. ig;ESpf&moD Armjynf)

apmayomESifh apmbOD;}uD;
apmayomESifhapmbOD;}uD;wdk@onf taznDtpfudk jzpf=uI 0rf;uGJ
nDtpfudk awmf=uonf/ (OD;omjrwf}uD;ESifhOD;Ek) nDtpfudEk Spfa,mufpvHk;
vef'efwGif 0wfvHkbGJ@&cJhI ZeD;onfrsm; &,l&mwGifvnf; wa,mufu
+Adwdo#ol/ usefwa,mufu paumhwvefoljzpf.// vef'efu ykodrfjyef
a&mufvmaomtcg xdkpOfu a'gufwmpHpDydk;tygt0if ynmwwfEdkifiHjcm;
62

jyefrSm oHk;a,mufjzpfaeavonf// xdkpOfu apmbOD;}uD;rSm EdkifiHa&;wGif

0goemrxufoefvSyJ 0wfvHkjzifhom oufarG;0rf; ausmif; jyKvdkoljzpfonf//
TwGif ajrmif;jr&Sd u&ifola;rsm;onf ykodrfwGif ynmwwfEdkifiHjcm;jyef
oHk;OD;&Sdaeaoma=umifh apmayomudk awmif;,l=uonf// u&iftrsdK;om;
rsm;tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf apmayomonf ajrmif;jrwGif ajymif;a&$@aexdkif&
awmhonf//
xdkrS apmayomonf ppf}udKacwf EdkifiHa&;xJodk@ 0ifcJhav&m
yxrwGif a'gufwmbarmf. tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif 0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfvmonf// xdkrS
OD;apm.tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif 'kwd,t}udrf 0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfvm jyefonf//
Todk@jzifh (1938)ckESpf/ w&m;0ifu&ifESpfopful;ae@owfrSwfjcif;cH&aom
tcg 0ef}uD;apmayomonf (1939)ck/ atmufwdkbmv(1)&ufae@wGif
jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf zGJ@pnf;aomArmhxGuf&yf
*dk%f;(Freedom Bloe)wGif a'gufwmbarmfOuU/ ocifatmifqef;twGif;
a&;rSL;ESifhtzGJ@0ifrsm;tjzpf ocifEkESifhtwl apmayomwdk@vnf; yg0if=uav
onf// pma&;olonf ajrmif;jr+rdK@ (R.C.M)wGif ausmif;aeaomtcg
apmayom.ajr;jzpfol *vufpwkef;ESifh ausmif;aebufrsm;jzpf=u&m
r=umc%yif apmayomukef;odk@ a&mufwwfavonf//
1943-ckESpf/
=o*kwfv(1)&ufae@wGif
urBm@ta&S@bufjcrf;Y
ppfEdkifaom*syefonf a'gufwm barmfacgif;aqmifaom &kyfao;tpdk;&udk
zGJ@pnf;I vGwfvyfa&;a=unmonf// xdktcsdefwGif u&if-ArmydyuQrSm
vnf; wppjzifh ajy+idrf;vmpjzpfI rlv0wfvHkb0jzifhom oufarG;0rf;
ausmif;rSKjyKI zcif}uD;. ydkifqdkifrSKrsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufvdkaom
apmbOD;}uD;onf trsdK;om;a&;(u&ifhta&;)u igh0rf;ylpmraeom jzpfvm
=uavonf// nDtpfudkcsif; wa,mufudkwa,muf rsm;pGmar#mfvifhxm;
aom apmayomrSmvnf;r&Sdawmh vufvSrf;rD&m u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;u
vnf; rdrdudkom tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKae=uonf// ydkIqdk;onfrSm a'gufwm
63

barmf. tpdk;&uyifrdrdtm; &efukefwGif xdkifaeI u&if-ArmudpPtusdK;

aqmif&ef wdkufwGef;aejcif; jzpfavonf// aemufqHk; rwwfonfhtqHk;wGif
apmbOD;}uD;cifAsm/ &efukefwGif tdrfwtdrf0,f,lI ae&avawmhonf//
tdrfonf tjcm;ae&mwGifr[kwfyJ aemufydkif;Y (U.K.L)jynfaxmifpku&if
trsdK;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyfwnf&m trSwf(1)OD;vleD/ apmawvdef;vrf;cG&J Sd tdrfESifh
ab;csif;uyf tdrftrSwf(5)yif jzpfavonf//

apmbOD;}uD;. 'kwd,ESifhwwd,tdrfaxmif
apmbOD;}uD;onf (1940)ckESpf/ *syef0ifpwGif uG,fvGefoGm;ol
zcif}uD;(apmomjrwf}uD;). vufewfvuf&if;rsm;udk wm0ef,l&ef bJ*&uf
odk@ oGm;a&mufaexdkifpOf ZeD;jzpfol(Kemp)onf cifrifaomrdwfaqGa[mif;
wOD;udk awG@&ojzifh ppfajy;'kuQonftjzpf om;ESifhorD;wdk@ESifhtwl &cdkifjynf/
tdENd,wdk@rSwqifh vef'efodk@ jyefoGm;_yDjzpfa=umif;/ a&S@ydkif;wGif zwf&SKcJh&_yD;
jzpfavonf// TwGif apmbOD;}uD;onf trsdK;om;a&;twGuf &efukefodk@
ajymif;a&$@raexdkifrDuav;Y ykodrfwGif *syefacwfwacwfvHk;eD;yg;ESifh umv
wckxd aexdkifcJhavonf// TwGif ,cktcg tar&dum;odk@ a&muf&Sdaeol
q&mrxD;rl(Thimu)wdk@. rdcifjzpfol aemfrav;ESifh 'kwd,tdrfaxmifjyK
&mwGif xD;rludk arG;zGm;cJhavonf// ,if;ta=umif;udk apmpHzdk;oifu ol.
twKy`wWdwiG f atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;avonf//

El;nHhjcif;
u&ifrsm;aomif;usef;rSK }uD;xGm;vmpOf u|efawmf0ef}uD;tjzpfrS
xGuf+yD; ykodrfwGif txl;wdkif;rif;}uD; wm0ef,lIae&m apmbOD;}uD;
u|efawmfhxH a&mufvmavonf// oluu|efawmfhudk ylqm.// olu
u&ifrav;wpfOD;ESifh&aom orD;uav;wa,muf ykodrfc&dkif/ ql&GmrSm
64

&Sdonf// oGm;ac:ay;ygqdkonf// u|efawmfu vlv$wfI ac:ay;vdkufygonf//

(2)ESpft&G,forD;uav;a&muf vmaomtcgwGif apmbOD;}uDonf zsmay:Y
yufvufvSefI tdyf+yD; ol@orD;uav;udk &ifywfay: wifvsuf qefzGwfovdk
ckefqGckefqGvkyf&if; jrLaeygonf//
u|efawmfonf ol@udk rodrom iJhapmif;=unfh&if; uav;i,fudk
cspfwwfaom ol@ESvHk;om;. El;nHhjcif;pdwfwdk@udk ESdKif;,SOf=unfhaerdonf//
u|efawmfpdwfraumif;awmhyg// rsm;pGmpdwfxdcdkufcJhrdonf//
apmbOD;}uD;ESifhaemfrav;wdk@. tdrfaxmifa&;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@
ESifh jynfhjynfhpHkpHka&;om; Edkif&eftwGuf u|efawmf}udK;pm;ygao;onf//
txl;ojzifh =opa=w;vsm;odk@ a&mufpuyif OD;qm,k ESifh u|efawmfonf
cifrif&if;ESD;onf// o&mrlxD;rlwdk@. rdcifESifhOD;qm,kwdk@onf aoG;om;rsm;
jzpf=uonfudkvnf; u|efawmfodxm;.// xdkae@u u|efawmfrtm;vyfI
ref;cvSdKufESifh odef;ausmfa0wdk@tm; ,if;udpP pHkprf;ar;jref;&ef OD;qm,kxH
vGwv
f dkuf&m u|efawmfhudk,f u|efawmfrsm;pGmyif typfwifrd.// yxrwGif
uGif;zGifhaumif;aomfvnf; yGJ+yD;aomtcgwGif *dk;r&yJ jzpfcJh&avonf//
trSefrSm xD;rlwdk@ rdcifonf rav;&Sm;wGif arG;aoma=umifh rdbrsm;
u cspfpEdk;jzifh (aemfrav;)[k ac:=uonf// zcifrSm +Adwdo#ppfwyfu
AdkvfxGef;ausmfjzpfavonf// u|efawmfonf Tr#jzifh tm;r&ao;I
tar&dum;&Sd wljzpfol('dkif&D&,fxGef;xGef;)xH ta=umif;=um;I xD;rlESifh
awG@qHkI ar;jref;ay;&ef cdkif;aprdjyefonf// TwGif u|efawmfonf xD;rl.
cHpm;csufrsm;udk od&+yD; aemufY rsm;pGmxdcdkufrdygawmhonf//
'dkif;eD&,f&m/ u|efr rme,fyavmrSm aecJh&wm rsm;pGm
rsufESmi,fcJh&ygw,f// taz (apmbOD;}uD;)u tarhudk,al wmh w&m;0if
vufrxyfcJhygbl;/ aemufxyf,lwJeh Dwm(ta&;ydkif OD;ZHorD;)usawmhu
oif;tkyfq&meJ@ tazu vufxyf,lw,fav/ 'DtwGuf tarhtwGufa&m/
u|efrtwGufyg pdwfraumif;jzpf&wmyg//
65

xGef;xGef; ajymvdkufyguG,f/ xD;rl rme,fyavmrSm rsufESmi,feJ@

ae&wma&m/ olpdwf raumif;jzpf& wma&m/ igem; vnfw,fqdkwJh
ta=umif; ajymay;yguG,f//
Tta=umif;udk u|efawmfESifhxGef;xGef;wdk@onf w,fvDzkef;jzifh
txufygtwdkif; ajymrdcJh=uavonf//
acgif;aqmif}uD; apmbOD;}uD;onf 'kwd,ZeD;onf aemfrav;tm;
tdrfaxmifjyK&mwGif vufrxyfaomfvnf; orD;av;wa,muf (q&mr
xD;rl)udk&+yD; tvGefcspf&Smonf// wwd,ZeD;onf aemfeDwmESifhtdrfaxmif
qufjyK&mwGifum; w&m;0ifvufxyfaomfvnf; om;orD;um; r&acs/
(touft&G,fa=umifhvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkif./) Tae&mwGif vufxyf
xdef;jrm;jcif;onf a,musFm; om;rsm;twGufxuf rdef;rom;rsm;twGuf
,Ofaus;rSKt&jzpfap/ w&m;Oya'a=umif;t&jzpfap/ ydkrdkI ta&;}uD;xif&Sm;
vSayonf// aemfeDwmonf ta&;ydkiforD;jzpfaoma=umifh w&m;Oya'
a=umif;t&ESifh,Ofaus;rSKa=umif;udkyg aemfrav;xuf aemfeDwmu ydkrdkI
odyHk&avonf// aemfeDwmonf yxrtdrfaxmifjzpfaom apmbOD;}uD;.
nD0rf;uGJESifh aygif;oif;pOfuvnf; w&m;0if vufxyfa&;udk t"duxm;.//
apmbOD;}uD;.nD apmbouf}uD;uG,fvGef+yD;aemuf apmbOD;}uD;ESifh
twlaexdkifpOf vufxyfa&;jzpfvmjyefaomtcg tif;pdefusrf;pmoif
ausmif;rSoif;tkyfq&m}uD; OD;armifbkudk,fwidk f vufxyfay;cJh&.//
apmomjrwf}uD;onf olruG,fvGefrDwGif ol@.om;orD;rsm;twGuf
apmbOD;}uD;tygt0if tdrfwapmifqD (wvHk;qD)aqmufvkyfay;cJhonf
jzpfEdkifaomfvnf; ac|;rjzpfol(Renee)onf olrpdwf wdkif;usajruGufudk
a&G;cs,fapcsifonf// olrawG@xm;aom ajruGufrSm a&uefuav;udk
rsufESmrlxm;aom ajruGufjzpfonf// odk@&mwGif olrtm;vHk;udk arhxm;
ypfvdkuyf gonf// ,ck apmbOD;}uD;wdk@ zcifaqmufay;aomtdr frSm t*Fvdyf
vlrsdK;rsm;tdrftwdkif; a&udkwGif;rS ydkufjzifhoG,fxm;onf// v#yfppfrD;rSm
66

oD;jcm;*sifea&wmjzifh jzpfonf// a&csdK;cef;rSm acwftrDqHk;ESifh pdwf0ifpm;

zG,f taumif;qHk; jzpfavonf// ajymp&mwckrSm apmbOD;}uD;. nD0rf;uGJ
apmbouf}uD;yif jzpfonf// olonf t+rJwef; tdrfodk@vmonfESifh
apmbOD;}uD;uvnf; t+rJwrf;}udKqdkaeonf// olonf +Adwdo#ppfwyfwGif
xdkpOfuwnf;u trSKxrf;aeoljzpfonf// apmbouf}uD;. aemufwGif
t+rJwef; vdkufygaeolum;yef;oD;rsufpd&Sdaom OD;ZH.orD;(eDwm)yif
jzpfonf// (Renee)taeESifh tdrfwGif;a&; jy\emtjzpf eDwmudk vHk;0r=unfh
csif&Smay//
,if;(Renee)=unfhr&aom (eDwm)onf avxD;qif;&mY apmb
ouf}uD;udk *syefu zrf;qD; owfjzwf+yD;aemufwGif apmbOD;}uD;. &efukef
aetdrfY twlwuGaexdkif=u&mrS tjyeftvSefulnD=u&if; w&m;0ifvuf
xyf,lonfh apmbOD;}uD;. wwd,ZeD;jzpfI vmavonf//

ppf+yD;acwfu&ifhEdkifiHa&;
*syefawmfvSefa&;_yD;ajrmufI r[m+Adwdo#rsm;jyefa&mufvmv#if
u&ifhEdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;rSKonf pwifvmavonf// apmbOD;}uD;ESifhu&ifynm
wwfrsm;. Tcef;uonf pwifvmawmhonf// ,cifa'guvlESifh
(K.C.A.B)u&ift}uHay;bkwf(Karen Central Barnd)tzGJ@ae&mwGif u&if
trsdK;om;a&;udk aqmif&GufEdkif&ef (K.C.O)ac: (Karen Central
Organisation)udk zGJ@pnf;vdkuf=uonf//

trSKaqmiftzGJ@
1// apmom'if
2// ref;bcif

(OuU/ aiGxdef;)/
(twGif;a&;rSL;)/
67

3// q&momxdk
(wGJbuf/ twGif;a&;rSL;)/
4// apmbOD;}uD;
(trSKaqmif)/
5// apmpHzdk;oif
(trSKaqmif)/
6// apmjrodef;
(trSKaqmif)/
7// ref;*sdrf;(pf)xGef;atmif (trSKaqmif)/
8// ref;a&$xGef;=um
(trSKaqmif)/
9// apmbarmif
(trSKaqmif)/
10// *sdrf;(pf)wmy
(trSKaqmif)/
11// qpf'eDvleD
(trSKaqmif)/
,if;ESifhywfoufI ref;bZefonf (oElxl;)pmapmifwGif u&ifh
EdkifiHa&;jyefvnfEdk;=um;vmyHkudk atmufyg twdkif;a&;om;xm;avonf//
1945-ck/ arv(2)&ufae@rSm &efukef+rdK@udk odrf;,lvdkuw
f ,f//
1945-ck/ ZGefv(26)&ufae@rSm &efukef+rdK@rSm aupDtdkua&S@aqmif+yD; u&if
ta&;twGuf nDvmcHw&yfusif;ycJhw,f// tJ'DnDvmcHudk rtlyifc&dkif
udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;taeeJ@ u|Efkyfvnf; wufa&mufvmcJhw,f// tJ'DnDvm
cHrSm apmbOD;}uD;eJ@jyefqHkrd=uwJhtcg apmbOD;}uD;u u|Efkyfudk a[h-bZH
cifAsm;tpdk;&tvkyfjyefvkyfOD;rvm;vdk@ ar;w,f// u|Efkyfu tpdk;&tvkyf
vkyfzdk@ pdwfr0ifpm;awmhbl;// trsdK;om;a&;u ta&;}uD;vmvdk@ trsdK;om;
a&;rSm ajcpHkypfvkyfzdk@ qHk;jzwfxm;+yD;+yDvdk@ajzvdkufw,f// apmbOD;}uD;u
'Dtajzudk }udKqdkwJhtaeeJ@ vufqGJESKwf+yD; trsdK;om;a&;rSm 'dk@rsm;vufwGJ
vkyf=uygpdk@vdk@ ajymcJhw,f//
(ref;bZef. u|EfkyfESifhacgif;aqmif}uD; apmbOD;}uD; ] oEkxl;)

68

ref;bZefonf apmbOD;}uD;. tajymtqdk t0wftpm;&dk;om;

yHkudkvnf; qufvufa&;om;xm;jyefonf//
ynmwwfu|rf; OpPm"eayguG,f0+yD; &mxl;*k%fxl;awG&Sdayr,fh
b0ifjrifhjcif;r&Sdbl;// apmbOD;}uD;&J@ 0wfpm;qif&ifaexdkifpm;aomufrSK
awG[m x,fx,f0g0gr&Sdbl;// vlvwfwef;pm; tqifhrsdK;eJ@aexdkifw,f//
ae@wae@rSm apmbOD;}uD;/ u|Ekfyf/ ref;*sdrf;(pf)xGef;atmif/ apm[HomwmarG;
wdk@[m trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;a&;vSKyfaqmfa&;twGuf ajrmif;jrc&dkif/ vyGwWm
+rdK@e,f/ w,fyifudkif; aus;&Gmod@k a&muf&SdoGm;w,f// u|Efkyfwdk@a&muf+yD;
aemufwae@rSm a'ow0dkuf&Sd vlxktpnf;ta0;w&yf jyKvkyfw,f// tpnf;
ta0;rusif;yrSD acgif;aqmifawG[m wnf;cdktdrfrS tpnf;ta0;usif;y&m
ryfodk@ toGm;rSm vlxkuwef;pD+yD; zg;pnfwD;um yef;ukef;pGwf*k%fjyKbdfk@
pDpOfw,f// vlxku apmbOD;}uD;udk bdvyfjyef0wfvHkawmf& u&ifacgif;
aqmiftjzpf +Adwdo#bk&ifcHrsm; 0wfpm;ovdk cef@nm;pGm 0wfpm;vmr,fvdk@
rSwf,l=uw,f// 'gayr,fh apmbOD;}uD;[m umuDabmif;bDwdk pydk@&Syf
tus0wf+yD; tpnf;ta0;wufvmwmudk awG@&wJhtcg tHh=ooGm;=uw,f//
apmbOD;}uD;[m &dk;&dk;usifh/ jrifhjrifh}uHwwf oljzpfw,f// pdwfaeoabmxm;
&dk;om;jzLpifw,f// vlom;wdkif;udk twef;tpm;ra&G; vl&,fvdk@ oabmxm;
+yD; qufqHw,f// udk,fcsif;pmempdwf&Sdw,f// trsdK;om;twGuf wu,f
ud,
k fpGef@oljzpfw,f// rdrd&J@ v,f,mtvkyform;tay: pmempdwf&Sdw,f//
trsdK;om; a&;vkyfief;vkyf&mrSm trsdK;om;a&;tm&Hkwckwnf;omxm;+yD;
ajcpHkypfvkyfudkifw,f//
(ref;bZef. u|EfkyfESifhacgif;aqmif}uD; apmbOD;}uD; ] oEkxl;)

,if;odk@ apmbOD;}uD;yg0ifaom (K.C.O)zGJ@pnf;+yD;aemufwGif

atmufyg u&iftzGJ@rsm;vnf; toD;oD; ay:aygufvmavonf//
,if;wdk@rSm 69

(1) jrefrmEdkifiHu&iftrsdK;om;toif;(ac:)bDautif(ef)at(Karen
National Association)/
(2) u&ifvli,ftpnf;t&Hk;(ac:)
au0dkiftdk(Karen
Youth
Organization)/
(3) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; (ac:) (Karen National Assaciation)
wdk@ jzpf=uonf//

aeol&deftpnf;ta0;ESifhapmbOD;}uD;
(1945)ckESpf/ =o*kwfv(15)&ufae@wGif *syefuvufeufcsvdkuf
a=umif; ausnmvdkufojzifh jrefrmEdkifiHtygt0if urBm@ta&S@bufjcrf;Y
'kwd,urBmppf +yD;qHk;oGm;avonf// =o*kwfv(19)&ufae@wGif jrefrmjynf
vGwfvyfa&;ESifh nD!Gwfa&;twGuf zwyv(zqyv)tzGJ@rS}uD;rSL;I
aeol&deftpnf;ta0;}uD;udk usif;y.// ,if;tpnf;ta0;rS A[dOk D;pD;
tzGJ@0iftjzpf(36)OD;tm; a&G;cs,fcef@tyf&mwGif ,cifu&iftrsdK;om;
A[dkt}uHay;bkwftzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom
ref;bcdkif/
apmbOD;}uD;ESifh
q&momxdkw@dk A[dOk D;pD;tzGJ@0ifrsm; jzpfvm=uonf//
xdkrS atmufwdkbmva&mufv#if atmufwdkbm(1)&ufae@rS
(3)&ufae@txd =unfhjrifwdkif+rdK@e,f/ OD;vleDvrf;&Sd tdrftrSwf(5)Y txuf
az:jyyg A[dku&iftrsdK;om;zGJ@csKyf(Karen Central Organization)tpnf;
ta0;udk usif;y+yD; bk&ifcHxH u&ifhtcGifhta&;awmif;cHv$mw&yfESifhqHk;jzwf
csuf(5)&yfudk csrSwfcJhavonf//
,if;(K.C.O) yxrt}udrf tpnf;ta0;wGif bk&ifcHxHwifjy
awmif;qdk&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf (5)&yfrSm (1) bk&ifcHtrSKaqmif(tpdk;&)tzGJ@ jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;&mwGif u&iftrsdK;
om;udk,fpm;vS,f(3)OD; xnfhoGif;ay;&ef//
70

(2) &mxl;0eftzGJ@wGif u&iftrsdK;om;udk,fpm;vS,f xnfhoGif;ay;

&ef//
(3) jrefrmEdkifiH &kyf&Sif(qifqm)bkwfzGJ@wdkif;wGif u&ifudk,fpm;vS,f
xnfhoGif;ay;&ef//
(4) vdkifpifjzifh u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;udkifaqmifaom aoewfrsm;tm;
a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;csdeftxd udkifaqmifcGifhjyK&ef//
(5) [dkufuw
k fw&m;v$wfawmfwGif t&nftcsif;jzifh jynfhpHkaom
u&if0wfvHkwOD;OD;tm; w&m;ol}uD;tjzpfcef@xm;&ef//
xdkpOfu bk&ifcHonf ppfajy;a&Smif&mrS AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifhbufwef.
tpDtpOft& jyefvnf a&muf&v
Sd maom ppfajy;bk&ifcHa':refprpfjzpfonf//
,if;onf &efukefjrpfwGif;&Sd qdkufuyfxm;aom urfbmvifppfoabFm
(HMS Cumberland)}uD;ay:Y jrefrmjynfrS vGwfvyfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;
tem*gwfvGwfvyfa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;avonf// xdkpOfu
jrefrmwdk@bufrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ OD;bab/ OD;quf/
qmarmif}uD;/ OD;bOD;/ OD;yk/ apmqpf'eDvleD/ OD;boef;/ OD;bdk;aAsmh/
OD;buav;/ cef;r[m'l;ESdKufuGm&m;ESifh OD;cltdcGufw@dk yg0if=uavonf//
apmqpf'eDvleD onf u&iftrsdK;om;A[dktzGJ@(K.C.O)udk udk,fpm;vS,fjyKI
awmif;cHv$mudk bk&ifcHxH wifoGif;avonf//

71

(K.C.O). u&ifhawmif;cHv$m

apmom'if

(1) u&ifvlrsdK;tkyfpkonfjrefrmEdkifiHod@k a&S;OD;pGm0ifa&mufcJhaom vl

rsdK;tkyfpkjzpfI rdrd.,Ofaus;rSK"avhxHk;pHrsm; xdef;odrf;apmifh
a&SmufcGifh//
(2) Arm-u&ifwef;wl tcGifhta&;&ydkifcGifh//
(3) *syef0ifp(bDtdkifat)acwfwGif u&ifvlrsdK;rsm; vHk+cHKrSKr&Sdonfudk
ta=umif;jyKI trsdK;om;a&;vHk+cHKcGifh//
(4) tem*wfu&ifvlrsdK;rsm; vHk+cHKcGifhtwGuf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;Y u&if
rsm;oD;jcm;aexdkifcGifh//
(5) oD;oef@u&ifa'orSm weoFm&Dwdkif;/ anmifav;yifc&dkifESifh
jrefrm-xdkif;(,dk;',m;)xdpyfaeaom e,fedrdwfrsm;udk aygif;
pnf;xm;aomnD!Gwfaom awmifwef;a'o u&ifjynfe,f
xlaxmif&ef/ odk@rSomv#if vlrSKa&;edrfhusaeaom ,dk;',m;
(xdkif;)EdkifiH&Sd u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;tm; ulnDyHhydk;ay;oGm;Edkif&ef/
awmif;cHv$mwGif awmif;qdkxm;avonf//
72

bk&ifcHa':refprpfESifhAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom (zqyv)
wdk@ EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;nSdESdKif;&mwGif oabmwlnDrSKr&ojzifh bk&ifcHonf
vusFmorm;rsm;ESifh ol.tpdk;&tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;avonf// TtxJwGif
(K.C.O)rS twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfol ref;bcifonf 0ef}uD;tzGJ@/ (trSKaqmif
tzGJ@)Y ygvmonf// aemufydkif;wGif (zqyv)tzGJ@rS oydwfwu
dk fyGJrsm;
qifEGJav&m bk&ifcHa':refprpfrSm t*Fvefodk@ jyefoGm;avonf//
(armifpif=u,f.jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

a'gufwmpHpDzdk;. jrefrmjynfESifh u&ifrsm;pmtkyf

a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf tar&duefrS jyefa&muf+yD;aemuf (1925)
ckESpfwGif a'guvl u&iftrsdK;om;toif;csKyf}uD;. OuUjzpfvmonf//
(1928)ckESpfa&mufv#if a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf jrefrm
jynfESifhu&ifrsm;(Burma and The Karens)pmtkyfudk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh
a&;om; xkwfa0avonf// ,if;pmtkyfwGif a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf u&ifwdk@.
a&S;a[mif;&mZ0if/ pdwfaepdwfxm;/ udk;uG,f0wfjyKrSK/ ,Ofaus;rSK"avh
xHk;pHrsm;ESifh u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;. trsdK;om;a&;qdkif&m ydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;
ta=umif;udkyg a&;om;xm;avonf//

(jrefrmjynf. u&ifrsm;)
(1928)ckESpfwGif a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf tem*wfu&iftrsdK;om;
tay:wGif }uD;pGmtusdK;oufa&mufapaom t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh jrefrm
jynfESifhu&ifrsm;(Burma and The Karens)pmtkyfudk t*FvefY xkwfa0vdkuf
onf// ,if;pmtkyfwGif a'gufwmpHpDzdk;onf u&ifwdk@. a&S;a[mif;&mZ0if/
73

pdwfaeoabmxm;/ udk;uG,f0wfjyKrSK/ ,Ofaus;rSK"avhxHk;pHwdk@udk a&;om;

xm;avonf//
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif u&ifvlOD;a&onf Arm(7)OD;&Sdv#if u&ifwpfOD;
&Sdonf// ,if;odk@ (7)yHk(1)yHk&Sdaoma=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHtm; (7)yHk(1)yHk pdk;ydkif
cGih&f Sdoifhonf// txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wdkif;(7) wdkif;&Sd&m u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;
tm; wdkif;(1)wdkif;udk tkyfpdk;cGifhay;oifhonf// ,if;wdkif;rSm u&ifvlrsdK;
trsm;tjym;aexdkifaom weoFom&Dwdkif;yif jzpfonf// u&ifjynfe,f
xlaxmifa&;onf u&ifvlrsdK;wdkif;. qENyifjzpfonf[k a&;om;xm;
avonf//
Todk@jzifh a'gufwmpHpDydk;. pmtkyfxGufvm+yD;aemufwESpfjzpfaom
(1929)ckESpfwGif a'guvlu&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk;ESifh apm'garbdk;rif;
('Dbdk;rif;). jA[Rmpdk&fopPm&Sd u&iftoif;wdk@ yl;wGJI tpnf;ta0;w&yf
usif;yonf// tpnf;ta0;wGif a'guvltoif;OuU apmyg'GJESifhjA[Rmpdk&f
opPm&Sd u&iftoif;OuU apm'garbdk;rif;wdk@u yl;wGJobmywdrsm;tjzpf
aqmif&Guf=uonf// ,if;yl;wGJ tpnf;ta0;rS atmufygqHk;jzwfcsufESpf&yfudk
csrSwfcJh=uonf//
(1) jrefrmEdkifiHESifhu&ifvlrsdK;rsm;pmtkyfwGif a'gufwmpHpDydk; wifjy
onfhtwdkif; u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf tkyfcsKyfcGifhwidk f;wwdkif;
owfrSwfay;&ef//
(2) oHvGifc&dkiftm; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef u&ifudk,pf m;vS,fwzGJ@
vef'efodk@ apvGwf&ef qHk;jzwfcJhavonf//
a'gufwmpHpDydk;. jrefrmEdkifiHESifhu&ifpmtkyf xGuf+yD;aemufwGif
OD;oef@(aemufwGif
urBm@ukvor*~.
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)u
a'gufwmpHpDydk;onf (1928)ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh ( Burma and The
Karens) trnf&Sd pmtkyfwtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf// u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;
74

ta=umif;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh yxrqHk; a&;om;xkwfa0aoma=umifh

jrefrmynmwwfrsm;tjyif EdkifiHjcm;wGifyg emrnf&aompmtkyfwtkyf
jzpfavonf//
(armifpif=u,f.jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK; om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemufydkif; ay:xGufvmaom

u&iftrsdK;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh pmtkyfpmwef;wckckwdk@onf a'gufwm
pHpDydk;. awG;qcsuf/ wifjycsufwdk@jzifh uif;rJvSayonf//

75

tcef;(5)
vlrsdK;wrsdK;. vHk+cHKa&;ESifhvGwfvyfa&;
(K.C.O). OuUapmom'ifonf 0g&ifhu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif
wOD;jzpfonf// olonf apmbOD;}uD;ESifh tjyeftvSefav;pm;,Hk=unf
=uolrsm;yif jzpf=uonf// apmom'ifonf apmbOD;}uD;xuftouf(7)
ESpf}uD;I olonfom,m0wDZmwdom;wOD;yif jzpfonf// tdENd,jynfoGm;I
ynmoif=um;cJh+yD; tvHk+rdK@e,f(ul&Sif)ausmif; (tvHk-txuf-4)wGif
pwifausmif;q&mvkyfonf// EdkifiHa&;wGif (K.N.A)ac: (a'guvl)toif;rS
pwifyg0ifcJhonf//
apmom'ifonf EdkifiHa&;jy\emudk EdkifiHenf;jzifh Oya'abmif
twGif;rS at;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;awmif;qdkvdkoljzpfonf// w&m;r#wrSKudkvdk
vm;+yD; zdESdyftEdkifusifht=urf;zufrSKudk rvdkvm;yJ vlvlcsif; wef;wlnDr#pGm
&Sifoef&yfwnfvdkonf// 1948-cktwGif; oxHkESifharmfv+rdKif+rdK@udk ,ltrfyD
jynfaxmifpku&if&Jwyfu
odrf;ydkufvku
d fonfwGif
u&ifjynf&&Sda&;
jy\emudk at;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;vdkaom apmbOD;}uD;u xdk+rdK@ESpf+rdK@udk
jyeftrf&ef apmom'iftm; wm0efay;cJhonf//
apmom'ifonf (zqyv)tpdk;&wyfrS ucsifAdkvfrSL;}uD;aemfvmESifh
aqG;aEG;!SdESdKif;pDpOfum armfv+rdKif+rdK@wGifyif xdkESpf+rdK@udk jyefvnftyfESHcJh
onf//
1948=ckESpfwGif aemufa&mufvmaom (zqyv)tpdk;&. AdkvfrSL;
xdefem;onf// armfv+rdKif&Sd u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;onfhtcg
apmom'ifonf zrf;cHcJh&onf// axmifESpfvHk;/ oHk;vHk;ajymif; a&$@cJh&onf//
axmifxJwGif oHk;ESpfausmfr#aecJh+yD; 1952-ckESpfwGif axmifrSxGufcJhonf//
76

axmifrS vGwfvyfI ta&S@aumfolav;odk@ ul;cJhonf// xdkrS jr0wDodk@

a&mufvmcJhonf//
apmbOD;}uD;ESifhapmom'ifwdk@ vdkufzufnDonfrSm olwdk@. trsdK;
om;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;jy\emudk pmaya&;om;I tawG;tac:jzifhvnf; yg0if
onf// vGwfvyfa&;r&rD q&momxdk(twGif;a&;rSL; K.N.Uxkwfa0aom)
vGwfvyfa&;vrf;pOfwGifif;/ u&ifEdkifiHa&;pmapmifwdk@wGifif; apmbOD;}uD;
ESifh apmom'ifwdk@onf yg0ifa&;om;=uavonf//
xdkpOfu apmbOD;}uD;. a&;om;csufonf vlrsdK;wrsdK;. &yfwnfrSK
jy\emESifh tpdk;&w&yf. a&&Snf&yfwnfrSKpGrf;&nfwdk@yif jzpf=uI apmom
'ifurl vlrsdK;wrsdK;. vHk+cHKa&;ESifhvGwfvyfa&;ta=umif;wdk@yif jzpf=uav
onf//

cdkif+rJwnfwHaom tpdk;&
apmbOD;}uD;a&;onf
wdkif;jynfr&Sdaom vlwrsdK;onf vlrsdK;}uD;wrsdK;(NATION)[k
urBmu todtrSwfjyKvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs// ta=umif;rlum; if;vlrsdK;onf
udk,rfh if;udk,cfh sif;ESifh aeEdkifcGifhr&bJ wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;. vufatmufY
om aexdkif=u&jcif;a=umifh jzpfayonf// yifudk,w
f dkif;jynf&SdESifhaom vlwrsdK;
onf udk,rfh if;udk,fhcsif;ESifh rae&aomf rdrdwdk@. nH@zsif;rSKa=umifhomv#if
jzpf+yD;
EdkifiH&yfjcm;wdkif;wyg;om;rsm;.
vufatmufcHtjzpfjzifhom
atmufusaemufus&Sd=u&avonf//
odk@&mwGif udk,w
fh dkif;udk,jfh ynf udk,rfh if;udk,cfh sif;ESifh &SdaomvlrsdK;
wdk@onfum; olwyg;. vufatmufcHodk@ ra&mufap&ef cdkif+rJwnfwHhaom
tpdk;&udk &&eftwGuf tifwdkuftm;wdkufvHk;yef; =u&rnfyif jzpfonf//
77

atmufygtcsuf}uD; oHk;csufESifhjynfhpHkaomtpdk;&onf umv=umjrifhpGm

wnfwHhEdkifrnf jzpfayonf//
(1) vlxkarwWm
tpdk;&wdkif;Y
yxrvdktyfaom
wm0ef0wW&m;onfum;
wdkif;jynftwGif; +idrf0yfydjym;atmif apmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;a&;yifjzpfonf//
wdkif;jynftwGif; +idrf0yfydjym;&&SdonfESifhtr# wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. toufESifh
pnf;pdrfvHk+cHKrSKwdk@udk &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfI wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. oufomacsmifcsda&;
onf aygufzGm;vmum tpdk;&tay:Y =unfndKav;pm;tm;xm;vdkaom
arwWmpdwfrsm;onf tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:vmrnfjzpfayonf// vlxk.
arwWmtppftrSefudk wu,f&&Sdaom tpdk;&onf rdrdwdk@. pDrHtkyfcsKyfrSKY
tcuftcJ[loIwdk@udk vG,fulpGm atmifjrifEdkifrnfjzpfojzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;
wnfwHhrSKudk &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfayonf// odk@jzpfI wnfwHhcdkif_rJvdkaom tpdk;&wdkif;
wdkif;jynf. arwWmudk &,loifh=uayonf//
(2) vlxk. =unfndKjcif;
tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfrSKwnfwHha&;wGif tusHK;0ifvsuf&Sdaom t&if;cH
0wW&m;}uD;wckonfum; wdkif;jynf. udk,fpm;vS,ftppftrSefrsm;udk
w&m;aomenf;twdkif; a&G;aumufwifajrSmufI tqdkyg udk,fp m;vS,frsm;
u a&;qGJaomOya'rsm;udk wdkif;&if;tm;vHk;pnf;urf;aooyfpGm nDnD
nmnm vdkufem=ujcif;yifjzpf.// tpdk;&onf wdkif;jynf. pnf;urf;
Oya't& w&m;ojzifh tkyfpdk;EdkifrSomv#if vlxk=unfndKjcif;udk cH&vdrfhrnf
jzpf.// vlxk. =unfndKjcif;udk &&SdrSomv#if tkyfcsKyfa&;wnfwHhcdkif+rJ Edkifrnf
jzpfayonf// rsufESm}uD;i,fvdkujf cif;/ t*wdw&m;vdkufpm;jcif;/ vmbfay;
vmbf,lrSKrsm;udk vufoifch Hjcif;ponfwdk@jzifh ruif;aomtpdk;&onf
78

vlxk.t=unftndKudk tcdkuftwef@r#om &,lEdkifrnfjzpfojzifh vlxk.

axmufcHrSKudk =umjrifhpGmr&EdkifbJ tkyfcsKyfa&;wnfwHhrSKudk ysufjym;ap&ef
ta=umif;w&yfjzpfayonf//
(2) vHk+cHKrSKtwGuf pdwfcs&jcif;
wdkif;oljynfom; tm;vHk;wdk@. vHk+cHKpGm aexdkifEdkifa&;twGuf
oufqdkif&m tpdk;&onf pDrHay;Edkif&rnfjzpf.// jynfwGif;. ql;a!Smifh
cvkwfrsm;jzpf=uaom cdk;om;/ "g;jyESifhaomif;usef;olrsm;udk ESdrfESif;
Edkif&rnfhtjyif jynfyjzpfaom wdkif;wyg;om;wdk@. ab;&efudkvnf; umuG,f
ay;EdkifpGrf;&Sd& rnfjzpfayonf// wdkif;jynftwGif; vHk+cHKrSKtwGuf pdwfcsvufcs
rae&=uv#if wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@. tpdk;&tay:wGif t,Hkt=unf
ysufjym;um tkyfcsKyfrSKwnfwHha&;udk csufcsif;xdcdkufEdkifp&m ta=umif;&Sday
onf// az:jyyg tcsuf}uD;oHk;csufESifhjynfhpHkaom tpdk;&wdkif;onf rdrdwdk@.
tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ywfoufI wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. ,Hk=unftm;xm;rSK/
=unfndKav;pm;rSK/ pdwfoufomrSKponfwdk@udk wu,fwrf; &&SdEdkifrnf
jzpf&m wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; }uD;yGm;wdk;wufrSK/ oufomacsmifcsdrSKwdk@a=umifh
pnfyif0ajymaom wdkif;jynftjzpfodk@ toGifajymif;Edkifrnfjzpfonfhtwdkif;
wnfwHhcdkif+rJaom tpdk;&tjzpfjzifh wnf+rJEdkifrnfjzpfaoma=umifh urBm
wcGifY wdkif;jynftoD;oD;&Sd tpdk;&tzGJ@wdkif;onf wnfwHhcdkif+rJaom tpdk;&
jzpfvdkaomf az:jyygtcsuf}uD;oHk;csufudk vufrvGwfoifha=umif; a&;om;&
ayownf//
(1948ck/pufwifbmv(12)&ufae@xkwfq&momxdk.vGwfvyfa&;vrf;pOfpmtkyfyg
acgif;aqmif}uD; apmbOD;}uD;.aqmif;yg;)

79

apmbOD;}uD;. a&;om;csufwGif xdkpOfu u&ifrsm;bmha=umifh

jynfe,fawmif;&a=umif; udkvnf; ay:vGifaponf// vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf
wufa&mufvmaom (zqyv)tpdk;&ESifh 'Dbuf acwfppftpdk;&ESpf&yfvHk;.
wnfwef@rSKESifhOywd&kyfwdk@onfvnf; xif&Sm;pGm ay:vGifae+yD; jzpfavonf//
apmbOD;}uD;. cdkif+rJwnfwHhaom tpdk;&udk zwf&SK=u+yD;aemufwGif
acgif;aqmif}uD; apmom'if(}uD;). vHk+cHKa&;ESifhvGwfvyfa&;udk zwf&SK&ef
vnf; vdktyfaeayonf// ,ae@'Drdkua&pDta&;tcif;umvwGif tm;vHk;
uyif vHk+cHKa&;ESifhvGwfvyfa&;udk ajymqdkaqG;aEG;ae=uayonf// ,cktcg
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vGwfvyfa&;&cJhonfrSm ESpfaygif;(60)ausmfav+yD/ u&if
vlrsdK;awG. b0rnfr#avmuf vHk+cHKrSK&Sd=uygovJ/ rnfonfhvGwv
f yfrSKrsdK;udk
cHpm;ae&ygovJ/ qifjcifoHk;oyfEdkif&ef jzpfayonf//

(vkH+cHKa&;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;)
(apmom'if)
avmuY &Sd&Sdor#aom vlrsdK;wdkif;wdk@onf om,mat;csrf;pGm
aexdkifoGm;aom vkyfudkifpm;aomufvdk=uonf// at;aq;pGm aexdkifEdkif&ef
twGufvnf; enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;wdk@udk &SmazGv#uf&Sd.// enf;vrf;&SmazG
=uonfhtcgYvnf; vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef 0wW&m;trsdK;rsdK;wdk@udk awG@&Sd
=u&avonf// rnfodk@yifjzpfap// at;aq;pGm aexdkifaomvlrsdK;wdkif;onf
vHk+cHKa&;(SECURITY)ESifh vGwfvyfa&;(LIBERTY)udk OD;pGm&&Sdxm;&rnf[k
0efcH=u &ayvdrfhrnf// ta=umif; rlum; -

80

1//
(u)

touf. vHk+cHKa&;
vlwdk@onf toufvHk+cHKrSK&=urSomv#if touf&Sifv#uf avmu.
pnf;pdrfudk cHpm;pHpm;Edkif=u rnfjzpfonf// touftwGuf vHk+cHKrSKr&Sdygu
avmuwGif rufarmp&m/ pdk;pOf;r#&SdEdkifzG,f&mta=umif; r&Sdawmhacs//
(c)

ypPnf;. vHk+cHa&;
vlwdk@onf touf&Sifv#uf avmu.pnf;pdrfudk cH,lEdkifap&ef
pm;a&;aomufa&;ESifhywfoufI a0,sm0pPtajrmuftrsm;&Sd.// tqdkygpm;
rSK/ aomufrSKtwGuf ypPnf;OpPmrsm;vHk+cHKa&; r&Sdygu tb,frSmtouf&Sif
tusdK;&SdEdkifygtHhenf;//
(*)

*k%foduQmvHk+cHKa&;
rdrdwdk@. rsdK;&dk;*k%foduQmudk apmifhxdef;&eftwGuf vHk+cHKrSKudk r&ygu
vnf; vlrsdK;ygtpwkef; oGm;rnfjzpfojzifh *k%foduQmvHk+cHKa&;onfvnf;
at;at;csrf;csrf;aysmfarG@pGm aexdkifEdkifa&;twGuf t"duvdk&if;csufwck
jzpfavonf//
2//
(u) ynm.vGwfvyfa&;
vl[I
l jzpfvm=u+yD; vlrsdK;wrsdK;taeESifh rm;rm;rwfrwfaevdkv#if
ynm.vGwfvyfa&; &Sd&ayrnf// vlrsdK;wrsdK;taeESifh rdrdwdk@. trsdK;bmom/
pmayponfwdk@udk wdk;wufzGJ@+zdK;&eftwGuf rdrdwdk@.pmayudk vGwfvyfpGm
oif=um;cGifhr&v#if vGwfvyfa&;onf bmr#t"dy`g,fr&Sdacs//
81

(c)

udk;uG,fonfh bmomvGwfvyfa&;
ESKwftm;jzifh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;[k &Hzef&Hcg =um;=u&oavmuf
vufawG@tm;jzifh vGwfvyfa&;&=uaom wdkif;jynfESifv
h lrsdK;wdk@onfum;
&Sm;awmh.// vGwfvyfaom wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf rlum; ynma&;
vGwfvyfojzifh bmomw&m;Y vGwfvyfrSK&Sd&rnfjzpf.// tb,fha=umifh
qdkaomf bmoma&;onf vlrsdK;wdkif;udk aumif;&mbufodk@ tpOfqGJaqmif
v#uf &Sdonfhtwdkif; vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh&=uaom olwdkif;onf
rdrd.bmomudkif;&SdKif;rSKa=umifh olawmfaumif;rsm;omjzpfvm =urnfjzpf
ojzifh olawmfaumif;aygrsm;aom wdkif;jynfonf tvGwfvyfqHk;aom
wdkif;jynftjzpfY wnf+rJEdkifrnfjzpfaoma=umifhwnf;//
(*)

,Ofaus;rSKvGwfvyfa&;
Armpum;yHkwckt& u&if&dkif;csif&dkif;[k ,ckwdkif ajymavhajymx
&Sd=uao;.// odk@&mwGif TuJho@dk &kwfw&uf oHk;ESHK;=ujcif;onf/ u&if,Of
aus;rSKwdk@udk rodaoma=umifhyif jzpfwef&m.// pifppfrSm urBmay:&Sd vlrsdK;
wdkif;onf rdrdwdk@.bmom obm0tavsmuf ,Ofaus;rSKtoD;oD;ESifh &SdcJh
=u.// tqdkyg ,Ofaus;rSKrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm jyKusifhcGifh&rSomv#if vljzpf
usdK;eyf=urnfjzpfv#uf taumif;qHk; t,Ofaus;qHk;vlrsdK;wrsdK;tjzpfodk@
wdk;wufEdkif&ef ta=umif;&Sdavonf// ,Ofaus;rSKtwGuf vGwfvyfcGifhr&
aomwdkif;jynfudk vGwfvyfonfwdkif;jynf[k tvsOf;rac:Ekdifacs//
(C)

pD;yGm;a&;Y vGwfvyfjcif;
pD;yGm;a&;ESifhywfoufI vGwfvyfaomwdkif;jynfwGif;&Sd vlrsdK;wdkif;
onf pD;yGm;a&;Yvnf; vGwfvyfcGifh&Sdoifhayonf// pD;yGm;a&;onf vlrsdK;ESifh
wdkif;jynf. wufvrf;udk trsm;qHk;tm;ay; Edkifonfhtm;avsmfpGm vlwOD;
82

wa,muf. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wckonf tjcm;olwOD;tm; xdyg;jcif;r&Sdu

if;.vkyfief;udk ydwfyifwm;jrpfcsKyfcs,fjcif; rjyKoifh=uacs//
odk@jzpfI txufY az:jycJhonfhtwdkif; vHk+cHKa&;ESifhvGwv
f yfa&;wdk@udk
&&Sd=urSomv#if vlwOD;ESifhwOD;aomfif;/ vlwrsdK;ESifhwrsdK;aomfif; em;vnf
rSK/ auseyfrSKwdk@udk &&Sd=urnfjzpfojzifh nD!GwfpGm yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkif=u
rnfjzpfownf;//
vHk+cHKrSKESifhvGwv
f yfrSKt00jzifh jrefrmjynf. vGwfvyfa&;wnf+rJ
ygap// (1948=ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom q&momxdk. vGwfvyfa&;vrf;pOf
pmtkyfrS aqmif;yg;udk jyefvnfaz:jyonf//)

83

tcef;(6)
Oya'wGif; pkaygif;ta&;qdkjcif;

,if;odk@ ppf+yD;acwf u&ifhEdkifiHa&;wGif (K.C.O)ESifhtwl 'kwd,

urBmppfrwdkifrDuyif &SdcJh+yD;aom (B.K.N.A)ac: Ak'<bmomu&iftrsdK;om;
toif;onfvnf; vkyf&Sm;rSKtopfjzifh pwifvmonf// ,if;tzGJ@. t&Snf
aumuftrnfrSm (Buddhist Karen National Association)jzpfonf// ,if;tzGJ@
wGif vlyk*~dKvfrsm;omru u&iftrsdK;om;&[ef;yk*~dKvfrsm;yifygav&m
o&ufawmausmif;wdkuf/ tv,fwdkufausmif;q&mawmfOD;t*~ESifhwGJa&;
cGJa&;acwf u&ifacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfaom q&mref;a&$bwdk@u em,ursm;
tjzpfaqmif&Guf=uonf// OuUrSm q&mawmfOD;y0Ho/ 'kwd,OuUrSm
OD;apmjrwfodef; (K.C.OtzJG@0if)/ twGif;a&;rSL; OD;}uD;ab/ aiGxdef;ref;uH
at;(91)XmeacwftrwfESifhtzGJ@0ifrsm;tjzpf OD;e&dEN/ OD;ukrm&/ apmboef;
a&$/ apmbvHkw@dk yg0if=uonf//
,if;odk@ ppf+yD;acwf u&ifvl}uD;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;/ trsdK;om;a&;
vSKyf&Sm;rSKudk ta=umif;jyKI zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGif &Gwf&Gwfc|efc|ef
yg0ifcJh=uaom u&ifvli,frsm;onfvnf; oD;jcm;vSKyf&Sm;&ef pdkif;jyifvm
84

avonf// TwGif (K.C.O)acgif;aqmifrsm;rS oD;jcm;pDrvSKyf&Sm;apyJ (K.C.O)

. vli,fXmecGJtaeESifhyg0ifvSKyf&SmcGifhjyKvdkuf.// Todk@jzifh ppf+yD;acwf
u&ifhEdkifiHa&;twGuf u&ifvli,ftpnf;t&Hk; (Karen Youth Organization)
[lI ay:vmavonf//

ref;bcdkifESifh K.Y.O
,if;yxrqHk;aom u&ifvli,ftpnf;t&Hk;jzpfonfh ( K.Y.O).
tvkyftrSKaqmiftzGJ@wGif zufqpfawmfvSefa&;Y yg0ifcJh=uaom vli,f
acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf=uonfh
(1) AdkvfrSL;apmxGef;pdef (OuU)/
(2) apmausmfpdef (twGif;a&;rSL;)/
(3) apmjrifhodef; (wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;)/
(4) apmatmfvDbm (tzGJ@0if)wdk@ jzpf=uygonf//
,if;odk@&SdpOf wyfrawmfudk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;aoma=umifh AdkvfrSL;
apmxGef;pdefonf wyfxJjyef0ifoGm;.// odk@jzifh (K.Y.O). OuUvSpfvyfoGm;
jyefavonf// TwGif (K.C.O)acgif;aqmifrsm;rS vl}uD;vli,fnD!Gwfa&;udk
a&S@&SKvsuf yxrwGif (K.C.O). trSKaqmifvl}uD;(2)OD;jzpfaom apmbOD;
}uD;ESifhq&momxdkw@dk tm; (K.Y.O)OuUvkyf&ef tqdkjyK=u.// odk@&mwGif
oufqdkif&m um,uH&Sifrsm;u jiif;qefaoma=umifh (K.C.O). acgif;aqmif
wOD;yifjzpfaom ref;bcdkiftm; qufvuftqdkjyK=ujyefonf// ,if;(K.Y.O)
. OuUae&mwGif ref;bcdkifrS vufcHvdkuaf oma=umifh (K.Y.O). trSK
aqmiftzGJ@rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfvmonf//
(1) ref;bcdkif (OuU)/
(2) ref;0if;armif ('kwd,OuU) (tdENd,rS jyefa&mufvmp)/
85

(3) apmausmfpdef (twGif;a&;rSL;)/

(4) apmjrifhodef; (wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;)wdk@ jzpf=uonf//
,if;odk@ jrefrmEdkifiHa&;tajctaersm; &SKyfaxG;aepOf ppfajy;bk&ifcH
a':refprpfonf oltajctaecdkifcef@a&;twGuf bk&ifcHtrSKaqmiftzGJ@
(0ef}uD;tzGJ@) zGJ@pnf;&ef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom (zqyv)
tzGJ@tm; urf;vSrf;vmonf// TwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh (zqyv)
acgif;aqmifrsm;u rdrdwdk@&,lvdkaom bk&ifcHtrSKaqmif(0ef}uD;)ae&mudk
awmif;qdkcJh=u.// awmif;qdk aomta&twGuf r&&Sdaomtcg a':refprpf.
trSKaqmiftpdk;&tzGJ@xJodk@ (zqyv)tzGJ@urygyJ aevdkufonf// bk&ifcH
a':refprpfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqefESifh (zqyv)tzGJ@tm; EdkifiHa&;tm;
prf;onfhtaejzifh
EkdifiHa&;orm;a[mif;rsm;jzifh
bk&ifcHaumifpDtrSK
aqmiftzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;vdkufonf// Todk@ a':refprpf. tpdk;&tzGJ@xJodk@
(zqyv)u ryg0ifaoma=umifh EdkifiHa&;pdefac:yGJtjzpf oydwf wdkufyGJrsm;
qufwdkuaf y:vmavonf// ,if;odk@&SdpOf (K.C.O.)u 0ef}uD;(3)ae&m
awmif;jyef&m bk&ifcHu(2)ae&mom ay;aoma=umifh (K.C.O.)acgif;aqmif
rsm;jzpf=uaom apmom'if/ ref;bcif/ apmbOD;}uD;/ q&momxdkESifh
ref;bcdkifwdk@onf rdrdwdk@. oabmxm;udk Armhacwfowif;pmwGif
xkwfaz:wifjyvdkuf=uonf//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

,if;rSm
(1) u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;onf rdrd.,Ofaus;rSKESifh bmompum;zGH@+zdK;
wdk;wufap&eftvdk@iSg udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk tvdk&Sda=umif;//
(2) rdrdwdk@. trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;/ vlrSKa&;/ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tcGifh
tvrf;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&SmufoGm;vdka=umif;//
86

(3)

EdkifiH.tusdK;udk,fpDudk,if S o,fydk;xrf;aqmifEdkifonfhjynf
e,frsm;yg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;Y aexdkif
oGm;&ef qEN&Sda=umif;//
(4) u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;. wdk;wuf}uD;yGm;a&;udk vdkvm;vsuf r#w
aomoabmxm;&Sdonfh ArmvlrsdK;rsm;ESifhtwlwuG aygif;
oif;aexdkifoGm;vdka=umif; yg0ifonf//
,if;odk@ vGwfvyfa&;t}udKumv jrefrmEdkifiHavmuwGif vSdKif;xrf;
ydk;rsm;xefouJho@dk u&ifhEdkifiHa&;twGif;vnf; 0d0g'uGJpjyKvmavonf//
TwGif u&ifhEdkifiHa&;wGif trdtbae&mY &Sdaeaom a'gufwmpHpDydk;onf
raeomawmhI u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf arwWm&yfcHcsuf
wapmifxkwfjyef+yD; wqufwnf;wGif bk&ifcHxHo@dk vnf; pmwapmifa&;om;
ay;ydk@vdkufavonf//
bk&ifcHxHodk@ a'gufwmpHpDydk; ay;ydk@onfhpmwGif *&dwf+AdwdefEdkifiHwGif
(t*Fvef/ paumhwvef/ a0v/ tdkif,mvef) jynfe,fjzifh yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;
ouJhodk@ jrefrmEdkifiHtm;vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHjynfaxmifpktjzpf zGJ@pnf;ay;oifh
a=umif;/ ,if;jrefrmjynfaxmifpktwGif;Y (&Srf;/ &cdkif/ csif;/ u&if/ ucsif/
u,m;)wdk@onf pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm at;twlyltr#aexdkif=u&efjzpf
a=umif;ponfjzifh yg&Sdavonf//
txufyg qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk qufvuftaumiftxnfaz:Edkif&ef
,if;tpnf;ta0;rS u&ifjynfe,ft+rJwef;aumfrwD(Karen State Standing
Committee)w&yfudk zGJ@pnf;vdkuf=uonf// ,if;aumfrwDonf (1946)ck/
azaz:0g&D(12)&ufae@wGif tpnf;ta0;xdkifI weoFom&Dwdkif;tm; oD;jcm;
u&ifjynfe,fowfrSwfI ,if;jynfe,fonf jrefrmjynfrxuf tqifhredrfh
aom jynfe,frsdK;udk t*Fvefodk@ oGm;a&mufI awmif;qdk& ef apmom'if/
apmqpf'eDvleD/ apmbdk;cspf/ apmbOD;}uD;wdk@ yg0ifaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@udk
a&G;cs,fwm0efay;vdkufonf//
87

(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK; om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh (K.C.O.)acgif;aqmifrsm;awG@qHkyGJ

ppf+yD;acwf u&ifhEdkifiHa&;wGif tqifhwqifhxd jrifhrm;vm+yDjzpfI

(zqyv)ESifh(K.C.O) acgif;aqmifrsm;tzdk@ aqG;aEG;&efESifheD;eD;uyfuyfawG@qHk
&ef vdktyfvmavonf//
Todk@jzifh (1946)ck/ azaz:0g&D(13)&ufae@Y ( K.C.O)tzGJ@csKyfwnf&m
trSwf(5) OD;vleDvrf;Y (K.C.O)acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
acgif;aqmifaom (zqyv)rsm;yg0ifaom tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk usif;y
onf// (K.C.O)bufrS wufa&mufaom acgif;aqmifrsm;wGif apmbdk;cspf/
apmom'if/ apmqpf'eDvleD/ ref;bcdkif/ apmbOD;}uD;ESifh q&momxdkw@dk
yg0ifu+yD; (zqyv)bufrS AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;/ OD;bab/ OD;wif/
OD;atmifZHa0/ OD;A*srf;/ ocifcspf/ ocif0wif/ OD;ausmf+idrf;ESifh OD;cifarmifvwf
(rpPwmvm;wpf)wkd@ yg0if=uonf//

88

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. aqG;aEG;csuf
ppf_yD;acwfESifh vGwfvyfa&;t}udK (K.C.O)u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom (zqyv)acgif;aqmifrsm;awG@qHkaqG;
aEG;yGJwGif OD;pGmAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rS atmufyg twdkif; aqG;aEG;oGm;av
onf//
(1) jrefrmEdkifiHonf trSefyif vGwfvyfa&;&rnfjzpfonf./
(2) jrefrmEdkifiHonf+Adwdo#wdk@ESifh rkef;IruGJ/ cspfIomuGJrnf/
+Adwdo#wdk@ESifh wef;wl&nfwl r[mrdwfjzpfvdkonf/
(3) u&ifESifhArmvnf; wef;wlr[mrdwfyif jzpfvdkonf/
(4) wyfrawmfzGJ@pnf;a&;wGif u&ifwyfzGJ@ oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;a&;rludk
(zqyv)u axmufcHcJhonf/
(5) bk&ifcHaumifpDtrSKaqmiftzGJ@ (0ef}uD;tzGJ@)wGif u&ifESpfae&m
&&Sda&;udk (zqyv)u oD;oef@pma&;I bk&ifcHxHwGif wifoGif;
cJhonf/
(6) ,cktcg u&iftrsdK;om;rsm; a&G;cs,f&rnfh vrf;pOfESpf&yfrSm
(zqyv). vrf;pOfESifh bk&ifcH. puULjzLpmwef;yifjzpfonf/
(7) u&ifvlrsdK;wdk@. udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhESifh bk&ifcHtrSKaqmiftzGJ@wG if
ESpfae&m &vdkonfhudpPudk uef@uGufaeolrsm;rSm (zqyv)
r[kwfyJ bk&ifcH.trSKaqmiftzGJ@xJwGifom&Sdaeonf[k aqG;
aEG;oGm;avonf//
(K.C.O)u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;bufrS
apmbdk;cspfu
atmufygtwdkif; jyefvnfaqG;aEG;onf//
(1) u&ifvlrsdK;wdk@. t"duqENonf u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;yif
jzpfa=umif;/
89

(2) u&ifjynfe,f&&Sdv#if jrefrmjynfu cGJxGuo

f Gm;rSm r[kwf
a=umif;/
(3) oD;jcm;u&ifjynfe,fr&Sdojzifh u&ifvlrsdK;rsm; epfemcJh&a=umif;/
(zqyv)tzGJ@taejzifh u&ifjynfe,f awmif;qdkonfudk ruef@
uGufapvdka=umif;//
(1946)ck/ azaz:0g&D(14)&ufae@odk@ a&mufjyefv#if u&iftrsdK;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf bk&ifcHESifhawG@qHkcGifh&ojzifh u&iftrsdK;om;qdkif&m
tcGifhtvrf;udpPudk qufvufwifjy=ujyefonf//
,if;u&iftzGJ@rsm;ESifh
u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;wifjycsuftay:wGif
bk&ifcHa':refprpfonf raeomawmhojzifh bdvyf&SdjrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m 0ef}uD;
xH pma&;om;I ar;jref;&avonf//
(1) u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;aexdkifonfh Z,m;0ife,f tydkif;(1)ESifh(2)
wdk@udkawmifwef; a'otkyfcsKyf a&;atmufwGif
xm;&ef/
xdke,frsm;twGif;odk@ tjcm;rnfonfhe,fudkr# xyfrHxnfhoGif;
jcif; rjyK&ef/ tjcm;e,frsm;wGif aexdkifaom u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;
twGufvnf; txl;tcGifhrsm;ray;&ef/ (Z,m;0ife,f tydkif;(1)
rSm oHvGifc&dkif/ zgyGefe,fjzpfI Z,m;0ife,f tydkif;(2)rSm
=umtif;+rdK@e,f/ aumhu&dwf+rdK@e,ftwGif;&Sd jr0wD/ awmifil
c&dkifta&S@ydkif; u&ifrsm;aexdkifonfh awmifwef;a'o/ oxHkc&dkif
ta&S@ydkif;u&ifrsm;aexdkifonfh awmifwef;a'o (vSdKif;bGJ@)ESifh
bm;tH+rdK@e,frsm;udk qdkvjdk cif;jzpfonf//)
(2) u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;aexdkifonfh Z,m;0ife,ftydkif;(1)ESifh(2)twGif;
odk@ xdke,fESifhqufpyf vsuf&Sdaom weoFm&Dwdkif;twGif;&Sd
u&iftrsm;tjym;aexdkifaom e,fajra'orsm;udk aygif;pnf;
ay;&efESifh jynfy&Su
d &ifvlrsdK;rsm;ae xdkifaome,fajrrsm;wGif
90

txl;tkyfcsKyfa&; tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwfay;+yD;v#if u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;

tvdk&Sdaom vlrSKa&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;tcGifh tvrf;rsm;udk ay;&ef/
(3) weoFm&Dwdkif;wckvHk; awmifwef;a'otkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif
oGyfoGif;I u&if(odk@r[kw)f rGefwdk@om tkyfcsKyfonfhe,fajr
tjzpf jyKvkyf&ef/
(4) weoFm&Dwdkif;. Z,m;0ife,f tydkif;(1)ESifh(2)rS u&ifawmif
wef;a'orsm;tm; ukv or*~tzGJ@. oabmxm;&,lvsuf
,dk;',m;EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd u&ifa'orsm;tygt0if yl;aygif;I
vGwfvyfaom u&ifjynfe,fwcktjzpf a=unm&ef/
,if;uJho@dk bk&ifcHa':refprpfxH wifjyaom u&ifjynfe,ft&G,f
tpm;ESifhywfoufI u&iftzGJ@rsm;twGif;Yif;/ u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;
twGif;Yif;/ tenf;i,fjcm;em;rSKrsm;&Sdavonf//
,if;u&iftzGJ@twGif;ESifh u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;twGif; jcm;em;rSKESifh
a&G;cs,f&ef cufcJoGm;onfrSm atmufygESpfcsufyif jzpfavonf//
(1) weoFm&Dwdkif;yg0ifaom u&ifjynfe,fudk xlaxmif+yD;v#if
+Adwdo#bk&ifcH. uGyfuJrSKjzifh "eo[m,tzGJ@0iftjzpf quf
vufaexdkifoGm;&ef/
(2) oifhavsmfonfh a'owckwGif u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmif+yD;aemuf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif; qufvufaexdkifoGm;&ef ponfjzifh
yg&Sdonf//

(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)
91

u&ifrdwfquftzGJ@(Karen Goodwill Mission)

ppfajy;bk&ifcHa':refprpfESifh (zqyv)tzGJ@. oydwfwdkuyf GJrsm;
a=umifh EdkifiHa&;xdyfwdkuaf wG@aepOf bdvyftpdk;&onf a':refprpftm;
vef'efodk@ jyefvnfac:,lvdkufonf// acwWbk&ifcHtjzpf qm[ife&DESdKufu
xrf;aqmifonf// xdkodk@ &SdaepOf (1946)ck/ Zlvdkif(13)&ufae@wGif acwW
bk&ifcHESifh (K.C.O)acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uaom apmom'if/ apmqpf'eDvleD/
ref;bcif/ apmbdk;cspfESifhq&momxdkw@dk awG@qHk=uonf// (K.C.O)acgif;aqmif
apmom'ifu u&ifrdwfquftzGJ@wzGJ@ bdvyfodk@ oGm;a&muf rnfjzpfa=umif;
udk acwWbk&ifcHtm; &Sif;jyonf// Todk@jzifh (1946)ck/ Zlvdkifv(29)&uf
ae@wGif apmom'ifacgif;aqmifaom u&ifrdwfquftzGJ@ &efukefrS vef'efodk@
xGufcGgoGm;onf// tzGJ@0ifrsm;tjzpf apmqpf'eDvleD/ apmbdk;cspfESifh
apmbOD;}uD;wdk@ vdkufygoGm;=uonf//
xdkpOfu
apmbOD;}uD;yg0ifaom
,if;u&ifrdwfquftzGJ@ESifh
ywfoufI ol@tjrifudk,t
fh jrif aumif;qdk;ESpfjzmudk a&;om;cJh=uavonf//
a'gufwmarmifarmif. a&;om;csufwGif 1946/ckESpfwGif vef'efwdkif;owif;pmY t,f'DwmxHay;pm
wpfapmifygvmonf// atmf'&Dbwfcfwef (Audrey Buxton)qdkolu u&ifrsm;
. tusdK;udkvdkvm;olwdk@ olESifhqufoG,f=u&ef zdwfac:jcif;jzpf.// u|efawmf
xifonfhtwdkif; bwfcfpwefonf auGuGmbmoma&;*dk%f;( Quaker)0ifjzpf
onf// trsm;tusdK;aqmifolwpfOD;jzpf+yD;v#if ppfwGif;uzdk@'f (136)wGif
trSKxrf;zl;onf/ bwfcfpwefu u&ifudk,pf m;vS,ftzGJ@wpfzGJ@vef'efodk@
vmvdrfhrnf// tzGJ@u +Adwdo#"eo[m,wGif aevdka=umif; awmif;qdkvdrfh
rnf[k u|efawmfhtm; ajymonf//
u&iftzGJ@udk qpf'eDvleDacgif;aqmifaom tzGJ@0ifajcmufOD;/
ckepfOD;vHk; txl;cifrifp&m aumif;aom yk*~dKvfrsm;jzpf=uonf// olwdk@xJwGif
txl;xda&mufolrSm apmbOD;}uD;jzpfavonf// olwdk@udk u|efawmf,cifu
92

rodcJhyg// udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk trsdK;rsdK;{nfhcH=uygonf// {nfhcHyGJrsm;udk

u|efawmfwufcJhygonf//
armifhbufwefem,ujyKI
yifv,f&yfjcm;
toif;uay;aom {nfhcHyGJuv
dk nf; wufa&mufcJh&onf//
eef;&if;0ef rpPwmtufwvD wnfcif;au|;arG;aom ae@v,fpm
pm;yGJonf ta&;}uD;aom yGJjzpfavonf// rpPwmtufwmvDu u&if/
+Adwdo#cspf=unfa&;udk b,ftcgrS rarhyg// ppftwGif; u&ifrsm;u r[mrdwf
rsm;udk ulnDcJo
h nfwdk@udkvJ rarhygponfjzifh ajymonf// vleDu cGef;wHk@jyef
&mwGif rpPwmtufwvDu u|efawmfwdk@ u&ifrsm;ta=umif; taumif;awG
ajymoGm;ygonf// vef'efY a&mufuwnf;u u|efawmfwdk@tm; jyKpkau|;arG;
I aumif;aompum;rsm;udkom ajym=uygonf// xrif;pm;yGJ/ {nfhcHyGJawG
jynfhaeygonf// odk@&mwGif u|efawmfwdk@ vef'efodk@ vmcJh=uonfrSm ar;p&m
&SdI jzpfygonf// xdkar;cGef;twGuf tajzr&ao;yg// tcsdK@aom vl rsdK;wdk@onf
+Adwdo#tifyg,mrS xGufcGgvdk=uygonf// u|efawmfwdk@ u&ifrsm;u ,if;uJh
odk@ rxGufcGgvdkyg// xdk@a=umifh u|efawmf wd@k ar;csifwmu u|efawmfwdk@onf
+Adwdo#tifyg,mwGif qufvufaecGifh &Sdygovm;[k ajymavonf//
tufwvDonf vufywfem&Dudk=unfhum ol@rSmtjcm;ta&;}uD;
aom tpnf;ta0;wuf p&m&Sdaeygonf[q
k dkum {nfhcHyGJrSm xGufcGgoGm;
avonf//
u&ifcspf=unfa&;tzGJ@udk +Adwdo#wdk@u txl;wvnf ta&;ay;I
}udKqdk{nfhcHcJh=uonf// txl;ojzifh uGefqmaA;wpfrsm;u }udKqdkjcif;jzpf
onf// TuGefqmaA;wpfrsm;onf u&ifrsm;ESifh awmufav#mufqufqHvm
&+yD; &if;ESD;aeolrsm;jzpfonf// odk@aomf tpdk;&rSm tufwvD. avbm
tpdk;&jzpfaeonf// tufwvDonf u&ifwdk@. wifjycsufrsm;udk a&&maom
tajzay;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdacs// Todk@jzpf&jcif;rSmvnf; xdktcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiHY
vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJrSm rsm;pGmjyif;xefae+yD; jzpfonf// udkvedk DEdkifiHwpfEdkifiH.
ta&;tcif;onf +Adwdo#ygvDrefwGif *,uf&dkufcwfp+rJyif jzpfonf//
93

xdk@a=umifh tufwvDonf u&ifwdk@. wifjycsufESifhywfoufI csufcsif;

rvdkufavsmEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf// atmif;qef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkaom
tcgwGifum; e,fjcm;a'orsm;ESifhywfoufI a'ocHwdk@. oabmtwdkif;
jzpfap&ef xnfhoGif;csKyfqdkcJhonf// Todk@ csKyfqdkjcif;rSm u&ifwdk@. +Adwdo#vdk
vm;aompdwfudk tufwvDod&Sd+yD; jzpfaoma=umifh[k qdk&ayrnf//
(a'gufwmarmifarmif. jrefrmhEdkiif Ha&;c&D;ESifh AdkvfcsKyfae0if;)

xdkpOfu 'kwd,urBmppfyGJt+yD;wGif vef'efY csmcsD.uGefqmaA;

wpfygwDonf rJ&SHK;oGm;I tufwvDavbmygwDuyJ EdkifoGm;avonf//
EdkifiHa&;t&ESifh tpdk;&w&yf. ed,mrw&m;t&/ wEdkifiHESifhwEdkifiH/ wjynf
w&GmESifhwjynfw&Gm/ tpdk;&wzGJ@ESifhwzGJ@/ wdkuf&dkufyg0ifywfoufIum;
r&av&m/ xdkpOfu u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmiftzGJ@.qENudk jznfhqnf;
&efrSm csmcsDyifjzpfap/ tufwvDyifjzpfap cufvSygayonf// odk@&mwGif
apmbOD;}uD;. orD;jzpfoloJvfrm}uD;u ZGJuyif pmapmifwGif a&;om;
xm;&mY yg;yg;&J@ u&ifcspf=unfa&;c&D;(Karen Goodwill Mission)
1946-ckESpfeJ@ywfoufwJhtcsufawGudk xyf&Smay;ygOD;r,f[k a&;om;xm;
aomfvnf; ,ae@wdkif rawG@&ao;ygacs//
odk@&mwGif xdkpOfu u&ifcspf=unfa&;tzGJ@onf EdkifiHa&;t& c&D;r
aygufcJhaomfvnf; apmbOD;}uD;tzdk@ (Renee Camp)ESifh w&m;0ifZeD;armifESH
tjzpf uGm&Sif;jywfpJcGifhum; &&SdcJhavonf//
,if;u&ifrdwfquftzGJ@onf vef'efwGif a&muf&SdaepOf u&ifha&;&m
jy\em(The Case For The Karens)trnf&Sd pmtkyfi,fwtkyfudkvnf;
xkwfa0jzef@csdcJhonf// ,if;pmtkyfwGif az:jyxmonfh u&ifha&;&mjy\em
rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfavonf//

94

ordkif;wav#mufwGif u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;onf vHk+cHKrSKr&SdcJhojzifh pdk;&drf

a=umifhuspGm txdwfwvef@aecJh&onf// *syefacwfwGifum; tqdk;qHk;jzpfcJh
ygonf// (1935)ckESpf/ tufOya't& 'kwd,Z,m;0ife,f u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;
aexdkifonfh tydkif;(1)ESifhtydkif;(2)wGif qefpyg;pdkufysdK;&ef v,fajrESifhc&D;
vrf;qufoG,fa&;jynfhpHkrSKr&Sdonfhtjyif yifv,fxGufaygufvnf; r&Sdyg
a=umif;/ yifv,fxGuf aygufESifhyifv,fqdyfurf;+rdK@&Sdaom jrefrmhe,fajr
twGif; u&ifjynfe,fwckxlaxmifay;&ef +Adwdo#ygvDrefu Oya'jyK
ay;oifhyga=umif;/ xlaxmiftyfaom u&ifjynfe,fonf +Adwdo#tapmifh
ta&SmufcH "eo[m,twGif; 'dkrDeD,Htqifh&Sd awmifwef;a'o
jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifjynfe,ftjzpf
zefwD;ay;oifhyga=umif;ponfjzifh
yg&Sdavonf//
,if;u&ifrdwfquftzGJ@wOD;tjzpf ygoGm;aomapmbOD;}uD;onf
ppftwGif; t*Fvefodk@ jyefoGm;aom +Adwdo#olZeD;onfESifh vifcef;r,m;
cef;udpP t+yD;tjywfaqmif&GufEdkifcJhonft
h jyif (1946)ck/ =o*kwfvukefwGif
bk&ifcHopftjzpf pwifwm0efxrf;aqmifaom qm[l;bwf&ef@(pf). bk&ifcH
aumifpDtpdk;&tzGJ@wGif a'gufwmpHpDydk;. axmufcHcsufjzifh 0ef}uD;wOD;
jzpfvmonf//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

apmbOD;}uD;onf vef'efodk@cspf=unfa&;roGm;a&mufrD (1945)ckESpf

Y rsdK;cspfwyfrawmfudk t_rJwrf;wyfrawmf (Burma Regular Army)zGJ@pnf;a&;
twGuf oD[dku|ef;(oD&dvuFm)wGif ppfaoem ywdcsKyfarmifhbufwefESifh
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ awG@qHkonft
h pnf;ta0;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh
twl wufa&mufcJhonfh jrefrmbufrStzGJ@0if (11)OD;wGif wOD;tjzpfvnf;
yg0ifcJhayao;onf//
95

bk&ifcHopfqm[l;bwf&ef@(pf). u&ifjynfe,f
,if;odk@ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHa&;&SKyfaxG;aepOf vef'eftpdk;&onf
ppfajy;bk&ifcH a':refprpfae&mwGif bk&ifcHopftjzpf qm[l;bwf&ef@(pf)tm;
(1946)ck/ =o*kwfvukefydkif;wGif cef@xm;vdkufavonf// [l;bwf&ef@(pf)onf
ppfom;a[mif;wOD;jzpfI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh&if;ESD;olwOD;vnf; jzpfonf//
[l;bwf&ef@(pf)onf pufwifbmvwGif bk&ifcHtjzpf pwifwm0efxrf;
aqmif+yD; ,cif bk&ifcHtrSKaqmifa[mif;ae&mY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
'kwd,OuUtjzpfyg0ifaom bk&ifcHtrSKaqmifopfudk zGJ@pnf;vdkuf.//
TwGif a':refprpf. trSKaqmiftzGJ@wGif yg0ifcJhaomref;bcifae&mY
apmbOD;}uD;ESifhref;bcdkifwdk@ bk&ifcHtrSKaqmiftzGJ@wGif yg0ifvm=uonf//
t"dy`g,frSm bk&ifcHay;aom u&iftwGuf trSKaqmifwae&mESifh (zqyv)
u ,if;.cGJwef;xJrS u&iftwGuf wae&mxyfrHI cGJay;jcif;vnf;jzpfonf//
bk&ifcHopfqm[l;bwf&ef@(pf)onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tay;
t,ljyKvkyfum u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;jy\emtm; ylylaEG;aEG;yif jrefrmEdkifiH
qdkif&m0ef}uD;xHodk@ atmufygtwdkif; wifjyvdkufavonf//
(1) oHvGifc&dkif/ u&ifeDe,frsm;ESifh rdk;+AJe,fwdk@ pkaygif;I u&ifjynf
e,fzGJ@pnf;xlaxmif&ef/
(2) odk@&mwGif u&ifeDe,fonf rlvuyif vGwfvyf+yD;jzpfI
u&ifjynfe,fwGif; yg&Sdonfw
h dkif udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfa&;&&Sd
rnfjzpfonfhtjyif rdrd.qENtavsmuf jrefrmjynfrESifh yl;aygif;
vdku yl;aygif;Edkif+yD; cGJxGuv
f dkyguvnf; cGJxGuEf dkifcGifh&Sdap&
rnf[k bk&ifcHopf&ef@(pf). pmwGif az:jyxm;avonf//
xdkrS bk&ifcHopf&ef@(pf). wifjycsufay: jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m0ef}uD;rS
jyef=um;&mwGif xlaxmifrnfh u&ifjynfe,fwGif oxHkESifhawmifilc&dkif
rsm;twGif;&Sd awmifwef;a'orsm;ESifh u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;aexdkif&m qufpyfe,f
96

rsm;yg xnfhoGif;I bk&ifcHtrSKaqmiftzGJ@ESifh ,if;a'oaevlxku qEN,l

vsuf vufcHrnfjzpfa=umif; yg&Sdavonf//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrm jynfcspf u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

bk&ifcHqm[l;bwf&ef@(pf)onf ocifApdef. 0ef}uD;ae&mESifhtwl

topfcef@xm;&ef u&ifvl}uD;awGudkac:+yD; wdkifyifonf// bk&ifcHu
0ef}uD;ae&mwGif topfcef@zdk@[m u&ifacgif;aqmifawGxJuyJ vdkcsifw,f
[k ajAmifajym.// u&ifacgif;aqmifa'gufwmpHpDydk;uyif apmbOD;}uD;udk
0ef}uD;ae&mtwGuf tqdkwifoGif;vdkuf&m u&ifrsm;u axmufcHojzifh
twnfjzpfoGm;onf//
TwGif bk&ifcHqm[l;bwf&ef@(pf)onf vef'efodk@ u&ifjynfe,f
awmif;&ef a&mufaeaomapmbOD;}uD;xH 0ef}uD;cef@vdkufa=umif; oH}udK;pm
ay;ydk@vdkufavonf// apmbOD;}uD;uvnf; vef'efrS jyefvmav.//
Tenf;jzifh apmbOD;}uD; 0ef}uD;jzpfvmonf//
(apmpHbdk;oif.twKy`wWd)

qufvufI jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rSKtydkif;(1)wGif bk&ifcHopfqm[l;

bwf&ef@(pf)vufxufY tpdk;&tzGJ@opf(trSKaqmifopf) zGJ@pnf;cef@xm;yHk
udkvnf; atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;avonf//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtpdk;&tzGJ@
(aumifpDvmvl}uD;rsm;)wGif
(zqyv)OuUAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ qdk&S,fvpfygwDOuUocifjr/ uGefjrLepf
acgif;aqmif udkodef;az/ +Adwdo#tvdkawmf&dtpdk;& tzGJ@0ifa[mif; OD;bab/
u&ifacgif;aqmifref;bcdkif/ &cdkifacgif;aqmifOD;atmifZHa0/ +Adwdo#tvdk
awmf&dqma*satarmif}uD;ESifht+idrf;pm;tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxGfwdk@ yg0if
onf// +Adwdo#wdk@u ocifApdefudkvnf; xnfhoGifcef@tyfonf// Edk0ifbm
vwGif *VKefOD;apm/ aysmfbG,fOD;jrESifh apmbOD;}uD;wdk@udkvnf; xyfrHI
97

bk&ifcHaumifpDvmtjzpfcef@tyfvdkujf yefonf//
=um;jzwftpdk;&tzGJ@rSm
AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;acgif;aqmifonfrSefaomfvnf; e,fcsJ@tvdkawmf&drsm;
vnf;yg0ifonf// uGefjrLepfrsm;vnf;yg0ifonf// rnfodk@yifqdkap AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;. tpdk;&tzGJ@onf jrefrmrsm;omyg0ifonf// bk&ifcHu aumifpD
OuUjzpfaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u 'k-OuUtjzpf aqmif&Guf&onf//
xdkpOfu bk&ifcHopfqm[l;bwf&ef@(pf). aqmif&GufyHkaqmif& Guf
enf;udkvnf; owdxm;rnfqdkygu rsm;pGmyif owdxm;oifh=uayonf//

oD;jcm;jzpfvmaom au0dkiftdk
xdkpOf EdkifiHa&;/ trsdK;om;a&;vSKyf&Sm;rSKjyif;xefvmonfh jzpfpOf
twGif;Y (K.Y.O)ac: u&ifvli,ftpnf;t&Hk;onf rlv(K.C.O). vli,f
XmecGJwcktaetxm;rS jcm;em;aomEdkifiHa&;/ trsdK;om;a&;tjriftay:
wGif tajccHI oD;jcm;tzGJ@tpnf;wckqDodk@ a&G@vsm;vmavonf// txl;
ojzifh a'gufwmpHpDydk;. u&iftrsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf arwWm&yfcHonfh
yef=um;csuft& (1946)ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv(8)&uf/ u&iftrsdK;om;tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;awG@qHk=uonfh tpnf;ta0;wGif (K.C.O) (B.K.N.A)wdk@ESifhtwl
(K.Y.O)ygwufa&mufvm&mrS oD;jcm;tzGJ@tpnf;wckodk@ a&G@vsm;vmjcif;yif
jzpfonf//
,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif a'gufwmpHpDydk;. arwWm&yfcHyef=um;csufudk
tav;teufpOf;pm;=u+yD;aemuf
oD;jcm;u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;udk
oabmwlqHk;jzwf=uonf// +yD;v#if ,cifjrefrmjynf qdkif&m0ef}uD;xH ay;ydk@cJh
onfh u&iftcGifhta&;awmif;cHv$mudk (1946)ck/ Zefe0g&Dv(13)&ufae@
aepGJjzifh bk&ifcHxH qufvufay;ydk@onf//
xdktcsdefrSmyif Zefe0g&D(17)&ufae@rS (23)&ufae@txd (zqyv).
a&$wd*Hktv,fypP,H nDvmcHudk usif;yonf// ,if;tv,fypP,HnDvmcH
98

onf ppf+yD;acwfwGif tpnfum;qHk;ESifhvlxk tiftm;t}uD;rm;qHk;yif

jzpfonf// ,if;tpnf;ta0;odk@ (zqyv)/ uGefjrLepfygwD/ qdk&S,fvpfygwD/
rsdK;cspfygwDwdk@tjyif vlrsdK;pktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom &cdkif/ rGef/ &Srf;/ csif;/
ucsifudk,pf m;vS,frsm;yif yg0ifwufa&muf&m u&ifudk,pf m;vS,ftjzpf
(K.C.O)ESif(h K.Y.O)tzGJ@rS acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; wufa&muf=u.//
xdkrS (K.C.O)}uD;rSL;I (1946)ck/ azaz:0g&D(4)&ufae@rS (6)&ufae@
txd u&ifudk,pf m;vS,f aygif;pHkyg0ifaom tpnf;ta0;udk ac:,lusif;y
onf// ,if;tpnf;ta0;rS qHk;jzwfcsuf (4)&yfudk csrSwfcJhavonf//
(1) &mxl;0eftzGJ@wGif u&ifudk,fpm;vS,fyg0ifa&;/
(2) u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;aexdkif&m c&dkifrsm;wGif u&iftrsdK;om;0ef
xrf;rsm;cef@xm;a&;/
(3) touf(18)ESpfjynfh+yD;onfh u&ifwdkif; rJqENay;ydkifcGifh &&Sda&;/
(4) u&ifvlrsdK;rsm; b0vHk+cHKa&;ESifh zGJ@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf oD;jcm;
u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspf u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

99

tcef;(7)
K.N.U

u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;tpnf;t&Hk;zGJ@pnf;jcif;

,if;odk@ jrefrmEdkifiHa&;wGif u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;twGuf vSdKif;xrf;ydk;

rsm;wvHk;+yD;wvHk; wufvmpOf (1947)ck/ azaz:0g&Dv(5)&ufae@rS
(7)&ufae@txd (K.C.O)/ (K.Y.O)/ (B.KN.A)/ (K.N.A)ac: a'guvl
tp&Sdaom u&iftrsdK;om;aygif;pHkyg0ifaom tpnf;ta0;}uD;w&yfudk
trsdK;om;a&;ydkrdk =uef@cdkifpnf;vHk;ap&eftvdk@iSg &efukef+rdK@Y usif;ycJhavonf//
wjynfvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh usif;yaom tpnf;ta0;}uD;jzpfaoma=umifh
wufa&mufolaygif;rSm (2000)ESpfaxmifausmf&Sdavonf//

0ef}uD;tzGJ@u apmbOD;}uD;ESKwfxGuf&ef
1947-ck/ azaz:0g&D(5)&ufrS (7)&ufae@txd (K.C.O)ESif(h K.Y.O)
}uD;rSL;I &efukef+rdK@Y tpnf;ta0;w&yfusif;y.// ,if;tpnf;ta0;onf
tem*gwftrsdK;om;a&;}udK;yrf;aqmif&Guf&mwGif ydkrdk=uef@cdik fatmifjrifa&;
twGuf a'gufwmpHpDydk;. arwWm&yfcHcsuft& usif;yjcif;vnf;jzpf.//
odk@jzpfI wEdkifiHvHk;rS udk,fpm;vS,fawmfaygif;(2000)ausmf wufa&muf
ojzifh ppf+yD;acwfY vlxktrsm;qHk;tpnf;ta0;jzpfonf//
trsdK;om;ydkrdk=uef@cdkifa&;udk &nf&G,faomtpnf;ta0;jzpfI nDvmcH
yxrwGif (K.C.O)ESifh (K.Y.O)ESpfzGJ@aygif;pnf;I (K.N.U)zGJ@pnf;a&;rSmvnf;
atmifjrifcJhonf// yxrqHk;(K.N.U). trSKaqmiftzG@J udk a&G;cs,f&mwGif
apmpHzdk;oif(ar*smpHzdk;oif)u OuUtjzpfif;/ 'kwd,OuUtjzpf apmbOD;
}uD;(jyef=um;a&;Xme0ef}uD;)udkif;/ twGif;a&;rSL;q&momxdkESifh trSKaqmif
vl}uD;rsm;teuf
ref;bcdkif(pufrSKvufrSKESifh
tvkyform;0ef}uD;)wdk@
100

toD;oD;a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf// Todk@jzifh 'kwd,ae@ tpnf;ta0;udk

qufvufusif;yonf// tpnf;ta0;. obmywdrSm OuUjzpfol
apmpHzdk;oifjzpfonf// 'kwd,ae@tpnf;ta0;. ta&;t}uD;qHk;tpDtpOfrSm
atmifqef;-tufwvD oabmwlpmcsKyft& jzpfay:vmonfh wdkif;jyK
jynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJodk@ 0ifoifhr0ifoifhudpPyif jzpfonf//
xdkae@ tpnf;ta0;odk@ 0ef}uD;apmbOD;}uD;vnf; wufa&muf.//
,if;odk@ tpnf;ta0;wGif wkdif;jyKjynfjyKv$wf awmfa&G;aumufyGJ
0ifoifhr0ifoifh aqG;aEG;=u&mrS txGwftxdyfodk@ a&muf&SdaepOf obmywd
ae&mwGif&Sdaeaom apmpHzdk;oifu r0ifoifh[kajymvdkuf.// TwGif ,cif
(K.Y.O). twGif;a&;rSLK;jzpfol apmausmfpdefu obmywdapmpHzdk;oif.
pum;udkuef@uGuf+yD; wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJo@dk 0ifa&mufoifh
a=umif;udk wifjyoGm;avonf//
TwGif (K.N.U). 'kwd,OuUESifh 0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfaom apmbOD;}uD;
rSm raeomawmhojzifh yg0ifaqG;aEG;&awmhonf// apmbOD;}uD;.aqG;aEG;
csufwGif wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJ0ifa&; r0ifa&;jy\emonf
wrsdK;om;vHk;qdkif&m ta&;jzpfonf// odk@jzpfI ayghayghwefwefpOf;pm;jcif;
xuf u&ifwrsdK;om;vHk;. qENESifhqHk;jzwfcsuftay:wGif tav;teufxm;
pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfa=umif; apmbOD;}uD;u owday;ajym=um;oGm;onf//
Todk@jzifh tpnf;ta0;+yD;rS atmufyg awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk awmif;qdk+yD;
twnfjyKvdkufonf//
(1) atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyftm;
atmufygtcsufrsm;t&
tpnf;ta0;u vufrcHEdkif a=umif;/
(u) jrefrmjynfqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@Y u&ifwOD;a,mufr#
yg0ifjcif;r&Sdjcif;/

101

(c) wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJY owfrSwfxm;

aom u&ifudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&onf vGefpGmenf;yg;ae
jcif;/
(*) u&iftrsdK;om;ppfwyfwnf&Sda&;ESifhywfoufI rao
rcsmjzpfaejcif;/
(C) u&ifvlrsdK;rsm; awmif;qdkxm;aom u&ifoD;oef@
jynfe,fudpP vHk;0ryg&Sdjcif;/
(i) atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqdka&;wGif u&if
acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; vHk;0today;jcif;/ aqG;aEG;jcif;
r&Sdjcif;/
(p) txufygtcsufrsm;tm; bdvyfeef;&if;0efxH ta=umif;
=um;&efESifh (1947)ck/ rwfv (3)&ufae@txd wpHkw&m
jyef=um;jcif;r&Sdygu u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;taeESifh wdkif;jyK
jynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJtm;oydwaf rSmufoGm;&ef/
(2) ,if;tpnf;ta0;rS awmif;qdkcsufrsm;tm; bdvyfygvDrefu
rwfv(3)&ufae@ aemufqHk;xm;I jyef=um;&ef/ jyef=um;jcif;
r&Sdygu bk&ifcHtrSKaqmiftzGJ@(0ef}uD;tzGJ@)rS apmbOD;}uD;
onf uef@uGufonfhtaejzifh tpdk;&tzGJ@rS EkwfxGuf&ef/
(2) apmpHzdk;oif/ apmbOD;}uD;/ apmom'if/ apmbJav/ OD;vSaz
(oxHk)/ q&momxdkwdk@yg0ifaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG@onf
bdvyfygvDrefudk,pf m;vS,f(rpPwmabmfwGrfyav)ESifh txufyg
udpP&yfrsm;tm; awG@qHkwifjy&ef//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

102

u&ifnDvmcHqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk vef'ef+rdK@&Sd eef;&if;0efxHodk@vnf;

ay;ydk@cJhonf// u&ifwdk@.ta&;udk 1947-ckESpf/ rwfv(3)&ufae@txd
vdkufavsmjcif;rjyKygu wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfudk oydwfarSmuf+yD; pmcsKyfudk
uef@uGufonfhtaeESifh apmbOD;}uD;&mxl;rS EkwfxGufrnf[I
l &mZoHay;cJh
=uonf// u&ifnDvmcHudk 1947-ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(5)&ufae@rS (7)&uf
ae@txd qufvufusif;ycJh=uonf// xdk@aemuf ,cifzGJ@pnf;xm;aom
aupDtdk/ bDautif(ef)tdk/ au0dkiftdk/ a'guvl(ac:) autifattzGJ@rsm;udk
yl;aygif;I autif(ef),ltzGJ@}uD;(Karen National Union)udk 1947-ckESpf/
{+yDv (6)&ufae@wGif zGJ@pnf;vdkuf=uonf//
autif(ef),l A[dOk D;pD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf (1) apmpHzdk;oif
(OuU)/
(2) OD;vSaz
('k-OuU)/
(3) q&momxdk
(twGif;a&;rSL;)/
(4) ref;*sdef;xGef;atmif (wGJbuftwGifa&;rSL;)/
(5) ref;bcif
(aiGxdef;)/
(6) apmbOD;}uD;
(trSKaqmif)/
(7) apmom'if
( //
)/
(8) ref;bcdkif
( //
)/
(9) ref;0if;armif
( //
)/
(10) apm[efwmomar$;
( //
)/
(11) ref;bZH
( //
)/
(12) apmausmfpdef
( //
)/
103

(13) ref;aygat;+idrf;
(14) apmpHau;
(15) apmpdefwif
(16) apmatmif0if;
(17) qpf'eDvleD

(
(
(
(
(

//
//
//
//
//

)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rSKtydkif;(1)

awmif;yGJESifh wdkufyGJ
,if;odk@ (K.N.U)zGJ@pnf;+yD; jzpfaomfvnf; (K.N.U)rS (K.Y.O)
acgif;aqmifrsm;EkwfxGufoGm;ojzifh tajctaerSm ra&&mraocsmjzpf
oGm;onf// TwGif trsdK;om;a&;udk a&S@&SKvsuf (K.N.U-K.Y.O-B.K.N.A)
wzGJ@v#if udk,fpm;vS,f(3)OD;pDa&G;I jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m0ef}uD;ESifh awG@qHkvsuf
atmufygawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk awmif;qdk&ef qHk;jzwf=uonf//
(1) u&ifoD;oef@rJqENe,f rowfrSwf&ao;aom tif;pdef/ yJcl;/
om,m0wD/ zsmyHk/ xm;0,fESifh+rdwfc&dkifwdk@twGuf wdkif;jyKjynf
jyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJY u&ifudk,pf m;vS,f(17)OD; oD;oef@
xm;&Sday;&ef/
(2) jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk&;tzGJ@wGif u&ifudk,pf m;vS,f (25)&mcdkifESKef;
yg0ifap&ef/
(3) oD;oef@&Sdaeaom u&ifppfwyftm; qufvufxm;&SdoGm;&ef/
(4) u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;tm; rltm;jzifh oabmxlxm;&ef/
104

(5) vmrnfhtkyfcsKyfa&;,EW&m;Y XmetoD;oD;wGif u&iftrsdK;om;

rsm;tm; vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;tvdkufcef@xm;ay;&ef/
(6) a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf rSefuefaom oef;acgifpm&if; aumufcH&ef//
Txufyg awmif;qdkcsufESifhywfoufI (1947)ck/ azaz:0g&D(28)
&ufae@wGif jrefrmEdkifiH0ef}uD;tzGJ@udk,fpm;AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (jrefrm0ef}uD;
tzGJ@'kwd,OuU)acgif;aqmifaom 0ef}uD;tzGJ@onf apmpHzdk;oifacgif;aqmif
aom u&ifudk,pf m;vS,ftzGJ@tm; vufcHawG@qHkI aqG;aEG;onf// ,if;aqG;
aEG;yJGwGif u&iftrsdK;om;0ef}uD;ESpfOD;jzpfaom ref;bcdkifESifhapmbOD;}uD;
(0ef}uD;tzGJ@rS EkwfrxGufao;rD)wdk@vnf; wufa&muf=uonf//
,if;awmif;qdkcsuf (6)csufteufrS (3)csufjzpfaom ppfwyfquf
vufwnf&Sda&;ESifhaemufqHk;(6)csuf?
oef;acgifpm&if;aumufcHa&;udk
oabmwlonf? bdvwfjyefpmrSm tcsdefrD a&mufrvmyJ a&mufrSa&mufvm
aomtcg nDvmcHu vufrcHawmhyg// odk@jzifh (K.N.U). ta&;ay:tpnf;
ta0;udk xyfrHac:,lI rlvqHk;jzwfcsufxm;onfhtwdkif; wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJudk
oydwfarSmufa=umif;
qHk;jzwfcsuftjyif
apmbOD;}uD;yg tpdk;&tzGJ@0if0ef}uD;u EkwfxGufvdkuaf vonf//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

apmpHzdk;oifonf (K.N.U)tzGJ@csKyfwGif oluOuUESifhapmbOD;}uD;u

'kwd,OuUjzpf=u&mrS apmbOD;}uD;0ef}uD;tjzpfu EkwfxGufoGm;yHkuv
dk nf;
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;avonf/./
,if;tpnf;ta0;}uD;rSaeI autif(ef),lac: u&iftrsdK;om;
tpnf;t&Hk;udk zGJ@pnf;.// autif(ef),lOuUtjzpf u|efawmfhudk if;/ 'kOuU tjzpf apmbOD;}uD;udkif; a&G;cs,f=u.//
105

apmbOD;}uD;u tvGefjywfom;. u&ifawGu ol@udk&mxl;

xGufcdkif;&m acgif;ndwfI uwday;+yD; csufcsif;yif0ef}uD;&mxl;rS xGufa=umif;
pmudk bk&ifcHqm[l;bwf&ef@(pf)xHodk@ ydk@vdkufavonf//
,if;odk@ apmbOD;}uD;0ef}uD;b0u ESKwfxGufoGm;yHkudk rmwifprpf
uvnf;(Martinsmith) atmufyg twdkif;a&xm;avonf//
u&ifvl}uD;olrrsm;uawmh TtqifhY +Adwdo#tm;
qef@usif&ef r}udKuf=uyg// TwGif ( K.N.U)twGuf qHk;&SHK;epfemEdkifonfh
enf;y&d,m,fwckudk
csrSwf&efae&mqDodk@
a&mufvmawmhonf//
xdkae@rSmyif u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;onf rSm;,Gif;aomordkif;. tpdwf
tydkif;tm; jzwfoef;&ef a&muf&Sdvmonf// rwfv(5)&ufae@wGif
apmbOD;}uD;(vli,fatmufp zdk@'fbGJ@&0wfvHk)onf ( K.N.U) OuUtjzpf
a&G;cs,fcHvdkuf&_yD;aemufY ol.bk&ifcH trSKaqmiftzGJ@(0ef}uD;)&mxl;rS
vnf; ESKwfxGufvdkufonf// Tae&mwGif (K.N.U). oydwfarSmufa&;
enf;AsL[mudk OD;aqmifwifoGif;cJhol apmpHzdk;oifu &,l vdkufonf//
TonfrSm EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fY tcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGmteufrS wckyif jzpfonf//
aemufydkif;wGif apmbOD;}uD;u olonfapmpHzdk;oif. rsufESmudk r=unfh
csifa=umif; ajymavonf//
(K.N.U)'kwd,t}udrfESifh (K.N.D.O)zGJ@pnf;jcif;
(K.N.U)xJrS (K.Y.O)xGufcGgoGm;+yD;aemuf (1947)ckESpf/ {+yDv(20)
&ufae@wGif (K.N.U) ta&;ay:nDvmcHw&yfusif;yavonf// xdktcsdefwGif
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm {+yDv(9)&ufae@wGif yxrqHk;t}udrfusif;y
avonf// ,if;nDvmcHwGif apmpHzdk;oifOuUae&mwGif apmbOD;}uD;jzpfvm
onf// (K.N.D.O)udk zGJ@pnf;&m ref;bZefrSm umuG,fa&;wm0efcH
106

jzpfvmavonf// (K.N.U). ta&;ay:nDvmcHwGif atmufygtrSKaqmif

tzGJ@udk a&G;cs,f=uonf//
(K.N.U)ta&;ay:nDvmcHwGif atmufygtrSKaqmiftzGJ@udk a&G;cs,f
wifajrSmufonf/
(1) apmbOD;}uD;
(OuU)/
(2) ref;apmbk
('kwd,OuU)/
(3) q&momxdk
(twGif;a&;rSL;)/
(4) ref;*sdrf;(pf)xGef;atmif
(wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;)/
(5) ref;bcif
(aiGxdef;)/
(6) apmom'if
(bma&;rSL;)/
(7) apm[efwmomar$;
(ynma&;)/
(8) apmarmif0if;
(jyef=um;a&;)/
(9) ref;bZef
(umuG,fa&;)/
(10) apmpef;au(ok0wdkif;owif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyf)/
(11) paumarmav;
(vli,fwm0ef)/
(12) OD;Zef(ta&;ydkifa[mif;)(tkyfcsKyfa&;)/
(13) rpPvleD
(trsdK;orD;)wdk@ jzpf=uonf//

107

(K.N.U)ta&;ay:nDvmcHrS awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
(1) u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;ESifh u&ifhuH=urRm u&ifzefwD;a&;wGif
u&iftrsdK;om;wOD; xdcdkufepfemvmygu u&ifwrsdK;om;vHk;.
ta&;tjzpfoabmxm;rnf/
(2) wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJo@dk 0ifa&mufta&G;cHrnfh
u&ifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf
u&ifudk,fpm;vS,ftppftrSef
r[kwfojzifh u&ifvlxku rJay;onf[k r,lq&ef/
(3) u&ifvlxk}uD;.qENt& 0ef}uD;&mxl;rS EkwfxGufvmaom
apmbOD;}uD;tm; csD;usL;*k%fjyKa=umif;rSwfwrf;wif&ef/ u&if
vlxk}uD;. qENt& wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJ
0ifa&mufjcif;rjyKaom u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh rJqENe,f
toD;oD;wGif rJqENay;jcif;rjyKaom u&ifvlxk}uD;tm;
aus;Zl;wif*k%fjyKa=umif; rSwfwrf;wif&ef/
(4) Tta&;ay:nDvmcHrSwqifh vlrsdK;pkwyfOD;wck zGJ@pnf;xl
axmifoGm;&ef/
(5) (K.N.U). auG;a=umfoHESifhtmabmftjzpf tygwfpOf owif;
pmwapmifudk tjrefqHk;xkwfa0oGm;&ef//
txufyg qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;teuf aemufqHk; qHk;jzwfcsufjzpfonfh
(K.N.U).
auG;a=umfoHESifhtmabmftjzpf
ok0wdkif;trnf&Sd
tygwfpOf owif;pmwapmifudk r=umrDyif xkwfa0EdkifcJhonf//
,if;odk@ wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJ+yD;onfhaemuf
(K.N.U)u awmif;yGJESifhwu
dk fyGJrsm; t&SdefjrSifhqifouJhodk@ oHviG fc&dkif
rJqENe,frS wufvmaom apm0D&Da*smf(a'gufwm wDoHjym.ajr;awmfol)ESifh
apmwDzdk;ul;wdk@uvnf; oHvGifc&dkiftwGuf qufvufI awmif;qdkrSKrsm;
jyKcJh=uonf//
108

(1) oHvGifc&dkiftm; oD;jcm;u&ifjynfe,ftjzpf owfrSwfay;&;/

(2) xdku&ifjynfe,fonf bma&;udpPtygt0if udk,fydkifjymef;
cGifh&Sda&;/
(3) umuG,fa&;/ vrf;yrf;qufoG,fa&;/ aiGa&;a=u;a&;udpPwdk@wGif
0ef}uD;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaom jrefrmtpdk;&ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufoGm;
&ef[k az:jyxm;avonf//
autif(ef),lzGJ@pnf;+yD; (10)&uft=um 1947-ckESpf/ {+yDv(16)
&ufae@wGif autif(ef),l. ppfvufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ autif'Dtdk(Karen
National Defence Organization)udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf// autif(ef),lnDvmcH
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wdk@udk +Adwdo#eef;&if;0efxHudkomru (zqyv)tpdk;&
odk@vnf; ay;ydk@cJhonf//

EdkifiHa&;ESifh yk*~dKvfa&;jy\em
TwGif apmpHydk;oif.pmtkyfygt& apmpHydk;oif. tajymtqdk
rsm;udk avhvmoHk;oyf=unfhv#if apmpHydk;oif. apmbOD;}uD;tay:xm;
&Sdonfh oabmxm;onf xif&Sm;aeayonf// ,if;oabmxm;onfvnf;
vl@obm0t& vlwdk@wGif&Sdaeaom/ jzpfaeaomvl.pdwfqENrsm;t&yif
jzpfavonf// wcsdK@aom ta&;tom;wGif apmbOD;}uD;udkr#ru EdkifiHa&;
trdtbozG,fjzpfaeaom a'gufwmpHpDzdk;udkyif xdyg;rSKrsm;&Sdaeayonf//
Tae&mwGif apmbOD;}uD;ESifhapmpHzdk;oifwdk@. yk*~dKvfa&;ta=umif;
udk ESdKif;,SOfcsufjzifh =unfh oifh=uayonf// ajrydkif&Sifv,fydkif&Sifom;ESifh
bdvyfjyef0wfvHkjzpfol apmbOD;}uD;onf apmpHzdk;oif xufrsm;pGmwnf+idrf
&ifhusufyHk&onf//
apmpHzdk;oifonf
ol.b0udkwnfaqmuf&mwGif
jymavmifvGef;vSayonf// tauG@taumufESifhtedrfhtjrifhawG rsm;vGef;vS
ayonf// bifc&mwD;ol/ *Dwjzifh 0DZmbGJ@&ol/ ppfwyfxJ0ifol/ EdkifiHa&;
109

orm;rS 0ef}uD;wdkif;rif;}uD;/ xdkrSwqifh axmifxJa&mufjyefol/ axmifxJrS

awmxJa&mufol/ udk;uG,f0wfjyKrSKwGifvnf; c&pf,mefrSoCFef;0wfol/
aemufqHk; ol@pmtkyfxJwGif ygouJho@dk yif u&ifvlrsdK;awG. tjrifwGif
rsm;pGmyif&SKyfaxG;ukefygawmhonf//

AdkvfcsKyfac:+yD
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u awG@csifonfqdkI ol@tdrfoGm;aomtcgwGif
oluu|efawmfhudk 0ef}uD;&mxl;vufcHvdkuf&ef em;csavonf// oluqdk.//
OD;apmpHzdk;oif/ 0ef}uD;&mxl;udk vufcHvdkuyf g/ cifAsm;rvkyf&if
apmbOD;}uD; jyefvkyfvdrfhr,f// apmbOD;}uD;u olrpOf;pm;bJ 0ef}uD;&mxl;u
xGufrdygw,f// ol@ESKwfxGufpmudk jyef&kyfodrf;yg&apvdk@ bk&ifcHudk
oGm;ajymaew,f//
qm[l;bwf&ef@(pf)uvnf;
apmbOD;}uD;udk
jyefcef@csifwJhyHkyJ// u|efawmfh taeeJhawmh apmbOD;}uD;eJ@,SOf&if OD;pHzdk;oifudk
vdkcsifw,f u|wfawmfhu+yHK;I r[kwyf gbl; AdkvfcsKyf/ 0ef}uD;vkyf&if
'kuQjzpfvdrfhr,f// rdef;ruawmif 0ef}uD;vkyfr,fqdk&if u|efawmfhudk uGmr,f
bmr,f ajymaew,f
AdkvfcsKyfu atmifr,fav;Asm/ rdef;ryJ &Sm;wmrSwfv@dk / 'DudpP
usKyfwm0efxm;Asm// [m;[m;
AdkvfcsKyfu r&,fpzl; [uf[ufyufyuf &,faejyefawmh u|efawmf
qdkwv
Jh lu ol@tajymrSm tus}uD;usoGm;jyefygonf// AdkvfcsKyfESifhtwl
qdkawmhvnf; bmyJjzpfjzpfcsr,f/ vkyfr,f[kqHk;jzwf vdkufrdaoma=umifh
ol@aemufodk@ aumufaumufyg vdkuf&jyefav.//
apmpHzdk;oifu qufvufa&;om;xm;jyef&m

110

0ef}uD; apmpHzdk;oif
ar#mfvifhxm;ovdkum; jzpfvm.// u|efawmf0ef}uD;&mxl;udk vufcH
vdkufonfESifh u&ifvlxku u|efawmfhudk &GHvnf;&GH=u/ rkef;vnf;rkef;=uESifh
u&ifawGajymor# u|efawmfcH&avonf// u&ifawG. wHawG;cGufrSm
u|efawmfwa,muf yufvufarsmyg&ygawmhonf//
u&iftrsdK;om;AdkvfrSL;}uD; vD,Gefe,fzdk;ac: ocifzdk;ESifhawG@awmh
oluu|efawmhfudk ajymygonf//
'DapmbOD;}uD;qdkwaJh umifudk igawmh =unfhvdk@r&bl;// ol0ef}uD;
&mxl;u xGuf+yD;awmh ol@a,mufzpDpDzdk;u ol@udk acG;ajym0ufajym/
}udrf;vm;armif;vm; vkyfawmhwmygyJ// 'geJ@ ol@ESKwfxGufv$mudk jyef&kyf
odrf;ygw,fvdk@ jyefwifvkduaf wmhw,f// tJ'DudpPawmif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;eJ@ bk&ifcH&ef@(pf)wdk@ tawmfpum;rsm;=u&ao;w,f// apmbOD;
}uD;u ightaz a'gufwmpHpDzdk;udkawmif raxrJhjrifajymao;wmuGm//
pHpDzdk;[m rdef;rawGtrsm;}uD;,lw,fwJh// rdef;rav;a,mufawmif ,lcJhwm
wJh// oGm;ykyfavvGifhajymw,f// igb,fcHrvJ jyefacsyvdkufwmaygh// a[h
ightazu rdef;rwa,mufaovdk@ wpfa,mufxyf,lwmvdk@/ ol@vdk rdef;rawG
wpfoD}uD;xm;wm r[kwfbl;vdk@ jyefajymvdkufw,fav//
(apmpHzdk;oif. twKy`wWd)

u&ifvlxku apmpHzdk;oifudk rkef;=uonfrSm ta=umif;rJhum;

r[kwfygacs/ (K.N.U) tpnf;ta0;wGif apmpHzdk;oifonf wdkif;jyKjynf
jyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJudk oydwfarSmuf&ef tqdkwifaxmufcHonf//
,if;tqdkt& 0ef}uD;apmbOD;}uD;rSm 0ef}uD;uESKwfxGufoGm;aomtcg
olyifaumufumiifumjzifh 0ef}uD;&mxl;udk vufcH&,lvdkufavonf//
txl;ojzifh apmpHzdk;oif ydkif;vrf;(Pine)aetdrfwGif aexkdifaomtcg
111

u&ifrsm;onf ol@tdrfa&S@a&mufv#if ol@tdrfudk r=unfhyJ av#mufoGm;

=uavonf//
apmbOD;}uD; 0ef}uD;tzGJ@rS ESKxGufpmwifpOf yxrqHk; apwemjzifh
ajzmif;zsem;cscJholrSm bk&ifcHqm[l; bwf&ef@(pf)yif jzpfonf//
bk&ifcHqm[l;bwf&ef@(pf)url
1947-ckESpf/
arv(4)&uf
apmbOD;}uD;ESKwfxGufpmwif+yD;/
aemufwae@Y
apmbOD;}uD;tm;
awG@qHkajym=um;cJh&mwGif/ ,cktcsdefonf u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;twGuf
ta&;}uD;aomtcsdefjzpfa=umif;/ tusdK;r&SdonfhtrSKrsdK;udk raqmif&Guf
oifha=umif;/ u&ifwdk@. tem*wfa&;udk wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif
Oya'a=umif;t&omawmif;qdkoifha=umif;ESifhapmbOD;}uD;. ESKwfxGufpmudk
vufrcHvdka=umif;awG@qHkajym=um;cJhavonf//

112

tcef;(8)
&D;(pf)0DvD,H. awmifwef;a'opHkprf;a&; tpD&ifcHpm

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyft&
wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
v$wfawmfrpwifrDav;wGif
tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&ef
rlvupDpOfxm;aomfvnf; yifvHkpmcsKyft& bk&ifcHqm[l; bwf&ef@(pf)ESifh
abmfwGrfavwdk@u
ArmESifhawmifwef;om;rsm;=um;
&Sif;vif;ap&ef
awmifwef;a'o pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDwckzGJ@oifha=umif; t}uHay;ojzifh
,if;tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;&avonf// tzGJ@.OuUrSm +Adwdo#v$wfawmf
avbmtrwfa';Apf&D;(pf)0Dv#H(David Rees-Williams)jzpfI tzGJ@0if
113

rsm;rSm ocifEk/ OD;wifxGf/ OD;ausmf+idrf;/ Adkvfcifarmifav;/ rdkif;rGefapmfbGm;

p0fpHxGef;/
qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif/
OD;0rfudka[m/
apmpef;au/
apmjrifhodef;wdk@yg0if=uonf//
tzGJ@.twGif;a&;rSL;ESifhwb
GJ uftwGif;a&;
rSL;wdk@rSm buf'0pfESifhOD;xGef;azwdk@ jzpf=uonf//

pHkprf;ppfaq;awG@&Sdwifjycsuf
awmifwef;a'oe,fajrrsm;&Sd vlxk.oabmxm;&,l&ef awmif
wef;a'orsm; txl;pHkprf; ppfaq;a&;aumfrwD. pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;vkyfief;udk
(1947)ck/ rwfv(18)&ufae@rS (1947)ck/ {+yDv (21)&ufae@txd tcsdef,l
awG@qHkar;jref;+yD;aemuf (1947)ck/ {+yDv(24)&ufae@wGif tpD&ifcHpm
wifoGif;EkdifcJhayonf//

awmifwef;a'oc&D;
tzGJ@OuU&D;(pf)0DvsHonf awmifwef;a'orS udk,fpm;vS,fw@dk udk
awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;rjyKrD
awmifwef;a'oacgif;aqmift}uD;tuJrsm;ESifh
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&ef qEN&SdcJhonf// xdk@a=umifh rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD;p0fpHxGef;/
OD;wifxGf/ Adkvfcifarmif uav;wdk@ESifhtwl (1947)ckESpf/ rwfv(7)&ufae@rS
(17)&ufae@txd ucsif/ &Srf;ESifh u&ifeDe,frsm;odk@ c&D;xGufcJhonf// if;wdk@
tzGJ@onf &efukefrS jrpf}uD;em;odk@ av,mOfjzifh xGufcGg+yD; jrpf}uD;em;rS
Aef;armf/ vGdKifvif/ awmif}uD;/ vGdKifaumf/ armfcsD;/ awmifilodk@ um;jzifh
oGm;um rwfv(17)ae@wGif awmifilrS &efukefodk@um;jzifh jyefvmcJh=uonf//
OD;wifxGfESifhAdkvf cifarmifuav;wdk@rSm c&D;pOftptqHk; vdkufygjcif;r&SdyJ
vm;&SdK;txdom vdkufygcJh+yD; rEWav;ESifhrdwdvmrSwqifh &efukef+rdK@odk@ jyefcJh
=uonf//

114

vkyfief;pOf
awmifwef;a'opHkprf;a&;tzGJ@. yxrtpnf;ta0;udk (1947)ckESpf/
rwfv(18)ae@wGif usif;yonf// xdktpnf;ta0;wGif pHkprf;a&;tzGJ@xHodk@
vma&mufxGufqd=k urnfh yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; ar;jref;rnfh
ar;cGef;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fpDppftwnfjyK=uonf// tajccHar;cGef;aygif;(18)ck
&Sdonf//
K.Y.O ESifh K.N.U xdyfxdkuf&ifqdkifrSK
(1947)ck/ {+yDv(7)&ufae@wGif wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfa&G;
aumufyGJusif;yonf// &D;(pf)0DvsH. awmifwef;a'oaumfr&SifrS wifjycsuf
t& ,if;wdkif;jyKjynfjyK a&G;aumufyGJwGif u&ifvlrsdK;rsm; twGuf rJqENe,f
(24)ae&mESifh oHvGifc&dkiftwGuf rJqENe,f(2)ae&mudkygaygif;v#if pkpkaygif;
(26) ae&mjzpfonf//
,if;wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJwGif EdkifiHa&;t& rlv
(zqyv)ESifh(K.N.U) xdyfwdkuaf wG@ae&mrS avmavmvwfvwf(K.N.U)ESifh
(K.Y.O)yg xdyfwdkufawG@vmjyefonf// xdkpOfu ykodrf+rdK@udk A[djk yKI EdkifiHa&;
pum;ppfxdk;yGJw&yf ay:aygufcJh&m ta=umif;t&macgif;pOfrSm tb,f
a=umifh
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJudk
0ifa&mufoifhr0if
a&mufoifhjzpfonf.// EdkifiHa&;pum;ppfxdk;onfh yk*~dKvf(4)a,mufpvHk;
onf ykodrfe,fom;tausmftarmfrsm;yif jzpf=uI xdkpOfu Arma&m
u&ifyg rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;=u.//
yxrae@wGif wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJo@dk r0ifa&muf
oifhonft
h a=umif;udk apmbOD;}uD;ESifh ref;*sdrf;xGef;atmif(tvHkrpf&Sifvrf;/
ba&weftxufwef;ausmif;tkyfq&m}uD;)wdk@u a[majym=uonf// 'kwd,
115

ae@wGif wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJo@dk 0ifoifha=umif;bufrS

apmpHzdk;oifESifhref;0if;armifwdk@u a[majym=uonf//
,if;wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJwGif
u&ifrJqENe,frS
a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&aomu&if
trwf(24)OD;rSm
(1) apmom'if/
(2) q&mvSrif;/
(3) OD;bdk;ZH/
(4) ref;0if;armif/
(5) q&mat;bD/
(6) apmarmifa'guf/
(7) apmatmify/
(8) ref;xGef;&if/
(9) ref;omZif/
(10) apmaygvk/
(11) apmbarmif/
(12) ref;uHat;/
(13) ref;atmif&Sdef/
(14) ref;xGef;&Hk/
(15) Adkvfatmif+rdKif/
(16) OD;omvSdKif/
116

(17) OD;pH!Gef@/
(18) apmb&if/
(19) apmtkef;!Gef@/
(20) apm0if;wif/
(21) apm*|efqif'Dbdk;rif;/
(22) apmaemfwifbGm;/
(23) ref;bcdkif (ref;bqdkif)/
(24) apmpHzdk;oifwdk@jzpf=unf// oHvGifc&dkifrS a&G;cs,fcH&aom
u&iftrsdK;om; udk,fpm;vS,fESpfOD;rSm (1) apm0D&Da*smf(aemufydkif;)
apmvlvlESifh (2) apmwDbdk;ul;wdk@ jzpf=uonf// (zqyv) trwftjzpf
a&G;cs,fcH&aom u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;rSm (1) q&mqmxl;(tif;pdef)/ (2)
apmbwif([Hom0wD)ESifh (3)apmausmf&if(zsmyHk)wdk@ jzpf=uonf//
,if;wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJtm; (K.N.U)u oydwf
arSmuf&ef vSKyfaqmfpnf;&Hk;xm;aoma=umifh u&ifrJqENe,fwdkif;wGif
rJay;olenf;yg;avonf// oxHkaus;vuf(taemufydkif; rJqENe,f)wGif
rJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdol
u&ifOD;a&teuf(231)&mcdkifESKef;/
ykodrfaus;vuf
(ajrmufydkif;)rJqENe,fwGif (23@5)&mcdkifESKef;ESifh awmifilaus;vufrJqENe,f
wGif pHcsdefwifzG,f rJqENay;ydkifcGifh&Sdol u&ifOD;a&. (7@ &)&mcdkifESKef;om
rJay;cJh=uavonf//

(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspf u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

117

K.N.U armfv+rdKif

nDvmcH

(1947)ck/
Zlvdkifv(19)&ufae@awGif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifrsm;usqHk; +yD;aemuf ocifEk(OD;Ek)acgif;aqmifaom
tpdk;&tzGJ@udk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;onf// usqHk;oGm;aom 0ef}uD;ref;bcdkif
ae&mwGif ref;0ifarmifonf 0ef}uD;ESifh(K.Y.O). OuUjzpfvmonf//
(1947)ck/ pufwifbmv(24)&ufae@ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;
jyefvnfpwifaomtcg jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf twnfjzpf
oGm;onf// TwGif (K.N.U). u&ifjynfe,fawmif;qdkcsufrsm;onf
v$wfawmftjyifrSaeI vlxkESifhenf;jzifh awmif;qdk&ef jzpfvmavonf//
Todk@jzifh armfv+rdKif(K.N.U)nDvmcHwGif udk,fpm;vS,faygif;
(700)ausmf wufa&mufcJhonfhteuf rGeftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf;
yg0ifwufa&mufcJh=uonf// ,if;nDvmcH. ta&;}uD;aom tcsufwcsufrSm
(1947)ck/ {+yDv(23)&ufESifh (24)&ufae@wGif usif;ycJhaom (K.N.U)
ta&;ay: nDvmcH. qHk;jzqfcsufxJwGif yg0ifcJhonfh vlrsdK;pkwyfOD;wc
zG@J pnf;a&;vnf; yg0ifonf// ,if;(K.N.U) armifv+rdKifnDvmcH. qHk;jzwf
csufrsm; xJwGif(1) u&ifudk,fpm;vS,ftppftrSef rygaom wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wf
awmfrS twnfjyKvdkufaom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk
u&ifvlxkuvufrcHa=umif;/
(2) oD;oef@u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;wGif pnf;rsOf;Oya'w&yfa&;
qGJ&ef vkyfief;udk A[kt
d rSKaqmiftzGJ@tm; wm0efay;v$Jtyf
a=umif;/
(3) oD;oef@u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;jy\emudk urBm@ukvor*~
tzGJ@odk@ today;ta=umif;=um;&ef/
(4) A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJ@tm; nDvmcHrS tjynfht0axmufcHa=umif;/
118

(5) awmifilc&dkiftygt0if weoFom&Dwdkif;/ tif;pdefc&dkif/ [Hom

0wDc&dkifESifh anmifav;yifc&kdifcGJ yg0ifonfha'orsm; oD;oef@
u&ifjynfe,ftjzpf todtrSwfjyK&ef/
(6) vufeufykef;&Sdolrsm;tm; ao'%fay;rnfhOya'=urf;tm; csuf
csif;&kwfodrf;ay;&ef/
(7) vuf&Sdo;Hk pGJaeaom u&iftvHawmftm; u&ifwrsdK;om;vHk;.
tvHawmftjzpf todtrSwfjyK&ef/
txufyg ta&;}uD;aomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tjyif ,if;(K.N.U) armfv
+rdKifnDvmcHrS atmufygauG;a=umfoH (4)&yfudk auG;a=umfI nDvmcHudk
atmifjrifpGm usif;ycJh.//
(1) u&ifjynfe,f csufcsif;ay;/
(2) jynfwGif;ppf tvdkr&Sd/
(3) vlrsdK;a&;t"du&k%f;tvdkr&Sd/
(4) u&ifwusyf=Armwusyf csufcsif;jy ponfjzifh jzpfavonf//

vGwfvyfa&;ESifh jynfwGif;ppf
(zwyv)tpdk;&onf (1948)ck/ Zefe0g&D(4)&ufae@wGif jrefrmEdkifiH
tm; vGwfvyfaomorwEdkifiHtjzpfa=unmonf// aemufwae@jzpfaom
Zefe0g&D(5)&ufae@wGif (K.N.U)u u&iftrsdK;om;qdkif&m a=unmcsufw&yf
xkwfjyef&mwGif u&ifvlrsdK;onf rsdK;EG,fpkwpk(Tribe)r[kwfyJ vlrsdK;wrsdK;
(Nation)jzpfa=umif;yg&Sdonf// (rme,fyavmvGwfajrmufa'owGif ,if;ae@
udk u&iftrsdK;om;ae@tjzpfusif;yonf//) vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonfh (1)v
jynfhaeaom azaz:0g&D(3)&ufae@wGif (K.N.U)u (zqyv)tpdk;&xH oD;jcm;
u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;ESifhywfoufaom pmwapmifay;ydk@cJhonft
h jyif
119

azaz:0g&D(11)&ufae@Y (K.N.U)OD;aqmifrSKjzifh oD;jcm;jynfe,fxlaxmifa&;

qENjyyGJwckudk usif;ycJhonf// ,if;ESifhywfoufI (K.N.U). tmabmfjzpf
aom ok0wdkif;owif;pmu tom;ay;a&;om;cHavonf//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

ref;bZefonf ok0wdkif;owif;pmwGif olyg0ifa&;om;cJhyHkESifh

ol.uavmiftrnfudkyg atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;cJhavonf//
u|Efkyfonf aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;&ef tvGefpdwf0ifpm;onf// (2)
*syefacwf0ef}uD;OD;vSaz&Hk;wGif txuf wef;pma&;tjzpf vkyfudkifaepOf
trsdK;om;a&;ESifhywfoufI Armhowif;pmESifh*sme,frsm;odk@ aqmif;yg;rsm;
a&;om;ay;ydk@cJh&mrS tawG@t}uHKtawmf&cJhonf// ok0wdkif;*sme,fwGif
u|Ekfyf uavmiftrnfrsm;rSm (w,loef)ESifh(EdkifiHa&;owif;axmuf)
[laom uavmiftrnfjzifh a&;om;ygonf//
(zl;uD;'dk. ref;bZefESifhu&ifhawmfvSefa&;)

OD;EkESifh apmbOD;}uD; cspf=unfa&;c&D;

(K.N.U)tzGJ@onf vGwfawmftjyifbufwGif &Sdaeaomfvnf; u&if
vlxkaxmufcHrSKjzifh EdkifiHa&;/ pnf;&Hk;a&;udk tqufrjywfvkyfaqmifae&m
(1948)ck/ rwfv(3)&ufae@rS (5)&ufae@txd nDvmcH w&yfudk xyfrHusif;y
cJhjyef.// ,if;nD vmcH. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif (1) oD;oef@u&ifppfwyfrsm; qufvufxm;&Sd&ef/
(2) udk,fydkifvdkifpifjzifh udkifaqmifxm;aom umuG,fa&;aoewf
rsm;tm; odrf;qnf;jcif; rjyK&ef/
(3) u&ifeDacgif;aqmifrsm;rS jrefrmEdkifiHESifh ryl;aygif;a&; qHk;jzwf
csuftm; tjynfht0axmufcHa=umif;ponfjzifhyg&Sdavonf//
120

Todk@&SdpOf ocifoef;xGef;acgif;aqmifaom ArmuGefjrLepfygwDonf

(zqyv)tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif;&Sd qdk&S,fvpfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t&pdwf0rf;uGJ&m
(1948)ck/ rwfv(28)&ufae@ vGwfvyfa&;&&SdI (2)vESifh (1)ywft=umwGif
awmcdkI vufeufudkifpwifcJhonf// xdkrS (zqyv)tpdk;&ESifhuGefjrLepf wdk@
t=um;aphpyfjzefajzaomae&mrS xdkESpfESpfv,fydkif;ta&mufY jynfol@&Jabmf
tzGJ@yg awmcdkoGm;jyefonf//
TwGif (K.N.U)u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk;.
vufatmufcH
vufeufwyfzGJ@jzpfaom weoFm&Dwdkif;ESifhjrpf0u|ef;ay:&Sd (K.N.D.O)u&if
trsdK;om;umuG,fa&;wyfzGJ@onf pwifvSKyf&Sm;&mrS wpwpjzifh u&if&dkif
z,f(Karen Rifles)ESifh (Karen Arms Police)wyfrsm;vnf; yg0ifywfouf
vm=uonf// u&if-ArmydyuQqDodk@ OD;wnfaeojzifh (zqyv)tpdk;&
onf (1948)ck/ ZGefv(18)&uf ae@pGJjzifhif;/ (K.N.U)tzGJ@onf Zlvdkif(25)
&ufae@pGJjzifhif;/ ydyuQrjzpf=uap&ef arwWm&yfcHcsufrsm; toD;oD;
xkwfjyefcJh=uonf//
(K.N.U). a=unmcsufxJwGif --u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf oD;jcm;u&ifjynfe,fudk awmif;qdk&mwGif
if;u&ifvlrsdK;onf
jynfhpHkaom
vlrsdK;wrsdK;tjzpf}udK;yrf;&mwGifif;/
ESdKifhxufpD;eif;0g'ESifh t=urf;zuf0g'udk toHk;rjyKyJ a&Smif=uOf&ef (K.N.U)
tzGJ@csKyfu arwWm&yfcHcsufxkwfjyefcJhonf//
,if;odk@ jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owGif vlrsdK;a&;wif;rmrSKpdk;&drfa=umifhus
zG,f&Sdaeaoma=umifh 0ef}uD;OD;Ekonf apmbOD;}uD;ESifhyl;wGJI qrm;'l;
0g;aemif/ OD;0rf;olarmif/ apmom'if/ ref;*sdrf;xGef;atmif yg0ifvsuf
(1948)ck/ ZGefv(22)&ufae@rStpjyKI rtlyif/ ajrmif;jr/ vyGwWmESifh
ykodrf+rdK@rsm;odk@ u&if-Armcspf=unfa&;tc&D;tjzpf oGm;a&mufcJh=u.//

121

ZGefv(26)&ufae@wGif
0ef}uDcsKyfOD;EkESifhtzGJ@onf
ykodrf+rdK@okd@
a&muf&SdoGm;+yD; OD;pGmyxrykodrf+rdK@ ud;k ql&Gmodk@ oGm;a&mufum
a'gufwmpHpDzdk;.tkwf*ltm; *g&0jyK.// xdkrS ykodrf+rdK@ wdkifwpf&m (udkomjzL)
txufwef;ausmif;wGif
OD;EkESifhapmbOD;}uD;wdk@
u&if-Armcspf=unf
a&;w&m;rsm;a[majym=u.// ,if;w&m;yGJwGif apmbOD;}uD;uu&if-Arm
tcif;rsm;rnfhta&;udk yrmcdkif;I ajymqdk&mwGif v,form;}uD;u ol.
roifhrjrwfjzpfaeaom EGm;ESpfaumiftm; yg;pyfwGif jcif;=um;pGyfum
aumufvSdKif;e,faeyHkudk yHkaqmifI ajymqdkoGm;&m y&dowfrSm rsm;pGmyif
oabmuscJhavonf//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

wif;rmrSK. txGwftxdyf
(1948)ck/ =o*kwfvodk@ a&mufvmv#if (K.N.D.O). vSKyf&Sm;rSKonf
txGwftxdyfodk@ a&mufvmonf// rlvzGJ@pnf;pOfwGif (K.N.D.O)onf
(K.N.U). vufatmufcH umuG,fa&;tzGJ@r#omjzpfaomfvnf; wpwpjzifh
wcsdK@aomudpPrsm;wGif (K.N.U)xufyif =oZm}uD;rm;vmavonf// =o*kwf
v(7)&ufae@/ wae@wnf;rSmyif (K.N.D.O)rsm;onf tdrRJ+rdK@/ aiGwdkufrS
usyfaiGESpfaomif; &Spfaxmif(28000)udkif;/ rtlyifb%frS usyfaiG
oHk;q,fhig;odef; (3500000)udkif; pD;eif;&,loGm;onf// wzef =o*kwfv
(9)&ufae@wGif rtlyifw+rdK@vHk;udk pD;eif;&mwGif usyfodef;oHk;q,f&&Sd
jyefonf// xdkrS wqufwnf;wGif =o*kwfv(30)&ufESifh (31)&ufae@wdk@wGif
oxHkc&dkifESifh oxHk+rdK@tm; wdkufcdkufodrf;,ljcif;/ pufwifbmb(1)&ufae@
wGif armfv+rdKif+rdK@tm;odrf;I b%frSusyfaiGig;odef;xkwf,ljcif;/ xdkrSpufwif
bmv(8)&ufae@wGif a&$usif+rdK@ESifhausmuf}uD;+rdK@ pufwifbmv(10)&ufae@
wGif armfv+rdKifu|ef;+rdK@/ usdKufyd&GmESifh&JXme/ pufwifbmv(22)&ufae@wGif
awmif}uD;+rdK@/ pufwifbmv(23)&ufae@wGif vG,faumf+rdK@ESifhaiGwdkuf/
122

pufwifbmv(24)&ufae@wGif vG,fvif+rdK@ESifhaiGwdkuftm; pD;eif;jcif;jzifh

wif;rmrSK. txGwftxdyfodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;avonf//
,if;tajctaewGif
apmbOD;}uD;ESifh(K.N.U)acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm
taetxdkif&cufum rsufESmysufp&mjzpfvmaoma=umifh pufwifbmv
(17)&ufae@ESifh(18)&ufae@wdk@wGif ykodrf+rdK@ u&ifaumifpDcef;rY (K.N.U)
ta&;ay:nDvmcHw&yfudk ac:qdkvu
dk fonf// ,if;nDvmcHqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
wGif rGefESifhu&ifonf uHwltusdK;ay;jzpfI rGef=u&iftjyeftvSefulnD
a&;a=unmcsuftm; cGif;csufr&Sd axmufcHonf//
wae@xufwae@ qdk;&Gm;vmaom wdkif;jynftajctaeay:wGif
u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;. vHk+cHKa&;twGuf tultnDawmif;cHvmygu awmif;cH
vmonfha'otm; tjrefqHk;tultnDay;oGm;&ef/
oD;jcm;u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;twGuf rnfonfhygwD0ifrsm;ESifh
rqdk wrsdK;om;vHk;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufoGm;&ef/
u&if-Armt"du&k%f;jzpfrSKonf
ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;ESifhu&if
jynfe,fxlaxmifa&;twGuf qHk;&HSK;Edkifojzifh vlrsdK;a&;t"du&k%f;vSKyfaqmf
zefwD;onfh ygwDwckyifjzpfap/ owif;pmwapmifyifjzpfap ,if;vkyf&yf
twGuf jyif;xefpGm &SKwfcsonf//
u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;. vdktifqENudk jznfhqnf;aqmif&Guf&mwGif 'Drdku
a&pD0g'udk qef@usifaom vkyf&yfrsm;tm; rvdkvm;a=umif;/
wdkif;jynfwGif vwfwavmjzpfay:aeonfh tjzpftysufrsm;tm;
jynfolvlxku rvdkvm;rESpf+rdK@a=umif;/ jynfolvlxk+idrf;csrf;om,ma&;
twGuf (K.N.U). yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSKudk vdktyfvmygu tifwdkuf
tm;wdkuf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufoGm;&ef/
123

(K.N.D.O)wHqdyfwyfqifI tzGJ@trnfudk tv$Jo;Hk pm;jyKum &mZ

0wfrSKusL;vGefolrsm;tm; xda&mufpGm ta&;,loGm;&ef/
jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'oESifhoxHk/ armfv+rdKife,frsm;wGif tajctae
at;csrf;_idrfoufvm+yDjzpfI u&ifeDe,fY ppftkyfcsKyfa&;jyefvnf&kwfodrf;
onfhenf;wl xdke,frsm;Yvnf; tjrefqHk;&kwfodrf;ay;&ef/
jrefrmEdkifiHt&yf&yfY (K.N.U)tzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; tpdk;&uta&;,l
aqmif&Guf&mwGif (K.N.U) acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh!SdESdKif;wdkifyif+yD;rS ta&;,l
aqmif&Guf&ef/
(K.N.D.O)u&iftrsdK;om;umuG,fa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;. pm&dwWjrSifh
wifa&;ESifh bmoma&;udkif;&SdKif;a&;wdk@twGuf c&pf,mef"rRq&mrsm;/
Ak'<bmom&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;. ajyma[mqHk;rrSKudk ay;oGm;&ef/
u&ifjynfe,fpHkprf;a&;aumfrwDwGif (K.N.U)tzGJ@rS
udk,fpm;
vS,fOD;a&rnfr#yg0ifoifha=umif; a&G;cs,fowfrSwf&ef A[dktrSKaqmiftzGJ@
tm; nDvmcHrS wm0efv$Jtyfonf/
(1948)ck/ azaz:0g&D(3)&uf/ ae@pGJjzifh EdkifiHawmforwESifh0ef}uD;csKyfxH
wifjyawmif;qdkxm;aom u&ifjynfe,ftus,ft0ef;ESifh tcsKyftjcm
tm%mydkifrSKwdk@ESifhywfoufI aumfr&SifwGif aqmif&Guf&mY tzGJ@0if rsm;
twGuf tajctaeay:wGifrlwnfI aqmif&Guf&ef//
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkESifh apmbOD;}uD;wdk@ acgif;aqmifvsuf jrpf0u|ef;ay:odk@
u&if-Armcspf=unfa&;c&D;xGufcJhaomfvnf; tusdK;tjrwfrSm xifo
avmufrjzpfxGef;yJ wjynfvHk;tESH@wif;rmrSKrsm;um; jzpf+rJjzpfaeonf//
,if;tajctaeudk (zqyv)tpdk;&ESifha&m (K.N.U)acgif;aqmifrsm;yg pdk;&drf
a=umifh usjzpf=u&.// odk@jzifh (1948)ck/ atmufwdkbmvxJwGif tvHk&yf/
rpf&Sifvrf;&Sd u&iftrsdK;om;uvyfwGifif;/ tif;pdef&Sd apmbOD;}uD;
aetdrfwGifif; u&if-Armcspf=unfa&;xrif; pm;yGJESifhrkef@[if;cg;pm;yGJudk
124

usif;ycJhonf// xdkpOf apmbOD;}uD;onf ta&;ydkifOD;ZH(u&if). orD;ESifh

tdrfaxmifusojzifh tif;pdefwGif aexdkifonf// ,if;cspf=unfa&;xrif;pm;
yGJESifhrkef@[if;cg;pm;yGJo@dk 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkESifhtwl &Srf;/ ucsif/ u&ifeDESifh
rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;yg yg0ifwufa&mufvm=uonf//
,if;cspf=unfa&;tcrf;tem;wGif tdrf&Sifjzpfaom apmbOD;}uD;u
ta=umif;t&mrsm;pGmudk atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;cJhavonf//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

apmbOD;}uD;. ordkif;0ifpum;

apmbOD;}uD;onf &kyf&nf&lyumt& cef@nm;x,f0gonf// OpPm

ypPnf;t& ayguG,f0onf/ ynma&;t&bdvyfjyef0wfvHkawmf&wOD;
jzpfonf// ,if;tcsufrsm;um; vlwdkif;od+yD;jzpfonf// vlwdkif;rodao;
onfum; pum;ajym&mwGif aumif;rGefjcif;yif jzpfonf//
ocifEkeJ@u|efawmfau|;arG;wJh xrif;&mZ0ifuawmh tawmf&SKyf
om;yJ// pwmuawmh [dt
k &if u&if-Armt"du&k%f;u pcJhwmyJ// *syef
125

acwfuvGJv@dk ocifEkeJ@u|efawmf[m vlcsif;cyfvSrf;vSrf;yJ aecJh=uygw,f//

vyGwWm+rdK@e,f u&if-Armt"du&k%f;jzpfawmhr,fvdk@ owif;awGjzpf
vmwJhtcg ocifEku u|efawmfhxHpmay;ac:+yD; vyGwWmudkoGm;+yD; w&m;
a[mzdk@ ta&;}uD;a=umif;ajymwmh u|efawmfoabmwlvdkuyf gw,f//
bmha=umifh oabmwlovJqdkawmh (t}uHwl&efol/ tusdK;wl rdwfaqG)qdkwJh
pum;yHktwdkif; t"du&k%f;rvdkvm;wJh tusdK;uwlaewmudk;// u&if -Arm
t"du&k%f;awmh b,fawmhrS rjzpf&bl;qdk+yD; u|efawmfwdk@ oGm;cJh=uwJh
tcgrSm apmom'if/ ref;*sdrf;xGef;atmif/ qrm;'l;0g;aemif/ OD;0rfolarmif
wdk@vJ yg=uygw,f// (7)&ufavmuf twloGm;rdwJhtcg ocifEkeJ@ u|efawmf
[m wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD;em;vnfrSK/ ,Hk=unfrSK&Sdvm+yD; ydkrdk&if;ESD;+yD;awmh rdwfaqG
&if;}uD; jzpfvmwmygyJ//
paumhwvefjynf/ [dkif;vif;'g;vlrsdK;rsm;[m {nfhonfrdwfaqG
rsm;udk au|;arG;wJhtcg qm;ygavh&Sdygw,f// tJ'Dqm;udk pm;wJhvl[m
b,fawmhrS raumif;r}uHtyfbl;vdk@ t,l&Sdygw,f// Armjynfawmifay:
rsm;rSmvJ ol.xrif;udk pm;+yD;&if ol@udkraumif;r}uHtyfbl;qdkwm&Sdyg
w,f// ajrnDrSmvJyJ (cifAsm;udk u|efawmfrypfrSm;ygbl;/ cifAsm;au|;wJh
xrif;[m usKyfvnfyif;xJrSm &Sdygao;w,f)qdkwJh pum;eJ@(aus;Zl;&Sif
aus;rpGyfaumif;bl;)qdkwJh pum;yHkrsm;vJ&Sdygw,f// (7)&uf=umr# c&D;xGuf
=upOftcgu ocifEku u|efawmfhudk au|;arG;cJhwJh aus;Zl;&Sdygw,f// ocifEk
[m u|efawmfhtdrfudk uGvmvdkaomfvJ tdrfuwJukyfuav;jzpfvdk@ rzdwf
=um;cJh&bl;// ,cktcgawmh u|efawmfu zdwfxm;vdk@ u|efawmfhwJuyk fudk
ocifEka&mufcJhyg+yD/ ,cktcgrSmvJ ocifEkudk u|efawmfu au|;&jyefyg+yD//
'ga=umifh ,ckawmh (olau|; u|efawmfau|;)jzpf&yg+yD// 'g[m wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD;
&if;ESD;pGm tjyeftvSeaf u|;arG;=uwJh &mZ0ifygyJ//
u|efawmf[m uGm;rajymvdkygbl;/ ArmjynftwGif;rSm tawmf
tESH@tjym;a&mufcJhzl;ygw,f// jynfyqdk&ifvJ ta&S@buf/ taemufeJ@
126

ajrmufbuf wdkif;jynfrsm;udkvJ a&mufcJhzl;ygw,f// 'Dvdka&mufcJhzl;wJh

twGuf (udk,'fh l;awmifudk,rf ,Hk&bl;)qdkwJh Armpum;yHkwpfckudk pOf;pm;
rdygw,f// udk,'fh l;udk,fr,Hk&if tjcm;oludk ,Hk&rvm;// udk,w
fh dkif;&if;
om;tcsif;csif;[m udk,'fh l;jzpfygw,f// tjcm;vlqdkwmu t*Fvdyf/ tar&d
uef/ w&kwf/ &k&Sm;pwJh EdkifiHrsm;jzpfygw,f// onfawmh u|efawmfajym
vdkwmu r,Hk&oludk tm;rudk;oifhbl;// u|efawmfvJ tm;rudk;ygbl;// cifAsm;
wdk@vJ tm;rudk;=uygeJ@//
EdkifiHjcm;om;wpfa,mufu (cifAsm;wdk@ wdkif;jynfudk rtkyfcsKyf
csifygbl;/ ukeful;vdkwmygyJ)vdk@ u|efawmfhudk ajymzl;ygw,f// trSefawmh
jynfyrSvlawG[m ukefonfcsnf;ygyJ// ukefonfqdkayr,fh ukefonf&dk;&dk;
r[kwfbl;// (ukefonfomru tukefo,frSm/ tckwpfacguf olwd@k jyefvm
&ifawmh tukefyJ// wcsdK@t*Fvdyfvufatmuf jyef0ifcsifvdk@ xif=uao;
w,f// u|efawmfwdk@ 'Davmuftxif rao;ygbl;// olwdk@ta=umif;
u|efawmfydkodygw,f// 'gha=umifh u|efawmfcyf&Sif;&Sif;aecJhygw,f/ olwdk@udk
tm;rudk;ygbl;// 'gwif ruao;bl;// u|efawmfvdkvm;wJh oD;jcm;jynfe,f
twGuf aqmif&GufwJhae&mrSm rw&m;b,fawmhrS rvkyfygbl;// w&m;vrf;
&SdwJhtwdkif; aqmif&GufoGm;rSmyJ//
u|efawmfwdk@ u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;udk owday;vdkwJh tcsufrsm;vJ
&Sdygw,f// rdrdwdk@vdkwJh oD;jcm;jynfe,fawmh&Sdyg+yDqdkygawmh// rdrdwdk@[m
'DoD;jcm;e,feJ@ wef&J@vm;/ rwef&if 'DoD;jcm;e,f awmif;zdk@ aumif;rvm;
qdkwJh tcsufudkvJ txl;pOf;pm;zdk@ &Sdygw,f// cifAsm;wdk@ u&ifrsm;[m
oD;jcm;e,feJ@ wef&J@vm;vdk@ar;&if wefw,fvdk@ ajym=uvdrfhr,f// cifAsm;wdk@
e,fudk b,foltkyfcsKyfrvJ ar;&if u&ifyJtkyfcsKyfr,f// u&ifrS rtkyfcsKyf&if
b,fjzpfrvJ ajym=um;vdrfhr,f// cifAsm;wdk@ e,fudk "g;jyvlqdk;awG tkyfcsKyf&if
}udKufrvm;vdk@ar;&if r}udKufbl;vdk@ ajz=u vdrfhr,f// cifAsm;wdk@ udk,fwidk fu
olcdk;"g;jyawGjzpfae&if 'DoD;jcm;e,feJ@ cifAsm;wdk@ wefrvm;/ rwefbl;vdk@
127

qdk&r,f// 'gha=umifh u|efawmf owday;vdkwmu oD;jcm;e,fESifhaevdk=u&if

oD;jcm;e,feJ@wefatmif ae=uyg// olcdk;"g;jyrsdK;jzpfae=u &ifawmh oD;jcm;
e,feJ@ rwefao;bl;// 'gudk cifAsm;wdk@ txl;pOf;pm;=uyg//
rtlyifaiGwdkufudk
azgufoGm;olrsm;[m
u&if(19)a,muf
jzpfw,f// =um;&wm pdwfraumif;ygbl;// 'Dta=umif;eJ@ywfouf+yD; Oyrm
av;wpfck ajymjyvdkygw,f// ajrmif;jre,f odvmqdkwJh &Gmwpf&GmrSm touf
(60)ausmf OD;vGef;abmfqdkwJh tbdk;}uD;wpfa,muf&Sdw,f// om;orD;
(12)a,muf/ ajr;jrpfrsm;vJ&Sdw,f// ol@rSm v,fenf;enf;&Sdwt
Jh jyif
toD;tESHpdkufysdK;xm;wJh O,smOfvJ&Sdw,f// 0uf/ bJ/ =uufwdk@vJ arG;xm;
w,f// ol@&Gmu vrf;qHkuswJhtwGuf c&D;onfrsm;[m rsm;aomtm;jzihf
wnf;cdk=uwJhtcg c&D;onfwdkif;vdkvydk J xrif;csufau|;w,f// xl;jcm;
csufwpfcku (toD;tESHrsm; udrk cl;&)qdkwJh pma&;xm;w,f// cdk;vJrcdk;&J
=ubl;// wu,fvdk@ opfoD;cdk;wmrsm;awG@&ifawmh 'Dcdk;wJh vl[m roufom
bl;// aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfatmif csawmhwmyJ// u|efawmf[m tJ'D&Gm
tbk;d }uD;udk tdrfa&mufoGm;vdk@ {nfhonftjzpf acwWwnf;cdkpOf ol&dkufESufyHk
ta=umif;awG =um;&awmhta=umif; odcsifwmeJ@tbdk;}uD;em;uyf+yD; (zxD;
opfoD;av;wpfvHk; cdk;wmeJ@bmha=umifh 'gavmuf jyif;jyif;xefxef&dkuf
ovJ)vdk@ ar;=unfhawmh zxD;u (usKyfqENu b,foljzpfjzpf olcdk;rjzpf

apvdkbl;/ olcdk;wm =unfhaevdkuf&if ol@tdrfom;awGyg olcdk;rsdK;jzpfukef

vdrfhr,f/ olcdk;rsdK;rjzpf=uapvdkwJh apwemeJ@ &dkufwmygyJ)vdk@ jyefajymw,f//

tJ'Dta=umif;av;awGudk awG;+yD;awmh rtlyifrSmjzpfwJhudpP[m

u&ifav;(19)a,mufqdkayr,fh wpfa,mufwnf;vJ u&ifyJ/ (19)
a,mufvJ u&ifyJ/ aiGuvJrenf;bl;// 'DaiGawGudk jzef@vdkufwJhtcgrSm u&if
wpfrsdK;om;vHk;xH jyef@oGm;r,f// jyef@oGm;&if u&ifwpfrsdK;om;vHk; olcdk;rsdK;
awG jzpfukefrSmyJ// 'gha=umifh olcdk;rsdK;awG rjzpf&avatmif aiGtpm;jyef
qyfEdkifatmif u|efawmfudk,fwdkif a&S@aqmifjyKvkyfaqmif&Gufzdk@ jymef;vdkuf
128

yg+yD// wpfrsdK;vHk; "g;jyrjzpf&avatmif u|efawmfeJ@ ( K.N.U) wpfrsdK;vHk;u

'DaiGudk qyf&rSmyJ// b,ftxdqyfrvJqdk&if u|efvkyf+yD; qyf&rSmyJ// qyfr,f
qdkwmu ajymawmhvG,fw,f// b,fvdkqyfrvJ ar;p&m&Sdw,f// tjcm;ol
rsm;rqyfcif u|efawmfu pwifvkyfjy+yD; qyf&rSmyJ// rae@nu 'Dta&;awG;
+yD; wpfnvHk; tdrfvdk@r&ygbl;// v,f{u(1000)avmuf&Sdw,f// 'Dv,f{u
(1000)udk jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&tm; tyfESif;ay;qyf vdkufyghr,f//
tckv,fudk csufcsif;r,lao;&if v,fajrjynfolydkifodrf;+yD;wJhaemuf xm;wJh
wefzdk;twdkif; qHk;jzwfwmaygh// ydkufqHr&Sdv@dk cg;omrvS&Sdr,f// 0rf;awmh0
Edkifygao;w,f// u|efawmfhrdef;roabmwl+yD;jzpfwmudk u|efawmfod+yD; jzpfyg
w,f// aemufqufvuf+yD; wpfjynfvHk;oabmaygufatmif vkyfjy&ygOD;r,f//
'Djyif udpPwpfck&Sdao;w,f// 'gu tjcm;r[kwfbl;// emrnf}uD;aewJh
tif;pdefudpPygyJ// u&ifawG aoewfvufeufrsm; azguf,loGm;=uw,fvdk@
qdkygw,f// owif;pmawGuvJ bmrqdk u&ifawGqdk_yD; tm;vHk;odrf;usHK;
a&;=uwmyJ// wpfckajymvdkwmu tif;pdefrSmjzpfwmu u&ifqdkwm [kwfyg
w,f// 'gayr,fh aumif;wJhu&ifvJ&Sd/ raumif;wJhu&ifawG&Sdavawmh
taumif;eJ@raumif; cGJjcm;a&;=u&efudkvJ awmif;yefygw,f// 'DudpPrSm
(K.N.U)tjypfr[kwfaomfvJ 'DvufeufawG jyefay;atmifawmh awmif;yef
&OD;rSmyJ//
u&ifvlaumif;rsm;vufwGif &Sdwv
Jh ufeufrsm;udk 'Dae@up+yD;
ESpfvtwGif; jyefxrf;ydk@=uygvdk@ awmif;yefygw,f// 'Dawmif;yefwJh udpPESifh
ywfoufvdk@vJ xdxda&mufa&mufaqmif&Guf=uygr,f// trsdK;om;pdwfr&Sdol
u&ifawGvJ &Sdygao;w,f// olwdk@uawmh aoewfudk,_yl D; rormolrsm;vuf
udk a&mif;pm;&if a&mif;pm;rSmyJ// 'gawG[mvJ rqdkifayr,fh tyfatmifvkyf
&rSmyJ// rtyf&ifawmh qHk;r&rSmyJ// u|efawmf,ckvdk ajymjywJhtwdkif;
awmif;yefaqmif&Gufvdk@rS r&&if(K.N.U) OuUtjzpfrS ESKwfxGufvdkuf
ygr,f//
129

,ck uGa&mufvm=uwJh vl}uD;rif;rsm;rSm Arm/ u&if/ ucsif/ &Srf;/

rGefponfjzifh pkaygif;a&mufvm=uaom y&dowfjzpfygw,f// Zpfjrpfudk
aoaocsmcsm=unfh&if tm;vHk;aqGrsdK;awGcsnf;yJ jzpfygw,f/ / cif&maqGrsdK;
qdkwmvJ &Sdygao;w,f// 'Du|Efkyfwdk@ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf}uD;udk
zefwD;vkyf udkifEdkif=uwm[m cifrif&if;ESD;wJh aqGrsdK;awGjzpfvdk@ jzpf=uygw,f//
onfaemuf ta&;w}uD;vkyfp&m&Sdwmuawmh &GmawGrSm a=umuf
vef@+yD; wpf&GmrSwpf&Gmodk@ ajymif;a&$@aexdkif=uwJhudpPjzpfw,f// uGefjrLepf
awGa=umufvdk@ ajy;=u&wmvJ&Sw,f// wcsdK@u u&ifudka=umufvdk@ Armu
ajy;&wmvJ&Sdw,f// Armudka=umufvdk@ u&ifuajy;&wmvJ&Sdw,f// trSef
awmh 'gawG[m vlrormawGa=umifh 'DvdkjzpfwmyJ// 'Dvdkrjzpfatmif
vlaumif;awGpk+yD; aqmif&Guf&vdrfhr,f// u|efawmfwdk@ ( K.N.U)u vufvSrf;
rDor# wm0ef,laqmif&GufoGm;rSmyJ//
rdrdwdk@qdkif&me,frS ajymif;a&$@xGufajy;oGm;wJh Armrsm;&Sd&if pdwfcs
vufcsjyefvmzdk@udk u&ifa&m Arma&maygif;+yD; oGm;a&mufjyefac:r,f//
xdk@twl u&ifrsm;udk jyefac:wJhtcgrSmvJ Arma&mu&ifa&maygif;+yD; oGm;ac:
&r,f// pdwfcsvufcs oifhjrwfae&atmif umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;&r,f//
tajymeJhr_yD;bl;// csufcsif;vkyf&r,fudpPjzpfw,f//
ykodrfrSm usif;y+yD;cJhwJh u|efawmfwdk@ uGef*&uftpnf;ta0;+yD;rSm
Armjynfolvlxku tultnDawmif;ygu wdkif;jynfat;csrf;a&;twGuf
ulnDaqmif&Gufr,fvdk@ twdtvif;qHk;jzwfcsufcs+yD; jzpfygw,f// tultnD
awmif;&ifay;zdk@ toifhygyJ// vkyf&efpnf;rsOf;vJ qGJaeygw,f//
odk@&mwGif txufyg apmbOD;}uD;. ajym=um;rSKrsm;onf 0ef}uD;csKyf
OD;Ekudk ac|;odyfjcif;omjzpfa=umif;ponfjzifh jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rSKordkif;
tydkif;(1)udk a&;om;olu jyefvnfacsya&;om;xm;avonf//

130

apmbOD;}uD;onf
cspf=unfa&;xrif;pm;yGJrdef@cGef;jzifh
OD;EkESifh
(zqyv)acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ac|;odyfvdkuEf dkifonf// u&ifrsm;u rtlyif
aiGwdkuu
f dk azgufIvk,ufrSK/ tif;pdefwGif vufeufodrf;rSKrsm;udkvnf;
auseyfatmifajz&Sif;jyoGm;onf// rtlyifaiGwdkurf S aiGrsm;udk rdrd. v,f{u
(1000)a&mif;csI avsmfygrnf// aoewfrsm;udkvnf; ESpfvtwGif; jyeftyf
cdkif;ygrnf// ratmifjrifygu (K.N.U)OuUtjzpfrS EkwfxGufygrnf[I
l
ajymcJhonf// odk@aomf apmbOD;}uD;. tajymESifhvufawG@vkyf&yfrSm wjcm;
pDomjzpfaeonf// qrm;'l;0g;aemifu (1948)ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv(28)&ufwGif
tajctaeqdk;&Gm;vm+yDjzpfa=umif;/ u&ifrsm;u tpdk;&udkwdkuf&ef ucsifrsm;
xHrS ppfulawmif;a=umif; ocifEkxHodk@ tpD&ifcHcJhonf//

131

tcef;(9)
tif;pdefwdkufyGJtp
TwGif tif;pdef/ c0J+cHESifhapmfbGm;}uD;ukef;w0dkufY wifrm;rSKESifh
aygufuGJrSKrsm;pwifvmonf// (1949)ck/ azaz:0g&D(2)&ufae@a&mufv#if
tif;pdefudk (K.N.D.O)wyfzGJ@u odrf;ydkufvku
d fonf// awmifil+rdK@&Sd u&if
ppf&Jrsm; pwifvSKyf&Sm;vm&mrS awmifil&Sdu&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if;(1)ESifh
yl;aygif;oGm;+yD; awmifil/ jzL;/ tkwfwGif;/ xef;wyif+rdK@rsm;udk odrf;ydkufvdkuf
onf// ykodrf+rdK@&Sd u&ifppf&Jrsm;ESifh (K.N.D.O)rsm;yl;aygif;+yD; ykodrfudk
wdkufcdkufvku
d fonf// jynf+rdK@&Sd u&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if;(2)onf &efukefodk@
pkefqif;vmonf// (1949)ck/ azaz:0g&DESifhrwfvtwGif; rdwdvmESifhar+rdK@
udkif;/ rEWav;udk (K.N.D.O)ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;yl;aygif;Iif; odrf;ydkufvku
d f
=uonf// weoFm&Dwdkif;/ {&m0wDwdkif;ESifh &Srf;jynfe,fwdk@wGifvnf; (K.N.
D.O)wyfzGJ@rsm;u qufvufI odrf;ydkufvku
d f=uonf// yxrwGif (K.N.
D.O)rsm;u pwifcJhaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif u&ifppf&JESifhu&ifvufeuf
udkifwyf&if;rsm;ygyg0ifvmaoma=umifh u&ifwyfrSL;rsm;yif xdef;r&jzpfvm
avonf//
,if;tajctaewGif u&ifwyfrSL;rsm;ESifhwyfzGJ@rsm;rSm EdkifiHa&;ypfrSwf
jzpfvm+yD; (1949)ck/ azaz:0g&D(1)&ufae@wGif u&ifwyf&if;wyfzGJ@rsm;tm;
vufeufodrf;vdkuf+yD; wyg;wnf;cGifh&uf&Snfuydk g ay;vdkufonf// ppfOD;pD;csKyf
prpf'Gef;onf cGifh&ufjynhfaomfvnf; rdrdwGif wm0ef&Sdonf[kcH,l+yD; t+yD;
tydkift+idrf;pm;,loGm;onf// (OD;Ek. wmawpaeom;)AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;onf
t+idrf;pm;&,loGm;+yD;aemufwGif rnfonfhta&;t&mwGifrS yg0ifywf
oufjcif;r&Sdonft
h jyif uG,fvGefonftxd &efukefodk@ qif;rvmawmhyJ
&Srf;jynfe,f/ uavm+rdK@wGifom aowyefoufwqHk;aexdkif oGm;onf//
,if;uG,fvGef+yD; aemufESpfaygif;(30)ausmf t=umwGif ol.t*Fvdyfbmom
132

jzifh udk,fwidk fa&;twKy`wWdjzpfonfh av;ayume,f ( Four Foot Colonel)

pmtkyfxGufvmonf// AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;onf usHKaysmfZmwdjzpfI tdENd,EdkifiH
ppfausmif;qif;jzpfonf// AdkvfcsKyfapm=um'dk;rSm ajrmif;jrZmwdjzpfI t*Fvef
EdkifiH qif;['fppfwuUodkvfppfausmif;qif;jzpfonf//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrm jynfcspf u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

aomif;usef;rSK twdtvif;ay:aygufvmjcif;

tif;pdefwdkufyGJwGif tpkd;&ESifhautif'Dtdkrsm; +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf

wdkufyGJ&yfem;xm;pOf acgif;aqmifapmbOD;}uD;ESifhref;*sdef;xGef;atmif(,myHk)
,if;.vuf0JwGif wyfrawmfrS AdkvfrSL;}uD;bvdwf(aemifaomtcg
AdkvfrSL;csKyf)wdk@tm; awG@&pOf//

(zqyv)tpdk;&tzGJ@. 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfolOD;Ekonf u&ifta&;ESifh

ywfoufI twwfEdkifqHk;vdkufavsmcJhonf// twwfEdkifqHk;ajyjypfpGm qufqH
cJhonf// u&ifppf&Jrsm;. ykefuefaomif;usef;rSKESifhywfoufIvnf; twwf
133

EdkifqHk;rodusdK;u|efjyKaecJhonf// (K.N.U)tzGJ@uvnf; jynfwGif;ppfudk

a&Smif&Sm;vsuf&Sda=umif;/ vufeufudkifvrf;pOfudk rusifhoHk;a=umif; a=unm
csufrsm;/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;jzifh jyocJhonf// odk@aomf u&ifvufeufudkifrsm;.
tjyKtrlrsm;rSm apmbOD;}uD;. cspf=unfa&;xrif;pm;yGJrdef@cGef;ESifhvHk;0qef@
usifvsuf&Sdaeonf// xdk@a=umifh (K.N.U)tzGJ@. oabmxm;a=unmcsuf
rsm;rSm tpdk;&tm; t,HkoGif;onfhtjyKtrlrsdK;om qdk&ayrnf//
(K.N.U)tzGJ@. awmif;qdkcsufudkvnf; (zqyv)tpdk;&taeESifh
vdkufavsmEdkifjcif;r&SdcJhay// (K.N.U)tzGJ@u awmif;qdkaom oD;jcm;u&ifjynf
e,frSm oHvGifc&dkif(zgyGef/ bm;tHe,frsm;/ vuf&Sdu&ifjynfe,f)/ weoFm&D
wdkif;/ (oxHk/ armfv+rdKif/ xm;0,f/ +rdwfc&dkifrsm;)/ jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o/
awmifilc&dkifESifhoHawmife,fomru u&ifeDe,f(,ck u,m;jynfe,f)yif
yg0ifav&m atmufjrefrmjynfwpfckvHk;yif jzpfaeonf//
u&ifppf&Jwyfrsm;. ykefuefxuGrSKESifh (K.N.D.O)wdk@. vSKyf&Sm;rSKudk
wyfrawmfrS u&ifwyf&if;rsm;u odompGm tultnDay;vm=uonf//
odk@ESifh (1948)ckESpf ukefqHk;oGm;+yD; (1949)ckESpfpwifonfESifh u&ifvufeuf
udkifwyfrsm;rSm twdtvif;ykefuefwdkufcdkufvm=uonf// (K.N.D.O)
wdk@onf (1949)ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvrSmyif xef;wyif(awmifilc&dkif)/ jzL;ESifh
awmifilwdk@udk pwifwdkufcdkufawmhonf// awmifilwGif&Sdaeaom u&if
aoewfudkifwyf&if;(1)u tpdk;&tm; opPmazgufI (K.N.D.O)ESifh yl;aygif;
wdkufcdkufonf// odk@ESifh awmifil+rdK@onf (1949)ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D(27)&ufwGif
(1)
u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;vufodk@
usa&mufoGm;&awmhonf//
jzL;/
tkwfwGif;/ xef;wyif ponf_rdK@rsm;rSmvnf; (K.N.D.O)wdk@ odrf;ydkufjcif;udk
cHvdkuf&onf//
awmifilusoGm;+yD; aemufwpfae@jzpfonfh (1949)ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D
(28)&ufwGif ykodrfudk vufeufudkifwyfrsm;u pwifwdkucf dkufjyefonf//
AdkvfcsKyfae0if;onf ysOf;rem;wGif &Sdaeaomwyf&if;(4)udk ykodrfESifhrtlyifodk@
134

jzef@cGJapv$wf&onf// ykodrfwGif AdkvfpH=unf(aemufwGif AdkvfrSL;}uD;

wdkif;rSL;)ESifhAdkvfrif;odrf;(aemifwGif AdkvfrSL;}uD;)wdk@u u&ifwyfrsm;tm;
wyfcGJwpfcGJwnf;jzifh ckcHwdkufcdkufcJh &onf//(2)
(1) AdkvfrSL;}uD;a[mif;wifarmif. wdki;f jynfEkEk rkefwdki;f xefxef
(2) a'gufwmarmifarmif. jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ESifhAdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;

(U.M.P)ac: u&ifppf&Jwyf&if;u armfv+rdKif+rdK@udk odrf;ydkuf&mwGif

AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;ESifh AdkvfrSL;csKyfapm=um'dk;wdk@u vufrcHEdkifa=umif; ajymcJh
avonf//
(K.N.U)tpnf;t&Hk;0iftcsdK@wdk@onf u&ifjynfe,f&&Sda&;twGuf
pdwf&Snfonf;cHrSKr&Sdawmh yJ vufeufpGJudkifvdkonfh qENrsm;jyif;jyaeonf//
acgif;aqmifrsm;.
xdef;odrf;rSKa=umifh
+idrfoufae=ujcif;jzpfonf//
armfv+rdKif+rdK@udk odrf;ydkufolrSm ykvdyftifprwfawmf(rl;aqm'D)jzpfonf//
ykvdyftcsdK@ESifh +rdK@cHtcsdK@aygif;+yD; odrf;ydkufcJhjcif;jzpfonf// ,if;odk@
+rdK@&Gmrsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;rSm t=urf;zufrSKtjzpf (K.N.U)acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
u&ifwyfrSL; }uD;rsm;u ,lqonf// u&ifwyfrSL;}uD;rsm;jzpf=uaom
prpf'Gef;ESifh apm=um'dk;wdk@u u&ifawGpnf;urf;r&Sd=uolrsm;[k *&k%m
a'gaomjzifh ajymavonf//
(K.N.D.O)rsm;onf tif;pdefwGif vufeufodrf;+yD;aemuf (1949)
ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D(1)&uf ae@uwnf;u pwifvSKyf&Sm;vm=uonf// tif;pdefwGif
u&ifwyfrsm;. tif;tm;rSm awmifhwif;vSonf// Zefe0g&Dv(30)&ufae@
wGif tif;pdefwpf0dkuf&Sd ordkif;/ c0J+cH/ apmfbGm;}uD;ukef;paom qifajczHk;&yf
uGufrsm;wGif wdkufyGJrsm;pwifjzpf yGm;vmawmhonf// tpdk;&onfvnf;
wyfrawmftwGif;rS u&ift&m&Sd}uD;rsm;tm; ,Hk=unfrSKr&Sdawmhay//
xdk@a=umifh (1949)ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (1)&ufae@wGif ppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfol AdkvfcsKyf
135

prpf'Gef;tm; EkwfxGufap+yD; AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tm; ppfOD;pD;csKyftjzpfcef@tyf

vdkufonf// u&ift&m&SdESifhwyfom;rsm;udkvnf; vufeufrsm;odrf;I
cGifh&uf&Snfrsm;ay;um tem;,lap&ef pDpOfcJhonf// AdkvfcsKyfae0if;. &mxl;
tqifhudkvnf; vufzwif*sife&,ftjzpf cef@tyfvdkuo
f nf// ppf&Jwyf
rsm;ESifh&JtzGJ@udkvnf; AdkvfcsKyfae0if;. uGyfuJrSKatmufwGif xm;vdkufonf//
AdkvfcsKyfae0if;onf tpdk;&opPmcHvufeufudkifwyfrsdK;pHkudk uGyfuJI a&mifpHk
aomif;usef;olrsm;udk ckcHwdkufckduf&awmh.//
(1949)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(2)&ufae@wGif tif;pdefudk ( K.N.D.O)
rsm;u odrf;ydkufvku
d fonf// azaz:0g&Dv(5)&ufae@wGifum; jynf+rdK@wGif
&Sdaeaom u&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if;(2)u ykefuefojzifh jynf+rdK@onfvnf;
aomif;usef;olwdk@vufodk@ usa&mufoGm;jyefonf// u&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if;
(2)onf tif;pdefwGif tiftm;jznfhI &efukef+rdK@tm; odrf;ydkufEdkif&ef x&yf
um;tpif; (180)jzifh jynf-&efukefum;vrf;twdkif; pkefqif;csDwufvm
=uonf//(1)
u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh wyfrawmfwdk@ ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif
wdkufyGJrsm;jyif;xefpGm jzpfyGm;aepOfrSmyif (1949)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(7)
&ufae@wGif &efukef+rdK@Y trSKxrf;aygif;pHkoydwf}uD; ay:aygufvmjyefonf//
ausmif;om;oydwfESifh rD;&xm;oydwfrsm;vnf; qufwdkuq
f dkouJho@dk
(2)
ay:aygufvmonf//
azaz:0g&Dv(16)&ufwGif (K.N.D.O)rsm;u 'dkufOD;+rdK@udk odrf;ydkuf
vdkufonf// &rnf;oif;+rdK@onfvnf; azaz:0g&Dv(18)&ufwGif (K.N.D.O)
rsm;vufodk@ usa&mufoGm;jyefonf// aysmfbG,f+rdK@onfvnf; (K.N.D.O)
rsm;vufodk@ usa&mufoGm;onf// (1949)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(20)&uf
(K.N.D.O)rsm;onf aysmfbG,frS rdwDvmbufodk@ csDwufvm=uonf//
wyfrawmfu rwDvmESifhaysmfbG,f+rdK@t=um;wGif (K.N.D.O)rsm;
tm; ckcHwdkucf dkuf&m AdkvfrSL;}uD;armifarmif(AdkvfrSL;csKyft+idrf;pm;)ESifh
136

t&m&SdajcmufOD;udk (K.N.D.O)rsm;u oHk@yef;tjzpf zrf;qD;&rdoGm;onf//

(1949)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(21)&ufwGif rdwDvm+rdK@udk u&ifaomif;usef;rsm;
u odrf;ydkufvdkufonf// u&ifvufeufudkiftiftm;(200)ausmfonf
rdwDvmwGifpk&Hk;I rD;&xm;vrf;udk &&SdEdkifa&;twGuf ompnf+rdK@udk rD;ukef
,rf;ukef wdkufcdkuf=ujyefonf//
tpdk;&av,mOfESpfpif;onf rdwDvm+rdK@ &efol@vufodk@ usa&mufae
rSef;rodojzifh rdwDvmav,mOfuGif;odk@ qif;oufvmonf// u&ifrsm;ESifh
yl;aygif;aeaom ucsifppfAdkvfaemfqdkif; (aemifAuy acgif;aqmifaoqHk;)onf
av,mOfESpfpif;jzifh u&ifppfom;rsm;udkwifI teD;pcef;odk@ oGm;onf//
teD;pcef;av,mOfuGif;wGif&Sdaeaom tapmifhwyfom;rsm;udk vufeufodrf;
I ar+rdK@odk@ qufvufcsDwufonf// ar+rdK@&Sd Armhwyfrawmfom;rsm;tm;
tvpftidkufwiG f 0ifa&mufzrf;qD;I vufeufodrf;onf// odk@ESifh teD;pcef;
ESifah r+rdK@onfvnf; azaz:0g&Dv(21)&ufae@rSmyif (K.N.D.O)rsm;vufodk@
usa&mufoGm;&onf// AdkvfrSL;xGef;pdef(jrLrif;}uD;a[mif;uG,fvGef)ESifh t&m&Sd/
t&mcHt=uyfwyfom;tcsdK@rSm &efol@vufwGif zrf;qD;jcif;cHvdkuf=u&onf//
EdkifiHawmf. tajctaerSm rsm;pGmqdk;&Gm;vsuf&Sd&m EdkifiHjcm;owif;
pmrsm;u (zqyv)tpdk;&tm; &efukeftpdk;&[kESdrfI a&;om;vm=uonf//
tpdk;&tzGJ@twGif;rS qdk&S,fvpfrsm;rSvnf; vlrkef;rsm;vmonf//
(1) ag'ufwmarmifarmif. jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;c&D;ESiAfh dkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;
(2) 0d"l&ocifcspfarmif. vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf

jrefrmjynf/

AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifwdk@
vlpktm;
u,fwifEdkif&ef
wyfrawmfuGefref'dkenfjzifh
oHk;}udrf;}udK;pm;cJhonf//
yxyt}udrfwGif
tvif;0ifu&if&Jabmfrsm;udk apv$wfonf// 'kwd,t}udrfwGifwyf&if;(5)rS
ajymufusm; wyfpkudk apv$wfonf// wwd,t}udrfwGif &efukefbaqG.
ajymufusm;tzGJ@ESifh Adkvfcifarmifcspf/ AdkvfrsdK;oef@/ wyf=uyf}uD; xGef;=unfwdk@
yg0ifaomwyfzGJ@u oGm;a&mufu,fwifrS atmifjrifonf// &efukef baqGonf
137

xdkppfqifa&;tm; wdkuf,l&onfh rsuf&nfwpfayguftrnf&Sd pmtkyfwGif

tao;pdwf a&;om;cJhonf//

AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;ESifh AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm

ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;

&JabmfoHk;usdyf0if AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm

jynfwGif;ppf. txGwftxdyfESifhtif;pdefta&;tcif;.tpudk AdkvfrSL;

csKyfausmfaZmtaeESifhol.twKy`wWdwGif a&;om;xm;avonf// txl;ojzifh
uavmoGm;&ef xGufvmpOf r*Fvm'HkY AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;vkyf}uHcH&yHk/
AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm. ajrmufydkif;wdkif;rSL;b0wGif AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;. rdom;pk
wckvHk;udk u,fwifvm;cJhyHk/ wzefAdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. awmifydkif;wdkif;
rSL;b0wGif AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;u wzefAdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZmrdom;pkudk jyefvnf
u,fwifcJhyHkudk odcJholenf;vSayonf// ,if;tcsufudk AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm
u a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfavonf//

138

(1949)ck/ ESpfqef;avmufwGif ajrmufydkif;ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfpOf ppf&Hk;

csKyf. tpDtpOft& u&ifwyfrsm;vSKyf&Sm;vmojzifh ajrmufydkif;(1)&Sd u&if
wyfwcsdK@udk vufeufjzKwf&onf// xdkudpPrSm vG,fonfr[kwf/ u&ifrsm;u
usaemfhtay:,Hk=unfojzifh vufeuftyf=uonf// u&ifwyfom; rsm;udkrl
ar+rdK@tcsufjywyf&if;wGif xm;onf// (xdkusaemfvufeufjzKwf+yD; xdef;odrf;
cJhzl;onfh u&if/ ucsif&JabmftcsdK@ESifhusaemf aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yD;
aemuf jyefvnfawG@qHk=u&ygonf// olwdk@rSm Adkvfaemifqdkif;wyfESifhtwl
w&kwfjynfygoGm;+yD; xdkrSwqifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD vufeufudkif
awmfvSefa&;a'o ta&S@ajrmufppfa'oodk@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvm+yD; usaemfh
rSmvnf; (1976)ckESpfrSm awmcdkum ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDodk@ a&muf&Sdvm
&mwGif ta&S@ajrmufppfa'oXmecsKyf&Sd&m yefqef;+rdK@wGif jyefvnfqHkpnf;
rd=uygonf//)
xdktwGif;rSmyif ar+rdK@av,mOfuGif;rS AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;zkef;quf
ojzifh av,mOfysHuGif;qif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;wdk@ ZeD;armifESHudk oGm;awG@
um usaemfhtdrfodk@ ac:vm&onf//
xdkrS od&onfrSm AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;onf uavm+rdK@odk@oGm;&ef &efukef
avqdyfodk@ vm=u&mwGif avqdrfteD;wGif wpHkwOD;u aoewfjzifh acsmif;
ajrmif;ypfcwfvkyf}uHjcif; cH&ygonf// uHoDI bmr#rxdckdufyJ vGwfajrmuf
cJh&onf//
(1) (AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm.twKy`wWd)

qufvufI a&;xm;jyefonfrSm TwGif AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;u pOf;pm;rdonfrSm ,ckvdk ol@twGuf

tEW&m,frsm;aomumvwGif rdwfaqGjrefrmt&m&Sd}uD;wOD;OD;udk(1) rSDcdk+yD;
aexdkifrSjzpfrnfpdwful;+yD; rSDcdk&rnfholtjzpf usaemfhudk a&G;cs,f+yD; usaemf
&Sd&mar+rdK@odk@ vm=ujcif;jzpfonf[k qdkygonf// usaemfu 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
139

vufcH+yD; usaemfhtdrfwGif }udKufoavmufae&efajym+yD; tdrfwGifxm;

ygonf//
Adv
k fcsKyfprpf'Gef;wdk@ usaemfhtdrfwGifaepOf usaemfhorD;i,f pef;pef;
(1)ESpfcGJ&G,forD;udk oltawmfcspfonf// yg;azgif;}uD;/ yg;azgif;}uD;[k emrnf
ay;I ac:wwf/ jrSLwwfygonf// usaemfhorD;t}uD;vSvS(3)ESpforD;rSm
ZmwdoHk;q,f+rdK@wGif usaemfha,muQrrsm;ESifh usef&pfcJhygonf//
aemufwae@wGif u&ift&m&SdwcsdK@ usaemfhtdrfa&mufvm+yD; AdkvfcsKyf
prpf'Gef;udk awG@vdka=umif; cGif;awmif;ygonf// usaemfu cGifhawmif;p&m
rvdkyg awG@csifwmawG@&ygw,f[kajym+yD; AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;&Sd&m tdrfay:xyfodk@
wufoGm;+yD; u&iftrsdK;om;t&m&SdwcsdK@ AdkvfcsKyfudk vmawG@ygw,f//
usaemfolw@dk udk {nfhcef;rSm apmifhcdkif;xm;ygw,f[k ajym+yD;rS usaemfu
xyfajymonfrSm AdkvfcsKyfcifAsm; olwdk@u AdkvfcsKyfudk usaemfhtdrfrSm
zrf;qD;xm;w,fvdk@ xifjrifaeyHk&ygw,f// r[kwaf =umif; ajymay;
ygcifAsm[k ajym&ygonf// AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;vnf; {nfhcef;qif;oGm;+yD;
if;t&m&Sdw@dk ESifh &,f&,farmarm pum;ajymaeonfrsm;udk =um;&ygonf//
aemuf &uftcsdK@=umaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;u usaemfwdk@tdrfrSm
ae&wmtm;emvmI olwdk@twGuf tdrfwvHk;&Smay;yg&ef av;av;eufeuf
awmif;qdkvmygonf// usaemfu 'DumvrSm AdkvfcsKyfESifhusaemftwl ae=u
wm ESpfOD;pvHk;twGuf vHk+cHKaumif;rGefonf// ArmwcsdK@u AdkvfcsKyfudk vkyf}uH
&ef }uHpnfv#if usaemf&SdaeI cufrnf// wzefu&ifwcsdK@u usaemfhudk
vkyf}uH&ef }uHpnfv#if vnf; wzufwGif AdkvfcsKyf&SdaeI cufrnf// xdk@a=umifh
usaemfwdk@ ydkv+Hk cHKEdkif=uygrnf// xdk@a=umifh rajymif;&efESifhtm;rem&ef ajymyg
onf//
xdkodk@ usaemfwkd@tay: tm;remzdk@ajymaomfvnf; twif;om
ajymif;zdk@ zdajymvmojzifh ajrmufydkif;ppfXmecsKyf&Sd t&m&Sd&dyfomrSm vlr&Sd
ojzifh xdk&dyfomodk@ ajymif;aezdk@ pDpOfay;&ygonf// tdrfaxmify&dabm*
140

tdk;cGufawGvJ toifh&Sdonfh ae&mjzpfygonf// usaemfu nae&Hk;qif;wdkif;

olwdk@tdrf0ifI ESKwfqufar;jref;wwfygonf// wnae usaemfa&muf
oGm;pOf AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;rSm tawmfrsufESmraumif;yg// usaemfu xHk;pHt
wdkif; aexdkifaumif;raumif;/ vdktyfwm&Sdr&Sd ar;jref;+yD; jyefxGufvmum
uif;apmifh&Jabmfudk xdkae@u 'Dtdrfudk b,folvmovJ[k ar;jref;ppfaq;
&m Armppft&m&SdwOD;vma=umif;ajymojzifh yHkyef;omefyg qufar;aom
tcg wyfwGif;rS qdk&S,fvpfwyfrSL;wOD; jzpfaeygonf// xdkqdk&S,fvpf
wyfrSL;u AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;tm bmrsm;ajymoGm;onf rodyg// AdkvfcsKyf
prpf'Gef;rSm tawmfyifrsufESmysufae&Smygonf// usaemfhudkawmh bmr#ajym
rjyyg//
xdkumvwGif (1949)ckESpf/ ZEM0g&DvukefcgeD;wGif awmifil+rdK@udkif;/
(1949)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(1)&ufae@wGif awmifydkif;wdkif;twGif;&Sd tif;pdef+rdK@
udkif; u&iftrsdK;om;(K.N.D.O)olykefwyfwdk@u odrf;ydkufvku
d fa=umif;
owif;rsm;xGufay:vmygonf//
xdktwGif; usaemfhtm; &efukefppf&Hk;csKyfu acwWqif;vmzdk@ ac:ojzifh
usaemf&efukefqif; oGm;ygonf// ppfOD;pD;csKyfrSm AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;r[kwfawmhyJ
AdkvfcsKyfae0if;jzpfaeI ppf&Hk;csKyf&Sd AdkvfcsKyf ae0if;xHoGm;I owif;ydk@ygonf//
xdk@a=umifh Adkvfae0if;u usaemfhudk awG@v#ifawG@csif; ol=unfhae
aom tif;pdefajryHk}uD;udk xdk;ay;+yD; OD;atmifoif;xHrS wm0eftjrefoGm;v$J
ajymif;,lzdk@ESifh tif;pdefwdkufyGJwu
dk f&ef !Gef=um;jcif;jzpfayonf// xdkpOf
ajrmufydkif;wdkif;udk ar+rdK@Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;/ ausmif;tkyf}uD;AdkvfrSL;
armifarmifudk wm0ef,lapcJhonf//
OD;atmifoif;udk Adkvfae0if;wdk@u tjrefjzKwfypfvdkufonft
h a=umif;
udk usaemfrSef;q=unfh&mwGifif;/ xdkwidk f;ppfXme axmufvSrf;a&;rSL;Adkvf}uD;
pdk;rif;(usqHk;uG,fvGef)udk xdkudpPudk wD;acguf=unfh&mwGif odvm&onfrsm;
t&if; usaemfem;vnfoabmaygufonfrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf//
141

OD;atmifoif;ESifhapmbOD;}uD;(K.N.U)OuUXwdk@rSm vef'efY Oya'

ynmoifausmif;wufbufrsm;jzpfcJh+yD; apmbOD;}uD;rSm wcgw&H OD;atmif
oif;. r*Fvm'Hk&Sd wdkif;rSL;aetdrfodk@ vmvnf pm;aomufwwf+yD; nOf@eufrS
jyefwwfa=umif; od&ygonf// usaemfESifhwm0efrvGJrD uav;rSmyif (1949ckESpf/ ZEM0g&Dvukefydkif;avmufwGif) r*Fvm'Hk&Sd u&ifwyfrsm;tpdk;&udk ykefuef
+yD;/ awmifydkif;ppfXmecsKyfudkyif acwW0ifpD;cJh+yD; ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh jzKwfypf
vdkuf[efwl ygonf//
(1) (AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. udk,fa&;twKy`wWd)

apmbOD;}uD;. +idrf;csrf;a&;qEN
,if;uJho@dk tif;pdefwGif wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;aepOf =um;vlrsm;rSwqifh
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek. +idrf;csrf;a&; urf;vSrf;csufrSm apmbOD;}uD;ESifh(K.N.U)
acgif;aqmifrsm;/ (K.N.D.O)acgif;aqmifrsm;&Sd&m tif;pdefodk@ a&mufvm
onf// ,if;+idrf;csrf;a&;urf;vSrf;csuftay: (K.N.U)ESifh(K.N.D.O)acgif;
aqmifrsm;u pOf;pm;+yD;aemuf apmbOD;}uD;ESifhref;*sdrf;xGef;atmifwdk@ oGm;
a&mufaqG;aEG;&ef oabmwlvdkuf=uonf// Todk@jzifh apmbOD;}uD;ESifh
ref;*sdrf;xGef;atmifwdk@onf bkef;awmf}uD;z&ef@(pf)ppftmjrtm; taz:jyKI
(1949)ck/ {+yDv(4)&ufae@wGif tif;pdefrS &efukef+rdK@xJodk@ a&muf&Sdvm=u
onf//
,if;odk@tif;pdefrS&efukef+rdK@xJodk@ apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtzGJ@vmpOf ESpfbuf
typftcwf&yfpJxm;ojzifh tif;pdefppfrsufESmwGif aoewfoHrsm; wdwfqdwf
aeavonf// +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sdapcsifaom taumif;jrifolrsm;uvnf;
(zqyv)tpdk;&ESifh apmbOD;}uD;wdk@. +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJudk }udKqdk=u.//
{+yDv(5)&ufae@rS pwifI ESpfOD;ESpfbufaqG;aEG;=u&m {+yDv(7)&uf
ae@wGif ESpfbuf+idrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;EdkifcJh=u
142

onf// oabmwlnDrSKrsm;udk {+yDv(8)&ufae@rS pwifI taumiftxnf

az:&efvnf;yg&Sd.// (zqyv)tpdk;&ESifh apmbOD;}uD;. tif;pdef+idrf;csrf;a&;
oabmwlnDcsufrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfavonf//
(1) vufeufudkifawmcdkolwdkif; vufeufcstvif;0ifygu vGwf+idrf;
csrf;omcGifh&rnf[al om tpdk;&.a=unmcsufudk todtrSwf
jyKonf/
(2) wyfrawmfrS awmcdkoGm;aom u&ifAdkvf/ t=uyf/ wyfom;
rsm;jyefvmv#if wyfrawmfjyef vnfzGJ@pnf;a&;aumfrwDodk@
owif;ydk@=u&rnf// (,if;aumfrwDwGif w&m;0ef}uD;csKyfqmbOD;
acgif;aqmifvsuf tzGJ@0ifrsm;tjzpf AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;ESifhAdkvfrSL;
csKyfae0if;wdk@ yg0if=uonf//)
(3) wyfrawmfjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&; aumfrwDonf u&ifAdkvf/ t=uyf/
wyfom;rsm;. epfemcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufI pOf;pm;um vdktyf
ovdk ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;rnf//
(4) wyfrawmfxJwGifif;/ jynfol0efxrf;avmuxJwGifif; u&ifESifh
tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;[lI cGJjcm;rSKrjyKyJ wom;wnf; tcGifhta&;
ay;&ef//
(5) u&ifaus;&Gmrsm;twGuf vHk+cHKa&;t& vdktyfoavmufaom
vufeufudk pepfwus udkifaqmifap&rnf//
,if;odk@ ESpfOD;ESpfbuf+idrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsufudk ,laqmif
vsuf apmbOD;}uD;ESifh ref;*sdef;xGef;atmifwdk@onf {+yDv(7)&ufae@ naeydkif;
wGif &efukef+rdK@xJrS tif;pdefodk@ jyefvnfa&muf &Sdvm=uonf// xdkae@ nydkif;
rSmyif ,if;oabmwl nDcsufudk ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;xdkifI pOf;pm;=u .//
TwGif (K.N.D.O). t"duacgif;aqmifESpfOD;jzpfonfh apm[efwmomar$;
(rkqdk;aumfuqm apm[efwmomar$;)ESifh ref;bZefwdk@u ,if;oabmwlnD
143

csufonf +idrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsuf[k rac:EdkifyJ vufeufcscdkif;onfh

oabmwlnDcsufomjzpfI vufrcHoifha=umif; ta=umif;jyI y,fcs
vdkufavonf// Todk@jzifh (zqyv)tpdk;&ESifhapmbOD;}uD;wdk@. oabmwlnD
csufonf y,fysufoGm;avonf// TwGif apmbOD;}uD;u ref;bZefonf
vnf; (K.N.D.O) OuUjzpfI ol.oabmwlnD csufudk oabmrwlEdkifygu
oD;jcm;(zqyv)tpdk;&ESifh aqG;aEG;oifha=umif; t}uHay;&mrS arv(5)
&ufae@wGif ref;bZefudk,fwkid f &efukef+rdK@xJoGm;I (zqyv)tpdk;&tzGJ@0if
rsm;ESifh qufvufaqG;aEG;onf//
(zqyv)tpdk;&ESifh apmbOD;}uD;wdk@ +idrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsuf
ysufjym;oGm;yHkESifhywfoufI ref;bZefu atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;
avonf//
jyefa&mufvmawmh tif;pdefrSm&SdwJh u|efawmfwdk@ acgif;aqmifawG/
tzGJ@tpnf;u acgif;aqmifawGudk ac:+yD;aqG;aEG;w,f// 'Dpm[m vufeufcs
wJh oabmrsdK;jzpfaew,f// 'Dawmh u|efawmfwdk@ vufrcHEdkifbl;// vufrcH Edkif
awmh jy\emay:ae+yD/ 'Dawmh b,fvdkvkyfrvJ/ 'gudk zsuf&r,f// rzsuf&if
u|efawmfwdk@ wm0efodyf}uD;aew,f// OuU}uDudk,fwdkif vufrSwfa&;xdk;
xm;awmh vkyf&rSmjzpfw,f// 'Dawmh rvkyfEdkifatmif zsuf&r,f// pOf;pm;
=ur,f// OuU}uD;u t}uHay;w,f// igu (K.N.D.O) OuUtaeeJ@
vufrSwfx;dk vdkuf+yD// 'gayrJh rw&m;oif; a=unmxm;wmu (K.N.D.O)/
vufeufudkifwdkufaewmu (K.N.D.O)/ 'Dawmh (K.N.D.O)eJ@ aqG;aEG;aygh/
bZefu(K.N.D.O)udk wm0ef,lxm;awmh/ bZefoGm;aqG;aEG;ayghvdk@ OuU
}uD;apmbOD;}uD;u t}uHay;w,f// 'Dtpnf;ta0;uae u|efawmfhudk
v$wfw,f// u|efawmfhudk v$wfawmh/ 'gudk ysufatmif zsuf&r,f// 'gudk
vufrcHEdkifbl;// 'g[m vufeufcsa&;/ 'geJ@u|efawmfaemufwae@ (1949)
ckESpf/ arv(5)&ufae@rSm vdkufoGm;w,f//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)
144

ref;bZefuyif qufvufI tif;pdef+idrf;csrf;a&; oabmwlnDcsuf

ysufjym;oGm;yHkudk ed*Hk;csKyfI a&;om;xm;&mY u|efawmfwdk@ EdkifiHa&;rSm Ekw,f// u|efawmfwdk@acgif;aqmif}uD;
apmbOD;}uD;udk t}uD;tus,fav;pm;w,f// bmaqG;aEG;r,f/ bmvkyfr,f
qdkw(Jh Mandate)ray;vdkufbl;// [dka&mufawmh OuU}uD;udk [du
k pnf;&Hk;/
'Dupnf;&Hk;qdkawmh vnfoGm;w,f// u|efawmfhuadk wmif pnf;&Hk;ao;w,f//
(zqyv)eJ@raqG;aEG;cif tdENd,oHtrwf}uD; rpPwma&m@eJ@ rpPufbarmifcsdef
(a'gufwmpHpDzdk;orD;)wdk@u pnf;&Hk;w,f// rpPufbarmifcsdefu ref;bZef
pOf;pm;yguGm// cifAsm;wdk@ vufeuftyf+yD; u&ifjynfe,fta&; qufvkyfyg
wJh// [m 'gawmh rjzpfEdkifbl;// cifAsm;udk u&iftcsif;csif;rdk@ u|efawmf wck
ajymr,f// u|efawmfwdk@vdkcsifwJh u&ifjynfe,fudk olwdk@b,fenf;eJ@rS ay;rSm
r[kwfbl;// u&ifjynfe,f&zdk@[m vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrSwyg; tjcm;enf;
r&Sdawmhbl;// 'ga=umifh u|efawmfwdk@ wdkuf&rSmyJqdkwJh qHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif;
jyefajymvdkufw,f// xdkae&mYyif yxrt}udrf awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJysufoGm;
awmhonf/ponfjzifh a&;om;xm;avonf//
(K.N.U)OuUapmbOD;}uD;vufrSwfa&;xdk;oabmwlcJhaom tif;pdef
+idrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsufudk (K.N.D.O) acgif;aqmifrsm;u vufrcH=u
aoma=umifh (1949)ck/ {+yDv(8)&uf/ ae@pGJjzifh (zqyv)tpdk;&xHodk@ pmw
apmifa&;om;ay;ydk@vdkufonf// ,if;pmwGif (K.N.D.O)acgif;aqmifrsm;
jzpf=uaom apm[efwmomar$;(1949=ckESpf/ Oya'wGif;jyef0ifvmol)ESifh
AdkvfrSL;atmifpdefwdk@u
vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;=uonf//
,if;pmxJwGif
ta&;}uD;aomawmif;qdkcsuf(2)&yf yg&Sdonf//
(1) avmavmq,f tajctaewGif ESpfbuftypftcwf &yfpJxm;
=u&ef/
(2) (zqyv)tpdk;&ESifh (K.N.U)+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJudk csif;/ ucsif/
rGefpaom wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl EdkifiHa&;acgif;
145

aqmifrsm;yg yg0ifaom us,fjyef@onfhaqG;aEG;yGJw&yftjzpf

usif;yoGm;&ef//
,if;pmudk (zqyv)tpdk;&u ta=umif;jyef=um;jcif; r&SdcJhay//
Todk@jzifh aemufydkif;Y ,m,D typftcwf&yfpJxm;aom tif;pdefw0dkufqGif
wdkufyGJrsm;jyefvnf pwifvmavonf//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. tif;pdefwdkufyGJ
tif;pdefwdkufyGJ}uD;
usaemfonf awmifydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;tjzpfESifh tif;pdef+rdK@
wdkufyGJ}uD;udk (1949)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dvqef;up+yD; OD;pD;wdkufcdkufcJh&ygonf//
tif;pdef+rdK@udk (K.N.D.O)rsm;u (1949)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(1)&ufae@up+yD;
odrf;cJhonf// xdkwdkufyGJta=umif;udk a&;&ygawmhrnf// tif;pdefwdkufyGJESifh
ywfoufI usaemf.rSwfpkrSwfwrf;rsm;rSm usaemf. &efukeftdrfwGifom
usef&pfcJh&m xdkrSwfpkpmwrf; rsm;udk usaemfwdk@awmcdkvm+yD;aemuf tpdk;&u
usaemfhtdrfrS um;wpD;wdkuf vmodrf;,loGm;a=umif; tdrfwGifusef&pfaom
orD;ti,f pef;pef;u ajymjyygonf//
tif;pdefwdkufyGJta=umif; tcsuftvuf&SmazG&ef usaemfhom;
udkjrarmif&Smay;xm;aom pmtkyfpmwrf;tcsdK@ usaemfhxHwiG f &Sdaeygonf/ /
AdkvfrSL;}uD;(a[mif;)wifarmifa&;om;aom wdkif;jynfuEkEk rkefwdkif;u
xefxef/ rdk;rdk;wma&m pef(AdkvfrSL;}uD;cifarmifaomif;)a&;om;aom
rkef;wdkif;udkrrSKtefwkavaomfESifh ppfordkif;jywdkufrS xkwfa0aom
wyfrawmfordkif;pmtkyfrsm; jzpfygonf// usaemfxdkpmtkyfrsm;udk tcsdef,l
146

zwf=unfhygonf// pmta&;tom;aumif;=uygonf// vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;

(50)ausmf (60)eD;yg;u tjzpftysufrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf//
yxrqHk;ta=umif;rSm xdkpOfu usaemfhrSm ppftawG@t}uHKynm
A[kokw tm;enf;aeao;jcif;onf t"duta=umif;&if; jzpfaeygonf//
usaemfomtawG@t}uHK tm;enf;aeonfomru xdkpOfu tif;pdef
wdkufyGJwGif usaemfESifhtwl yg0ifwdkucf dkufae=uaom wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;
jzpf=uaom AdkvfrSL;bvdyf/ 'k-AdkvfrSL;}uD;cspf+rdKif/ 'k-AdkvfrSL;}uD;=unfarmif/
'k-AdkvfrSL;}uD;apmjrifhpolwdk@onfrSmvnf; usaemfhvydk if tawG@t}uHK
tm;enf;aeaom umvjzpfaeayonf// odk@aomf usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;
wwfEdkifor# pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGmjzifh wdkifwdkifyifyifaqG;aEG;vkyfudkifaqmif
&GufcJh=uygonf//
'kwd,ta=umif;rSm xdkpOfu &efolrsm;jzpfae=uaom ( K.N.D.O)
wyfrSL;tcsdK@rSm +Adwdo#wyfrS ygvmolrsm;jzpfI ppfa&;t& tawmftwef
u|rf;usif=u+yD; ae&m,lppfyGJtawG@t}uHKrsm;&Sdxm;=uonf// xdk@tjyif
(K.N.D.O)wyfom;rsm;rSmvnf; wdkufcdkufa&;pdwf"gwfjrifhrm;+yD; tvGefacgif;
rm}uH@cdkif=uaomolrsm;jzpfaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfonf// Todk@ jzpf&onfrSm
usaemfhtxif tcsufwcsdK@&Sdygonf//
yxrtcsufrSm xdktcsdefumvu (K.N.D.O)wdk@rSm trsdK;om;a&;
pdwf"gwftjyif;xefqHk;umvjzpfaeayonf// 'kwd,tcsufvnf;jzpf t"du
tcsufvnfjzpfonfrSm xdktif;pdefa'o0ef;usifrSm u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;pGm.
ZmwdXmaea'ojzpfcJhonf// xdk@a=umifh olwdk@ppf&SHK;aeaomfvnf; olwdk@.
ZmwdrS rdrdtdrfom;rsm;ESifhcGJcGg+yD; rqkwfcGgvdk=uay// xdk@a=umifh ayaw+yD;
pGJ+rJpGm ZGJaumif;aumif;ESifhckcH=uonf//
xdk@jyif tif;pdeft0if0 ESKwfcrf;rsm;wGif&Sdaom rif;"rRukef;/
awmifolukef;paom vufeufi,fcHppftwGuf rsm;pGmtoHk;0ifEdkifaom
147

tcsuftcsmusonfh awmif;ukef;uav; oHk;av;vHk;&Sdae&m xdkukef;awG

ay:rS wyfpGJxm;olwdk@udk usaemfwdk@cufcJpGm wdkufcdkufweG f;vSefcJh&ayonf//
aemufta=umif;wckrSm ae&m,lcHppf wyfpGJxm;aom&efoludk
wdkufcdkuf&mwGif wdkufolbufu vHkavmufaomtajrmufqHrD;tm;/ oHcsyf
um;tm;wdk@ &Sd&rnfjzpf&m usaemfwdk@wGif tajrmufqH/ AHk;/ oHcsyfumtm;wdk@
rvHkavmufay// t"duajcvsifwyfvufeufESifhyif wdkufae&onf// (27)wef
pwl;0yfwifhum;av;ESpfpD;/ oHk;pD;&Sdaomfvnf; if;.tajrmufqHr&SdI
ppfyGJwGif rxda&mufvSay// xdk@a=umifh rpaomvufeuf}uD;tm; rvHk
avmufIvnf; tif;pdefwdkufyGJonf cufcJ=uef@=um&ayonf//
tvGefcufcJ usyfwnf;oGm;&aom ta=umif;uawmh Armhwyfr
awmfwGif;&Sd u&iftrsdK;om;aoewfudkifwyf&if;ESpf&if; tpdk;&udk ykefuef
oGm;jcif;yif jzpfygawmhonf// awmifil&Sdu&ifwyf&if;(1)rSm tif;pdefudk
(K.N.D.O)rsm; rodrf;ydkufrD uav;wGif (1949)ckESpf/ ZEM0g&Dvukef
(27)&ufae@avmufwGif tpdk;&udkykefuef+yD; awmifil+rdK@udk odrf;ydkufvku
d f
onf// tvm;wl azaz:0g&D(4)&ufwGif jynf+rdK@wGif wyfpGJxm;aom
u&iftrsdK;om;aoewfudkif wyf&if;(2)u jynf+rdK@udk odrf;ydkufvkdufonf//
AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmonf apmbOD;}uD;ESifhOD;Ek +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yHk
udkvnf; a&;jyxm;avonf//
xdktcsdefavmufwGifyif tif;pdef&Sd u&ifolykefrsm;u tpdk;&ESifh
aphpyfaqG;aEG;+yD; +idrf;csrf;vdkonf// typftcwf&yfpJay;yg[k awmif;qdkvm
ygonf// usaemfwdk@ 0rf;ajrmufpGm typftcwf&yfpJ+yD; if;wdk@.acgif;aqmif
rsm; &efukef+rdK@wGif;&Sd tpdk;&ESifhawG@&ef pDpOfay;ygonf//
u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;udk,fwkid f acgif;aqmifaom
u&iftzGJ@ &efukefxJ0if+yD; tpdk;&tzGJ@ESifhaqG;aEG;=uygonf// usaemfwdk@
148

0rf;omae=uaomfvnf; aqG;aEG;yGJESpf&ufavmuf=um_yD; aemuf u&ifwdk@

bufu aqG;aEG;yGJjzwfvkduf+yD[k a=unmonf// usaemfhpdwftxif awmifil
u&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if;(1)u wm;jrpfvdk@[koHo,&Sdaeygonf//

tif;pdefwdkufyGJ tqHk;owf
(1949)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(1)&ufae@u pwifcJhaom tif;pdefwdkufyGJ
}uD;rSmvnf; yJcl;ppfrsufESmrS (K.N.D.O)wdk@ qkwfcGgoGm;+yD;onfhwidk f tcsdef
tawmf=um qufwdku&f wkef; jzpfygonf//
odk@aomf (K.N.D.O)wdk@onf wwdwwdjzifh tif;pdefwGif tawmfae
&musOf;ajrmif;vmonfhtjyif t"dutm;jzifh olwdk@udk vm+yD;aygif;pD; tul
tnDay;&ef tvm;tvmrsm;r&Sdawmh+yDjzpfI tif;pdefrS (1949)ckESpf/ arv
(21)&ufae@nwGif tif;pdef+rdK@ausmbuf&Sd vSdKifjrpfudkjzwfum jrpf0u|ef;
ay:odk@ qkwfcGgxGufajy;=uavawmhonf//
odk@jzif (1949)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&D(1)&ufrS arv(22)&uftxd (3)vESifh
(22)&uf=um+yD; rsm;pGmtaotaysmuf xdcdkufusqHk;rSKrsm;vSaom ordkif;0if
tif;pdefwdkuyf GJ}uD;rSm +yD;qHk;jcif;odk@ a&muf&SdoGm;ayawmhonf//
(AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. twKy`wWd)

xdktcsdefwGif jynfol@&Jabmf(&JabmfjzL/ &Jabmf0g)rsm;u tif;pdef

wpfzufurf;&Sd a&$vifyef;&Gmwpf0dkufwiG f tajcjyKI (K.N.D.O)rsm;udk
ydwfqdk@xm;=uonf// odk@&mwGif &JabmfjzLESifh&Jabmf0gwdk@ r=umc% jyefvnf
wdkufcdkuaf eojzifh tajctaerSm ydkqdk;ae&onf// OD;puUausmif;/ apmbif
qif+cH/ rif;"rRukef;wdk@wGif wdkufyGJjyif;xefonf// wyf&if;(3)ESifhwyf&if;(5)
onf apmfbGm;}uD;ukef;aemufrS tdrfeD}uD;wpfvHk;udk odrf;,lEdkif&ef wdkufcdkuf
&m tustqHk;rsm;cJh&onf//
149

AdkvfvSaomif;usqHk;+yD; Adkvf}uD;armifvGif'%f&m&oGm;cJhonf// tus

tqHk;rsm;jym;vGef;ojzifh &Jabmfrsm;rSm a&S@qufrwufEdkifyJ 0yfae=uawmh
onf// AdkvfrSL;}uD;xGef;wif(ol&OD;xGef;wif)u usnfqefrsm;=um;wGif xI
vrf;av#mufjyrSom a&S@wdk;Edkif=uonf//
tif;pdefppfrsufESmudk
AdkvfrSL;}uD;ausmfaZm(AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;
ausmfaZm/ awmcdk)u OD;pD;+yD; AdkvfrSL;=unfarmifu OD;pD;t&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif
&Gufonf// tif;pdefrSm u&ifvufeufudkifrsm; tiftm;awmifhwif;ojzifh
wdkufyGJrSm rsm;pGmjyif;xefcJh&onf// (K.N.D.O)rsm;onf tif;pdefaxmif}uD;udk
zGifhI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk vkyf}uHcH&pOfu *VKefOD;apmtm; vufeuf
xkwfay;ojzifh axmifusaeol uy`wdefADAD,rf(Vivian)udk ac:xkwfvu
dk f
onf// ar*sm,rf;onf (K.N.D.O)rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;I t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf
aqmif&GufcJhonf// (1)omoemjyKyk*~dKvf abmf(vf)'Gifonfvnf; u&ifwyf
rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;I wdkufcdkufcJhonf//
tif;pdefppfrsufESmwGif tajctaeqdk;ouJhodk@ &efukef-rEWav;
qufoG,fa&;vrf;/ jynf-&efukef vrf;/ jrpf0u|ef;ay:pojzifh wpfjynfvHk;wGif
a&mifpHkaomif;usef;olrsm; xuGvsuf&Sd&m tajctaerSm rsm;pGmqdk;&Gm;cJh
&onf//
(1)

jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rSKordkif;(2) &Jabmfopfarmif

150

tcef;(10)
tif;pdefta&;tcif;ESifh u&ift&m&Sdrsm;
tif;pdefodrf;ydkufrSKwGif yxrY (K.N.D.O)rsm;om yg0ifavonf//
ppfwyfrSqdkv#if r*Fvm'Hk&Sd Adkvfatmifpdef. tajrmufwyfomyg0ifonf//
apmbOD;}uD;/ apm[efwmomar$;ESifhref;bZefwkd@onf vufeufudkifolrsm;
r[kwf=uay// odk@jzpfI Adkvfatmifpdefonf tif;pdefumuG,fa&;wGif
ref;bZefESifhyl;wGJIif;/ 'kwd,t}udrf(zqyv)tpdk;&xH +idrf;csrf;a&;pmydk@&m
wGifif;apm[efwmomar$;ESifhtwl
pmudkvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhjcif;jzpfonf//
aemufydkif;a&mufvmaomtcgwGifrS tif;pdefudk tm;jznfh&eftaeESifh
ume,frif;armif.
u&ifvufeufudkifwyf&if;(1)onf
awmifiludk
odrf;Iif;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;jrarmif. u&ifvufeufudkifwyf&if;(2)onf jynf+rdK@
udk odrf;Iif; tif;pdef(&efukef)odk@ toD;oD; pkefqif;vm=ujcif;jzpfonf//
tif;pdefta&;tcif;wGif u&ifwdk@bufrS t"ducsdK@,Gif;csufrSm
acgif;wGJrygyJ ukefwGJcsnf; armif;ESifvmonfh rD;&xm;}uD;wpD;yrm t"du
ppfwyf. OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uaom umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfAdkvfcsKyf
prpf'Gef;onfif;/ 'kwd,um uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfol AdkvfrSL;csKyfapm=um'dk;
onfif; ygrvmjcif;yif jzpfavonf//
xdkrS te,fe,frS tif;pdefodk@ a&mufvm=uukefaom (K.N.D.O)ESifh
trnfcHrsm;onf tif;pdefa&mufv#if OuUref;bZefa&;om;ouJho@dk yif
tcsif;csif;roifhrjrwfjzpfum rdrde,fESifhrdrd&Gm twGuf vufeufrsm;&,l
+yD;wGif toD;oD;jyefoGm;um cdk;qdk;wdkufcdkufjcif;trSKudk usL;vGef=uav
onf// ,if;tif;pdefta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifaomu&ift&m&Sd/ t&mcHrsm;onf
u&ifhawmfvSefa&;ratmifrjrifaomfvnf;
ol@wdk@onfb0qHk;onfwdkif
u&ifhawmfvSefa&;ESifhtwlwuG aecJhjcif;yif jzpfavonf//
151

apmbOD;}uD;tm; aemufq;Hk jrifawG@&jcif;

(1949)ckESpf/ arv(22)&ufae@wGif tif;pdefudk tpdk;&wyfawG odrf;+yD;
aemuf xef;wyif+rdK@e,f =umtif;aZmif;&GmwGif apmbOD;}uD;acgif;
aqmifI (K.N.U)ESifh (K.N.D.O)acgif;aqmifrsm;yg0ifaom tpnf;ta0;
w&yfudk aemufqHk;usif;ycJhonf// ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif {&m0wDwdkif;ESifh
awmifilta&S@wdkif;[lI cGJvu
dk fum acgif;aqmifrsm;toD;oD; wm0efcGJa0
,lonfh tpnf;ta0;vnf;jzpfonf// ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif usefacgif;
aqmifrsm;taeESifhapmbOD;}uD;tm; aemufqHk;jrifawG@ vdkuf=u&jcif;vnf;
jzpfavonf//
=umtif;aZmif;&Gm tpnf;ta0;. wm0efcGJa0rSKt& ta&S@wdkif;
wGif apmbOD;}uD;acgif;aqmifvsuf apmpef;au(K.N.D.O)ppfa&;wm0efcH
paumarmav(vli,fwm0efcH)wdk@ yg0if=uonf// jrpf0u|ef;ay:/ {&m0wD
wdkif;wGif apm[efwmomar$;ESifhref;bZefwdk@u wm0ef,l=uonf// apmbOD;
ESifhtzGJ@onf ta&S@wdkif;jzpfaom awmifile,fwGif oGm;a&mufwm0ef
xrf;aqmif&eftwGuf xef;wyifrS vSnf;ul;-pmAl;awmif (pmAl;awmif;
onf apm[efwmomar$;. Zmwd&Gmjzpfonf//) xdkrSwqifh anmifav;yif/
awmifilodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;onf//
,if;ESifhywfoufI (1963)ckESpfwGif (rqv)tpdk;&ESifhEdkifiHa&;t&
em;vnfrSK&+yD; Oya'wGif; jyef0ifoGm;ol (K.R.C) u&ifhawmfvSef;aumifpD
OuUrkqdk;aumfuqmapm[efwmomar$;u
atmufygtwdkif;ajymjy.//
rdrd. +idrf;csrf;&;}udK;yrf;aqmif&GufcsufESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;pum;udk bk&m;
ausmif;eH&Hrsm;Y apmbOD;}uD. 0d^mOfom&Sdaeygu [m;wdkufI &,farm
aumif;&,fygvdrfhrnf// ta=umif;rSm tif;pdefta&;tcif;wGif apmbOD;}uD;
onf +idrf;csrf;pGmajz&Sif;vdkonfh acgif;aqmifjzpfI rdrdonfom vufeufjzifh
wdkufcdkufvkad oma=umifh jzpfygonf//
(tif;pdefawmifolukef; bk&m;ausmif;0wfjyKqkawmif;yGJ)
152

qufvufI apm[efwmomar$;uyif apmbOD;}uD;ESifhrdrdaemufqHk;

ae@tjzpf tif;pdefu qkwfcGgoGm;&yHkuv
dk nf; vGrf;qGwfzG,f atmufygtwdki f;
ajymoGm;avonf//
apmbOD;}uD;onf rdrdESifhtpdk;&+idrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsuf ysuf
jym;oGm;+yD;aemuf pdwfysuf vufysufjzpfaepOf (K.N.D.O)acgif;aqmifrsm;
u vHk+cHKa&;ta=umif;jycsufjzifh tif;pdefwbufurf;rSwqifh apmbOD;}uD;
tm; xef;wyifodk@ ajymif;a&$@ay;cJhonf// reufjzef arv(22)&ufae@wGif
tif;pdefudk tpdk;&wyfawGrodrf;rD arv(21)&ufae@wGif tif;pdefY acgif;
aqmif[I
l u|efawmfwa,mufwnf;om &Sdaeygonf// arv(21)&ufae@
ntcsdefwGif tif;pdefwbufurf;odk@ u|efawmful;cJhygawmhonf[k
apm[efwmomar$;u tif;pdefawmifolukef;bk&m;ausmif;0wfjyKqkawmif;
yGJY ajym=um;oGm;avonf//

tif;pdefwdkufyGJrS }uHKawG@&aom tawG@t}uHKrsm;

tif;pdefwdkuyf GJrS }uHKawG@&aom tawG@t}uHKrsm;rSm atmufyg
twdkif;jzpfonf//
tpydkif;wGif u|Ekfyfwdk@onf u|Ekfyfwdk@xuf tqrweftm;}uD;aom
&efolrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&onf// &efol.tiftm;rSm u|Ekfyfwdk@. vufeuf
udkiftiftm;rsm;udk acsrSKef;ypfEdkifonfhtiftm; jzpfayonf// u|Efkyfwdk@.
,Hk=unfrSKt& u|Ekfyfwdk@ESifhtwl bk&m;ocif&Sdayonf// tif;pdefwdkufyGJonf
&efolrS xdk;ppfjzpf+yD; u|Ekfyfwdk@rS cHppfjzpfaeonf// u|Efkyfwdk@rSm t0dkif;cHxm;
&onf// &efoltzdk@rSm vG,fulpGmjzifh ppfulrsm;/ &duQmESifhcJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;/
o,f,lydk@aqmifEdkifonf// wdkufcdkufvmaom &efolrsm;udk tustqHk;rsm;
pGmjzifh u|Efkyfwdk@rSckcHwdkucf dkufEdkifonf// wdkufyGJwidk f;wGif &efolbufrS usnfqH
153

tajrmuftjrm;oHk;pGJ+yD; wdkufcdkufonf// u|Ekfyfwdk@bufrS usnfqHtenf;

i,favmufomv#if toHk;jyKEdkifonf//
wdkufyGJrsm;rSm teD;uyfwdkuyf GJjzpfonf// ppfa&;t& =unfhygu
u|Efkyfwkd@bufrS &efoludk txdempGm jzifhwdkufEdkifonf// tu,fIom &efolrS
tif;pdef+rdK@udk jyefvnfwdkucf dkuf odrf;ydkufoGm;Edkifygu tif;pdef+rdK@&Sd u&if
rsm;.uH=urRmrSm rajym0Hhavmufatmif qdk;&Gm;rnfjzpfayonf// bk&m;ocif
onfwzufrS u|Ekfyfwdk@bufwGif&aSd eojzifh qdk;&Gm;aomuH=urRm rusa&muf
cJhay// tif;pdefudk pwdkuf+yD;aemuf u&iftajrmufwyfom;rsm;onf ppful
tjzpf&&Sdvmonf// tu,fIom ,if;wyfrsm;tcsdefrD ra&mufvmygu
u&ifrsm;.tajctaeonf tqdk;bufodk@ wrsdK;wrnfajymif;vJoGm;rnf
jzpfonf//
&efolrsm;wdkufcdkufrSKa=umifh ordkif;/ }udK@ukef;bufrS t&yfol/ t&yf
om;tm;vHk;onf tif;pdefodk@ ajymif;a&$@vmonf// }uD;rm;aom &duQm
t=uyftustwnf;rsm;}uHKawG@vmonf// tu,fI tif;pdef+rdK@udk odrf;,l
r&&Syd gu }uD;rm;aom &duQmtcuftcJESifh}uHKawG@&+yD; tajctaewrsdK;
ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifonf// &efolrsm;.xifovdk jyKusifhjcif;cH=u&ayrnf//
tif;pdef+rdK@udk odrf;,l&&Sd+yD; &duQmrsm;vHkavmufpGm &&Sdvmojzifh &ufaygif;
(111)&uf=umr# &efolrsm;udk ckcHwdkucf dkufEdkif+yD; qdk;&Gm;aom tajctaersm;
rusa&mufcJhay// =um&Snfwdkufvm&ojzifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; ukefvkvk
tajctaersdK; a&mufcJh&onf//
u|Efkyfwdk@onf tif;pdefppfrsufESmwGif (1949)ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv
(31)&ufae@rS arv(21)&ufae@txd &ufaygif;(111)&uf=umr# ckcHwdkuf
cdkufcJhonf// ,if;uvmrsm;twGif; &efolbufrSvnf; e,frSppful
rsm;ac:,lum tif;pdef+rdK@udk wdkufcdkufodrf;,lonf// wdkufyGJ}uD;i,frsm; ae@pOf
vdkyif jzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdonf// &efolrsm;rSm csif;(oeu)wyf&if;(1)/ bm;rm;
&dkifz,fwyf&if;(5)tjyif (U.M.P)wyfrsm;/ vJAD;wyfrsm; (LEVY)/ &efukef
154

wuUodkvftaysmfwrf;wyfrsm;ponfwdk@jzifhif;/ wdkufav,mOfrsm;/ oHcsyf

um;,EW,m;wyfrsm;/ tajrmufwyfrsm;wdk@jzifhif; wdkufcdkufonf// u|Efky f
wdk@onf tif;pdefwGif &ufaygif;(111)&uf=um ckcHwdkucf dkuf+yD;aemuf qkwfcGg
ay;vdkufonf// tif;pdefwdkuyf GJwGif &efolbufrS aoqHk;olESifh'g%f&m
&&Sdoal ygif; ig;axmifausmf&Sdonf// u|Ekfyfwdk@bufrS aoqHk;olvufeuf
udkifESifht&yfom;pkpkaygif; wpf&m&Spfq,fESifh 'g%f&m&olaygif;&Spf&mausmf
&Sdonf//
odk@&mwGif bk&m;ocif. axmufrrSKa=umifh tif;pdef+rdK@wGif;wGif
&SmazGwl;az:&m ESpfveD;yg;r# jyefvnfwdkufcdkufEdkifonfhusnfqHrsm; wl;az:
&&SdcJhonf// ,if;usnfqHrsm;rSm 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; +Adwdo#wdk@ jrSKyfESHoGm;
onfh usnfqHrsm;jzpfonf// ,if;usnfqHrsm;udk tif;pdefukvm;wOD;.
owif;ay;rSKa=umifh &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf// ,if;usnfqHrsm;&&Sd+yD; tif;pdefwdkufyGJ
jzpfcsdefwGif tif;pdef+rdK@udk odrf;,l&&Sdvdkufojzifh tif;pdef+rdK@wGif u&ifq&m
0efrsm;/ u&ifaq;ausmif;om;rsm;&Sdae&Hkr#ru tif;pdef+rdK@&Sd aq;&HkESifhwuG
vufeufu&d,mrsm;/ aq;0g;rsm;tvHktavmuf&&SdcJhonf//
u|Efkyfwdk@onf vufeufrsm;&&Sdvu
kd fojzifh umuG,fa&;vufeufudkif
wyfrsm; pepfwuszGJ@pnf;ay;EdkifcJhonf// aoewfudkifwyf/ tcsufjyquf
oG,fa&;wyfzGJ@/ axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@/ &duQmwyfzGJ@/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;
wyfzGJ@ponfjzifh pepfwustpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyfay;EdkifcJhonf// tif;pdefwdkuyf GJ
OD;pD;oltjzpf AdkvfrSL;atmifpdefudk wm0efay;xm;&m jy\emrsm;
jzpfay:vmI AdkvfrSL;atmifpdef.ae&mwGif u|EkfyfrS,l+yD; wdkufyGJudk qufvuf
qifE$Jonf// &ufaygif;(111)&ufumvtwGif; tusyftwnf;rsm;pGm
udkvnf; awG@cJhonf// wdkufyGJrSm wdkufyGJ&Snfjzpf+yD; &uf=umvmonfESifhtr#
vufeuf udkifrsm;onf pdwf"gwfusvmum tcsdK@rSmrdrdwyfzGJ@pGJonfhae&mudk
pGef@I tif;pdefrS xGufcGg&ef jyKvkyfvmonf//
155

if;wdk@ pdwf"gwfjrSifhwifa&;ESifh wm0efjyefvnf,l=u&eftwGuf

u|efawmf/ apmbOD;}uD;/ AdkvfrSL;armifuav;wdk@rS if;wdk@ESifhawG@qHkaqG;aEG;+yD;
xdef;odrf;ay;cJh&ayonf// t&yfolt&yfom;rsm;twGif;wGifvnf; pnf;urf;
azgufzsufrSK/ tusifhysufjym;rSKESifh tcsif;csif;roifhjrwfrSKrsm;&Sdaeojzifh
if;jy\emrsm;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;&jyefonf// a&S@wef;&JabmfESifh aemuf
wef;&Jabmfrsm;[lI &Sdae&mwGif if;wdk@t=um;wGifvnf; pdwf0rf;uGJrSK
rsm;&Sdaeojzifh ,ckjy\memrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&jyefonf// tif;pdefwdkufyGJonf
u|Efkyftzdk@ }uD;rm;aomtawG@t}uHKrsm;udk &&Sdaponf// awmfvSefa&;'%fudk
cHEdkif&nf&Sdvmonf// jy\emrsm; rnfodk@ajz&Sif;ay;&rnfudk tawG@t}uHK&
vmonf// &ufaygif;(111) =umr#wyfESifh/ vlxkrsm;udk xdef;odrf;ay;Edkifonfh
t&nftcsif;rsm;vnf; &&Sdvmonf// tif;pdefwdkuyf GJrSm tcuftcJaygif;
rsm;pGmonf awmfvSefa&;udk qufvufa&S@aqmifay;&ef t&nftcsif;ESifh
tawG@t}uHKrsm; rsm;pGm&&Sdvmaponf//
(zl;uD;'dk(a&mbwfZef). ref;bZefESifh u&ifhawmfvSef;)

au*sDbD(K.G.B)
apmbOD;}uD;onf tif;pdef/ xef;wyifrS xGufcGgvm+yD;aemuf
awmifilodk@ acsmarmpGmyif a&mufvmonf// awmifila&muf+yD;aemuf
(1949)ckESpf/ ZGefv(14)&uf/ ae@pGJjzifh (K.N.U). aumfol;avtpdk;&(K.G.BKaw Thooli Governing Body)udk zGJ@pnf;a=umif;/ aumfol;avtoH
v$ifhXmeu a=unmonf// ,if;aumfol;avtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@wGif apmbOD;}uD;wm0ef,lonfh awmifilta&S@wdkif;onf ( K.N.U).
A[dkXmecsKyfvnf;jzpfonf// apmbOD;}uD;a&muf&SdoGm;+yD; r=umrD (1949)
ckESpf/ ZGefv(14)&ufae@/ ae@pGJjzifh (K.N.U). aumfol;avtkyfcsKyfa&;
tzGJ@wGif apmbOD;}uD;u 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfaqmif&Guf+yD; tpdk;&tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm
(1) apmbOD;}uD;
(0ef}uD;csKyf)/
156

(2) OD;vSaz(oxHk)
(EdkifiHjcm;a&;)/
(3) apmzdk;armif
(jynfxJa&;)/
(4) apma&$av;
(umuG,fa&;)/
(5) apmxl;&mOD;
(bma&;)/
(6) apmpdefwif
(v,f,mESifhopfawm)/
(7) q&mbxGef;
(ynma&;)/
(8) apm*|efeoefwmar(vrf;yef;ESifho,f,lydk@aqmifa&;)ponfjzifh
toD;oD;wm0efcGJxm;onf//
odk@&mwGif (1950)ckESpf/ ESpfqef;v#if tpdk;&bufrS ppfa&;tom
&vmonf// (1949)ck/ 'DZifbmvwGif (K.N.D.O) 'kwd,cHwyf[k wifpm;
ac:qdkaom vSnf;ul;(pmAl;awmif;)udk tpdk;&wyfu odrf;ydkufvdkuo
f nf//
(K.N.D.O)vufxJY awmifilw+rdK@wnf;om &Sdawmhonfh tcsdefwGif tpdk;&
wyfu (K.N.D.O)/ jynfol&JabmfESifhArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwdk@tm; ppfrsuf
ESmrsdK;pHkzGifhI wdkuf cdkufvmonf// (1950)ckESpf/ rwfvqef;v#if tpdk;&wyfu
anmifav;yifESifhjzL;udk odrf;+yD;aemuf awmifiludkyg jyefvnfodrf;ydkufvdu
k f
onf// (zqyv)tpdk;&onf tdENd,EdkifiHrS &&Sdxm;aom vufeufcJ,rf;
rsm;jzifh topfwdk;csJ@zGJ@pnf;vdkufaom (B.T.F)wyf&if;(52)&if;udk vufeuf
wyfqifay;vdkuf&m ppftiftm;rSm awmifhwif;oGm;avonf//
,if;tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftay:wGif ref;bZefonf aemufydkif;Y jywfom;
pGm a0zefaxmufjyxm;avonf//

aumfolav;tkyfcsKyfa&;tay:ref;bZeftjrif

u&ifvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;rprDwGif (K.N.U)u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;
t&Hk;.=oZmonf pl;&SvSayonf// odk@&mwGif vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;
157

pwifvmaomtcg (K.N.U)u&iftrsdK;om; tpnf;t&Hk;xuf (K.N.D.O)

u&iftrsdK; om;vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@onf a&S@wef;odk@ a&mufvmonf//
xdkrSwqifh apmbOD;}uD;awmifila&mufI (1949)ckESpf/ ZGefv(14)&uf
ae@pGJjzifh aumfol;avtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@(Cas-K)udk zGJ@pnf;vdkufaom tcgwGif
(K.N.U)ESifh(K.N.D.O)wdk@onf aemufwef;odk@ a&mufoGm;jyef+yD; aumfol;
avtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u a&S@wef;odk@ a&mufvmavonf// ,if;ESifhywfoufI
ref;bZefonf yGifhvif;pGmyif ol.toHoGif;}udK;acGY a0zefoHk;oyfxm;
avonf//
u|efawmfwdk@u&ifawG tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfwwfwJh oltawmfenf;
w,f// +Adwdo#acwfu u|efawmfwdk@ pma&;pmcsDomrsm;w,f// tkyfcsKyfa&;
b,fvdkjzpfay:vmw,f/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ay:vpDeJ@ tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfudkifyHk/ vkyfudkif
enf;awG rod=ubl;// tJ'DtkyfcsKyfa&;(aumfol;avtkyfcsKyfa&;)csrSwfvu
dk f
awmh u|efawmfwdk@txJrSm bmawGjzpfvmovJqdkawmh - ta&;ydkifwdk@/
0efaxmufwdk@/ +rdK@tkyfwdk@/ ykvdyft&m&Sd/ opfawmt&m&Sdw@dk qdkwmawG
jzpfvm+yD; aemufqHk;rSmawmh AsL&dkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk ppftkyfcsKyfa&;
aygif;pyfvdkufwhJ tkyfcsKyfa&;rsdK;jzpfoGm;w,f -
qufvufI ref;bZefonf aumfol;avtkyfcsKyfa&;udk a0zefoHk;
oyf&if; vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;rprDxd rdrdwdk@wGif &Sdoifh&Sdxu
dk faom/
&Sd&rnfvnf;jzpfaom rl0g'vkyfief;pOfrsm; r,fr,f&&r&SdyHkuv
dk nf; rdrdudk,f
rdrda0zefa&;tjzpf jyefvnfa0zefoHk;oyfxm;avonf//
vufeufudkifwdkuyf GJrjzpfcif u|efawmfwkd@rSm oabmw&m;wdk@/
0g'wdk@/ vkyfief;pOfwdk@ csxm;wmr&Sdbl;// u&ifjynfe,f&&if bmawG/ b,fvdk
vkyfr,fqdkwmr&Sdbl;// r&SdcJhv@dk tcku|efawmfwdk@ vufwef;vkyf&rvdk jzpfae
w,f// wAdkvfwrif;/ e,fpm;y,fpm;rsm; tm;aumif;vmojzifh ( K.N.U).
acgif;aqmifrSKarS;rdefvmonf// vGwfajrmufe,fajrrsm; wpwpvufv$wf
vdku&f onf- [k a0zefoHk;oyfxm;avonf//
158

ref;bZefa0zefoHk;oyfxm;ouJho@dk yif
jrpf0u|ef;ay:wcGifvHk;Y
(1950)ckESpf tvGefwGif +rdK@ay:Yom tpdk;&&Sd+yD;/ &Gmrsm;wGif wAdkvfwrif;
pHepft& aumfol;avtkyfcsKyfa&;rS ta&;ydkif/ +rdK@ydkifrsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;
t&m&Sdrsm;/ vufeuf&SdolESifh/ vufeufudkifolrsm;yif Adkvfusp dk;rdk;aeav
onf// wbufwGif olwdk@ESifht+ydKifum; (zqyv). ysLapmxD;ESifhumuG,f
a&;rsm;u tpGrf;ukefrif;rlaeawmhonf// ,if;wdk@. qdk;oGrf;&ufpufaom
tkyfcsKyfa&;'%fudk u&ifyifjzpfap/ Armyifjzpfap xdkpOfu cH=u&avonf//

apmbOD;}uD; zwfapcsifaom vuf0Jpmtkyfrsm;

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhapmbOD;}uD;wdk@onf
pmzwfolrsm;vnf;
jzpf=uayonf// AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. (zqyv) y%mrnDvmcHESifhyxr
t}udrf wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif wifoGif;aom vlrsdK;rsm;qdkif&m &ydkifcGifh
onf &k&Sm;acgif;aqmifpwmvif( Stalin ). trsdK;om;jy\em( National
Question )udk trSDjyKouJhodk@ apmbOD;}uD;onfvnf; oltif;pdefwGif&SdpOf
ol@wGif&&Sdxm;aom w&kwfuGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifESpfOD;. pmtkyfESpftkyfudk
awmifila&mufaomtcg ol.vufaxmuf rsm;udk zwf&SK=u&ef r#a0ay;.//
,if;ta=umif;udk rmwifprpfu ol.pmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif;
a&;om;xm;.//
The first English-Language copies of Mao Zedong's Protracted
Warfare and Liu Shao-Chi's On Inner Party Struggle were borught to Toungoo
by Ba UGyi in 1949. These he had apparently been given by local PVO
commanders during the siege of Insein. Most Karen leaders, despite their
generally pro-British views, were familiar with other communist works, in
particular Stalin's Social and State Structure of the USSR and the National
Question in the Soviet Union's 1936 Constitution.

t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh
armfpDwkef;.
Warfare)ESifh vla&SmufcsD. ( On Inner Party
159

a&&Snfppf( Protracted
Struggle)pmtkyfwdk@tjyif

pwmvif. vlrSKb0ESifhEdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufrSKjy\em (Social and State

Structure)tygt0if trsdK;om;a&;jy\em(National Question)wdk@yif
jzpf=uav onf// apmbOD;}uD;.tjrifwGif u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;onf
+Adwdo#vdk vm;aomtjrifwdk@rS uGefjrLepf rsm;. tawG;tjrifrsm;udkyg
od&Sdapvdkaoma=umifh jzpfavonf//

apmbOD;}uD; usqHk;jcif;
(zqyv)tpdk;&.xdk;ppfudk jyefvnf
ckcHEdkif&ef (K.N.D.O)twGuf avm
avmq,frSmyif vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;
vdktyfaeonf// ,if;vdk tyfaeaom
vufeufcJ,rf;rSm jynfwGif;Yum; r&
Edkif// jynfytultnDjzifhom &Edkifrnf//
,if;jynfy tultnD&&Sda&;twGuf
teD;uyftm;xm;EdkifrnfholrSm OD;apm
usqHk;ae&m
udk vufeufxkwfay;rSKjzifh tif;pdef
axmifxJa&mufaeol uy`wdefADAD,efyif jzpfonf// ,cktcg ADAD,efonf
tif;pdefudk (K.N.D.O)rsm; odrf;ydku+f yDonfhaemufY vGwfajrmufvm&mrS
apmbOD;}uD;tzGJ@ESifhawmifiludk vm&mwGif wygwnf;ygvmcJholyif jzpfonf//
Todk@ jynfytultnDjzifh vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf&&Sda&;twGuf
apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtzGJ@onf (1950)ckESpf/ rdk;&moDtpwGif awmifile,frS
azgufxGufvmcJhonf// odk@&mwGif awmifilrS (7)rdkiftuGmta&muf/ tpdk;&
ppfa=umif;wa=umif;ESifh awG@qHkwu
dk fyGJjzpf&mrS tzGJ@0ifwOD;jzpfaom vli,f
wm0efcHpaumarmav;rSm usqHk;cJh&onf// tpdk;&ppfa=umif;rsm;onf
apmbOD;}uD;.c&D;pOf &nf&G,fcsufudk odxm;yHk&ojzifh a&S@u/ aemufu/
ab;ureD;ra0;wGifuyfI vdkufaeyHkvnf;&onf//
160

apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtzGJ@onf &efoludk auG@uma&Smifumjzifh awmifilrSm

xGufvmcJh&m ZlvdkifvyxrtywfxJwGif zgyGefodk@ a&muf&Sdvmonf// zgyGef
a&mufv#if jrpf0u|ef;ay:wGif &SdaeaomAdkvfcsKyf pef;auudk ac:,lxm;&m
nDvmcH&uftwGif;a&muf&Sdvmonf// AdkvfcsKyfpef;auESifhtwl oli,fcsif;
jzpfol q&m}uD;paumv,fawmudkyg ac:vmojzifh Zlvdkifv(17-18)&uf/
zgyGefuGef*&ufwGif paumv,fawmyg wufa&muf&avonf//
,if;zgyGefuGef*&ufwGif u&ifjynfe,fta&;ESifhywfoufI pOf;pm;
aqG;aEG;=u&mY (1) apwemaumif;jzifh u&ifjynfe,f&Edkifrnfvm;/
(2) vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;enf;jzifh &Edkifrnfvm;/
(3) tajctaeay:rlwnf+yD; u&ifjynfe,f&Edkifrnfvm;/
txufyg tcsufoHk;csufudk ta=utvnfaqG;aEG;+yD;aemufwGif
apmbOD;}uD;wifjyxm;aom tajccHtcsufrsm;ay:rlwnfI aemufydkif;Y
apmbOD;}uD;. tajccHrlav;csuftjzpf xif&Sm;vmavonf// ,if;wdk@rSm

apmbOD;}uD; rl 4-csuf
(1) vufeufcstnHhcH t&SHK;ay;jcif;udk u|Ekfyfwdk@ tvsOf;rvkyf/
(2) u&ifjynf todtrSwfjyKjcif; +yD;jynfhpHkap&rnf/
(3) u|Ekfyfwdk@vufeuf u|Efkyfwdk@ vufxJwGif &Sd&rnf/
(4) u|Efkyfwdk@ EdkifiHa&;=urRm u|Ekfyfwdk@ zefwD;Edkif&rnf/

161

1. For us surrender is out of the question.

2. The recognition of Karen State must be complete.
3. We shall retain our arms.
4. We shall decide our own political destiny.

(1950)ckESpfu apmbOD;}uD;onf awmifilwGif (K.G.B-Kaw Thoo

Lei Governing Body) tpnf;ta0;udk ac:,lcJh+yD; zgyGefuGef*&ufodk@
qif;vmcJhonf// xdkpOfu tufwvD. avbmtzGJ@rSm tpdk;&jyefjzpfae+yD;/
uGefqmaA;wpfwyfrSL;rsm;rSmvnf; apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtquftoG,f&Sdaeol
rsm; jzpfonf// befaumufwGifvnf; qD;wdk;(S.E.A.T.O-South East Asia
Treaty Organization (Head Quarters.)&Sdaeonf//
xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHjcm;ESifhtcsdwftqufvkyfa&;rSm rsm;pGmrcufcJacs//
zgyGefuGef*&ufwGif apmbOD;}uD;u xdkudpPESifhywfoufI v#dKuf0SufpGm
aqG;aEG;cJhonf// xdktcsdefu apmom'ifrSm axmifxJwGif &Sdaeao;onf//
axmifrSvGwfvm+yD;aemuf (1953)ckESpfwGifyif EdkifiHjcm;ESifhqufoG,fa&;
udpPudk apmom'ifjyefudkifonf// (K.N.U)rS Adkvfa&mavESihrf [mrdwf
rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom EdkifaiGodef;/ EdkifxGef;odef;/
Edkifyef;omwdk@vnf; yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uonf//

(EdkifiHopfpmapmif)
apmbOD;}uD;toufxif&Sm;&SdpOf zgyGefwGif usif;yaom az:jyyg
(K.N.U)uGef*&ufonf yxrqHk;ESifhaemufqHk;yif jzpfavonf// uGef*&uf
usif;y+yD;onfESifh apmbOD;}uD;onf rdk;v&moDrdk;xJavxJY befaumufwGif
&Sdaeaom EdkifiHjcm;om;udk,fpm;vS,fESifhawG@qHk&ef c&D;xGufvmavonf//
,if;ESifhtwl tzGJ@0ifaygif;rSm (9)OD;jzpfI wOD;rSmAdkvfcsKyfapmpefau
jzpfonf// yxr&yfem;aomae&mrSm aqGrsdK;awmfpyfol apma*smfeDxl;
162

wdk@&Gm 0SD;oDatm (Hwee Thee Ou)&Gmjzpfonf// rdk;rSm oJoJrJrJ&Gmojzifh

apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtzGJ@onf ajz;ajz;csif;om oGm;Edkif=uonf// olwdk@tzGJ@wGif
vHk+cHKa&;t& tapmifhta&Smufvnf; ygrvm/ t}uH^m%fay;aom AdkvfrSL;
csKyfwmuayg. t}uHudkyif apmbOD;}uD;u vufrcHay/ olwdk@onf
ajz;ajz;ESifhaES;aES;om xd@k aumudk; (Htoo Kaw Koe)&Gmodk@ oGm;aejcif;
jzpfonf// xdkae@onf =o*kwfv(12)&ufae@jzpfonf// xdktcsdefwGif rdrdwdk@
u&ifvlrsdK;xJrS opPmazgufwOD;u owif;ydk@xm;aoma=umifh ppfwyfwyfpk
wpfckonf +cHKcdkI toifhapmifhaeavonf// apmbOD;}uD;wdk@ a&mufvm
onfESifhtwif;wv=urf; ypfcwfowfjzwfavawmhonf//
Txufyg aoqHk;olrsm;wGif apmbOD;}uD;/ apmpef;au/ "rRq&m
rpPwmab;um(Baker)[lIom twdtusajymqdkEdkif=uonf// jrefrm
owif;pmrsm;wGif apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtwl OD;apmudk vufeufxkwfay;ol[k
trsm;od=uonfh uy`wdefADAD,efrSm (1980)ckESpfavmufwGifrS vef'efwGif
uG,fvGefa=umif; AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmu a&;om;xm;.//

(Voice of the Revolution)

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; usqHk;cJhonfh
tESpf(50)jynfh (1997)ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvY txl;tpDtpOfw&yftaeESifh xkwf
vGifhoGm;aom (bDbDpD)tpDtpOfwGif oufqdkif&mu &JabmfoHk;usyd f0if
AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZmESifah tmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ (Who Killed
Aung San)pmtkyfa&;om;jyKpkol OD;atmifcifwdk@tm; tifwmAsL;jy Kvkyfum
wcrf;wem; toHv$ifhxkwcf Jh.// AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; vkyf}uH&mwGif
OD;apm.aemufY jrefrmjynf&Sd +Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;tjyif t*Fvef&Sd tcsdK@aom
+Adwdo#rsm;yif yg0ifywfoufaea=umif;udk AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZmu oufao
cHtaxmuftxm;aygif;(8)csufjzifh &Sif;vif;wifjycJh.// ,if;oufaocH
tcsufrsm;teufrS aemufqHk;tcsufjzpfonfh axmifuv$wfvmaom
163

uy`wdefADAD,efonf apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtwl raoqHk;yJ vGwfajrmufoGm;yHkudk

atmufygtwdkif; AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZmu a&;om;az:jyxm;.//
(1949)ckESpf/ arvrSm u&ifawG tif;pdefuae qkwfcGgawmh ADAD,ef
[m axmifuv$wfajrmufvm+yD; u&ifawGeJ@twl ygoGm;w,f// ol[m
(1950)ckESpftxd aumhu&dwfteD;rSm apmbOD;}uD;eJ@twl &Sdaeygonf//
jrefrmtm%mydkifawGu olusqHk;oGm;+yD;vdk@a=unmayrJh trSefu ol(1950)
ck/ ESpfvnfrSm xdkif;EdkifiHuwqifh t*Fvefudk vGwfajrmufxGufajy;oGm;
wmyg//
(1980)ckESpfavmufusrS oltrSefwu,f uG,fvGefcJhygw,f//
'Dtcsufvnf; +Adwdo#awG yg0ifywfoufaea=umif; xif[yfaeygw,f
ponfjzifh AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZmu az:jyxm;ayonf// apmbOD;}uD;onf
uG,fvGefcsdefY touf(47)ESpft&G,f vlvwfydkif;jzpfonf//
(armifpif=u,f. ol&Jaumif;rS ESvHk;om;)

apmbOD;}uD;tay: jrifaomtjrifrsm;
apmbOD;}uD; usqHk;uG,fvGefoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; owif;=um;&aom
tcg wkef@jyefrSKrsm;u yJhwifxyfvmonf// ,if;yJhwifrSKESifhtjrif trsdK;rsdK;wGif
jynfwGif;tjrifESifh jynfytjrifrsm;yg0ifavonf// jynfytjrifwGif jrefrm
EdkifiHtm; tkyfcsKyfcJhaom +Adwdo#bk&ifcHESpfOD;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m 0ef}uD;
wOD;wdk@ yg0if=uavonf// xdkpOfu yg0ifaom oHwrefwOD;rSm +Adwdo#EdkifiH
(vef'ef)qdkif&m jrefrmoH&Hk;rS 'kwd,twGif;0efOD;armifarmif}uD; (Maung
Maung Ji)yif jzpfavonf//
bk&ifcHa[mif; a':refprpf. tjrifwGif apmbOD;}uD;onf t=urf;
zuform; wOD;r[kwfwmawmh trSefyg/ u|efawmfhtaeESifh ol&J@yifyef;}uD;
pGm &kef;uef&rSKeJ@a=umuf&GH@xdwfvef@zG,fawGxJu ol@&J@aoqHk;&rSKudk rjrif&
164

wmyJ uHaumif;ygao;w,f// ol[mav;eufwJh wdkufweG f;rSKwckudk

ta=umif;cH+yD; 'DwGef;vSefrSKudk vkyfwmvJ jzpfygw,f//
,if;uJho@dk vef'efxkwf wdkif;owif;pm}uD;(The Times)wGif (1950)
ck/ =o*kwfv(23)&uf/ ae@pGJjzifh az:jy+yD; ESpf&uft=um =o*kwfv(25)
&ufae@Y ,if;owif;pmwGifyif qmavmh'fvpP wdk0Jvf(Sir Lord
Listowel) jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m 0ef}uD;a[mif;. t,f'DwmxHay;pmwapmifyg
ygvm jyefonf//
'Dta=umif;jycsufawGudk oabmrwlygbl;/ uG,fvGefolu&ifacgif;
aqmif[m aqG;aEG;!dSESdKif;I aphpyf&rnfhtpm; wdkufcdkufa&;tpGrf;jyupm;
&efom tm;uoefaeygw,f//
Txufyg wdkif;owif;pm}uD;wGif a':refprpfESifhavmh'fvpPwdk0Jvf
wdk@. tjrifrsm;yg&Sdvm+yD; aemufwywft=um =o*kwfv(28)&ufae@xkwf
owif;pmwGif OD;armifarmif}uD;('kwd,twGif;0ef-jrefrmoH&Hk;). ay;pmyg
yg&Sdvmjyefavonf//
uG,v
f Gefolu&ifacgif;aqmif(apmbOD;}uD;)[m vlawmfwa,muf
awmh r[kwfygbl;/ ckvdk }udK;a=umif;rqDavsmfwJh wifjycsufawGudkvJ vufr
cHEdkifygbl;// jzpf&rSmu tcsuftvufawGay:rSm tajccH+yD; apm'uwuf&
rSmyg/ ckawmh uHraumif;pGmyJ olyg&SdaeygvsufeJ@ jy\emw&yfudk enf;vrf;
awGeJ@ rxdawG@yJ t*Fvdyf-Arm(atmifqef;-tufwvD) oavmwlnDcsuf&J@
tjyifbufudk xGufoGm;ygawmhw,f//
(The Times =o*kwfv(23)ESifh (25) (28)&uf)

jynfy&Sdyk*~dKvftoD;oD;. tjrifrsm;yif jzpfavonf// qufvufI

jynfwGif;&Sdyk*~dKvfrsm;. tjrifwGif owif;pmq&matmifAv(ac:) OD;aomif;
ESifhref;bZefwdk@. tjrifrsm;rSmvnf; atmufygtwdkif;jzpfavonf//
165

q&matmifAv. apmbOD;}uD;udk,fawG@
apmbOD;}uD;uG,fvGefaomtcg ol.&kyftavmif;
tm; armifv+rdKifaq;&Hk}uD;Y xm;avonf//
,if;owif;udk twnfjyKEdkif&ef xdkpOfu &efukef+rdK@&Sd
owif;axmufrsm;ESifhowif;"gwfyHkq&mrsm;tm;
oufqdkif&mu ac:,ljyo.// xdktxJwGif q&m
atmifAvvnf; yg0ifavonf//
(1950)ck/ =o*kwfv(14)&ufae@//
owif;axmufrsm;/ txl;ojzifh "gwfyHkowif;
axmufrsm; yef;qdk;wef;&Sd jyef=um;a&;Xmeodk@ ae@v,f(12) em&Davmuf
vmcJhyg[k tpdk;&u w,fvDzkef;jzifh zdwf=um;onf//
jyef=um;a&;Xmeodk@ a&mufaomtcg 'k-!Gef=um;a&;0ef OD;ausmfpdk;
ESifo
h wif;pmqufqHa&;t&m&Sd OD;csefxGef;(uG,fvGef&Sm=u+yD)wdk@u armfv
+rdKifodk@ oGm;&ef&Sda=umif;/ owif;axmufxuf "gwfyHkowif;axmufrsm;
vdkufcJhapvdka=umif; ajym.//
xdkpOfu wifarmifonf e,l;wdkif;owif;pm. owif;axmufom
jzpfaomfvnf; e,l;pfypf"gwfyHkowif;Xme. "gwfyHkowif;axmuftjzpf
vdkufygcGifh&&Sdavonf//
jyef=um;a&;XmerS t&m&SdESpfOD;ESifh owif;pmq&m(10)OD;wdk@onf
a&$*sdK;jzL av,mOfysH(2)pif;ESifh armfv+rdKifodk@ ysHoef;cJh=uonf// armfv+rdKifodk@
a&mufaomtcg ppfXmecsKyfodk@ ac:oGm;.//
usaemfrsm; wdkufyGJwckrSm u&ifolykefacgif;aqmifapmbOD;}uD;udk
taozrf;rdcJhygw,f//

166

wm0efcHppfAdkvfu &Sif;jyonf// owif;axmufwdk@. wm0efrSm

aoolonf apmbOD;}uD;[kwfr[kwf oufaotjzpf=unfh&SK&ef "gwfyHk
owif;rSwfwrf;rsm; &dkuf,u
l m wdkif;jynfodk@ owif;jzef@ csd&efjzpfonfudk
TwGifrS od&onf//
apmbOD;}uD;rSm =o*kwfv(12)&ufae@u aumhu&dwf+rdK@ESifh(25)rdkif
tuGm&Sd rdk;awmif;ul;&GmY pcef;csaepOf tpdk;&wyfwckrS owif;t&
0ifwdku&f mrS usqHk;oGm;cJhonf//
apmbOD;}uD;ESiftwl *VKefOD;apmtm; vuefufa&mif;ojzifh tif;pdef
axmifY axmifusaepOf u&ifolykeft0ifY axmifwGif&Sdaeol ar*smADAD,ef
ESifrh pPwmabumqdkol rsufESmjzLESpfOD;wdk@vnf; usqHk;cJhonf//
tusdK;ta=umif;
&Sif;ajym+yD;aemuf
owif;axmufwdk@tm;
armfv+rdKifaq;&Hk}uD;odk@ ac:oGm;onf//
apmbOD;}uD;. tavmif;onf &ifcGJ&Hk &ifcGJausmufpm;yGJY yufvuf
}uD; &Sdae&Sm.//
wifarmifonf tcdkuftwef@r# ai;armoGm;rd.//
,cifu jrif&aom Oa&mywdkufom; 0wfpHkESifhoyf&yfacsmarmaom
apmbOD;}uD;ESifh ,ckoufrJh twWabm}uD;wdk@udk ESdKif;,SOfrdum jcm;em;rSKudk
jrif&mrS ocFg&w&m;aygufoGm;.//

167

twdwfu apmbOD;}uD;
apmbOD;}uD;.
twdwf&mZ0ifudk
vnf; jrifa,mif vmjyefonf//
*syefacwf zgyGefESifh jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o
u&if-ArmydyuQt+yD;Y u&if-Arm
cspf=unfa&;twGuf zGJ@cJhaomu&if
trsdK;om;tzGJ@. acgif;aqmif(12)OD;
teuf wOD;jzpfcJhol apmbOD;}uD;//
ppf+yD;acwf +Adwdo#tpdk;&xH
wGif (zqyv)u vGwfvyfa&;&&ef
ta&;qdkpOfY q&momxdk/ ref;bcdkif
wdk@ESifhtwl u&ifvlxkudk acgif;aqmif
um (zqyv)ESifhyl;aygif;cJhaom apmb
OD;}uD;//
xdkpOfu wyfaygif;pk}uD; (zqyv)ESifhaygif;um u&if-Armcspf=unf
a&;vkyfaqmifcJh&if; e,fcsJ@tm; &ifqdkifcJhol apmbOD;}uD;onf aemufydkif;
e,fcsJ@ESifh yl;aygif;vmcJh.// u&if-ArmnD!Gwfa&;udk zsufqD;cJhavonf//
bk&ifcH. twdkifyifcHtzGJ@0if 0ef}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf//
u&ifjynf/ oD;jcm;jynfe,f &&Sdoifhonfqdkum u&ifA[dktpnf;
t&Hk;udk acgif;aqmif+yD; aoG;cGJa&;udk vkyfaqmifvmcJhonf//
apmbOD;}uD;onf tjcm;tzGJ@0if(3)OD;ESifhtwl bdvyfodk@ oGm;um
+Adwdo#tpdk;&u ArmjynfY u&ifjynfe,foD;jcm;xlaxmifay;a&;vSHK@aqmf
onf// (1946)ck/ Zlvdkifv(19)&uftxd azgufjyefaom aoG;cGJvrf;pOfudk
vkyfaqmifvmcJhonf//
e,fcsJ@ESifhyl;aygif;rd&mrS Armtcsif;csif; pdwf0rf;uGJcJh&onf//
168

aemufqHk;Y vufeufpGJuidk fwdkufcdkufa&;vrf;pOfjzifh wdkufcdkufcJh&mrS

ol.taz: e,fcsJ@om;wdk@ESifhtwl usqHk;&Smav+yD//
uJ uJ/ owif;q&mrsm; pdwfwdkif;us=unfhyg// "gwfyHk&dkufcsifovdk
&dkuf=uyg
ppfAdkvfwOD;u aqmf=ovdkufonf// wifarmif. tawG;a&,mOf
a=umysufoGm;+yD; wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&awmhonf//
(q&matmifAv. owif;pmwdk@ vGwfvyfaomcwf)

aocJhonfrSm (2)&ufausmf+yDjzpfI tykyfeH@xGufpjyKae+yDjzpf.//

wdkufyGJjzpf&ma'orS armfv+rdKif+rdK@odk@ o,f,l&wGif xrf;pifykcufjzifh usus
eeo,fcJh&onfr[kwf// rdk;a=umifha&v#Haeaom v,fuGif;wdk@wGif a&xJrSyif
qGJo,fcJh&onf//
xdk@a=umifh &kyfuvmyfrSm &$H@EGHrsm;vnf; ayuyfaeonf// oltouf
&SifpOfu wooarG;jrLxm;onfh ESKwfcrf;arG;wdk@ESifhrkwfqdwfar$;wdk@wGif
aoG;paoG;ersm;ESifhtwl &$H@pEGHprsm;vl;ayae.//
a[haumif&dkufavuGmxdkpOfuowif;"gwfyHkq&mtjzpf vdkufvm
onfh ArmhacwfOD;tkef;cifu qdkavonf// OD;tkef;cifonf &ifcGJpifay:
wufum &kyfuvmyfudkcGI rwfwyf&yfum "gwfyHk&dkuf,o
l nf// 'grS rsufESm
wnfhwnfhyHkudk &rSmaygh[k OD;tkef;cifu qdk.//
OD;tkef;cif"gwfyHk&dkuf+yD;aemuf "gwfyHkq&mOD;vSazu &ifcGJpifay:
wufum OD;tkef;cifenf;wl &dkufjyefonf//
xdk@aemuf wifarmif. tvSnfhusojzifh [efygyg wufvdkufonf//
&ifcGJpifay:wufum &kyfuvmyfudkcGI rwfwyf&yfvdku+f yD; apmbOD;}uD;.
rsufESmudk uifr&mjzifh csdef&G,fvu
dk fonf//
169

wifarmifhtzdk@ OD;tkef;cif/ OD;vSazwdk@ESifh rwlonfudk owdrjyKrd//

olwdk@u vHkcsnfESifhvmonf// v$mzdeyfpD;xm;onf// uifr&mwvHk;pDomyg.//
oluabmif;bD0wfum oHcGgygonfh aemufydwfzdeyfudk
pD;xm;onf//
uifr&muvnf; tao;pm;wvHk;tjyif owif;"gwfyHk&dkufonfh {&mruifr
&m}uD;wvHk;/ aygif;ESpfvHk;ygonf//
uifr&m}uD;udkvG,fum uifr&mtao;ESifh csdefpOfwGifyif acsmarG@
vSaom &ifcGJpifESifo
h HcGgzdeyfwdk@ awG@=uawmhonf//
0kef;ueJ acsmfvJoGm;onf//
uifr&muGJrnfpdk;ojzifh uifr&mvGwfatmif qGJa&Smifvdku&f mrS
wifarmifonf apmbOD;}uD;. udk,fay:YarSmufvsuf vJusoGm;awmhonf//
oGm;avol. rkwfqdwfESKwfcrf;ar$;ay: rsufESmtyfum erf;rdawmhonf//
aoG;/ ac|;/ a&ykyf/ &$H@wdk@. teH@toufrsdK;pHkw@dk onf wifarmif. ESmacgif;
wGif;odk@ axmif;ueJ@ 0ifvm.// ykyfyGaysmhtdaom cE<mudk,f}uD;tay: pGdueJ
cGrdonfhtawG@a=umifh ausm&dk;rsm;uvnf; pdrfhwufvm.// rsufpdrsm;
jymoGm;onf// bmudkr# rjrif&awmhacs//
ab;rSvlrsm;u qGJxlay;.// uifr&mruGJaomfvnf; wifarmif.
tusrSm aoG;rsm;/ EGHrsm;aya&oGm;onf//
twef=umrS aENq,fum "gwfyHkudk qufI &dkufonf// pifjrifhay:
odk@rl rwuf0Hhawmh+yD// rnfodk@ &dkufapumrl ol. rsufpdrsm;rSm jymae+yD;
jzpfojzifh yHkrsm;rxifawmhay// vlwudk,fvk;H uwkef u,ifjzpfaeojzifh
ppfAdkvfwOD;u aq;cef;wGif;ac:um t&ufwcGufwdkufonfudk armhvdku&f
onf//
xdkae@u e,l;pfypfowif;Xmeonf {&mr"gwfyHkowif;}uD;.
yHkaumif;rsm; vGwfcJh&avawmhonf//
170

xdkr#ruao;/ wifarmiftzdk@ umvtwef=um tdyfrufqdk;rsm;

jrifrufaecJhawmhonf//
(rSwfcsuf// // ppfwyfursufESmjzLESpfOD;udkyg owfcJhonf[kajymaomfvnf;
ESpftwef=ummaomtcg bdvyfY wOD;xGufvmonf// aiGvufcH+yD; v$wfc[
Jh efwl.//)
(q&matmifAv. owif;pmwdk@ vGwfvyfaomacwf)

ref;bZefjrifaom apmbOD;}uD;
apmbOD;}uD;[m rdrd&J@ av;eufwJh cH,lcsuftwdkif; u&iftrsdK;om;
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf rSefuefjywfom;wJh awmfvSefa&;udk a&S@aqmifaz:
xkwfcJholjzpfw,f// awmfvSefa&;tay:rSm av;eufjywfom;rSKeJ@opPm
&Sdw,f// awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;awGudk tcuftcJawG=um;rS &J&ifhwnf+idrf
jywfom;pGm a&S@aqmifcJhw,f//
(1949)ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv(31)&ufae@rSm vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;
pwifvm+yD; apmbOD;}uD;[m A[dak cgif;aqmifawGjzpfwJh u|Ekfyf/ apmpdkif;ac/
paumarmav;/ apm[efwmomarG;/ ref;*sdef;xGef;atmif/ OD;Zef/ apmb,fvD
ESifhtwl tif;pdefwdkufyGJtwGif; tcuftcJjy\emaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm
}uHKawG@&+yD; awmfvSefa&;t&nftcsif;awG &cJhw,f// tif;pdefwdkuyf GJ[m
(1949)ck/ ar(25)&ufae@txd &ufaygif;(111)&uf&Snf=umaomae@ tif;pdef
rS qkwfcGgcJhw,f// tif;pdefrS qkwfcGgawmh awmfvSefa&;'%fudk rcHEdkifwJh
ref;*sdef;xGef;atmif/ apmb,fvD/ OD;Zefwdk@rSm awmfvSefa&;udk pGef@cGgoGm;
=uw,f// awmfvSefa&;rSm acgif;aqmif&ef apmbOD;}uD;/ u|Ekfyf/ apmpdkifau/
apm[efwmomarG;eJ@paum armav;wdk@ usefcJhw,f// tif;pdefu qkwfcGg+yD;
u|Efkyf[m/ tif;pdefc&dkif/ xef;wyif+rdK@e,f&Sd/ =umtif;aZmif;&Gmudk a&muf=u
w,f// tJ'D&GmrSm tpnf;ta0;vkyf+yD; acgif;aqmifawG wm0efcGJa0=uw,f//
171

apmbOD;}uD;/ apmpdkif;au/ paumarmav;wdk@ awmifiludk

oGm;a&muf+yD; A[dkvkyfief;rsm;udk wm0ef,lvkyfaqmif&ef u|EfkyfESifh
apm[efwmomarG;wdk@ jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orSm wm0ef,l xrf;aqmif
zdk@jzpfw,f// (1950)ck/ =o*kwfv (12)&uf[m u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;twGuf
qHk;&SHK;rSK}uD;wckjzpfwJh a=uuGJ0rf;enf;zG,f&m ae@yJjzpfw,f// tJ'Dae@rSm
acgif;aqmif}uD;awGjzpfwJh apmbOD;}uD;eJ@ apmpdkif;auwdk@ taygif;tyg
wpk[m aumhu&dwf+rdK@e,f xdkaumhul;&GmrSm &efol@vufcsufeJ@ u&ifh
trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf toufpGef@oGm;cJh&w,f// apmbOD;}uD;
[m touf(47)ESpfrSm uG,fvGefcJhw,f// vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;
wm0efudk wESpfausmfavmufom xrf;aqmifoGm;&&Smw,f//
apbOD;}uD;&J@ rSefuefwJ@ a&S@aqmifrSKa=umifh jywfom;wJ@ u&ifh
trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&;eJ@
b0wdk;wufrSKawmfvSefa&;jzpfay:vmw,f//
apmbOD;}uD;[m rdrdtay:usa&mufwJ@ wm0efawGudk ajymifajrmuf
atmifjrifpGm xrf;aqmifcJholjzpfw,f// u&ifhawmfvSefa&;eJ@ u&ifhtrsdK;om;
vGwfajrmufa&;udk pwifaz:xkwfay;oljzpfw,f// ol@&J@&nf&G,fcsuf tvHk;pHk
atmifjrifa&;twGuf u|Efkyfwdk@ qufvufwdkufyGJ0if=u&OD;rnfjzpfa=umif;
wifjyvdkuf&ygw,f//
(zl;uD;'dk;. ref;bZefESifh u&ifhawmfvSefa&;)

AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. trSm;ESifhtrSef
apmbOD;}uD;onf (1950)ckESpf/ =o*kwfv(12)&ufae@wGif uG,fvGef
ojzifh ,cktcg ESpftm;jzifh(60)yif ausmfcJh+yDjzpfonf// jrefrmEdkifiH. ordkif;
onfvnf; &mpkESpfwckudk jzwfoef;vsuf &Sdaeayonf// apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtwl
jrefrmEdkifiH. ordkif;udak &;cJh=uaom jrefrmvlrsdK;awGbufrS AdkvfcsKyfatmif
qef;/ OD;Ek/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;wdk@onfif;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;rsm;bufrS p0fa&$odku/f
172

ucsifvlrsdK;rsm;bufrS qrm;'l;0g;qif0gaemifwdk@onfif; vl@"rRwmt&

r&Sd=uawmh+yD//
,if;ESpfaygif; ajcmufq,ftwGif;Y tkyfcsKyfolae&mwGif a&muf&Sdae
aom jrefrmvlrsdK; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf ay;olae&mrSif;/ csif;/ ucsif/
u,m;/ u&if/ &Srf;/ rGef/ &cdkif/ 0/ ytdk0fhESifhvlrsdK;pk rsm;onf &,lolae&mrSif;
&Sdae=u&mrS t+ydKiftqdkiftm;+ydKif qef@usifwdkufcdkufvm&m jynfwGif;ppf
onf rqHk;EdkifyJ &Sdaeavonf//
,if;odk@ jzpf&onfrSm t"dutcsufrSm trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wifjycJhaom jynfaxmifpkrludk aemufydkif;wufa&muf
vmaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u rvdkufemjcif;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
udk,w
f dkif rdrd.jynfaxmifpkrludk taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&GufroGm;
Edkifjcif;/
,if;ESpfaygif;ajcmufq,ftwGif;Y
ppfwyfudkta=umif;jyKI
tm%modrf;jcif;wGif tm;oefaomfvnf; trSm;trSefudk a0zefoHk;oyf
&efum; tm;roef=ujcif;/ Todk@jzifh apmbOD;}uD;vufxuf vdkvm;awmifh
wcJhaom oD;jcm;jynfe,fwdk@onf jzpfrvm&Hkr#ru u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;rSm
e,fcsJ@aemufvdkuf[laom pGyfpGJcsufjzifh pGyfpGJykwfcwfjcif;udk cH=u&av
onf//
,if;odk@ jynfaxmifpktusdK;twGuf trSm;ESifhtrSefudk a0zefoHk;
oyf&ef tm;roef&mrS tawG@t}uHKt& trSm;ESifhtrSefudk odvmolrSm
&Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmwOD;om ay:vmavonf//
(1949)ckESpf/ Zlvdkif-=o*kwfvrSm ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;onf
+AdwdefESifhtar&duefEdkifiHrsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufcJhygonf// (1)TonfrSm Armjynf
. yxrqHk;aom ppfbufavhvma&;rpf&Sif jzpfygonf// ArmjynfwGif t"du
tusyftwnf;}uD;qdkufcJh&aom tif;pdefwdkuyf GJ}uD; +yD;qHk;+yD;aemuf oGm;jcif;
jzpfygonf//
173

Armjynf jynfwGif;ppfwGif tpdk;&bufrS }uD;rm;aomtEW&m,frS

vGwfajrmuf+yD;/ atmifjrifrSKbuf tay:pD;&vmrS oGm;jcif;vnf; jzpfygonf//
Todk@ Adv
k fcsKyfae0if; c&D;xGufoGm;jcif; udpPrSpI usaemfhb0udk
t}uD;tus,f tajymif;tvJjzpfaprnfh udpP}uD;wck pwifawG@}uHKvm&
ygawmhonf//
xdktjzpftysufrSm t*FvefrS 0,f,lcGifhjyKI vufeufcJ,rf;
rD;ausmufpm;&if;rsm;udk Armhwyfrawmf axmufyHha&;XmeujyKpk+yD; t*Fvdyf
tpdk;&xHwifjyawmif;qdk0,f,l&ef AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ESifhay;vdkuf&m/ xdkwifjy
aom pm&if;twdkif; vufeufusnfqHtm;vHk;eD;yg;udk t*Fvdyftpdk;&u
ay;vdkufjcif;jzpfygonf// usaemf tvGefyiftHh=ooGm;ygonf//
if;0,f,l&&Sdaom vufeufusnfqHrsm;txJwGif ArmjynfwGif;ppf
t&Sdefudk rsm;pGm,kwfavsmh usqif;xdcdkufaprnfh vufeufwrsdK;yg0if&m/
if;udk awmif;qdkwifjyaom pm&if;twdkif;eD;yg;&&SdcJhojzifh tpdk;&twGuf
rsm;pGmtusdK;&SdcJhayonf//
xdkvufeufrSm acG;oGm;pdwfcsdef;}udK;ESif armif;Edkifaom armif;oltyg
vl(6)a,mufpD;/ trdk;rygaom yufvufoHcsyf um,mOfuav;rsm;
jzpfonf// xdkoHcsyfum,mOfuav;aygif;tpD;(200)ESpfausmf &&SdcJhayonf//
xdk,mOfuav;udk &Jabmfrsm;u csdef;yufvuf[k ac:=uonf//
if;,mOfuav;rsm;onf Armjynf. awmawmifxlxyfaomae&m/
&$H@EGHxlxyfaomae&mwdk@rSwyg; rnfonfhae&mwGifrqdk armif;Edkifonf//
ajcvsifwyfvufeufi,fusnfrsm;udkvnf; umuG,fEdkif&m ajcvsifwyf
vufeufi,frsm;udkom udkifpGJEdkifonfh olykefrsm;ESifh&ifqdkif&mwGif tpdk;&
wyftzdk@ wyef;omaeayonf// if;,mOfuav;oGm;Edkifonfh ajrjyef@rsm;/
qifajcavsm/ awmifurlponfwdk@wGif olykefwdk@udk tpdk;&ppfwyftaeESifh
174

xdk,mOfuav;rsm;ESifh olykefwdk@tzdk@ tefwk+yD; ae&m,lppfyGJ rqifE$JEdkifawmhyJ

t"duajymufusm;ppfyGJtqifho@dk av#mhcsvdkuf=u &ygawmhonf//
(1)

(AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. twKy`wWd)

xdkcsdef;yufvufoHcsyfum ,mOfuav;(25)pD;ay:wGif oHcarmuf

aqmifxm;aom ajcvsifwyfcGJwcGJudk ,mOfwpD;vl(5)(1)a,mufpDr#wif+yD;/
aemufu wyfwcsdK@ESifh olykefwdk@. ae&mpGJxm;aom wyfpcef;wkd@u kd
xdk;ppfqif+yD; wyfpGJap&m olykefwdk@rSm rckcHEdkifawmhyJ qkwfcGgxGufajy;+yD;/
tajccspcef;rxm;Edkifaom
ajymufusm;ppfb0odk@
a&muf&SdoGm;+yD;
awmawmifrsm;odk@om trSDjyK=u&ygawmhonf// olwdk@onf +rdK@&Gm/
vlaersm;aoma'owdk@wGif txifu& wyfrpGJEdkifawmhay//
olykefrsm;taeeJ@ wdkufyGJrsm;twGif; if;csdef;yufvuf,mOfrsm;
teD;odk@ csOf;uyf+yD; xdktrdk;r ygaom ,mOfay:vufypfAHk;ypfoGif;Edkifv#if
xdk,mOfrS vufypfAHk;'%fa=umifh
&yfqdkif;oGm;Edkif+yD; xdk,mOfudkyif
olwdk@odrf;qD;Edkifayonf// odk@aomf olwdk@ xdko@dk rvkyfEdkifay//
odk@jzifh Armjynf jynfwGif;ppfrSm !SdK;ajcmuftm;enf;vm&ayonf//
Todk@ !SdK;ajcmufvm &aom ta=umif;wGif EdkifiHa&;&mta=umif;onf
t"dujzpfaomfvnf; ppfrSKa&;&mwGif xdkt*Fvdyfwdk@u ay;aomvufeuf
rsm;onf ta=umif;w&m;jzpfonf// tdENd,u ae&l;tpdk;&uvnf; 0ef}uD;
OD;Ek. arwWm&yfcHcsuft& vufeuftawmfrsm;rsm; ay;tyfvmygonf//
xdk@jyif t*Fvdyfwdk@u ArmEdkifiHudk acs;aiGtrsm;tjym;vnf; xkwfay;cJh
ygonf//
TwGif usaemfonf Armjynf. Tajctaeudk jyefvnfpOf;pm;
vmrdonf// ,cifu usaemf. xifjrifrSKrSm Armjynfudk tkyfpdk;&mwGif
t*Fvdyfwdk@u olwdk@pdwf}udKuf qufvufv$rf;rdk;Edkif&efolw@dk t*Fvdyfrsm;udk
175

vdkvm;aom u&iftrsdK;om;udkom ulnDzefwD;ay;vdrfhrnf[I

l jzpfygonf//
xdk@a=umihf u&iftrsdK;om;wdk@. ykefuefrSKudk uaemfhtaeESifhe,fcsJ@
t*Fvdyf. ya,m*tjzpf=unfhjrif+yD; usaemfOD;aqmif+yD; wdkufcdkuf
ESdrfeif;cJhjcif; jzpfayonf//
odk@&mwGif vufawG@wGifrl t*Fvdyfwdk@onf ArmjynfwGif
}uD;pdk;v$rf;rdk;&ef vufawG@vnf; wu,fjzpfEdkifaom jrefrmvlrsdK;}uD;xHrS
olw@dk udk rqef@usifaom t*Fvdyfbufom;jzpfEdkifaom Armjynfacwfopf
EdkifiHa&;wGifvnf; tawmftwef yg0ifcJh+yD; jynfol=um;wGifvnf;
=oZmtoifhtwifh&Sdol/ jrefrmtvdkawmf&drsm;udkom ydktvdk&Sd+yD;/ xdkvlrsdK;
rsm;udkom t*Fvdyfwdk@u ulnDvm=u vdrfhrnf[k usaemfodjrifvmygonf//
u&ifykefuefrSKudk t*Fvdyfwdk@u tm;ay;cJhonfrSmvnf; u&ifrsm;tm%m
&vma&;twGufr[kwfyJ
vuf&SdArmtpdk;&tusyf
twnf;qdkuf+yD;
t*Fvdyfrsm;xH &dkusdK;atmufusdK@ qufqHvm&efom t"dujzpfonfudk
usaemfem;vnfvmygonf//
xdktcsdefrSpI ,ckcsdefwdkifatmif u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;Edk;
=um;rSKESifhEdkifiHa&;tm;xkwfrSKrsm;udk e,fcsJ@orm;tm;udk;rSKjzifh vkyfaqmifae
onf[k EdkifiHa&;orm;tcsdK@u ajymwwf=uovdk jrefrmrD'D,mwGifvnf;
a&;om;ae=uayonf// txl;ojzifh ppftpdk;&rS (1962)ckrS (1988)
vufxufwdkif xkwfa0aeaom pme,fZif;rsm;wGif a&;om;ae=ujcif;
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l
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d nf[k a&;om;jyefavonf// ucsifESifhcsif;vlrsdK;rsm;
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odk@ ay;pm;jcif;rcH&onfrSm vGefpGmyif uHaumif;vSayonf// txufyg
tif;pdefwdkuyf GJudk OD;aqmifwdkucf dkufcJhol AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZmrS 176

u&ifykefuefrSKudk t*Fvdyfwdk@u tm;ay;cJhonfrSmvnf; u&ifrsm;

tm%m&vma&;twGuf r[kwyf J vuf&SdArmtpdk;&tusyftwnf;qdkuf+yD;
t*Fvdyfrsm;xH &dkusdK;atmufusdK@qufqHvm&efom t"dujzpfonfudk
usaemfem;vnfvmygonf[k
a&;om;onfudk
pOf;pm;=u&efyif
jzpfavonf//
(1)

177

(AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm. twKy`wWd)

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178

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&efol@xHowif;ay;ydk@ol armiftJ
apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtzGJ@tm; ppfwyfodk@ owif;ay;olrSm vSKd ifbGJ@ESifh
aumhu&dwf+rdK@e,f=um;&Sd rdkifoHk;q,fcef@tuGm xd@k aumul;&Gmom;
armiftJESifhtaygif;ygrsm; jzpf=uavonf// xdke,fwGif wm0efusaom
(K.N.D.O)acgif;aqmifESihaf emufvdkurf sm;onf olwdk@e,fwGif trsdK;rsdK;Adkvf
usaeojzifh olwdk@onf rsm;pGmrcHr&yfEdkif jzpfvm=uavonf//
TwGif olwdk@e,ftwGif;odk@ vlpdrf;wpk0ifvm+yD; &GmESifhrvSrf;rurf;
wGif pcef;csaea=umif;od&v#if &Gmom;armiftJtygt0if ppfwyfodk@
owif;ydk@&mrS ppfwyfu 0dkif;0ef;ypfcwf&m apmbOD;}uD;ESifhapmpdkif;auwdk@rSm
aoewfxdrSefum aoqHk;=u&avonf//

179

TonfESifhywfoufI AdkvfcsKyfjronfol. usaemfhjzwfoef;rSK

tppftrSefpmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;avonf//
Tae&monf OuUapmbOD;}uD; aoqHk;oGm;+yD;aemufydkif; (1)&efol
(zqyv)tpdk;&u zg;vm;ap;udk wm0efay;um u&ifhawmfvSefa&;udk
qef@usif&eftwGufvlpkap+yD; opPm&Sdu&iftzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;aponf// if;wdk@udk
&efolu vufeuftjynfhtpHkwyfqifay;onf// pkpkaygif;vufeuf(200)cef@&Sd
onf//
Tazgufjyefa&; opPm&Sdu&ifwdk@udk OD;pD;uGyfuJ=uolrsm;rSm
EdkifatmifxGef;ESifhzg;vm;ap;wdk@ jzpf=uonf// xdk@aumhul;&Gmudk tajccH
xm;onf// Tazgufjyefa&;rsm;udk usaemfwdk@u wzufwGifwdkuf&if; tjcm;
wzufwGif olwdk@udk jyefpnf;&Hk;onf// xD;qGm;&GmrSmrl armiftJu OD;pD;onf//
usaemfu armiftJqDpma&;onf// usaemfwdk@qD jyefvm&ef
wdkufwGef;onf// olusaemfhudk pmjyefygonf// oltrSm;vkyfcJhonfhtwGuf
OuU}uD; apmbOD;}uD;usqHk;cJh&onf xdk@a=umifh olrjyef&Jawmhyg// usaemf
aemufxyfwapmif armiftJqDa&;ygonf// usaemf tckvdka&;onf//
(1)

(AdkvfcsKyfjr. u|efawmfjh zwfoef;rSKtppftrSef)

armiftJ (1)igwdk@ tck ppfwdkufwm apmbOD;}uD;wa,mufxJ

twGuf r[kwfyg// wrsdK;om;vHk;twGuf wdkufwmjzpfw,f// jyefvmyg//
OuUapmbOD;}uD;ao+yD;jzpfayrJh ref;wdk@trSm;udk jrif+yD; aemifw&um
trSm;udk 0efcH&if +yD;wmbJ
aemufqHk; armiftJonf usaemfwdk@xH jyefvm+yD; vufeufcsonf//
olwdk@tm;vHk; ta,muf(30)&Sdonf// vufeufrsm;vnf; ygvmonf//
tckvdk vufeufcsvm=uaoma=umifh olwdk@ukd a&G;cs,fcGifhay;xm;ygonf//
awmfvSefa&;qufvkyfcsifolrsm;udk vkyfcGifhay;onf// rvkyfvdkyguxGuf+yD;
180

tdrfwGif at;at;aq;aq;jyefaeEdkifonf// trsm;pku xGufygonf//

tdrfudkjyef+yD; vlxkwa,muftaejzifh aexdkif=uonf// awmfvSef;a&;wyfzGJ@
xJ 0ifvmoltenf;pkjzpfygonf//
jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'owGif u&ifwdkif; apmbOD;}uD;udk rjrifbl;aomf
vnf; emrnfESifhvkyf&yfudkum; od=u.// odk@jzpfI apmbOD;}uD; usqHk;onfh
=o*kwfv(12)&ufae@a&mufv#if ,if;tm; trSwfw&jzifh tav;jyKcsif
=u.// +rdK@ay:ESifha0;aom t&yftcsdK@wGiftpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;rodrjrifEdkifonfh
v,fuGif;ESifh v,fxJodk@oGm;um apmbOD;}uD;tm; wdwfwqdwftav;jyK
=uavonf//
apmbOD;}uD;. tjzpftysufrSm acsacGAm;&m;ESifh wlvSaomfvnf;
acsacGAm;&m;uJho@dk um; w&m;0if tav;jyKjcif; ESifh todtrSwfjyKjcif;udk
rcHcJh&&Smacs//
(1) (AdkvfcsKyfjr. u|efawmfjh zwfoef;rSKtppftrSef)

obmywda&G;cs,f cH&jcif;(,m,D)
(1950)ckESpf/ =o*kwfv(12)&ufae@wGif OuU
}uD;apmbOD;}uD;usqHk;+yD;aemuf OuUopf
a&G;cs,f&ef
udpPrsm;ay:aygufcJhavonf//
apmbOD;}uD;usqHk;+yD;jzpfI
vpfvyfaom
ae&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfpdkif;autm; wifajrSmuf&ef
tm;vHk;uoabmwlavonf//
odk@aomf
AdkvfcsKyfpdkif;auvnf; OuU}uD;ESifhtwl usqHk;
oGm;a=umif; zgyGef&Sd apmbOD;}uD;. ZeD;u
a=u;eef;ydk@vmojzifh/ OuUopftjzpf wOD;OD;
udk a&G;cs,f&ef udpP&Sdvmonf//
181

xdk@a=umifh wifajrSmufa&;tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk tv#iftjrefac:,lcJh

=uonf// xdktpnf;ta0;udk armfcsD;wGif ac:,l&m q&mpaumv,fawm
vnf; wufa&mufcJhonf// xdktpnf;ta0;wGif OuUtjzpfOD;vSazudk
wifajrSmuf&ef/ OD;vSazrvkyfrSom a*szl;ndKudk OuUwif&efponfjzifh wnD
w!Gwfwnf; qHk;jzwf=u onf// a*szl;ndKudk,fwkid fvnf; tpnf;ta0;udk
wufa&mufcJhonf// qHk;jzwfcsuft& awmif}uD;bufodk@ a&mufaeaom
OD;vSaztm; tusdK;ta=umif;a=u;eef;ydk@&m OD;vSazrSm ytdk0f;awmfvSefa&;
wGif udk,fwidk fOD;aqmifae&ojzifh xdkwm0efudk vufrcHEdkifa=umif;
ta=umif;jyefcJhonf// a*szl;ndKuvnf; OuUrvkyfcsif// ppftkyfcsKyfa&;
csrSwfcJhpOfu vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;umv rnfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;rS
rzGJ@pnf;&[k oludk,fwidk ftrdef@w&yf xkwfjyefcJhIjzpfonf// q&m}uD;
paumv,fawmrSm rvGJra&Smifom OuUopfwm0efudk ,lcJh&onf//
q&m}uD;paumv,fawm(K.G.B).
,m,Dobmywdwm0ef
,lvdkuf&aom zgyGefnDvmcHt+yD;wGif apmbOD;}uD;ZeD;onfu a=u;eef;ydk@
onfqdk&mY xdkZeD;onfrSm tif;pdefwGif olESifhtwlaecJhaom ("gwfyHkyg)
ZeD;onf (OD;ZH). orD;(eDwm)yif jzpfavonf//

apmbOD;}uD;uG,fvGef+yD;aemuf (K.N.U). t=uyftwnf;

apmbOD;}uD;uG,fvGef+yD;aemufwGif (K.N.U). acgif;aqmifrSKae&m
udk &,lvdkuaf om apm[efwmomar$;ESifrh ef;bZefwdk@onf ppfa&;/
EdkifiHa&;t=uwftwnf;a=umifh rjzpfraeajymif;vJ&rnfrSm tajctaeudk
odjrifvmavonf//
Todk@jzifh
0g;c,fr+rdK@e,f/
ta&S@jcrf;y&dkufaomifwef;wGif
u&ifbmomjzifh 0def@axmif a&$+rdK@awmfuGefz&ifhwGif 'kwd,vrf;pOfudk
csrSwfcJh=uavonf//
182

ref;bZefESifh 'kwd,vrf;pOf
(1951)ckESpf/ZGefv(5)&ufae@wGif jzpfonf// apmbOD;}uD;usqHk;+yD;
aemuf (K.N.U)udk apm[efwmomar$;ESifhref;bZefwdk@ ESpfOD;yl;wGJ
acgif;aqmifaeonfhumvvnf;jzpfonf// ,if;tajctaewGif (K.N.U)
tay:wGif (zqyv)tpdk;&u EdkifiHa&;t&/ ppfa&;t&tay:pnf;u &vm
onfh umvvnf;jzpfonf// ,if;tajctaewGif (K.N.U)twGuf EdkifiHa&;/
trsdK;om;a&;vrf;pOfw&yfcsrSwf&ef
vdktyfvma=umif;
ref;bZefESifh
apm[efwmomar$;tygt0if (K.N.U)acgif;aqmifrsm;u ,lqxm;=u
onf// odk@jzifh 0g;c,fr+rdK@e,f/ ta&S@jcrf;/ jr*dk;acsmif ;twGif;&Sd y&dkuf
aomifwef;&GmwGif (K.N.U). uGefz&ifh(a&$+rdK@awmfuGefz&ifh)[lI wGif
onf//
u|efawmfonf ,if;y&dkufaomifwef;&GmESifh rsufapmif;xdk;omom
avmufwGif&Sdonfh *&rf;acsmif;xJY aecJhbl;onf// xdkrSwqifh y&dkuf
aomifwef;&Gm atmufbufem;&Sd 'dkif;abmif&GmY ausmif;aecJhbl;.//
+yD;v#if (1990)ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif ,if;y&dkufaomifwef;&Gmrsm;tygt0if
0g;c,frrJqENe,ftrSwf(1)Y a&G;aumufyGJ0ifcJh.// odk@jzifh u|efawmfonf
,if;y&dkufaomifwef;&Gmuav;tm; trSwfw&tjzpf =unfhcJhrdao;onf//
,if;0def@awmif(a&$+rdK@awmf)uGefz&ifhrS csrSwfvdkufaom (K.N.U).
vrf;pOfudk 'kwd,vrf;pOf[kac:onf// ,if;(K.N.U).vrf;pOf 'kwd,
vrf;pOfonf yxrwGif u&iftrsdK;om;awmfvSefa&;Y }uD;pGmaom tvSnfh
tajymif;wckudk jzpfapcJh&mrSm aemufydkif;wGif u&ifhawmfvSefa&;twGif;Y
*kd%f;*%/ 0g'udk jzpfay:apcJhavonf//
,if;(K.N.U). 'kwd,vrf;pOfudk &SKjrif=u&mY yxrOD;pGm tpysdK;cJh
ol ref;bZef.tjrif/ 'kwd,wGif (1959)ckESpf/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tdrfapmifh
tpdk;&vufxufY Oya'wGif;odk@ jyef0ifa&mufoGm;=uonfh (K.N.U)
xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifwpk a&;om;jyKpkonfh aumfol;avppfwrf;tjrif/
183

wwd,wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;&onfqdkum Oya'wGif; jyef0ifoGm;aom

apm[efwmomar$;. tjrifwdk@udk avhvm&efyifjzpf.//
TwGif (K.N.U). 'kwd,vrf;pOfcsrSwf&ef tpysdK;yHkudk ref;bZefu
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;avonf//
(1949)ckESpf/ ZGefv tif;pdefwdkufyGJu qkwfvm+yD; jynf+rdK@rSm&SdwJh
jynfol@'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk ( P.D.F People Democratic Front)&J@
XmecsKyfudk (K.N.U)rS AdkvfrSL;armifav;udk (zqyv) qef@usifa&;yl;wGJ
wyfaygif;pkzGJ@zdk@
apv$wfvdkufw,f//
odk@aomf
ocifoef;xGef;u
apmbOD;}uD;[m
e,fcsJ@vufudkifwkwf/
e,fcsJ@aemufvdkuaf wG[k
pGyfpGJxm;w,f// 'gudk olwdk@ ajymif;+yD;ckeu ajymovdk wjcm;awmfvSef;
a&;tiftm;pkawGeJ@ r[mrdwfzGJ@&r,fvdk@ owfrSwfvmw,f//
tJ'Dawmh - u|efawmfwdk@ u&ifhawmfvSefa&;tajctaeaumif;zdk@
b,fvdkvkyf&rvJqdk+yD; pOf;pm;vmwJhtcgrSm ckeajymwJh w&kwfjynf&Sd
awmfvSefa&;tawG@t}uHKawGudk
avhvmzdk@ta=umif;
jzpfvmw,f//
avhvm&r,f// u|efawmfwdk@ ravhvm&ifrjzpfbl;// tvkyfa=umif;udk
em;vnf&r,f//
awmfvSefa&;vkyfenf;vkyf[efawGudk
od&r,f//
odrSvkyfvdk@&r,fqdkawmh u|efawmfavhvmw,f/ w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;
pmapmifawGjzpfwJh jynfol@'Drdkua&pDpepfta=umif;/ aemufwcsufu armfpD
wkef;&J@ w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;oabmw&m;/ 'gawGudk u|efawmfwdk@
avhvmw,f// avhvmwJhtcg u|efawmfwdk@tjrifus,fvmw,f// trSefawmh
u|efawmfeJ@ [efwmomar$;jzpfw,f-
ref;bZefuyif qufvufa&;om;xm;jyef&mY (zqyv)tpdk;&udk u|efawmfwcg jyef+yD;oHk;oyfvdkuw
f Jhtcg
'D(zqyv)tpdk;&[m e,fcsJ@pepf/ ajr&Sifya'om&mZfpepf/ r[mvlrsdK;}uD;
0g'udk udk,fpm;jyKaewJ@ tpdk;&jzpfw,f// 'Dawmh u|efawmfwdk@ wdku f&rSm
184

u|efawmfwdk@&J@ t"duwdkufuGif;[m (zqyv)tpdk;&jzpfw,f// u&ifawG

u|efjyKcH&wmu e,fcsJ@pepf/ ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepfeJ@ r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'
a=umifhjzpfw,f-
,if;oHk;oyfcsuft&ESifh 'kwd,vrf;pOfa=umifh rlv&Sdxm;aom
vlrsdK;a&;ydyuQudk OD;wnfaerSKrS vlwef;pm;ydyuQqDodk@ vSnfhapmif;oGm;
onf[kvnf; oHk;oyfEdkif=uayonf//
qufvufI ref;bZefu u&ifhvlrSKb0ESifhu&ifhawmfvSefa&;udk
vnf; atmufygtwdkif; qufpyfI oHk;oyfaz:jyxm;jyefavonf//
aemufwcsuf u|efawmfwdk@ jyef=unfhawmh t&ifwkef;u
u|efawmfwdk@ oD;jcm;jynfe,fawmif;xm;w,f/ u|efawmfwdk@[m Armjynf&J@
u&ifhb0jzpfay:rSK[m tjyeftvSef qufpyfrSDcdkaew,f// 'Dawmh ArmjynfrSm
jzpfay:aewJh vlrsdK;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;rSK/ vlrSKa&;
tjyeftvSefjzpfay: tusdK;jyKaew,f// 'DtwGufa=umifh u&ifoD;jcm;
jynfe,fqdk&if wdk;wufrSKr&Sdbl;/ 'Dawmh bmjzpf&rvJ/ u|efawmfwdk@
Armjynfu cGJxGuzf dk@ rvG,fbl;// cGJxGujf cif;[m odyf+yD;awmh tusdK;r&Sdbl;//
yl;aygif;aejcif;u wdk;wufrSK&Sdw,f// tJ'gvlrsdK;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
,Ofaus;rSK t&jzpfw,f// 'DtwGufa=umifh u|efawmfwdk@[m u&ifjynfudk
,l&r,f/ b,fvdkjynfe,fvJ/ tckeu tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifh/ w&m;pD&ifcGifh&SdwJh
u&ifjynfe,fudk u|efawmfwdk@ ,lr,f// ,l+yD;awmh ArmjynfeJ@ aygif;r,f-
ponfjzifh (K.N.U). 'kwd,vrf;pOftpysdK;csrSwfyHkudk ref;bZeftus,f
w0ifha&;om; oHk;oyfxm;avonf//
(ref;bZef. K.N.U 'kwd,vrf;pOf)

ref;bZefonf 'kwd,vrf;pOf csrSwf+yD;onfhaemufwGif ( K.N.U)

onf apmbOD;}uD;&SdpOfu csrSwfxm;aom oD;jcm;u&ifjynfe,frludk
pGef@vGwfI ArmjynfeJ@aygif;r,fpum;t& jynfaxmifpktwGif;rS u&ifvl
rsdK;rsm;aumif;pm;a&;rlodk@ oGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; twdtvif;qdkavonf//
185

TwGif ta&;}uD;aom tcsufESpfcsufudk wifjyvdkayonf//

(1) yxrtcsufrSm

(K.N.U).
EdkifiHa&;q&mwOD;jzpfol
ref;om+rdKif(ac:)q&mom+rdKif ("EkjzLZmwd)onf oxHk
awmifwef;ay:wGif rdom;pkESifhtwl AdkvfrSL;}uD;Aeful;.
zrf;rdjcif;udkcH&+yD; axmifxJodk@ a&mufoGm;onf/ axmifwGifrS
wqifh jrefrmqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfodk@ a&mufvmonf// awmfvSef
a&;aumifpD0ifjzpfvmonf// ,if;'kwd, vrf;pOfodk@ (K.N.U)
ul;ajymif;a&muf&SdvmyHktpjynfhtpHkudk if;/
(2) 'kwd,tcsufrSm OD;Ekonf awmcdk&mrS +rdK@ay:jyefa&mufvm+yD;
(1988)ckESpfwGif ('D+idrf;) vkyfaqmifaepOf (K.N.U)onf
cGJxGufcGifhudk awmif;qdkjcif;rjyKawmhI olESifhref;bZefwdk@
tusdK;wlyl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkif+yDjzpfa=umif;/ tpnf;ta0;wGif
ajymqdkcsufrsm;onfif;/
(3) wwd,tcsufrSm u|efawmfudk,w
f dkif rme,fyavma&mufI
AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifESifh twlwuG aexdkifpOf cGJxGucf GifhudpPudk
ar;jref;&m AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifucGJxGucf Gifhudk w&m;0if
a=ujimI pGef@vGwfvdku+f yD[k rajymaomfvnf; awmif;qdkjcif;
udkum; rjyKawmha=umif; ajymqdkcsufonfif;/
tav;xm;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;yif jzpfavonf//

aumfol;avppfwrf;tjrif
(1959)ckESpf/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;. tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufwGif
jzpfonf// wdkif;jynfodk@ w&m;0ifxkwfjyefa=ujimjcif;r&SdyJ/ xdkpOfu (Auy)
acgif;aqmiftcsdK@ESifhif;/ (K.N.U)acgif;aqmif tcsdK@ESifhif;/ tdrfapmifhtpdk;&
onf &efukef+rdK@Y v#dK@0SufpGm awG@qHkaqG;aEG;onf// ,if;v#dK@0SufaqG;aEG;yGJ
186

t+yD;Y (K.N.U)OD;aqmiftzGJ@0if apmarmifwdk;/ wdkif;OuUq&mbm[kESifh

aemufvkduf tcsdK@onf Oya'wGif;odk@ jyef0ifcJh=uonf// xdkrS apmpD;pGmuyif
Oya'wGif;odk@ jyef0ifcJh+yD;jzpfaom (K.N.U)xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonfh
apmausmfpdef(,cif au0dkiftdktwGif;a&;rSL;)wdk@ oHk;OD;aygif;I wyfrawmf
pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;/ u&ifXmecGJ. cdkif;apcsuft& txufyg aumfol;av
ppfwrf;udk olwdk@a&;om;=uonf// aumfol;avppfwrf;. t"duapmif;ay;
az:jyxm;csufrSm (K.N.U). 'kwd, vrf;pOfudkyif jzpfonf//
aumfol;avppfwrf;. az:jycsufwGif (K.N.U). 'kwd,vrf;pOfudk
jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'oY (1951-1952)ckESpfrS pwif&efowfrSwf+yD; ta&S@wdkif;
a'owGif (1953-1954)rS pwif&ef owfrSwfxm;onf// aumfol;av
ppfwrf;udk a&;om;jyKpkolrsm;u (1949-1951)ckESpftxd (K.N.U). csrSwf
usifhoHk;cJhonfh trsdK;om;a&;vrf;pOftay:wGif EdkifiHa&;r[mAsL[mt&
atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;avonf//

yxrvrf;pOft& EdkifiHa&;aoe*FAsL[m
(1949-1951)ckESpftwGif; (K.N.U)u csrSwfusifho;Hk cJhaom EdkifiHa&;/
trsdK;om;a&;vrf;pOfrsm;tm; EdkifiHa&;aoe*FAsL[mt&=unfhv#if atmufyg
twdkif;jzpfonf//
&nf&G,fcsuf
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaomu&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;/ u&ifvlrsdK;
wnfwHha&;/
t"du&efol
(zqyv)tpdk;&/
187

'kwd,&efol
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwd/ jynfol@&Jabmf
tzGJ@/ awmcdkbm;rm;(bm;rm;&dkifz,f)/
omrn&efol
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(K.Y.O)u&ifvli,ftpnf;t&Hk;/
t"dutiftm;pk
Armhwyfrawmf&Sd u&ifvufeufudkifwyfrsm; (K.N.D.O)
wyfzGJ@rsm;/
teD;uyfqHk;t&Htiftm;pk
u&ifvuf&Hk;rsm;
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w&kwfjzLrsm;/ t*Fvdyf-tar&duefolv#dK*kd%f;rsm;/ &cdkif
olykef/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfol@
&JabmftzGJ@/ awmcdkbm;rm;/ rl*sm[pf/
=um;xm;&rnfh tiftm;pk
wyfrawmfwGif;&Sd tjcm;vlrsdK;pkvufeufudkifwyfrsm;/
r[mrdwf
&Srf;/ u,m;/ rGef/ ytdk0fhawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;/

188

t"du0if&dk;
ArmvlrsdK;tm; qef@usifrkef;wD;a&;
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tm; txufygtwdkif; EdkifiHa&;t& aoe*FAsL[ma&;qGJ=u+yD;aemufY
atmufygtwdkif; qufvufa0zefxm;avonf//
- yxrvrf;pOfv$JrSm;rSKtay: igwdk@. awmfvSefa&;ta&;edrfhcJhjcif;ESifh
tpdk;&. EdkifiHa&;xdk;ppfwdk@a=umifh axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom
igwdk@&Jabmf&Jbufwyfom;rsm;onf tpdk;&.=oZmcH jynfaxmif
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&efoljyefjzpfukef=u.// +idrf;csrf;a&;vufcHaom e,fajrrsm;
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aom igwdk@. =oZmcHe,fajrrsm;vnf; ydkIydkI usOf;ajrmif;
oGm;cJh.//
- yxrvrf;pOft& igwdk@. awmfvSefa&;usqif;&onfhta=umif;rSm
tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh usOf;ajrmif;I wbufowftpGef;a&mufaom
vlrsdK;a&;0g't& usifho;Hk rSK//
- EdkifiHa&;tawG@t}uHKtajrmftjriftm;enf;rSK/ AsL&dkua&pDqefrSK/
&efolESifhrdwfaqGtppftrSefukd oD;jcm;odjrifEdkifpGrf;r&Sdol//
- u&ifvlrsdK;}uD;0g'usihfo;Hk rSK/ ppfbk&if0g'usifhoHk;rSKtp&Sdonfh
wdk@a=umifh[k qdk&ayonf//
- TtajctaeatmufwGif igwdk@. acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;jzpf=uaom
apmbOD;}uD;ESifh apmpef;auwdk@onf usqHk;cJh&um wdkufcdkufa&;tiftm;
oHk;yHkwyHkcef@om usef&Sdawmhaom igwdk@vufeufudkifwyf/ igwdk@. awmfvSef
189

a&;onf b,fqD/ b,fvrf;/ b,fpcef;odk@ jref;&ygawmhrnf enf;[k

aumfol;avppfwrf;a&;om;olrsm;u (K.N.U). yxrvrf;pOfudk a0zef
oHk;oyfxm;avonf//

yxrvrf;pOfrS 'kwd,vrf;pOfodk@
aumfol;avppfwrf;a&;om;olrsm;onf ref;bZefuJo@dk yif yxr
vrf;pOfodk@ ul;ajymif;&mwGif w&kwfawmfvSefa&;tawG@t}uHKudk tajccH
xm;a=umif;udkvnf; az:jyxm;ayonf//
- ppfa&;onf EdkifiHa&;. toufjzpfonf// vufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk
qifEGJaejcif;onf u&ifhEdkifiHa&;udk qufvkyfaejcif;omjzpfonf//
- EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifrSKudk ppfa&;u cH,l&onf//
- yxrvrf;pOfumvuJhodk@ ppfa&;OD;aqmifrSKae&mwGif EdkifiHa&;u
OD;aqmifrSKay;&rnf//
- awmfvSefa&;onf vufeufudkifwdkuyf GJjzpfI vufeufudkiftpnf;
t&Hk;onf t"dupnf;&Hk;a&;jzpfonf//
- awmfvSefa&;onf ArmEdkifiHjynfol@'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;.
tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfonf//
- ArmawmfvSefa&;onf w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESifhqifojzifh
w&kwfawmfvSefa&;.
tawG@t}uHKESifhoifcef;pmrsm;udk
&,l&rnf//
- Armjynfonf ya'&mZfwydkif;ESifh udkvedk Dwydkif;EdkifiHjzpfonf//
- zq-qdk&S,ftpdk;&onf ArmjynfawmfvSefa&;. wOD;wnf;aom
&efoljzpfonf//
190

- (K.N.U)tpnf;t&Hk;onf (K.N.U)ygwDjzpfvmv#if ygwD.

vrf;!GefrSK0g'tjzpf rmhufpfvDeif0g'udk cH,l&rnf//
- (K.N.U). ygwDvufatmufwGif vlxkvlwef;pm;tzGJ@rsm;udk
zGJ@pnf;&rnf//
- ygwD/ ppfwyf/ vlxkwom;wnf; &Sdap&rnf//
- v,form;vlwef;pm;b0udk jrifhwif&rnf//
- u&iftrsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pkudk zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmuf&
rnf//
- vlrsdK;i,fnD!Gwfa&;wyfOD;w&yfudk zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmuf&rnf//
- awmfvSefa&;r[mrdwftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tajctaet& yl;wGJ
vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmifap&rnf//
- awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pktm;vHk;wdk@. nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk}uD;
w&yfudk wnfaqmufoGm;&ef vkdtyfonf//
txufaz:jyyg tajccHoHk;oyfcsufrsm;tay:wGif ta=umif;cHvsuf
(1959)ckESpfY usif;yaom('kwd,)t}udrf aumfol;avjynfvHk;qdkif&m
uGef*&ufwGif atmufygEdkifiHa&;aoe*FAsL[mESifhvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk csrSwf
aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfa=umif; aumfol;avppfwrf;wGif az:jyxm;avonf//

'kwd,vrf;pOf. EdkifihHa&;aoe*FAsL[m
(K.N.U). 'kwd,vrf;pOf atmifjrifa&;twGuf csrSwfonfhEdkifiHa&;
aoe*FAsL[monf atmufyg twdkif;jzpfonf &nf&G,fcsuf
(1) u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;twGuf tcsKyftjcmydkif u&ifjynfe,f&&Sda&;/
191

(2) jrefrmjynf&Sd vlrsKdK;pkrsm;tm;vHk;tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif jynfe,f

&&Sda&;/
(3) qENt& yl;aygif;I pnf;vHk;nD!GwfvGwfvyf+idrf;csrf;aom
jynfol@'Drdkua&pD jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfopfwnfaqmuf&;/
(4) tqHk;owf&nfrSef;csufjzpfaom xm0pOf+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh qdk&S,f
vpfavmuwnfaqmufa&;/
t"du&efol
e,fcsJ@ya'&mZf/
t"duwdkufuiG f;
zq-qdk&S,ftpdk;&/
awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pktaetxm;
(1) tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u a&S@aqmif/
(2) awmifolv,form;vlwef;pm;tm; r[mrdwfzGJ@/
(3) vlrsdK;pkrsm;/ t&if;&SifaygufpESifh vlvwfwef;pm;rsm;yl;aygif;+yD;/
(4) wdkif;&if;om;"e&Sifrsm;taeESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifaomtcg yl;aygif;/
,if;aumfol;avppfwrf;a&;om;jyKpkol
(K.N.U)acgif;aqmifoHk;OD;wdk@onf az:jyyg (K.N.U). 'kwd,vrf;pOft&
a&;qGJcsrSwfxm;aom
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ed*Hk;tm;jzifh
atmufygtwdkif; a0zefoHk;oyfxm;jyefavonf//
192

T&nf&G,fcsufESifh
vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk
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=unfhv#if tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u a&S@aqmif&efudk awG@&ayonf//
odk@aomfvnf; vufawG@rSmrlum; u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;xJwGif tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;. tiftm;rSm tvGef@tvGefenf;yg;onfudk awG@&Sd&onf//
xdka=umifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;. OD;aqmifrSKay;&rnfqdkygu uGefjrLepf
ygwD. OD;aqmifrSKudkom igwdk@cH,l&ayrnf[ak 0zefoHk;oyf xm;avonf//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

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ref;bZefESifh r'nw
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rsm;onf rlv(K.N.U)u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk;ae&mwGif (K.N.U.P)ac:
u&iftrsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;ygwD(Karen National United Party)udk zGJ@pnf;
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(twGif;aa&;rSL;)/
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(EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ@0if)/
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//
)wdk@ jzpf=uonf//
193

,if;(K.N.U.P)ygwD. vrf;!Gef0g'onf rmhvf(pf)vDeif0g'yif

jzpfonf// (K.N.U.P)ygwDwGif OuU/ twGif;a&;rSL;ESifhEdkifiHa&;OD;aqmif
tzGJ@0if pkpkaygif;(6)OD;&Sdonft
h euf trsm;.tjrifY ref;bZefonf t"du
jzpfaeonf// odk@jzifh (Auy)ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf rdrd.EdkifiHa&;aoe*F
AsL[mESifhwlnv
D mae+yDjzpfaom (K.N.U.P). EdkifiHa&;aoe*FAsL[mudk
ta=umif;jyKI (1956)ckESpf/ aemufydkif;Y (Auy)acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfaom
ocifZifESifhref;bZefwdk@ ESpfOD;awG@qHkaqG;aEG;=u.// ,if;ESpfOD;awG@qHk
aqG;aEG;csuftay:wGif Zif-ZefoabmwlnDcsufw&yfudk xkwfjyefcJh=u
onf//
Zif-ZefoabmwlnDcsuft& (1959)ckESpf/ awmifilc&dkif/ a&$usif
+rdK@e,fwGif (K.N.U.P)/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD(Auy)ESifhEdkifa&$usif.
rGefjynfopfygwDwdk@yg0ifaom (r'nw)ac: trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDnD!Gwfa&;
wyfaygif;pkudk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf// aemufydkif;Y csif;OD;pD;tzGJ@vnf; (r'nw)
tzGJ@0if jzpfvmonf//
ae@pGJjzifh ocifoef;xGef;onf 0rf;ajrmuf&$ifvef;tm;&pGmjzifh
ref;bZefxHyk*~dKvfa&; pmwapmif udk a&;om;ay;ydk@cJhavonf// ,if;pmrSmref;bZefcifAsm; (1) (27-7-60)&ufpGJESifhay;pmudk &&Sdwt
Jh wGuf u|efawmfwdk@
txl;yJ0rf;omtm;&&Sdygw,f/ u|efawmfwdk@taeeJ@vnf; vlcsif;
&if;&if;ESD;ESD; awG@qHkqufqHa&;udk txl;yJvkdvm;wJhtjyif taES;
ESifhtjrefqdkovdk 'DvdkawG@qHkqufqH&r,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhygw,f//
'Dpmudk &JabmfvdkyJ &if;&if;ESD;ESD; a&;vdkufygw,f//
(2) (r'nw)jzpfay:a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; u|efawmfwdk@ygwDeJ@ }udK;yrf;rSK
awGudk csD;usL;wJhtwGuf u|efawmfwdk@u aus;Zl;vnf;wifwJh
tjyif *k%f,lygw,f/ trSefpifppftm;jzifh (r'nw)jzpfajrmuf
194

a&;rSm u|efawmfwdk@ygwD&J@ }udK;yrf;rSKudkvnf; csD;usL;vdk@rjzpfyg//

u|efawmfwdk@ ygwDtaeeJ@qdk&if (r'nw)jzpfajrmufa&;rSm
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u|efawmfw@kd ESpfygwD[m t"dutcef;uygcJhovdk (r'nw)
cdkifrm}uD;xGm;a&;rSm u|efawmf wdk@ESpfygwDrSm &&Sdxm;wJhtvkyf
t& nD!Gwfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;t& nD!Gwfa&;udk wdk;wufcdkifrm
av+yD; (r'nw)udk awmifhwif;atmifvkyfoGm;zdk@ vdkygw,f
ponfjzifh ocifoef;xGef;. pmwGifa&;om;xm;avonf//

apm[efwmomar$;ESifhref;bZefuGJ=u+yD
(K.N.U.P)ESifh (K.R.C)
(K.N.U)acgif;aqmifydkif;twGif; (K.N.U.P)udk zGJ@pnf;&mY ygwD.
vrf;!Gef0g'udk rmhvf(pf)vDeif0g'[k cH,lxm;jcif;tay:ESpf+rdK@ol&SdouJo
h dk@
rESpf+rdK@olrsm;vnf; &Sdae=uonf// ,if;odk@ &SdaepOf (1956)ckESpf/ arv(26)
&ufae@wGif (armudk)Y u&iftrsdK;om;uGef*&ufw&yfudk usif;ycJhonf//
,if;uGef*&ufY trsm;qENt& (K.R.C)ac: u&ifhawmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk
zGJ@pnf;cJhonf// ,if;u&ifhawmfvSefa&;aumifpD(K.R.C)wGif atmufyg
yk*~dKvfrsm;yg0if=uonf//
(1) apm[efwmomar$;
(OuU)/
(2) ref;bZef
('kwd,OuU(1)ESifhEdkifiHjcm;a&;)/
(3) AdkvfcsKyfrif;armif
('kwd,OuU(2)ESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;)/
(4) paumv,fawm
(twGif;a&;rSL;ESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;)/
195

(5) ref;odef;armif
(wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;)/
(6) ref;om+rdKif
(v,f,mESifhopfawmfXme)/
(7) y'dk0D&da*smf
(jynfxJa&;)/
(8) y'dkaxma&
(bma&;ESifhtcGefawmf)/
(9) y'dkplay:vGD
(jyef=um;a&;)/
(10) y'dkbxGef;
(ynma&;ESifhusef;rma&;)/
(11) y'dkzdk;anm
(w&m;ol}uD;csKyf)wdk@ yg0if=uonf//
,if;odk@&SdpOf (1963)ckESpf/ {+yDv(20)&ufae@wGif (uaqm0g;)Y
(K.N.U.P)ESifh(K.R.C)yl;aygif; tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk usif;y.// ,if;tpnf;
ta0;usif;ycsdefwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf awmwGif;vufeufudkif
tzGJ@rsm;tm; +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;&ef ta=umif;jycsufjzifh EdkifiHa&;xdk;ppf
w&yfqifEGJcsdefESifhvnf; wdkufqdkifaejyef.// ,if;(uaqm0g;)tpnf;ta0;
wGif rlvuyif (K.N.U.P). vrf;!Gef0g'jzpfonfh rmhuf(pf)vDeif0g'udk
vufrcHvdkonfh(K.R.C)tzGJ@0ifacgif;aqmif(10)OD;wdk@onf apm[efwmom
ar$;udk A[dkjyKI(K.N.U.P)rS EkwfxGufoGm;=uavonf//
u&ifhawmfvSefa&;twGif; ,if;tuJGt+yJay:wGif t"duacgif;aqmif
ESpfOD;jzpfaom apm[efwmomar$;ESifhref;bZefwdk@onf pdwfraumif;}uD;pGm
jzpfcJh=uonf// odk@jzifh bZefa&-u&ifhawmfvSefa&;awmh uGJoGm;+yD/ 'gayr,fh ruGJatmif
vkyfzdk@awmh ta&;}uD;w,f/ rif;eJ@ig 'gudk 0if+yD; xdef;odrf;ay;&r,f-
'DtuGJt+yJawGudk cifAsm;eJ@u|efawmfwdk@ jyefacgif;aqmif}uD;
ajz&Sif;&r,f-
(ref;bZefESifhu&ifh awmfvSefa&;rS)
196

oHCmhtm;bk&m;rvGefom pum;uJho@dk yif acgif;aqmifrsm;onf

vnf; wcgw&HwGif aemufvdkurf sm;. qENudk rvGefomonfrsm;&Sd=uonf//
om"utm;jzifh tif;pdefta&;tcif;wGif apmbOD;}uD;onf ref;bZefESifh
apm[efwmomar$;wdk@.qENudk rvGefomcJhonfeh nf;wl ,ck(K.N.U.P)ESifh
(K.R.C)tuGJwGifvnf; ESpfbufaemufvdkufrsm;. qENudk apm[efwmom
ar$;ESifhref;bZefwdk@onf rvGefomyJ &SdcJh=ujyefonf// txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;
wdk@. EdkifiHa&;obm0t& u&ifhawmfvSefa&;twGif;Y uGJjym;oGm;onfudk
olwdk@acgif;aqmifESpfOD; &ifxkremjzpfcJh=u+yD; pdwfydkif;u jyefvnfnD!Gwf
atmifvkyfrnf[k tm;cJ=uaomfvnf; vufawG@b0Y rpGrf;aqmifEdkif=u
awmhay// odk@jzifh (1963-64)ckESpf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrSac:aom +idrf;csrf;
a&;aqG;aEG;yGJo@dk apm[efwmomar$;onf (K.R.C)udk acgif;aqmifI
oGm;a&mufaqG;aEG;onf//
ref;bZefonf
(r'nw)ESifh(K.N.U)udk
acgif;aqmifI +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJo@dk oD;jcm;pDoGm;a&mufcJh=uonf//
ref;bZefESifh+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ
,if;odk@ +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJo@dk vma&mufpOf ref;bZefonf
wbufwGif (K.N.U)udk acgif;aqmifvmcJhaomfvnf; vufawG@aqG;aEG;yGJo@dk
a&muf&Sdaomtcg (r'nw)tzGJ@. obmywdtjzpfif;/ Armjynf uGefjrLepf
ygwDrS &JabmfaX;u (r'nw)tzGJ@. twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfif; aqG;aEG;cJh
=uonf// +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJodk@ vma&muf=uonfh udk,fpm;vS,f
tzGJ@rsm;teuf ref;bZefacgif;aqmifvmaom (K.N.U)acgif;aqmifrsm;.
0wfyHkpm;yHkudk vlxkupdwf0ifpm;=u.// rpf&Sifvrf;&Sd Aa&wefausmif;wGif
ref;bZef. tdrfaxmifouf(25)ESpfajrmuf aiG&wkobifusif;yonfudk
vnf; trsm;updwf0ifpm;=u.// +yD;v#if ref;bZefobmywdtjzpf
acgif;aqmifvsuf (r'nw)ESifhawmfvSefa&;aumifpDwdk@+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;
onfudkvnf; vlwdkif;uyif ar#mfvifhcsufxm;I apmifhpm;=unfhae=u.//
197

odk@&mwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf ta=umif;jycsufrsm;pGmjzifh

(r'nw)tygt0if +idrf;csrf;a&;vma&mufaqG;aEG;aom awmwGif;vufeuf
udkiftzGJ@rsm;ESifh(apm[efwmomar$;. (K.R.C)rSvGJI aqG;aEG;yGJudk wbuf
owf&yfpJypfvdkufavonf// Todk@jzifh ref;bZefonf awmwGif;odk@ jyefvm
cJh&+yD; apm[efwmomar$;onf +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJatmifjrifonfqdkum
+rdK@ay:odk@ ol@aemufvdkufrsm;ESifhtwla&muf&Sdvmavonf// TonfESifhywf
oufI u|efawmfonf (1978)ckESpf/ rdk;&moDwGif r,foa0g*dwfY
y'dkoef;atmif/ q&m}uD;paumv,fawmwdk@ESifhawG@qHk&aomtcg ar;cGef;
ESpfckudk ar;cJh.// yxrwckrSm q&m}uD;paumv,fawmudk,fwkid f acgif;
aqmifI w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepf ygwDESifhoGm;a&mufaqG;aEG;onfh ta=umif;
t&mESifh 'kwd,wckrSm ref;bZefonf (K.N.U)tzGJ@udk acgif;aqmifI
+idrf;csrf;a&;oGm;a&mufaqG;aEG;aomfvnf; (r'nw)obmywdtjzpfom
aqG;aEG;cJh&+yD; jyefvm&onfhta=umif;wdk@yif jzpfonf//
xdkpOfu y'dkapmoef;atmifonf (K.N.U)wGif AdkvfcsKyfjr+yD;v#if
wm0eft&SdqHk;'kwd,OuUjzpfaeonf// y'dkapmoef;atmifonf u|efawmfh
tar;pum;a=umifh+yHK;I u|efawmfhuw
dk vSnfh/ q&m}uD;paumv,fawmudk
wvSnfh =unhfvdkufonf// +yD;v#if q&m}uD;paumv,fawmudk ajzapav
onf// (K.N.U)tzGJ@onf (1970)ckESpf rsm;twGif;Y w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDrS
vufeufcJ,rf; rD;ausmuftultnD&&Sd&ef q&m}uD;paumv,fawm
acgif;aqmifaom
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apv$wfcJh.//
odk@&mwGif
w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDonf uGefjrLepfygwDcsif;jzpfaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepf
ygwDESifhom a'gufvdkufqufqHa=umif;/ odk@jzpfI (K.N.U)tvdk&Sdaom
tultnDudk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDurS wqifhom awmif;cH&efajymojzifh
Ttwdkif; jyefvmcJhygonf[k q&m}uD;paumv,fawmu u|efawmhfudk
ajymjy.// q&m}uD;uyifqufI oltygt0if ref;bZefacgif;aqmifI
oGm;cJhaom (K.N.U)+idrf;csrf;a&;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@onf awmfvSefa&;aumif
pDESifh+idrf;csrf;a&;raqG; aEG;cJh&a=umif;/ (r'nw)ESifhaqG;aEG;&mrS aqG;aEG;yGJudk
198

zsufodrf;&yfqdkif;ypfvdkuaf omtcg
ref;bZefonf
AdkvfrSL;}uD;vS[ef
(aqG;aEG;yGJacgif;aqmif)tm; awmif;awmif;yefyefjzifh (K.N.U)ESifhqufvuf
aqG;aEG;&ef arwWm&yfcHaomfvnf; AdkvfrSL;}uD;vS[efonf wif;wif;rmrmjzifh
raqG;aEG;Edkifa=umif;/ aqG;aEG;yGJudk &yfpJvdkuf+yD;jzpfa=umif;ajymojzifh
ref;bZefrSm rsm;pGmpdwfraumif;jzpfcJh&onf[k q&m}uD;paumv,fawm
u jyefvnfajymjyavonf//
K.N.U.P rS

rlv K.N.U

,if;odk@jzifh (1963)ckESpf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ ysufjym;oGm;+yD;

aemufydkif; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf &xm;aomEdkifiHa&;tay:pD;udk
awmwGif;vufeufudkifrsm;tm; ppfa&;jzifh tjyiftxefxdk;ppf qifonf//
wcsdefwnf;wGif (6)c&dkif+idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJwGif acgif;aqmifyg0ifaom
vuf0JEdkifiHa&;orm; rsm;ESifhausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; w&=urf;
zrf;qD;jcif;cH&onf// xdktcsdefrSmyif Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDXmecsKyf yJcl;
&dk;rwGif yxrY ocifoef;xGef;onf yDuif;jyefrsm;tm; trmcHxm;I
w&kwf,Ofaus;rSKawmfvSefa&;udk yHkwl,I
l
olESifhqef@usifolrsm;tm;
&Sif;vif;ypfonf// t"duypfrSwfrSm Adkvf&efatmif/ *dk&S,fESifh+idrf;csrf;a&;
aqG;aEG;yGJwGif wm0ef,lcJhaom &JabmfaX;wdk@ jzpf=uonf// aemufydkif;wGif
yDuif;jyefrsm;yg &Sif;vif;jcif;cH=u&jyefavonf//
,if;w&kwf,Ofaus;rSKawmfvSefa&;ESifh tvGeftu|Hvuf0J0g'onf
(K.N.U.P)twGif;odk@yg &dkufcwfvmavonf// txl;ojzifh (K.N.U.P)tpm;
u&ifuGefjrLepfygwDudkyif xlaxmif&ef pdkif;jyif; vm=uonf// wcsdefwnf;wGif
ref;bZef.acgif;aqmifrSKrSm prf;oyfjcif;cHvm&avonf// ref;bZef.
acgif;aqmifrSKonf tm;aysmhonf/ "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tawG; tac:ruif;
pif[k pGyfpGJwu
dk fcdkufvm=uonf// TonfESifhywfoufI ref;bZefonf
refbZefESifhu&ifhawmfvSef&;wGif yGifhvif;pGmyif az:jyxm;avonf//
199

,if;odk@ (K.N.U.P)twGif; t,ltqjyif;xefvmpOf apmausmfjr

oef;ESifhAdkvfusifazwdk@ acgif;aqmifaomtpkonf yJcl;&dk;rodk@ ajymif;a&$@
oGm;=uonf// xdktcsdefwGif ,Ofaus;rSKawmfvSefa&;t&Sdefu jrifhwufaecsdef
vnf;jzpfonf// (1968)ck/ ZlvdkifvxJwGif ,if;wdk@ESpfOD;acgif;aqmifI
A[dkaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;c:,lonf// ref;bZefESifhol.tpku ,if;tpnf;
ta0;udk rwufyJaeonf// r=umrD tpdk;&.xdk;ppfa=umifh ocifoef;xGef;rSm
vkyf}uHcH&onf// apmausmfjroef;rSm zsm;emI aoqHk;onf// (1000)ckESpfwGif
pma&;olonf anmifwHk;wbufurf;Y apmausmfjroef;. nDrESifhawG@&
onf// AdkvfusifazrSm wdkufyGJwGifaoqHk;oGm;jyefonf// (1975)ck/ atmufwdk
bmvwGif jzpfonf// zgyGefe,fY trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk a&S@&SKaom
tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk usif;y.// ,if;tpnf;ta0;rSmyif trsdK;om;ta&;
vdktyfcsuft& (K.N.U.P)udk zsufodrf;I rlv(K.N.U) u&iftrsdK;om;
tpnf;t&Hk;jyefjzpfvmonf//
xdkpOfu (K.N.U)onf vrf;pOfopf/ tawG;tac:opfudk &Sm}uH&if;/
tzGJ@wGif;Y ydyuQrsm;wck+yD;wck jzpfay:vmavonf// yxrwGif 'kwd,
vrf;pOfrSwqifh (r'nw)zGJ@pnf;jcif;/ (K.N.U)rS (K.N.U.P)tjzpfodk@
ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;jcif;rS vuf0J0g'qDodk@ wdk;0ifae&m apm[efwmomar$;ESifh
ref;bZefwdk@ uGJ+yD;+yD/ apm[efwmomar$;Oya'wGif;odk@ jyef0ifoGm;avonf//
,if;odk@ (K.N.U). ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJudk xdkpOfu a'gufwm
armifarmifESifhAdkvfcsKyfjrwdk@u atmufygtwdkif; oHk;oyfavonf//
(1953)ckESpfrS (1960)ckESpfydkif;wGif taemufudk pGef@cGgI ta&S@udk
ar#mf=ujyefonf// vuf0J0g'Drsm;udk avhvmcH,l=uonf// 0g'pGJvGefI
tcsif;csif;yif olu"e&Sifaygufp/ igurSypPnf;rJh[k +ydKifqdkifvm=uonf//
v,fwpf{u/ aiGwpfq,favmufrS rydkifwJh u|efawmfwdk@udkawmifrS "e&Sif
aygupf [kac:um acgif;aqmifae&mrS z,f&Sm;&ef vkyf=uygawmhonf[k
apm[efwmomar$;u qdkavonf// azgufjyefa&;orm;/ aoGznfa&;orm;
200

ponfjzifh tjyeftvSefac:a0:pGyfpGJum tcsif;csif;uJh&Jh=u&onfom tzwf

wifonf//
(K.N.U)ygwDonf ppfa&;0g'Drsm;tjzpfrS EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifrSK&Sdolrsm;
tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJ&mwGif u&ifvufeufudkiftm;vHk; wpfcsdefwnf;wGif
ajymif;vJcJhjcif;r[kwfyJ ydyuQrsm;pGm ay:aygufcJh&avonf//
(a'gufwmarmifarmif. jrefrmjynf EdkifiHa&;c&D;)

tuGJt+yJESifhtustqHk;
xdkpOfu apm[efwmomar$;ESifhtwl jyefoGm;=uolrsm;onf
,cifae&ma[mif;wGifom aexdkif=u+yD; jrefrmhppfwyfESifhyl;aygif;um e,fvl
xkESifhu&ifvlxkudk
rzG,fr&mjyKusifh=uavonf//
,if;ta=umif;udk
AdkvfcsKyfjrrS atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;avonf//
rl;qdk;&efol@xH tnHhcHvdku+f yD;aemuf (1964)ckESpftwGif; &efolonf
(1)
usaemfwdk@udk t}uD; tus,fxdk;ppfqif wdkufcdkufavawmhonf// xdktcsdef
wGif
azgufjyefa&;vif;xifESifh
x&l;rif;wdk@onf
zgyGefc&dkifESifh
anmifav;yifc&dkif wyfr[m (3)e,fajrwGif &Sdae=uonf// Tazgufjyefa &;
orm;wdk@. vkyf&yfrsm;rSm t&yfom;jynfolrsm;tm; xdcdkufepfemaprSK
reJraemyg// zgyGefESifhanmifav;yifc&dkiftwGif;&Sd usaemfwdk@wyfrsm;u
Tazgufjyefa&;orm;rsm; onfr#avmuf &ufpufvdrfhrnf[k rar#mfvifhcJh
ay// olwdk@u tvpftidkufwiG f wdkufcdkufvmojzifh usaemfwdk@A[dkrS
wyfrSL;wyfom;rsm; tzrf;cH&+yD; &ufpufpGmtowfcHcJh&onf// y'dktkef;az
!Gef@/ AdkvfpdefESifh if;wdk@. &Jabmfq,fa,mufausmfvnf; vif;xifESifh
x&l;rif;wdk@wyfu zrf;qD;&rd+yD; &uf&ufpufpuf ac;ylv,fuGif;ab;Y
owfjzwf+yD; tavmif;rsm;tm; ypfxm;cJh=uonf//
(1)

(AdkvfcsKyfjr. usaemfhjzwfoef;rSKtppftrSef)

201

wyfr[m(7)e,fajrwGifvnf; &efolwdk@onf tiftm;tvHk;t&if;

jzifh jyif;jyif;xefxef xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufcJhonf// e,fajrtwGif; awmifay:/
ajrjyef@tm;vHk; &efol@ppfom;rsm; &Sdaeonfudk awG@&onf// &efol@wyf
rsm;onf &Gmwdkif;a&muf&Sd vsuf&Sdonf// ,if;a=umifh c&dkifOuUy'dk
apmodef;jzLvnf; &efolrS zrf;qD;&rdonf// Adkvf}uD;a*smfeDxl;/ Adkvf}uD;tJvfrdk/
Adkvf}uD;t*~bwfESifh if;wdk@ZeD;rsm;udkvnf; &efolu vuf&zrf;qD;rd+yD;
tm;vHk;towfcH=u&onf// usaemfwdk@onf waEGvHk;/ wrdk;vHk; rdk;xJa&xJ/
aeyl}uJ}uJESifh ajy;v$m;um opfyif0g;yifatmuf a&Smifwdrf;ykef;atmif;um
aecJh=u&onf//
(AdkvfcsKyfjr. usaemfhwifjyvdkonfh usaemfjzwfoef;rSK tppftrSef)

tuGJt+yJjzpf+yD;aemuf nD!Gwfa&;twGuf usaemfwdk@enf;vrf;rsm;

udk jyefvnf&SmazGonf// (K.N.L.A)wGif usaemfhtm; OuUtjzpf a&G;cs,f
wm0efay;onf// w+ydKifeufxJwGif ppfOD;pD;AdkvfcsKyftjzpfvnf; wm0ef,l&
onf// xdk@a=umifh nD!Gwfa&;twGuf usaemfyJ wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&onf//
ref;bZefESifhnD!Gwfa&;twGuf awG@qHkcJhonf// ref;bZefudk,Yf uvnf;
(K.N.U.P)tay: pdwfysufvsuf &Sdae+yD;jzpfonf// oluvnf; (K.N.U.P)
,ckuJhok@d om qufoGm;ygu ol@taeESifha&S@quf vufwGJvyk faqmif&ef
rvG,fulyg// ,if;a=umifh usaemfESifh ref;bZefwdk@onf cdkrl'JwGif nD!Gwfa&;
twGuf yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf awG@qHkaqG;aEG;avonf// odk@&mwGif nD!Gwfa&;
r&ao;yg// usaemfwdk@ 'kwd,t}udrf rlo,f/ aoG;bdk;xm/ y,faumf'D;&Gm
teD;wGif awG@qHkaqG;aEG;jyefonf//
usaemfrme,fyavmodk@ a&mufvmpOf u&ifhawmfvSefa&;udk
(K.N.U)u acgif;aqmifaeaom umvjzpfonf//(2) odk@&mwGif (K.N.U).
vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@tjzpf wbufwGif (K.N.L.A)ESifh (K.N.D.O)wdk@ &Sdae=u
+yD/ wbufwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhpnf;&Hk;a&;taejzifh aumfol;avtpdk;&/ u&if
202

trsdK;orD;tpnf;t&Hk;ESifh u&ifvli,frsm;tpnf;t&Hk;[lI &Sdae=uonf//

xdk@tjyif (K.N.U). OD;aqmifrSKESifh (K.N.U). EdkifiHa&;=oZmESifh ruif;yg[k
ajymvdk@&onfh (D.A.B)ESifh(N.D.F)wyfaygif;pk}uD;ESpfckvnf; &Sdaeonf//
xdkrSa'gufwmpdef0if;. trsdK;om;!Gef@aygif;tpdk;&ESifh ppftpdk;&tm; ykefuef
jcm;em;ae=uaom tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;wdk@. XmecsKyfonfvnf; rme,fy
avmY tajcpdkufxm;=uavonf//
odk@jzifh ae@wae@wGif AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifESifhu|efawmfpum;vufqHk
usaepOf AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifu &kwfw&uf(K.N.U). zGJ@pnf;yHkudk
u|efawmftm; a&;qGJcdkif;.// xdktcdkufrSmyif u|efawmfonf EdkifiHa&;/
oabmw&m;a&;/ rD;yifv,fwGif ul;cwfcJh&&Smaom ref;bZeftm; uGufu
eJ jrifvdku&f .// odk@jzifh u|efawmfonf t&m&mudk avhvmyg&apOD;[k Adkvf
csKyfarmifarmiftm; jyefajymvdkufrdonf//
(1976)ckESpf ta&mufwGif u&ifhawmfvSefa&;wm0eft&yf&yfonf
ykcHk;ajymif;wm0eftaejzifh ref;bZefxHrS AdkvfcsKyfjrxHodk@ a&mufcJhavonf//
u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;teuf oabmw&m;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/
rD;yifv,fxJwGif r&yfrem;ul;cwfcJh&&Smaom ref;bZefwa,muf(1982)ck/
arv(31)&ufae@wGif
c&pf,mefwa,muf.
uG,fvGefjcif;rsdK;jzifhyif
uG,fvGefcJhavonf//
(1)

(AdkvfcsKyfjr. usaemfhjzwfoef;rSKtppftrSef)
(2)
(armifpif=u,f. rme,fyavmc&D;onf)

203

tcef; (12)
u|efawmfjrifcJhodcJhaom ref;bZefESifh apm[efwmomar$;
u|efawmfonf apmbOD;}uD;uG,fvGefusqHk;+yD;aemuf (K.N.U).
t"duacgif;aqmif}uD;ESpfOD;jzpfaom ref;bZefudkvnf; awG@cJhbl;onf//
apm[efwmomar$;ESifhvnf; tvGefyif&if;ESD;tu|rf; 0ifcJhbl;avonf//
ref;bZefudk awG@&yHkrSm (1964)ckESpf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJvmpOf
ol.tdrfaxmifa&;(25)ESpf tcrf;tem;usif;y&mESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yJG
axmufcHolrsm;tm; awG@qHkyGJusif;yonfh tvHkvrf;/ rpf&Sif0if0twGif;&Sd
ref;*sdef;xGef;atmif. Aa&weftxufwef;ausmif;wGif jzpfavonf//
ref;*sdef;xGef;atmifonf apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtwl tif;pdefrS&efukefoGm;I
tif;pdef+idrf;csrf;a&;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJholvnf;jzpfI awmrcdkaom
(K.N.U) xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfayonf//
xdkpOfu u|efawmfonf ref;bZefwdk@. (K.N.U)+idrf;csrf;&;
aqG;aEG;yGJowif;udk +idrf;csrf;a&;wrefawmfjzpfaom Adkvfausmfat;(0g)
apmausmfat;(aorif;udkopPmESHol)xHoGm;I trsm;qHk; owif;a&;cJh
olvnf;jzpfayonf// odk@&mwGif ref;*sdef;xGef;atmif. (Aa&wef)ausmif;wGif
usif;yaom ref;bZef. aiG&wkobiftcef;tem;wGifum; a&S@wef;odk@
rxGufyJ vlawGxJu vlwa,muftjzpfom wufa&muf+yD; ref;bZefudk
jrifawG@&jcif;jzpfavonf// ,if;aemuf OD;Ek. 'Drdkua&pD0dkif;awmfom;rsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHjyefvm+yD;aemuf udkaxG;jrifh (bDbDpDaxG;jrifh/ ESpf}udK;'%fcH
axG;jzifh)vnf; jyefvm&mrS olESifhcifrif=u+yD;aemuf awmwGif;Yae&pOf
olESifhref;bZefwdk@ wJwvHk;wnf;wGif twlwuG aexdkif=uI ref;bZef.
vlrSKa&;b0 olajymonfudk =um;emcJh&avonf// xdkrSu|efawmf rme,fy
204

avmwGif a&muf&SdaexdkifpOf ref;bZefonf (1982)ckuyif uG,fvGefoGm ;+yD;

jzpfI rrDvdkufawmhacs//
Oya'wGif;odk@ jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmaom apm[efwmomar$;ESifh
um; ol.tif;pdefaetdrfwGifif;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGifif; t}udrf}udrf
awG@qHk&Hkr#ru apm[efwmomar$.; twKy`wWdukd u|efawmfua&;om;
jyKpk&m rsm;pGmyif cifrif&if;ESif;=uavonf// tenf;i,f aemufa=umif;ukd
jyef&aomf u|efawmfonf pmayudktcsdefjynfh a&;om;Edkif&efESifh tajctae
ay;ygu EdkifiHa&;ygvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef (1978)ckESpfwGif toufvnf;rjynfh
ao;/ vkyfoufvnf;rjynfhao;rD av#mhayghyifpifudk &,lvdkufonf//
+yD;v#if u|efawmfonf apm[efwmomar$;xHvmI ol.twKy`wWdukd
a&;om;Edkif&ef pum;udk tp+ydK;vdkufavonf//
aumfuqm}uD;/ u|efawmfh[m cifAsm;twKy`wWda&;om;Edkif&ef
av#mhayghyifpif,lvdkuf+yD/ ckqdku u|efawmf[m vGwfvyfoGm;yg+yD;-
[Jvm [Jvm/ 'gayr,fh cifAsm;[m vGwfvyfayr,fh rvGwfajrmuf
ao;bl;av-
xdkpOfu aumfuqm}uD;ajymvdkufaom rvGwfajrmufao;ygbl;
pum;a=umifh u|efawmfacgif;xJwGif 'dkif;ueJajy;0ifaqmifhoGm;ygawmhonf//
TwGif u|efawmfonf apm[efwmomar$;. twKy`wWdudk +yD;jynf h
pHkpGm a&;om;EdkifcJhygonf// twKy`wWda&;om;+yD;aomtcgwGif pmaypdppfa&;
odk@ pmtkyfxkwf&ef wifjyygonf// cGifhjyKcsufum;r&yJ pmaypdppfa&;u
wcgwnf;uefawmhqGrf;vdkufygawmhonf//
twKy`wWdaumif;rsm;teuf
apm[efwmomar$;. twKy`wWdrSm wckjzpfonf[k u|efawmf,Hk=unfonf//
,if;twKy`wWda&;om;+yD;pD;csdefonf apm[efwmomar$;. *k%foduQrSm
vnf; xif;vif;awmjyefcdkawmhrnfqdkaom ta=umif;a=umifh arS;rSdef
205

oGm;ygawmhonf// aemufqHk;Y apm[efwmomar$;.b0wGif taemufwdkif;

aq;&HkY rdrdpm;&dwfjzifh rdrdaq;&Hkwuf&aomtcgwGif owif;ar;olyif
r&Sdoavmuf jzpf&ayawmhonf//
odk@&mwGif u|efawmfonf apm[efwmomar$;. twKy`wWdukd
a&;om;olpma&;q&m wa,muftaeESifh a=ueyfp&mwckaumif;onfrSm
apm[efwmomar$;uG,fvGefaomtcg u|efawmfa&;om;aom ol@twKy`wWd
udk ol.OD;acgif;&if;Y jyoxm;jcif;yif jzpfavonf//
u|efawmfonf apmbOD;}uD;. tarGqufcHacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=u
aom apm[efwmomar$;ESifhref;bZefwdk@tjyif ( K.N.U). oabmw&m;
a&;qdkif&m q&mwOD;jzpfaomq&mref;om+rdKifESifhvnf; &efukef+rdK@wGif
twlwuGaexdkifcJhbl;onf// (1978)ckESpfwGif rJoa0g*dwfY q&m}uD;
paumv,fawmESifh &if;&if;ESD;ESD;qufqHcJh&jyefonf// (1992)ckESpf/ u|efawmf
rme,fyavma&mufvmaomtcg q&m}uD;rSmr&Sdawmh/ rme,fyavm
tmZmenfukef;teD;wGif&Sdaom ol.opfom;tdrfa[mif;}uD;udkom awG@&
awmhonf//
apm[efwmomar$;ESifhref;bZefwdk@onf apmbOD;}uD;tm; tif;pdef
us+yD;aemuf xef;wyifwGif aemufqHk;awG@cJh&=uonf// q&m}uD;
paumv,fawmrSm
zgyGef(K.N.U)uGef*&ufwGif
apmbOD;}uD;tm;
aemufqHk;jrifawG@cJh&+yD; xrf;aqmifolr&Sdjzpfaeaom (K.G.B)aumfol;av
tpdk;&tzGJ@OuUwm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJh&olyif jzpfonf// q&m}uD;udk
vlawGu (K.N.U)ESifh(K.R.C)uGJaomtcgwGif apm[efwmomar$;.
(K.R.C)bufodk@ vdkufygrnf[x
k if=u&m q&m}uD;paumv,fawmonf
y&yf;ywmvkyfonfudk ESpf+rdK@olr[kwfav&m ref;bZefbufwGifom
usef&pfcJhavonf//

206

paumv,fawm. ajrmufydkif;c&D;
q&m}uD;paumv,fawmonf (1968)ckESpfwGif (K.N.U).
tqifhjrifhacgif;aqmifwOD;taeESifh w&kwfjynfodk@ r[mrdwf&Sm&ef c&D;xGufcJh
onf// ,if;tm; tjyefc&D;wGif vGwfajrmufa'oY a&muf&Sdaeol owif;
axmufpsmef&(trnfcH) (yD*sD)pdk;rif;u tifwmAsL;vkyfcJhonf// ,if;tifwm
AsL;rSm EdkifiHopfordkif;avhvma&;pmapmif(7)wGif az:jyxm;avonf//
udkpdk;rif;ESifhu|efawmfonf tvGef&if;ESD;=uonf// ol@ZeD;onf &kyf&Sifrif;
orD;ESifhvufxyfaomtcg u|efawmf. &Hk;um;jzifhyif pDpOfay;&onf// ol.
emrnfa&S@u(yD*sD)rSm yJEG,fukef;jzpfonf// yJEG,fukef;Zmwdom;rsm;rSm
ocifoef;xGef;ESifhq&m}uD;Adkvfbdk;uGefwdk@yif jzpf=uonf//
(K.N.U). ajrmufydkif;c&D;pOfwGif (2)}udrfwdwd }udK;yrf;cJhonf//
(1968)ckESpf/ ZEM0g&DvwGif w}udrf/ (1969)ckESpf/ arvwGif w}udrf}udK;
yrf;cJhonf//
(1968)ckESpf/ ZEM0g&Dv
tzGJ@acgif;aqmiftjzpf Arabmf'Gif/ tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm ref;&Smvmzef;/
ref;cGg(apmbmbm)/ apmordefxGef/ apmodef;vGif/ (AdkvfcsKyfausmfjroef;
arG;pm;om;)/ apmw,fyv,f(paemxl;)/ apm0g; (w&kwfvlrsdK;)/ q&m[kefpk
v#ef (w&kwfau'g-u&ifudk,fpm;vS,f)/ A'dktm;aum(a&mhped)//
(1969)ckESpf arv
tzGJ@acgif;aqmifAdkvfat;[ef/
tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm
ref;&Smvmzef;/
ref;cGg(apmbmbm)/ apmodef;vGif (AdkvfcsKyfabmfxl;)arG;pm;om;)/ ordefxGef;
207

ygpumac: apmt,fabm/ apm0g;(w&kwfvlrsdK;)/ apm0g0g( K.N.U)q&m

[kefpkv#ef/ w&kwfau'g- u&ifudk,pf m;vS,f//
(psmef&)OD;pdk;rif;. awG@qHkar;jref;cef;

q&m}uD;paumv,fawmcifAsm;/
(K.N.U.P)ygwD
(Karen
National United Party)u w&kwfjynfudk udk,fpm;vS,fapv$wfwt
Jh csdefu
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfESpfygwDESifhvnf; aqG;aEG;cJhw,f// w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepf
ygwDeJ@vnf; aqG;aEG;cJhbl;w,fvkd@ =um;cJhbl;ygw,f// tJ'Dvdk oGm;a&muf
aqG;aEG;wJhtcgESifhywfouf+yD;
aemufcHtajccHta=umif;w&m;awGu
bmawGvJqdkwm odyg&apcifAsm;//
q&m}uD;paumv,fawm

awmfvSefa&;w&yfrSm r[mrdwfvydk gw,f// r[mrdwfqdkwm

jynfwGif;omru/ jynfyrSmvnf; wnfaqmufxm;zdk@vdkygw,f// urBmh
awmfvSefa&;ordkif;udk
jyef+yD;qef;ppf=unfh&if
jynfwGif;tiftm;pkeJ@
rvHkavmufbl;// jynfytultnD r[kwfonfhwdkifatmif jynfy&J@tm;ay;
axmufcHrSKudk vdktyfw,f vdk@jrifygw,f// 'Dvdktjrifbuftay:rSvnf;
vuf&SdjynfwGif;rSmqdk&if r[mrdwftzGJ@&Sdw,f// wyfaygif;pk(r'nw)zGJ@pnf;
xm;wm&Sdw,f// jynfyr[mrdwftzGJ@vdkao;w,fvdk@ jrifw,f// (1968-69)
ckESpfrSm w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&J@ oabmxm;tay:rSm yDuif;u wyfom;
v$wfxm;awG&SdcJhygw,f//
txl;ojzifh
w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m
EdkifiHwumypPnf;rJh0g'tay:rSm tajccH+yD; tzdESdyfcHtrsdK;om;rsm;eJ@ ypPnf;rJh
awmfvSefa&;awGudk wm0ef&Sdw,fqdk+yD;/ olwdk@jynfolawGudk a=ujimygw,f//
'Da=ujimcsuftay:rSm usaemfwdk@ 0rf;omygw,f//
208

usaemfwdk@ w&kwfjynfudkoGm;zdk@ t"dutcsufuawmh EdkifiHa&;

tquftoG,f&zdk@yg// usaemfwdk@ awmfvSefa&;udk EdkifiHwumtm;ay;axmuf
cHrSK&zdk@yJ// 'g[m t"duygyJ// w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh tquftoG,f
&a&;[m usaemfwdk@&J@ t"du&nf&G,fcsufjzpfw,f// 'kwd,tcsufuawmh
avhvma&;ygyJ// usaemfwdk@ tzGJ@rSm vl(40)avmuf a&G;cs,fxm;ygw,f//
aemufydkif;(35)a,muf oGm;EdkifcJhygw,f// EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;/ pnf;&Hk;a&;/ pD;yGm;
a&;pwJ@ tbufbufu avhvmzdk@ &JabmfawGudk ac:oGm;wm jzpfygw,f//
w&kwfjynfu pmxJrSm zwf&wm/ =um;&wm b,favmufrSefvJ/
b,favmufxdvkyfEdkifvJ// olwdk@ajymwm [kwfr[kwf avhvmzdk@ygyJ//
aemuf+yD; vlrsdK;pkjy\memudk b,fvdkajz&Sif;=uovJ// puf&Hk
tvkyf&HkawGudkvnf; vufawG@avhvmcsifw,f// 'D&nf&G,fcsufeJ@ oGm;wm
jzpfw,f// wcsdK@u xifcsifxifr,f// usaemfwdk@ w&kwfjynfoGm;wm vufeuf
tultnD&a&;twGuf jzpfw,f// usaemfwdk@[m vufeuftultnDxuf
EdkifiHa&; avhvma&;ygyJ// usaemfwdk@udk (K.N.U.P)u tcGifhawmif;cH
cdkif;wJhudpP rygbl;// usaemfwdk@vnf; rawmif;cJhygbl;//
(psmef&)OD;pdk;rif;
q&m}uD;paumv,fawm&J@tzGJ@[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ w&kwf
jynfuGefjrLepfygwDwdk@&J@ aqG;aEG;wmvJ &Sif;jyyg OD;cifAsm;q&m}uD;paumv,fawm
usaemfwdk@tzGJ@[m tckArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&J@ ta&S@ajrmufydkif;
ppfa'o&S/d olwdk@&J@ XmecsKyfudk (1973)ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvrSm a&mufoGm;
ygw,f// &efol[m vG,farmfa'o/ tufpf,lat(S.U.A)XmecsKyfudk
0ifwdkuaf wmh t&ifoGm;aeusvrf;awG wckrS oGm;vdk@r&awmhbl;//
209

usaemfwdk@ tufpftufpfyDyD(S.S.P.P)a'orSm tawmf=um=um

apmifhae&w,f// ArmjynfuGefjrLygwDta&S@ajrmufbufppfa'o&J@ EdkifiHa&;
rSL;[m &Jabmfwif&Djzpfw,f// 'k-EdkifiHa&;rSL;u &Jabmf cifarmif}uD;jzpfw,f//
olwdk@[m A[kdrSm OD;pD;+yD; ta&S@ajrmufbuf ppfa'oudk zGJ@pnf;w,f//
tJ'Dppfa'o[m tiftm;t}uD;qHk;jzpfw,f// tJ'DrSm (Auy)Xme
csKyfvkyfxm;w,f// tJ'DuyJ w&kwfjynfudkoGm;zdk@ tquftoG,fvkyf&w,f//
usaemfwdk@ oGm;zdk@upd P bodef;wifqDudk ue ydk@vdkufw,f// OuUocifZifeJ@
ocifcspf&J@ pmvnf;ygw,f// usaemfwdk@ ta&S@ajrmufydkif;ppfa'oa&muf
awmh 0rf;om=uw,f// tquftoG,f&zdk@vnf; }udK;pm;=uw,f// [dkrSm
oGm;Edkifw,fqdkwJh jyef=um;csuf&zdk@ ESpfvavmuf=umygw,f// w&kwfjynf
uGefjrLepfygwDu/ jynfe,faumfrwD[m e,fpyfrSmyJ&Sdw,f// tJ'De,fpyftxd
um;awGa&mufw,f// olwdk@u usaemfwdk@udk um;eJ@vm}udKw,f// usaemf
wdk@udk vm}udKwJholuawmh ume,fzl;pfjzpfw,f// wyf&if;rSL;wa,muf
jzpfw,f// jynfe,fuawmh ,leefjynf e,fpkarmif+rdK@udk a&mufoGm;w,f//
tJ'DrSm awmfvSefa&;aumfrwD&J@ obmywdvnf;jzpf/ jynfe,f
OuUvnf;jzpfwJh &Jabmfusifqdkwm t}uD;qHk;yJ// pum;jyefwqifh OuU
}uD;boef;wifvnf; wpf&uf/ ESpf&uftwGif; a&mufvmr,fqdkwm usaemf
wdk@udk oluajymjyygw,f//
pkarmif+rdK@rSm(1) ESpf&uf=umawmh OuU}uD;bodef;wifa&muf
vmygw,f// OuU}uD;&J@tzGJ@rSm &Spfa,mufygw,f// bodef;wif/ azwifh/
udkwu
dk fatmif/ ucsifrS wyfrSL;wa,muf/ A[kdaumfrwD armif0if;pojzifh
yg0if ygw,f//
w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@awG@zdk@uawmh pkarmif+rdK@ygwDaumfrwD
udkyJ wm0efay;ygw,f// EdkifiHa&;rSL;aygh// awmfvSefa&;aumfrwD&J@ OuU[m
w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&J@ t&HA[dak umfrwDjzpfw,f// oleJ@yJ awG@qHkzdk@
210

w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu wm0ef,lva$J y;w,fvdk@ od&w,f// tJ'Dawmh

yxrOD;qHk; w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ aqG;aEG;ygw,f//
usaemfwdk@udk vSdKufvSdKufvSJvSJ}udKqdkyGJvkyf+yD; usaemfwdk@ vm&wJh
udpPudk tm;remwrf; &if;&if;ESD;ESD; ajymp&m&Sdwmudk ajymjyzdk@/ usaemfwdk@
uvnf; usaemfwdk@pDpOfxm;wJh tcsuf(3)csufudk wifjyw,f// yxr
tcsufu (K.N.U)ygwDzGJ@pnf;&wJhta=umif;/ tJ'DurSm (K.N.U)ygwD&J@
rl0g'vrf;pOfwckvHk;udk usaemfwdk@ wifjyygw,f// aemufwcku Armjynf&J@
vlrsdK;pkjy\emudk wifjyw,f// ArmjynfawmfvSefa&;&J@ xl;jcm;csufrSm
vlrsdK;pkawG&J@ jy\emjzpfw,fqdkwmudk wifjycJhw,f//
Armjynf[m vlrsdK;aygif;pHkaexdkifwJh wdkif;jynfjzpfw,f// 'g[m
xl;jcm;wJh vuQ%mwckjzpfw,f// w&kwfjynfeJ@rwlwJ@ oD;jcm;vuQ%mwck/
ArmjynftajctaeeJ@ jynfaxmifpkjy\em 'gudk wifjyw,f// wwd,
tcsufuawmh Armjynf&J@ wyfaygif;pkjy\emudk wifjyw,f// (K.N.U)ygwD
taeeJ@ wyfaygif;pkeJ@yJ tm%modrf;atmifyGJcHEdkifr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfa=umif;
'ga=umifh wyfaygif;pkjy\em[m tvGefta&;}uD;a=umif; wifjycJhw,f//
aemufwyfaygif;pkeJ@ywfouf+yD; usaemfwdk@&J@ tjrif/ cH,lcsuf/ aemuf+yD;
t}uHay;csufwcsdK@/ 'gawGudk olwdk@em;vnfzdk@ usaemfwdk@ wifjycJhygw,f//
aemufwcku qufpyf+yD;awmh enf;enf;ajymjycsifwmu usaemfwdk@
w&kwfjynfudk oGm;wJhae&mrSm &Srf;jynfrSm awmfawmf=um=um apmifhae
&w,f// c&D;xGufwJh tcgrSmvnf;/ tufpf tufpfyDyDu usaemfwdk@eJ@twl
tzGJ@wzGJ@apv$wfcJhw,f// olwdk@vnf; usaemfwdk@enf;wl/ EdkifiHa&; tquf
toG,f&&Sdzdk@eJ@ avhvma&;OD;wnfcsuftay: w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@
aqG;aEG;w,f// usaemfwdk@ aqG;aEG;cJ=u+yD;wJhaemuf/ w&kwfjynf uGefjrLepf
ygwDtaeeJ@ usaemfwdk@udk jyef+yD; a&S@aqmifrSKawG ay;cJhygw,f// olwdk@jyef+yD;
aqG;aEG;wmuawmh yxrtcsuftaeeJ@ awmfvSefa&;w&yfrSm ypPnf;rJh
tvkyform;ygwDw&yf&J@ acgif;aqmifrSKqdkwm &Sd&r,f// 'kwd,tcsufuawmh
211

'DypPnfrJh tvkyform;ygwD[m rmuf(pf)vDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:udk

wdwdususvufcHusifho;Hk wJh ygwDjzpf&r,f// aemufwcsufuawmh/ usaemfwdk@
&Sdor# awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG[m pkpkpnf;pnf; nDnD!Gwf!Gwf&Sd=uzdk@
vkdtyfa=umif; &efoludk pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm &ifqdkifwdkufcdkufzdk@ pwmawGudk
jyefvnft}uHay;cJhygw,f//
usaemfwdk@ jyefrvmrD (1)olwdk@u usaemfwdk@eJ@awG@qHk+yD;/ 'DawG@qHkrSK
twGuf 0rf;oma=umif;/ Armjynf&J@trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;
tiftm;pkudk axmufcHtm;ay;a=umif; tultnDvdktyf&if ay;rnf
jzpfa=umif;/ vuf&SdtajctaerSm EdkifiHwumu wjcm;ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;
awGudk ulnDcJhwm&Sda=umif;/ trSefwu,f e,fcsJ@ya'o&mZfpHepfudk
jywfjywfom;om; qef@usifwdkucf dkufaew,fqdk&if vdktyfwmudk ay;rSm
jzpfa=umif;/ 'DvdktpDtpOfrSm EdkifiHwumuvnf; yg0ifrSmjzpfa=umif;/
ArmjynfrSm&SdwJh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG[m e,fcsJ@ya'o
&mZfpHepf qef@usifa&;qdkawmh olwdk@taeeJ@
ajymufusm;qifEGJzdk@
vufeufawGvdktyfrSm jzpfw,f// vufeufawGudkvnf; ulnDzdk@tqifoifh
&Sda=umif;/ 'gayrJh (Auy)rS wqifhulnDrSmjzpfa=umif;/ vufeufrsm;
vdktyfygu (Auy)rSm r&Sd&if w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk wifjyrnfom
jzpfa=umif; wifjy&ifay;zdk@ olwdk@ &Sif;vif;ajymjymygw,f// aemufydkif;
w&kwfjynfudk vmvnfcsif&ifvnf; vmvnfEdkifa=umif; vmr,fqdk&if
vSdKufvSdKufvSJvJS }udKqdkrnfjzpfa=umif; vm&ifvnf; (Auy)rSwqifh
ta=umif;=um;+yD;vmzdk@eJ@ jyefoGm;wJhtcgrSmvnf; Armjynf uGefjrLepf
ygwDeJ@omru jynfwGif;awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tm;vHk;eJ@ pnf;vHk;pGm &efoludk
vufwGJ wdkufzdk@tp&SdwmawGudk jyefvnfaqG;aEG;cJhygw,f//
w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ aqG;aEG;+yD;wJh aemufydkif;rSm (Auy)eJ@
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;ygw,f// tJ'DaqG;aEG;yGJrSm w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk wifjy
wJh pmwrf;twdkif;/ (Auy)udkvnf; wifjyygw,f//
212

aqG;aEG;yGJrwdkifrDuwnf;u pmwrf;udk }udKwifay;xm;awmh

aqG;aEG;yGJrSm usawmfwdk@ wifjyxm;wJh pmwrf;eJ@ywfouf+yD; oabmxm;
tjrif b,fvdk&Sda=umif; ar;jref;vdkufygw,f// ocifbodef;wifudk,fwdkif
(Aur)taeeJ@ olwdk@ajymp&m&Sdv#if wnfhwnfhESifhtm;rempwrf;/ rxdrf
r0Sufpwrf;om ajymrnfjzpfa=umif;/ 'g[mvnf; olwdk@ygwD&J@ wm0efjzpf
w,fvdk@jrifa=umif;/ 'ga=umifh &Sif;&Sif;yJ ajymrSmjzpfw,fvdk@ y%mr
pum;ysdK;+yD; aqG;aEG;yGJp cJhygw,f// olyxrqHk; ajymwmuawmh
(K.N.U)ygwD[m tvkyform;ygwDtaeeJ@ rmuf(pf)0g'/ vDeif0g'/
armfpDwkef;tawG;tac: pwJh acgif;aqmifrSKeJ@zGJ@pnf;xm;wm roifha=umif;/
'g[m (Auy)eJ@ pif+ydKifvkyfw,fvdk@jrifw,f// (K.N.U)ygwD[m trsdK;om;
wdk;wufa&;ygwDyJ jzpfoifha=umif;/ (Auy)ESifhpif+ydKifzGJ@wJh oabmrsdK;zGJ@pnf;
xm;wmqdk&if vHk;0rrSefbl;// (Auy)ESifhpif+ydKifzGJ@pnf;wJh tzGJ@rSefor#[m
'Dae@vnf;ysufpD;ukefwmyJjzpfw,f// wnf+rJwm r&Sdbl;// 'ga=umifh yGifhyGifh
vif;vif; tm;rem;wrf;ajym&r,fqdk&if/ (K.N.U)ygwD taeeJ@ trsdK;om;
wdk;wufa&;ygwDtjzpfom zGJ@pnf;wmrSefw,fvdk@ (Auy)rS oHk;oyfaqG;aEG;cJh
=uyg w,fvdk@ (Auy)udk,fpm; bodef;wifu aqG;aEG;cJhygw,f//
aemufwcku vlrsdK;pkjy\emeJ@ywfouf+yD; usaemfwdk@wifjywJh
pmwrf;tay:rSm bodef;wif&J@ jyefvnfajymjycsufrSm (K.N.U)taeeJ@
(r'nw)vnf;zGJ@w,f// (r'nw)[m (Auy)eJ@vnf; r[mrdwfzGJ@w,f//
wcsdefwnf;rSm vlrsdK;pkwyfOD;udkvnf;zGJ@w,f// 'g[m rvkyfoifhwmawGyJvdk@
jrif=uw,f// 'DvdkzGJ@pnf;wm vlrsdK;pktzGJ@tpnf;awGu (r'nw)udk pif+ydKif
vkyfjcif;jzpf+yD;/ 'g[m usOf;ajrmif;wJh trsdK;om;a&;tjrifjzpfw,fvdk@ usaemf
wdk@udk jyef+yD; aqG;aEG;=uygw,f//
usaemfwdk@u jyefvnfaqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSm(1) usaemfwdk@(K.N.U.P)
zGJ@pnf;rSKeJ@/ vlrsdK;pkwyfOD;zGJ@pnf;rSK[m (Auy)udk pif+ydKifvkyfjcif;r[kwfyg//
vuf&Sdusaemfwdk@&J@awmif;qdkrSKt&
vdktyfw,fvdk@
jrifwJhtay:rSm
213

zGJ@pnf;wmjzpfw,f// 'Dae@vuf&Sd Armjynf[m vlrsdK;pHkaexdkifwJh wdkif;jynf

jzpfw,f// vlrsdK;aygif;pHk[m 'Dae@tkyfpdk;aewJh (zqyv)/ aemuf+yD;(rqv)
tkyfpdk;olawG[m vlrsdK;pkawGtay: r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'udk usifho;Hk +yD;
enf;rsdK;pHkESifh zdESdyfw,f// vlrsdK;pkawG[m rcHr&yfEdkifvdk@ vufeuf pGu
J dkif+yD;/
vufeufudkifawmfvSef;qifEGJ=uw,f// vlrsdK;pkawG pkpnf;rSom vlrsdK;pk
jy\emudk ajz&Sif;EdkifrSm jzpfw,f// 'ga=umifh vlrsdK;pknD!Gwfa&;
wyfOD;zGJ@wm[m (r'nw)udk pif+ydKifzGJ@wmr[kwfbl;// (r'nw)jzpf
ajrmufa&;twGuf wGef;tm;wckvdk@ usaemfwdk@oabmxm;+yD; zGJ@pnf;
vkyfaqmifwmjzpfw,f// wae@rSm usaemfwdk@vlrsdK;pktm;vHk;[m (r'nw)
xJrSm yg0ifrSmjzpfw,fvdk@ &nf&G,fxm; =uw,f// olwdk@udk (r'nw)xJrSm
wcgwnf;ac:oGif;zdk@qdkwm olwdk@rSmtwdwfu &ifqdkifcJh&wJh cg;oD;wJh
tawG@t}uHKvnf; &SdcJh=uw,f// 'Dvdktwdwfu cHpm;rSKtay:rSm pkpnf;zdk@
bHk&efoludk pkpkpnf;pnf;wdkufEdkifzdk@ yxrtqifh zGJ@pnf;wmjzpfw,f// tJ'Du
wqifh us,fjyef@wJhwyfaygif;pkxJudk 0ifvmEdkifzdk@ &nf&G,f+yD; zGJ@pnf;wm
jzpfa=umif; jyefvnf&Sif;vif;jycJhygw,f//
usaemfwdk@u
OuUbodef;wifudk
qufvufaqG;aEG;wmu
(K.N.U.P)ygwDudk zGJ@pnf;wmESifhywfoufvdk@a&m/ vlrsdK;pknD!Gwfa&;
wyfOD;zGJ@pnf;wmESifhywfoufvdk@a&m/ yJcl;rSm&SdwJh OuUocifZifeJ@vnf;
usaemfwdk@aqG;aEG;cJh=uw,f// aqG;aEG;+yD;rS tajctaet&yf&yftay:rSm
wGufcsuf+yD;/ zGJ@pnf;wmjzpfw,f//
OuUocifZifeJ@ocifcspfwdk@u 'DtajccHoabmrsdK;eJ@ zGJ@pnf;wmudk
vufcH=uw,f// wckwnf;aom wyfaygif;jzpfa&; }udK;pm;wmudkvnf;
olwdk@em;vnfw,f// aemuf+yD;awmh 'Dae@trsdK; om;a&;ay:vpDeJ@ywfouf
wm usaemfwdk@wav#mufvHk; wifjyxm;wJh wef;wla&;ESifhu,
dk fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/
aemuf+yD; ArmjynfrSm ppfrSefwJ@z,f'&,f jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;eJ@
ywfoufwmawGudk OuUocifZif/ ocifcspfwdk@u vufcHcJh=uw,f//
214

b,ftxdvufcHovJqdk&if ArmjynfrSm&SdwJh wdkif;&if;om;awG

tm;vHk;/ vlrsdK;pkawGtm;vHk; wef;wl&nfwlrSK tay:rSm jynfe,ftoD;oD;
&&Sd+yD;awmh/ 'Djynfe,fawGeJ@pkpnf;xm;wJh jynfol@'Drdkua&pD/ z,f'&,f
jynfaxmifpkorwEdkifiHwnf aqmufa&;twGuf/ ArmtrsdK;om;awG
taeeJ@vnf; wifhwifhw,fw,f &Sd&r,f// 'gudkvnf; ocifZif/ ocifcspfwdk@
vufcHcJhygw,f// 'gwifru 'DzGJ@pnf;wJh jynfaxmifpkopfudk trsm;}udKuf
trnfwckay;r,f// vmrJhtrsdK;om;nDvmcHw&yfrSm wufa&mufvmwJh
udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk;ESifhwuG trsm;qENtwdkif; jzpf&r,fqdkwm oabmwl
vufcH=uw,f// 'g[m ocifZif/ ocifcspf&J@ trsdK;om;ay:vpDeJ@
ywfoufwm// Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD&J@ aemufqHk;xkwfjyefxm;wJh oabm
xm;jzpfygw,f// 'gvnf; ocifoef;xGef;&SdpOfuwnf;u vufcHoGm;ygw,f//
'gayrJh olusqHk;oGm;+yD;wJhaemuf (1969)ckESpf/ (Auy)&J@trsdK;om;
ay:vpDESifhywfoufwmjzpfw,f// usaemf tJ'Dtwdkif; bodef;wifudk
aqG;aEG;wJhtcg olu Zif-cspf[m jynfwGif;rSm ae+yD;/ aemufqHk; EdkifiHwum
tajctaeESifhywfoufwmawG ordkif;rSm wdk@avmufrjynfpHkbl;qdk+yD;/ 'gudk
olwdk@wm0ef,lw,f//
(1)
ArmjynftajctaeESifhjzpfoifhwmuawmh w&kwfjynfyHkpHtwdkif;/
wjynfaxmifpepfyJjzpfw,f// jynfe,fawGqdk&if udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;/
tcGifhta&;jzpfw,f// 'Drl[m ArmjynfESifh toifhawmfqHk;jzpfw,f// 'Drlt&
vkyfoifhw,f// 'Dvdkjzpfa&;twGuf Zif-cspfwdk@ESifh 'Dtjriftay:rSm uGJvGJ
wmudk olwdk@wm0ef,lw,fvdk@ bodef;wifu aqG;aEG;jyygw,f//
usaemfwdk@ bodef;wiftzGJ@eJ@aqG;aEG;=uwJhtcgrSmawmh olwdk@tjrif
&Sdovdk jywfjywfom;om;/ &if;&if;ESD;ESD;/ tmremwrf;yJ/ ajymp&m&Sdwmudk
ajymr,fqdk+yD;/ txufuajymovdk aqG;aEG;cJh=uygw,f// jynfy(Auy)
acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ jynfwGif;rSm&SdwJh (Auy)A[dk=um;rSm tjrifoabmcsif;
215

rwlnDwmuawmh aocsmaeygw,f// tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u (1973)ckESpfqdkawmh

Zif-cspfwdk@ jynfwGif;rSm touf&Sifwkef;umv jzpfygw,f//
OuUbodef;wif[m pum;ajymvdk@ tvGefaumif;ygw,f// tjyifrSm
az:a&G&if;ESD;ol wa,mufjzpfygw,f// 'gayrJh rlydkif;tjrifeJ@oabmxm;
tjrifudk aqG;aEG;cJh=u&mrSmawmh olwdk@eJ@usaemfwdk@ ulnDrSKr&cJhyg/ / usaemf
wdk@jyefcgeD; ol@rSmwmuawmh (K.N.U.P)ygwDudk tvkyform;ygwDtaeESifh
zGJ@pnf;wm rSm;a=umif;/ vlrsdK;pkwyfaygif;pk/ wyfOD;zGJ@pnf;wmvnf; rvkyfoifh
a=umif;/ jynfwGif;rSm&SdwJh (Auy)acgif;aqmifawGudk olwm0ef,la=umif;rSm
=um;cJhw,f//
aemufwckuawmh (K.N.U.P)eJ@(1) (Auy)[m awmfvSefa&;
wav#mufvHk; tvGef&if;ESD;cJh=uw,f// tjyeftvSefvnf;ulnD=uvdk@
a&S@udb
k Hk&efoludk &ifqdkifwdkufcdkuf&mrSm qufvuf+yD;/ pnf;vHk;pGm&Sdzdk@
vkdtyfa=umif;/ rlcsif;rwlwJhtjrifudk wdkufyGJxJrSm yl;aygif;&if wdkufyGJ twGif;
nD!Gwfa&;,lzdk@/ aemufqHk; vHk;0nD!Gwfa&;&wJhtxd qdkif&mygwDuae
}udK;pm;=uzdk@ usaemfwdk@udk aqG;aEG;rSm =um;cJhygw,f//
(psmef&)OD;pdk;rif;
jynfya&muf ocifbodef;wifwdk@u z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnf
aqmufrSmudk oabmrwl vufrcHwJhoabmvm; q&m}uD;//
q&m}uD;paumv,fawm

[kwyf gw,f// bodef;wif/ azwifhESifhw&kwfjynfrSm&SdwJh acgif;aqmif

awGu usaemfwdk@ESifh aqG;aEG;wJhtcg z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkudpPuawmh
w&kwfjynftwdkif;qdk&if usaemfwdk@eJ@rudkufnDbl; jzpfaew,f// olwdk@u
wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfw,f// ocifZifeJ@ocifcspfwkd@eJ@ aqG;aEG;wmuawmh
udkufnDrSK&Sdw,f// Armudkvnf; jynfe,fowfrSwfyg0ifzdk@ oabmwlnDrSK&
216

&SdcJhw,f// wck&Sdwmu atmufajctqifhu ygwD&JabmfawG/ acgif;aqmifawG/

wyfrSL;awGxJrSm 'Doabmxm;tjrifeJ@ywfouf+yD;/ wdkufyGJawG&Sdw,f//
EdkifiHa&;tjrifeJ@ywfoufwmjzpfw,f// tcsdK@uawmh jynfwGif;rSm&Sdw/Jh
acgif;aqmifawG&J@ tjriftwdki;f jzpfw,f// wyfrSL;/ aq;rSL;/ au'gawGxJu
wcsdK@ygwDwGif; wdkufyGJtoGif&Sdaewmudk usaemfwdk@awG@cJhygw,f// usefwJhwcsdK@
uawmh jynfwGif;&Sd acgif;aqmifawG&J@ oabmxm;cH,lcsufudk ESpfouf
=uw,f// oabmwl=uw,f// tajctaeeJ@udkufnDw,fqdk+yD; jrifwmawG
&Sdw,f// [dkrSmuawmh OuUbodef;wifOD;aqmifrSKatmufrSm olwdk@trsm;
qENtwdkif; vdkuf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDA[d}k udK;udkifrSKpepft& emcH&wmjzpfw,f//
(psmef)OD;pdk;rif;
w&kwfjynfxJrSm avhvmcJhwmawG/ odjrifcJhwmawG qufqHa&;awG/
t}uH^m%fawGudkvnf; ajymjyygOD; q&m}uD;//
q&m}uD;paumv,fawm

olwdk@ajymwmu ,leefjynfrSmqdk&if vlrsdK;pkawG t"dutm;jzifh(24)

rsdK;&SdwJhta=umif; ajymygw,f//
usaemfwdk@u tJ'DvlrsdK;pkawG&J@ta=umif;/ vlrsdK;pkawG&J@ a'oawGudk
avhvmcsifa=umif; ajymjyygw,f// aemuf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;ESifhywfouf+yD; puf&Hk/
tvkyf&HkawGESifh tJ'Dtvkyform;awGta=umif;/ arG;jrLa&;/ pdkufysdK;a&;
uESifh vkyfenf;vkyf[efESifhordkif;0if taqmuftOD;awGudk avhvmcsif
a=umif; wifjycJhw,f// olwdk@avhvmcGifhjyKwJh uawGudk jyefvnfajz
=um;+yD;/ }udKwifjyifqifrSKawG vkyfxm;cJhygw,f//

217

usaemfwdk@ pkarmif+rdK@rSm (2)ywfavmuf=umoGm;+yD;/ +rdK@ay:rSm&SdwJh

puf&HkawGudkvnf; avhvmcJh&ygw,f// tJ'D teD;tem;u vlrsdK;pkawG&J@
a'oeJ@olwdk@&J@ta=umif;/ pdkufysdK;arG;jrLa&;pHepfeJ@ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGudk
avhvm cJh&ygw,f// ,leeftjyif pkarmifa'o[m t&ifuqdk&if txl;ojzifh
iwfrGwfacgif;yg;wJh a'owckjzpfcJhygw,f// [dkwkef;u bdef;awGudk trsm;
tjym;pdkufysdK;=uw,f// ckcsdefrSmawmh &duQmtoifhtwifh zlvHkr,fvdk@ usaemf
,lqw,f// &Gmwdkif;vdkvrdk Sm a&tm;v#yfppf "gwftm;oHk;pufawG toHk;jyKwJh
twGuf v#yfppf"gwftm;udk oHk;pGJEdkif=uygw,f// vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;
tqifajyEdkifzdk@ vkyfudkifaewm awG@&w,f// pkarmifrSm tdrftaqmuf
tOD;awG wdk;csJ@aewm awG@&w,f// opf0g;eJeJ&Sm;wm awG@&w,f// tJ'DrSm&SdwJh
vlrsdK;pkawG[m olwdk@&J@&dk;&muyGJawGeJ@jyefvnf ajzazsmf=uygw,f// pkarmif+rdK@
uae wjcm;ae&mawG oGm;avhvmzdk@u a&mufwmuvnf; aemufu s+yD;
oGm;&rJhtjcm;udpPawGvnf;&Sdao;wmrdk@ ulrif;+rdK@avmufyJ oGm;avhvm
cJhygw,f// awmifay:+rdK@jzpfayrJh vlOD;a&woef;ausmf&Sdw,f// +rdK@uGuf
awmfawmf}uD;w,f// pufrSK/ vufrSKvnf; xGef;um;w,f// usaemfwdk@
&ufaygif;(20)avmuf oGm;avhvmcJhw,f//
ulrif;+rdK@rSm(1) vlrsdK;pkwuUodkvf&Sdw,f// tJ'DwuUodkvfrSm Arm
jynfrSm&SdwJh vlrsdK;pkawmfawmfrsm;&Sdwm awG@&w,f// ucsifESifh&Srf;awGvnf;
&Sdw,f//
ArmjynfrSm&SdwJh u&if/ rGef/ ArmuvGJ&if usefwJhwkid f;&if;om;awGudk
tJ'DrSm &SdaewmawG@& ygw,f// ajrSmif/ vm;[l/ 0/ ucsif/ &Srf;wdk@jzpfw,f//
&Srf;vlOD;a&[m ArmjynfrSm &Sdwmxuf w&kyfjynfxJrSm ydkrsm;wm awG@&
w,f// &Srf;taeESifhu,
dk f ydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;wdkif;(2)wdkif;&Sdw,f// ta&S@awmif
wdkif; (5)wdkif;udk [dt
k &ifOD;Ekacwfuwacguf a&mufzl;cJhw,f// usaemfwdk@
udk pkarmif+rdK@rSm {nfhcHau|;arG;wJh ae&mudk OD;EkuyxrOD;qHk;a&mufcJhygw,f//
+yD;awmh ajrmufzufrSmvnf; wdkif;wck&Sdw,f// ucsifrSmvnf; udk,fydkif
218

tkyfcsKyfa&;wdkif;&Sdw,f// vlrsdK;pkudk,yf dkif tkyfcsKyfa&;zufrSmqdk&if Oyrmc&dkif

wckrSm ygwDzufrSmqdk&if vm;[lu wpfc&dkif/ u&ifeD aemufydkif;usawmh
0wdk@jzpfw,f// w&kwfjynfxJrSm tJ'Dvdk awG@&wm&Sdw,f// vlrsdK;pk
wuUodkvfrSm usaemfwdk@ oGm;avhvmawmh vlrsdK;pkpmudk olwdk@jyefaz:
xkwf+yD; oifwef;ay;w,f// bmompum;ESifhywfoufwm olwdk@awmf
awmfjrefw,f// wESpftwGif; 'DvlrsdK;pkawG[m olwdk@ajymwJh bmompum;
a&m/ w&kwfbmompum;a&m ESpfckpvHk;udk a&;Edkif/ ajymEdkif&HkruyJ u|rf;usif
pGm bmomjyefEdkifcJhygw,f// tjyeftvSefvkyf=uw,f// w&kwfjynfu
ydk@wJhpmawGudk olwdk@bmomESifhjyefqdkw,f// olwdk@tajctaeESifhpmayawG
'Dvdkaqmif&GufEdkifwm awG@&awmh awmfawmftm;&rdw,f// puf&Hk/ tvkyf&Hk
awGESifhywfouf+yD; oHr%dxkwfvkyfa&;puf&HkwckrSm tvkyform;(2)
aomif;ausmf&Sdw,f// awmfawmf}uD; us,fwm awG@&w,f//

(psmef&)OD;pdk;rif;
ArmEdkifiHvHk;ESifhywfouf+yD;/ (Auy)uvnf; ol[meJ@olayghav//
(K.N.U)uvnf; (N.D.F) pwJhtzGJ@ESifhae0if;qef@usifa&;vkyfaewmyJ//
tJ'Dawmh wdkif;jynfrSm a&S@av#muf b,fvdktajctaersdK;&SdrvJ// pnf;vHk;
a&;/ (Unity)eJ@ywfouf+yD; b,fvdkvkyf&if aumif;rvJqdkwm/ q&m}uD;&J@
oabmxm;udk az:jyay;zdk@ arwWm&yfcHygw,f//
q&m}uDpaumv,fawm

yxrOD;qHk; (Auy)eJ@ywfouf+yD; enf;enf;qufajymcsifygw,f//

(Auy)[m (1968)ckESpfrSmp+yD;/ ArmjynfxJudk jyef0ifvmw,f// yxr
tqifhrSmawmh atmifyGJawG awmfawmf&cJhw,f// aemufydkif;usawmh olwdk@
219

a&S@odyfrwdk;EdkifcJhbl;// ajym&r,fqdk&if 'Dae@txdyJaygh// rwdk;EdkifwJhupd Pu

ta=umif;&Sdr,f vdk@ usaemfxifw,f// usaemfwdk@ajrmufbufcsDwufwkef;u
(Auy)&J@tcdkiftrmay:vpDqdk+yD; ta&S@ydkif;ppfa'ouae+yD;awmh xkwf
xm;wJh olwdk@pmapmifxJrSmawG@cJh/ zwfcJh&w,f// olwdk@wdkufvdk@ odrf;ydkuf
Edkifr,fqdk&if tJ'Dae&m[m olwdk@&J@ e,fajryJvdk@ tcdkiftrmay:vpDxJrSm
olwdk@jyXmef;xm;cJhw,f// jyXmef;wJhtwdkif; vufawG@rSm 'DvdkyJ vkyfw,f//
'Dvdkusifho;Hk awmh ajrmufydkif;rSmqdk&if ucsifeJ@jy\emjzpfcJhw,f//
jzpfyHkuawmh ucsifvufeuf udkifawmfvSefa&;[m (1962)ckESpfrSm pwifjzpf
ay:cJhw,f// jzpfawmh olwdk@vnf; e,fajrawG odrf;ydkufcJh w,f// &Srf;jynf/
ajrmufydkif;qdk&if ucsif(Kachin State Service)&Sdxm;w,f// ucsifawmfvSef
a&;taeeJ@qdk&if wyfr[m(4)/ tJ'g olwdk@&J@ {&d,mjzpfw,f//
ucsiftrsdK;om;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;(1)&SdcJhw,f// olwdk@vnf; +rdK@i,f
av;awG &efolpcef;awGudk awmfawmfodrf;EdkifcJhw,f// aemufydkif; (Auy)
ygvmawmh &efol&SdwaJh e&mrSm olwdk@wdkufawmh olwdk@ &w,f// 'Dvdk (Auy)&J@
t"du tiftm;eJ@ wdkufvdk@&wJhae&mrSm aemufydkif;u (Auy)udk tm;jznfh+yD;
0ifwdkuw
f mjzpfw,f// 'Dae&muawGvnf; yxrawmh autdkifatae&m/
autdkifatvlxk/ (Auy)u 'De,fajrawG&oGm;awmh 'De,fajryg (Auy)&J@
e,fajrjzpfoGm;w,f// 'Dae&mrSm ucsif[m olwdk@&J@ vlxkudkawmif olwdk@
pnf;&Hk;ydkifcGifh r&Sdawmhbl;// oGm;wm/ vmwmtcsKyftcs,feJ@ oGm;&w,f//
yxr(Auy)jyefvmwkef;u ucsifawG awmfawmfulnDay;cJhw,f//
Oyrm (Auy)vm;&SdK;udk oGm;wdkufwJhtxd jzpfcJhw,f// rodrf;EdkifcJhayrJh
atmifyGJawG &cJhw,f// &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;rSmqdk&if rlq,f/ rdk;rdwf(Auy)&SdwJh
ae&mawGtxd olwdk@&cJhw,f// aemufydkif; olwdk@tcdkiftrmay:vpDtwdkif;
wdkuf+yD; odrf;vdk@&oI olwdk@e,fajrvdk@ owfrSwfvmawmh ucsifu e*dku
olwdk@&J@e,fajrrSm bmrSvkyf vdk@r&awmhbl;// 'DvdkeJ@ucsifawG pdwfraumif;
220

jzpfvm&mu (Auy)udk rqef@usifayrJh tul tnDray; awmhbl;// (Auy)&J@

qef@usifbufudkvnf; tulnDray;cJhbl;//
aemufydkif; (Auy)eJ@ ucsifvufeufudkifydyuQjzpfcJhwmawG &SdcJh
w,f// 'g[m (Auy)&J@ e,fajrowfrSwfcsuf tcdkiftrmay:vpDa=umifh
jzpfw,f// ucsif&J@tultnDr&awmh (Auy)vnf; a&S@quf rwdk;Edkifbl;/ 'Dvdk
jy\em&Sdwm usaemfwdk@ awG@&w,f// (Auy)/ ucsifnD!Gwfa&;twGuf
awG@qHkrSK awGvkyf+yD; pmcsKyf(3)ck csKyfcJhw,f// 'gayrJh (Auy)u vuf&SdrludkyJ
qef@usifvdk@ ucsif[m csKyfqdkwJh pmcsKyfudk rD;&SdK@vdkuf&wmyJ// 'gu
autdkifatudk,fwdkif ajymvdk@odcJh&w,f// aemufydkif; tcdkiftrm ay:vpDwck
uawmh tv$m(3)ckay:vpDyJ// wdk;wufwJhtv$m/ tv,ftvwftv$m/
aemufuswJh tedrfhqHk;tv$mqdk+yD; tv$mu vlawGudk pnf;&Hk;+yD; olwdk@
vltjzpfodrf;oGif;w,f// tv,fwef;tv$muawmh =um;xdkiftv$m
jzpfw,f// azgufjyefwJh tv$muawmh jywfom;pGm qHk;jzwfcsuf csxm;wJh
ay:vpDjzpfw,f// 'Day:vpDtwdkif; usifho;Hk w,f// 'Day:vpDudkvnf;
w&kwfjynfawmfvSef;a&;umv armfpDwkef;uae csefau&Sdwftkyfpkudk wdkufwJh
tcgrSm csrSwfusifho;Hk wJh ay:vpDtwdkif;jzpfw,f// olwdk@tajctaeeJ@
vkyfaqmifcJhv@dk atmifjrifcJhw,f// (Auy)u vlrsdK;pktzGJ@pnf; awGxJrSm
'Day:vpDudk usifhoHk;awmh tajctaeawG[m w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;
umveJ@rwlvdk@ rnD!GwfrSKawG ay:aygufvmcJhw,f// Oyrm - ucsifvlrsdK;
pkeJ@ qufqHwJhtcg vltcsdK@udkpnf;&Hk;+yD; (Auy)udk axmufcHoljzpf
atmifvkyfw,f// pnf;&Hk;vdk@ r&oludk qef@usifrSK oabm&Sdv@dk tjyKwfwdkuf
&r,fqdkwt
Jh cg vlrsdK;pkxJrSm rnDr!GwfawG jzpfvmw,f//
'DvdkzJhxkwpf nf;&Hk;wma&m/ cGJjcrf;wdkufwma&m(1) vkyfvmawmh
tzGJ@twGif;jy\emawG ay:vmw,f// (&vz-&Srf; jynfvlrsdK;pktzGJ@) zGJ@wkef;
uvnf; 'Day:vpDa=umifhyJjzpfw,f// &Srf;xJrSmvnf; 'Day:vpDudk usifho;Hk wm
a=umifh olwdk@vlrsdK;pkxJrSm uGJjym;rSKawG jzpfay:vmcJh&w,f//
221

'Dawmh awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG tm;enf;oGm;cJh&w,f// 'ga=umifh

Armjynf&J@ awmfvSefa&;wckvHk;udk xdcdkufoGm;w,fvdk@ usaemfjrifw,f//
'ga=umifh bHk&efoludk wdkufcdkufa&;twGuf (Auy)[m 'Dtcdkiftrm
ay:vpDESpfckudk jyefpOf;pm;oifhw,f// 'grS rSefrSefuefuef ajz&Sif;EdkifwJh
enf;vrf;awG &&SdrSmjzpfw,f// pnf;vHk;rSK/ nD!GwfrSK/ em;vnfrSKtay:rSm
rSefuefwJh tajccHrlrsdK; jzpf&r,f// usaemf'DvdkyJ jrifw,f// 'Dae@ (Auy)
taeeJ@qdk&if ordkif;tpOftvm}uD;rm;wJh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;wck&Sdw,f//
tvkyform;ygwDwcktaeeJ@qdk&if a&S@aqmifrSKwm0efawG olwdk@rSmtrsm;
}uD;&Sdw,f// a&S@aqmifrSKqdkwm awmif;,lvdk@&wm r[kwfbl;// vufawG@
vkyfaqmifrSKvkyf&if;eJ@acgif;aqmifrSKudk &,lzdk@ jzpfw,f// 'guvnf; OuU
armf&J@ oabmw&m;pmapmifxJrSm 'DvdkyJ csrSwfxm;wm&Sdygw,f// (Auy)
[m rmuf(pf)/ vDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:udk vufcHr,fqdk&if
vufawG@ususvnf; 'Dtwdkif;vkyfaqmifoifhw,fvdk@ usaemfjrifw,f//
vufawG@usawmh acgif;aqmifrSKudk twif;awmif;,lwJh yHkpHrsdK;jzpfaew,f//
(K.N.U.)ygwDtaeeJ@ usifhoHk;cJhwmawG/ tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;u
usifhoHk;cJhwmawGrSm 'DvdkajAmifawmif;qdkcJhwmawG&Sdawmh vlxkudkacgif;
aaqmifvdk@ &oifhoavmuf r&bl;// +yD;awmh cGJ+yD;pnf; &Hk;wmawGvnf;
&Sdw,f// usaemfwdk@ ckvdk (Auy)udk a0zefwm[m tjyKoabmrsdK;jzpfygw,f//
usaemfwdk@[m us,fjyef@wJh wyfaygif;pk}uD;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf &nf&G,f+yD;
awmh/ aemuftcsufu tvkyform;ygwDwcktaeeJ@ vufawG@vkyf aqmifwJh
ae&mrSm tajctaeeJ@udkufnDatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifzdk@ 'D&nf&G,fcsufeJ@
oHk;oyfwmjzpfw,fvdk@ usaemfajymcsifw,f//
usaemfwkd@ (K.N.U.)xJrSmvnf;/ wyfaygif;pkESifhtm%modrf;r,fvdk@
oabmxm;awG&Sdw,f// ArmjynfrSmvnf; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;
tzGJ@tpnf;awG
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdw,f//
wyfaygif;pkeJ@ywfouf+yD;
usaemfwdk@ t}udrf}udrf}udK; pm;cJhw,f// usaemfwdk@ u&ifawmfvSefa&;taeeJ@
222

t}udrfaygif; renf;bl; }udK;pm;cJhw,f// 'Dwyfaygif;pkawG[m pm&Gufay:rSmyJ

usefcJh=uw,f// OyrmvlrsdK;pkwyfOD;ESifh ywfoufwm/ usaemfwdk@ (1965)
ckESpfrSm (wvnw)wdk;wufaomvlrsdK;pkrsm;nD !Gwfa&;wyfOD;)/ (1960)
ckESpfrSm (vvrz)vlrsdK;pkrsm;vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@/ aemuf+yD;awmh (vnw)
nD!GwfaomvlrsdK;pkrsm;wyfOD;qdk+yD;/ usaemfwdk@ awmufav#mufzGJ@pnf;cJh
w,f//
tckusaemfwdk@ (r'w)&Sdw,f// (r'w)u vGefcJhwJh ESpfuqdk&if
usaemfwdk@ wpHkw&mp+yD; vSKyf&Sm;w,f// yl;wGJpkaygif;+yD; ppfoifwef;awG
ay;EdkifcJhw,f// Adkvfavmif;oifwef;txd ay;EdkifcJhw,f// ay;EdkifwJhtay:rSm
awmfawmf wufwufuGuGjzpfvmw,f// (r'w)tay: ,Hk,Hk=unf=unfeJ@
tpm;xdk;=uw,f// tm;ukd=uw,f//
'gayrJh aemufydkif; (1)wyfaygif;pkeJ@ywfoufwm vSKyf&Sm;rSK&Sdwef
oavmufr&SdyJ av#mhenf;vmwmawGudk usaemfwdk@jrifvmw,f// usaemf
wkd@[m bHk&efoludk wdkufcdkufEdkifzdk@ nDnD!Gwf!GwfeJ@ wyfaygif;pktcef;
urSm usaemfwdk@ csrSwfwJrludk wdwdusus taumiftxnf az:Edkifzdk@
vkdtyfw,f//
ArmjynfrSm vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG tm;vHk;pkpnf;
EdkifrS usaemfwdk@twGuf awmfvSefa&;atmifyGJcHr,fvdk@ jrifw,f// Oyrm ajratmufrSm (Auy)taeeJ@ tiftm;}uD;}uD; rm;rm;eJ@ vSKyf&Sm;aeayrJh
a&S@udkodyfrwdk;Edkifbl;// (1968)ckESpfwnf;u p0ifvmwm &Srf;jynfrSm wpfae
w,f// wcgwcg oHvGifjrpfta&S@bufudk ul;&wJhtaetxm;rsdK;&Sdaew,f//
'gudk =unfh+yD; ajym&r,fqdk&if ol@vlrsdK;pktay:xm;wJh oabmxm;ESifh
trsdK;om;a&;ay:vpDudk rSefrSefuefuef ajz&Sif;Edkifzdk@ vdkw,fv@dk usaemf
jrifw,f// 'Dvdk ajz&Sif;Edkifzdk@uawmh vuf&SdArmjynftaetxm;t&
trSefqHk;u z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkppfppf oabmxm;tjriftay:rSm wef;wl
&nfwleJ@ vlrsdK;wdkif;}uD;/ i,fra&G;tcGifhta&;wlnDrSKESifh zGJ@pnf;xm;zdk@vdk
223

ygw,f// 'Drdkua&pDususjzpfatmif zGJ@pnf;vkyfaqmif oGm;&r,f// (Auy)

taeeJ@ w&kwfjynfyHkpHtwdkif;qdk&if/ 'g[m usaemfwdk@tajctaeeJ@ rudkuf
nDbl;//
'Dawmh (Auy)taeeJ@qdk&if ckvuf&Sd(1)Armjynfvufeufudkif
tzGJ@tpnf;xJrSm tiftm;t}uD;qHk;jzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHwum axmufcHtm;ay;rSK
vnf;&w,f// &efoltaeeJ@vnf; ArmjynfrSm&SdwJh wyfrawG zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh
ae&mrSmqdk&I wyfr(66)[m ajrmufydkif;rSm (Auy)eJ@ &ifqdkifae&w,f//
'ga=umifh (Auy)tiftm;[m renf;bl;// 'Dtiftm;[m &efoludk tjyKwf
wdkufEdkif+yD; &efukefudk odrf;Edkifr,f// &efukefudk odrf;EdkifrSvnf; &efoludk
tjyKwfwdkuEf dkifr,f// 'Dtiftm;}uD;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;[m tenf;qHk; vlrsdK;pk
awGeJ@ 'Dajray:rSm em;vnfrSKpdkufx+l yD; vkyfaqmifoGm;zdk@vkdw,fvdk@ usaemf
jrifw,f// 'g usaemfh yk*~dKvfa&;t& tjrifjzpfw,f//
'ga=umifh jrefrmjynfvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; atmifyGJ&a&;twGuf
qdk&if txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;t&/ z,f'&,fopfzGJ@pnf;a&;tay:rSm
jynfaxmifpkwGif;&Sd vlrsdK;wdkif;wef;wltcGifhta&;&zdk@vdkw,f// wyfaygif;pkESifh
ywfouf+yD;awmhvnf; tav;xm;zdk@vdkw,f// }udK;pm;zdk@vdkw,f// }udK;pm;wJh
ae&mrSm usaemfwdk@rSm&SdwwfwJh/ usOf;ajrmif;wJhtrsdK;om;a&;eJ@ r[mvlrsdK;
}uD;0g'udk wdkuf&r,f// wcgw&H usOf;ajrmif;wJhtjrifudk wdkuf&if;eJ@
r[mjzpfcJhwmawG&Sdw,f// aemufr[mudk wdkufae&if;eJ@ usOf;ajrmif;wmawG
jzpfoGm;w,f// 'DtpGef;ESpfbufudk a&Smif&Sm;+yD;awmh rSefrSefuefuef
vkyfaqmifoGm;Edkifzdk@ usaemfwdk@ }udK;pm;=u&r,f//
(1)
(EdkifiHopfordkif;avhvma&; pmapmif - 7)
Tpmwef;wGif ar;olrSm owif;axmuf(psmef&)trnfcH vkyfom;
owif;pm.t,f'Dwm(AD-*sDpdk;rif;)jzpfI ajz=um;olrSm q&m}uD;paumv,f
awmjzpfavonf// udkpdk;rif;onf awmxJqif;vm&mY 0rfcwGif twefyif
ae&ao;onf// olESifhtwl ZeD;ESifhom;orD;rsm;yifyg&Sdvmonf// u|efawmf
224

yxrtacguf(1978)ckESpf/ 0rfca&mufaomtcg ol.t*Fvdyfpm usL&Sif

ay;aom qdkif;bkwfudkyif awG@cJh&ayavonf// olonf 0rfcrSwqifh
*smreDEdkifiHodk@ a&mufoGm;+yD; tpmtdrfcGJpdyfuko&mrS uG,fvGefoGm;av
onf//
q&m}uD;paumv,fawm.
pmwef;udk
avhvm=unfhv#if
uG,fvGefolocifZifESifhocifcspf (Zif-cspf)wdk@onf vlrsdK;pkrsm;. trsdK;om;
a&;jy\emudk ajz&Sif;&mY vlrsdK;pHkwefwla&;tay:wGif tajccHaom
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkxlaxmifa&; yifjzpfavonf// ocifbodef;wifESifh
ocifazwifhw@dk onf olwdk@a&muf&Sdaeaom w&kwfjynf.rlt& vlrsdK;pk
rsm;onf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udkom &&SdEdkif=urnfjzpfayonf// xdkrS xdkpOfu
(K.N.U.). (K.N.U.P)zGJ@pnf; aqmif&GufyHkESifh (r'nw)ac: (Auy)ESifh
(K.N.U)wyfaygif;pkzGJ@pnf;xm;+yD;jzpfygvsuf aemufxyf(K.N.U)yg0ifzGJ@pnf;
xm;aom vlrsdK;pkwyfaygif;pkrsm;udk ocifbodef;wifu rvdkvm;tyfyg
a=umif; ajym=um;cJhavonf// ref;bZefrSm (1982)ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefI
q&m}uD;paumv,fawmrSm (1989)ckESpf/ touf(74)ESpfwGif uG,fvGef
onf//
(K.N.U). vuf0JrSvusFm tajymif;tvJ
(K.N.U)onf trsdK;om;a&;vrf;pOfjzifh pwifc&D;xGufcJh&mrS
'kwd,vrf;pOfudk csrSwfrnfjyKaomtcg ref;bZefu atmufygtwdkif;
az:jyxm;avonf//
[efwmomar$;u uJ-prf;=unfhwmaygh/ rjzpf&ifvJ rjzpfbl;/
jzpf&ifvJ jzpfovdkqufvkyfr,f/ 'Dvdkqdk&if aumif;+yD;qdk+yD;awmh 'kwd,
vrf;pOfvdk@ trnfay;vdkufw,f// u&ifhawmfvSefa&;vrf;pOf ('kwd,vrf;pOf)
vdk@ trnfay;vdkufw,f// (1949)ckESpfu vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;pawmh
225

(u&ifjynf e,f&&Sda&;eJ@u&iftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;)avmufom odcJh=u

w,f// vrf;pOf/ vkyfief;pOfawG wdwdusus csrSwfjcif;r&SdcJhbl;-
,if;'kwd,vrf;pOf csrSwfjcif;a=umifh rlv(K.N.U). oD;jcm;
u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;rS jynfaxmifpktwGif;rS udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGi fh&
u&ifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;qDodk@ ajymif;vJoGm;avonf//
'kwd,vrf;pOfESifh vrf;pOftqifhqifh
apm[efwmomar$;ESifholacgif;aqmifaom (K.R.C)ac: u&ifhawmf
vSefa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0ifrsm;onf (1964)ckESpf/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;. +idrf;csrf;a&;&
onfqdkum Oya'wGif; jyef0ifvmonf// xdkrS +idrf;csrf;a&;atmifjrifrSK
tcrf;tem;w&yftaejzifh
(1964)ckESpf/
rwfv(22)&ufae@nwGif
apm[efwmomar$;onf jrefrmhtoHrSaeI txufyg ( K.N.U.). 'kwd,
vrf;pOfESifhwuG tqifhqifhaom vrf;pOfrsm;udk a0zefajym=um;oGm;
avonf//
bk&m;vrf;pOf
u&ifhawmfvSefa&;rSm
vGefcJhonfh(15)ESpfu
ay:aygufcJh&m
ausmfvGef+yD;qHk;oGm;cJhaom tcsdefumvudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfonfhtcg
bk&m;ocif. ydk@aqmifjcif;udk cHcJh&a=umif; u|efawmfawG@&ygonf//
u|efawmfwdk@ vufeuftiftm;ESifh tpdk;&.vufeuftiftm; uGmjcm;ap
umrl (15)ESpftwGif; jzpfay:cJhaom wdkufyGJrsm;Y txdtcdkufenf;yg;onfudk
awG@jrif&ygonf// wdkufyGJY usqHk;olpm&if;rSm u|efawmfwdk@ tcsif;csif;
owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tema&m*ga=umifh aoqHk;jcif;pm&if;xufenf;ygonf//
TuJho@dk jzpfjcif;a=umifh bk&m;*k%faus;Zl;udk csD;rGrf;ygonf-
226

vGefcJhonfh (15)ESpfumv awmfvSefa&;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf=unfh

ygu tcsdeftcgtm;jzifh (4)ydkif;cGJjcm;Edkifygonf//
(u) 1949-1952
(taemufvusFmvdkufonfu
h mv)/
(c) 1953-1960
(ta&S@vuf0Jvkduo
f nfhumv)/
(*) 1961-1964
("rRa[mif;usrf;t& bk&m;vrf;pOfESifh)
(C) 1964-rS a&S@odk@ bk&m;vrf;pOfudk jynfhpHkaponfh c&pfawmf
vrf;pOf[I
l jzpfygonf-
apm[efwmomar$;onf qufvufI yxrvrf;pOfESifh'kwd,
vrf;pOfudkvnf; atmufygtwdkif; oHk;oyfxm;avonf//
(1949-1952)yxrumvtwGif;
taemufwdkif;om;rsm;.
wdkufcdkufa&;vrf;pOf/ vlxkpnf;&Hk;a&;rsm;udk trSo
D [JjyK+yD; taemufwdkif;
om;xHrS tultnD&&Sd&ef vrf;&SmcJhygonf// if;vrf;pOf jyefvnfoHk;oyf
onfhtcg bk&m;ocif;. tvdkawmfrusa=umif; xif&Sm;ojzifh u|efawmf
wdk@. acgif;aqmif}uD;apmbOD;}uD;ESifhpef;au( SanKey)wdk@onf rsufESmjzL
rsm;ESifhawG@qHk&eftwGuf c&D;xGufcGgoGm;a&mufpOf vrf;c&D;wGif usqHk;cJh&
ygonf// if;aemuf w&kwfjzLwdk@udk vufcHcJhygonf// u|efawmftwGuf
tultnDr&onfomru tpDtpOfudk &SKwfaxG;apcJhygonf// aemufqHk;
tpDtpOft& befaumuf+rdK@wGif udk,fpm;vS,fwOD; oGm;a&mufxm;
&Sd&mYvnf; aiG;rsm;ydkrdkukefus+yD; acgif;aqmiftcsif;csif; oabmuGJvrGJ SK
jzpfay:&jyefygonf- //
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

227

vuf0Jvrf;pOf
apm[efwmomar$;onf yxrvrf;pOfudk vusFmvrf;pOftjzpf
trnfay;a0zef+yD;aemuf
'kwd,vrf;pOfudkrl
vuf0Jvrf;pOftjzpf
owfrSwfum atmufygtwdkif; qufvufa0zefxm;jyefavonf//
odk@twGufa=umifh if;vrf;pOfudk pGef@vGwf+yD; 'kwd,umvwGif
vuf0JteDvrf;pOft& aqmif&Guf&m pwifonfhae@rSpI tcsdef=umanmif;
vmonfESifhvlxu
k dk xdcdkufvma=umif;udk awG@&ygonf// tpwGif
tvGefaumif;ygonf// vlxkrsm;u tcGifhta&;ydkrdk&&Sdvmojzifh u|efawmf
wdk@tm;
tultnDydkrdkay;Edkifygonf//
tcsdef=umjrifhvmonhftcg
if;0g'vrf;pOfonf vli,fwdk@udk v$rf;rdk;vmI vlxkrsm;udkif; 0g'vrf;pOf
twGif;odk@
twif;oGwfoGif;cJhygonf//
tajctae&SKwfaxG;vmI
tacsmiform;rsm;. jyKrlcsuft& tenf;i,fvkyfudkif pm;aomufEdkifol
rsm;. v,fajr rsm;onf twif;t"rRodrf;,l cGJa0jcif;cHonfomru
ypPnf;tawmftoifh&Sdol trsdK;tEG,facgif;aqmifrsm;yif txiftjrif
ao;cHI
&efoltjzpfowfrSwfjcif;cH&ygonf//
u|efawmfudk,fwdkifyif
udk,fydkifaiG(10)usyf/ ajrw{ur# rydkifqdkifaomfvnf; ,drf;,dkifaom
trsdK;om;"e&SifwOD;[kqdk+yD; tem;ay;&ef &nf&G,f=uygonf// vrf;pOfudk
aoGzDonf[k ajymqdkjcif;a=umifh u|efawmfwdk@twGif; oabmuGJvGJrSK
ay:aygufvmcJh&ygonf-//
a&$pmaiGpm
apm[efwmomar$;onf olESifholtzGJ@0if(K.R.C)rsm; Oya'wGif;
jyef0ifvmjcif;udk AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ppftpdk;& (awmfvSefa&;aumifpD)ESifh ol.
(K.R.C)wdk@ +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sdonf[k a=ujimonf// ,if;udkyif olu"rRa[mif;
228

ESif"h rRa[mif;usrf;pmt&
a&$pmaiGpmvrf;pOftjzpf
jrefrmhtoHwGif
qufvufI xkwfaz:ajymqdkoGm;avonf//
oabmuGJvrGJ SKjzpfay:+yD;onfhaemuf
wwd,umvjzpfaom
(1960-1964)ckESpfumvtwGif; (K.R.C)onf "rRa[mif;usrf;t& bk&m;
vrf;pOfudk jyefvdku=f uygonf// bk&m;.a&G;aumufjcif;cH&aom oa&v
(tpPa&;)rsdK;wdk@onf wdkif;jynfESifhvGwv
f yfcGifh jyefvnf&&Sd&ef if;wdk@tm;
ynwfw&m;rsm;csrSwfay;onfomru w&m;ol}uD;ya&mzufrsm; oGefoif
qHk;rjcif;/ bk&m;.qHk;rjcif;udk cH&ygonf// bk&m;ocifonf u|efawmfwdk@
oifcef;pm&,l&eftwGuf tzdk;wefw&m;awmfrsm;udk csrSwfay;onfhtwGuf
bk&m;udkcsD;rGrf;&efvdkygonf// "rRopfESifh"rRa[mif;usrf;ESifh a&S;vl}uD;wdk@
a&$pmESifhaiGpmonf wckwnf;aygif;xm;onfhtavsmuf "rRopfusrf;udkyg
vufudkifxm;&ygonf
1964-ckESpfrS a&S@odk@csDwuf&mwGif a&$pmaiGpm("rRopf-"rRa[mif;
usrf;)!Gefjyonfhtwdkif; csDwuf&rnf/ "rRa[mif;usrf;wGif trsdK;om;
awmfvSefa&;twGuf vrf;!GefjyI "rRopfusrf;rSmrl pm;0wfaea&;twGuf
vrf;!Gefay;ygonf//
ponfjzifh apm[efwmomar$;onf ol.vrf;pOfudk jrefrmhtoHrS
wqifh tus,fw0ifhwifjyoGm;avonf//
(armifpif=u,f. jrefrmjynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

apm[efwmomar$;onf (1949-1952)ckESpfrsmu olESifhref;bZef

wdk@ a&;qGJcsrSwfcJhaom (K.N.U). 'kwd,vrf;pOfudk wdwdyyyif acszsufum
pGef@vGwfcJhjcif; jzpfayonf//
ref;bZefonfvnf;(K.N.U.P)udk pGef@vGwfI (K.N.U.)odk@ ajymif;vGJ
zGJ@pnf;um OuU&mxl; udkyif AdkvfcsKyfjrtm; v$Jajymif;ay;vdkuf&avonf//
Ttajctaersm;udk =unfh&SKoHk;oyfv#if (K.N.U.)onf yxrwGif
229

trsdK;om;a&;vrf;pOfrS vuf0Jvrf;pOfwdk@ ajymif;vJcJh+yD; xdkrSwzef vuf0J

vrf;pOfrS vusFmvrf;pOfodk@ ajymif;vJ&efyifjzpfI vmavonf//

230

tcef; (19)
'Drdkua&pDESifh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH.
EdkifiHa&;oHo&mwGif
'Drdkua&pDESifh
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;onf vSnfhajymif;aeavonf// tcsdK@yk*~dKvfrsm;
onf tpdk;&jzpf&mrS vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;orm;b0odk@ ul;ajrmif;
vmonfvnf;&Sd.// tcsdK@yk*~dKvfrsmonfum; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk
qef@usif&mrS vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;xJodk@ ul;ajymif;vmonfvnf;
&S=d u.// Oyrmtm;jzifh 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf u&ifESifhqef@usif&mrS tm%m
odrf;cH&aom 0ef}uD;csKyfb0wGif u&iftygt0if vufeufudkifawmfvSef
a&;xJodk@ a&muf&Sdvmonf// xdkrS vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;rS 'Drdkua&pD
awmfvSefa&;odk@ wzefjyef a&mufoGm;jyefavonf//
AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm/ AdkvfvusFm/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdefjrwdk@onf ppfa&;
tm;jzifh vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk qef@usifwdkufcdkufvm&mrS vufeuf
udkifawmfvSefa&;qDodk@
ulajymif;a&muf&Sdvm=uayonf//
odk@jzpfI
tajctaew&yfESifhvlwa,muf. tedrfhtjrifhay:wGifrlwnfI tcsdK@rSm
'Drdkua&pDESifhvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk
ul;ajymif;vm=uonfvnf;
&Sd=uayonf// TtxJwGif udkwifarmif0if;onfvnf; yg0ifavonf//
udkwifarmif0if;onf yxrawmfvSefa&;wGif 'Drdkua&pD (jynfajy;)ygwDwGif
OD;EkESifhtwl yg0ifcJh+yD; xdkif;tpdk;&rS ESifxkwfcJhojzifh (AdkvfvusFmpmt&)
tar&dum;odk@ xGufcGgcJh&onf// xdkrS(1988)ckESpf/ 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;
pwifvm&m udkwifarmif0if;onf udkatmif/ &Jausmfolwdk@ESifhtwl xdkif;/
jrefrme,fpyf&Sd u&ifhawmfvSefa&;odk@ a&muf&Sdvmjyefavonf// ola&;aom
pmtkyfEdkifiHa&;orm;ESifhEdkifiHa&;twdkif;yif qdkif;oH=um;v#if ucsifaom
a=umifh jyefvnfu&ef/ qdk&eftwGuf u&ifhawmfvSefa&;odk@ jyefvnf231

a&mufvmjcif;vnf;jzpf.// odk@&mwGif vlrsdK;pkwdk@.awmfvSefa&;wGif yxr

tacgufuuJho@dk cGJxGufcGifhudkum; rajymawmhI udkwifarmif0if;twGuf
vkyfomudkifomum; &SdcJhjyefavonf//
Todk@jzifh awmfvSefa&;e,fodk@ 'kwd,tacgufjyefa&mufvmyHkudk
udkwifarmif0if;u atmufygtwdkif; ol.pmtkyfwGif a&;om;xm;.//
(1988)ckESpf/ t}udKumvu jrefrmjynf. ajrmufbufydkif;wGif
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh if;.r[mrdwf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tajcjyKvsuf&Sd+yD;
(rqv)ppftm%m&Siftkyfpkudk qef@usifawmfvSef vsuf&Sdonf// awmifydkif;
wGif jrefrmjynfw jynfvHk;&Sd vlrsdK;pkawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;pkaygif;xm;
onfh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD wyfaygif;pk(r'w)&Sdae+yD; (K.N.U). XmecsKyf
jzpfonfh rme,fyavmwGif tajcpdkufvsuf (rqv)ppftm%m&Siftkyfpkudk
qef@usifawmfvSefvsuf&Sdonf// TawmfvSefa&;tkyfpkESpfpkpvHk;onf rwluGJ
jym;onfh EdkifiHa&;tjrifrsm;&Sdae=uaomfvnf; ppftm%m&Siftkyfpkudk
EdkifiHa&;t&aomfif;/ ppfa&;t&aomfif; tjyif;txefqef@usifawmfvSef
vsuf&Sdae=uonf//
(r'w). OuUrSm u&ifeDtrsdK;om;awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif apm
armf&,fjzpf+yD; tjcm;vlrsdK;pkawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom (K.N.U)
rS OuUjzpfonfh AdkvfcsKyfapmbdkjrESifh'k-OuUapmoef;atmif/ (Kachin
Independence Organization-K.I.O)OuUb&efqdkif;/ (New Mon State
Party-N.M.S.P)OuUEdkifa&$usif/ (Shan State Progressive Party -S.S.P.P)
. twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfAdkvfrSL;}uD;pdkif;vdwf/ (Wa National Organization
W.N.O)OuUr[mqef;/
(Karenni National Progressvive Party
K.N.P.P)OuUAdkvfcsKyfref;atmifoef;av;/ ( Chin National Front C.N.F)
acgif;aqmifqvdkif;rsdK;at;/ (Palaung State Liberation Party P.S.L.P)
acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonfh OD;ausmfvSESifhrdkifqmukef;/ u,ef;jynfcspfygwDrS
OD;tdkufujzL/ (Arakan Liberational Party A.L.P) acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonfh
232

cdkifpdk;EdkifatmifESifhzdk;xGef;/ (Pa-O National Organization P.N.O)acgif;

aqmifAdkvf}uD;atmifcrf;xD;ESifhapmvcef; ponfhacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;ESifh
(K.N.U.)bufrS acgif;aqmifrsm;onf rme,fyavmXmecsKyfwGif r=umc%
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;/ 0ifxGufvsuf&Sd=uonf// TuvmtwGif; TvlrsdK;pk
awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;ESifh tcgtm;avsmfpGm xdawG@aqG;aEG;
ae=uolrsm;rSm
(C.R.D.B)rS
OuUOD;wifarmif0if;ESifhtwGif;a&;rSL;
OD;&Jausmfol/ (People's Partriotic Party-P.P.P)rS OuU}uD; OD;oGif/ (People's
Liberation Front P.L.F)acgif;aqmifOD;at;aqmifwdk@yif jzpfonf//
TEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf (1970)ckESpfavmufrSpI vlrsdK;pkawmfvSef
a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;cJh=u+yD;vnf;jzpfonf//

acwf+ydKifxkwfa0jcif;
jrefrmjynfonf (1962)ckESpfuwnf;u ppftm%m&Sifwdk@ ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm owif;tarSmifcsxm;onfudk csdK;zsufypf&eftwGuf OD;wifarmif
0if;onf acgif;aqmiftcsdK@ESifh !SdESdKif;+yD;aemuf acwf+ydKifowif;pmudk
pDpOfxkwfa0&ef }udK;yrf;cJhonf// Towif;pmonf bma&;/ vHk+cHKa&;
tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonfh=um;rS rjzpfrae }udK;yrf;xkwfa0cJhjcif;jzpfonf//
Tacwf+ydKifowif;pm xkwfa0rSKwGif wyfaygif;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;u tm;ay;
axmufcHcJh+yD; OD;wifarmif0if;/ OD;0if;cuf/ a=u;rHk OD;aomif;/ pma&;q&m
armifpif=u,f/ jr0wDOD;&Jacgifwdk@u yg0ifaqmif&GufcJh&m jynfolrsm;.
tm;ay;axmufcHrSKudk tawmf&&SdcJhonf// wqufwnf;wGif (e0w)
ppftm%m&Sifwdk@. qef@usif0g'jzef@rSKudkvnf; &ifqdkifcJh&onf//
xdkpOfu vlrsdK;pkrsm;. trsdK;om;awmfvSefa&;vSKyf&Sm;rSKrsm;onf
a&S@wef;odk@ a&muf&Sdae+yD; tiftm;}uD;rm;awmifhwif;onfh tajctaewGif
&Sdaeonf// 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;. vSKyf&Sm;rSKrsm;onf aus;vufa'o
awmfvSefa&;e,fajrwGif tiftm;r&Sdacs// +rdK@}uD;jy}uD;rsm;&Sd 'Drdkua&pD
233

tiftm;pkrsm;. vSKyf&Sm;rSKrsm;rSm ykdI}uD;xGm;vm&ef tm;jyKvsuf&Sdonf//

xdkumvu rme,fyavm XmecsKyfwGif EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;t"duxm;
aqG;aEG;cJh=uonfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm ppftm%m&Sif}uD;pdk;rSKwdkuf
zsufa&;/ r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'qef@usifwdkufzsufa&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ ppfrSefaom
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqufa&;ponfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;yif jzpf
onf// Todk@ EdkifiHa&;tjrifcsif; aqG;aEG;zvS,f=u&mwGif tjrifcsif;xyfwl
xyfr# jzpfcJh=uonfum; r[kwfacs// odk@&mwGif xdko@dk t+rJwap xdawG@
aqG;aEG;cJhjcif;rsm;onf acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um;/ awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;t=um; em;vnfrSK/ &if;ESD;rSK/ ,Hk=unfrSKudk zefwD;cJh=u/ wnfaqmuf
cJh=uonfhvuQ%mudk aqmifojzifh a&S@EdkifiHa&;c&D;twGuf tvGefta&;
ygonfh ajcvSrf;rsm;yif jzpfonf//
(apmifpif=u,f. jrefrm jynfcspfu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;)

OD;Ek. awmfvSefa&;(yD'DyD)tedrfhtjrifh

234

OD;Ekudk,fwdkifacgif;aqmifaom (yD'DyD).awmfvSefa&;wGif taemuf

EdkifiHur`%DwckrS a':vm(2)oef;cGJ ay;jcif;tay:wGifif;/ AdkvfvusFm/
Adkvf&efEdkif/ OD;oGifESifhwuG taygif;tygyk*~dKvfrsm;. ppfa&;t&ESifh EdkifiHa&;
t& {&mracgif;aqmif}uD; rsm;jzpfvmyHkudkif;/ vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
aygif;pnf;a&;twGuf oHk;ygwDrnfodk@rnfyHkaqmif&Gufonfudkif; udkwif
armif0if;onf ol. pmtkyfY a&;om;xm;avonf//
(1971)ckESpfydkif;wGif wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfESpfckudk zGifhvSpfEdkif+yD jzpfygonf//
(1)
0ef}uD;a[mif; OD;oGifrSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyftqifhjzifh tv,fydkif;wdkif;
ppfXmecsKyf. wdkif;rSL;jzpfvmouJho@dk Adkvf&efEdkifrSm vnf; AdkvfcsKyftqifhjzifh
awmifydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf. wdkif;rSL;tjzpf uGyfuJtkyfcsKyfygawmhonf//
OuU}uD;OD;Ek.}udK;yrf;rSKa=umifh EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%DwckrS a':vm(2)oef;cGJay;&ef
oabmwlvdku+f yD[al om owif;aumif;tm; usaemfwdk@=um;&onfhtcg
twdkif;xuftvGef0rf;om=uygonf//
bma&;udpPrsm;/
aiGa&;a=u;a&;axmufyHhrSKqdkif&mudpPrsm;udk
usaemfhtaeESift
h enf;i,fom odygonf// vl}uD;rsm;xHrS ajymoHqdkoHrsm;
wcgw&H=um;&ygonf//
(yD'DyD)aiG&&Sda&;udpP.
t"duZmwfaqmifrSm
OD;avm&Hkjzpfygonf// tao;pdyfvdkuv
f Hvkyfaqmifay;&olrSmvnf; OD;avm&Hk
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jynfhpHkojzifh jy&kyfaumif;vSonf[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf// OD;oGifESifhAdkvf&efEdkif
wdk@yifv#if tpueOD;ydkif;wGif rod=uyg// odk@aomf aiG;a&; a=u;a&;axmufyHh
rSKESifhywfoufI (yD'DyD)A[dktvkyftrSKaqmifpnf;a0;yGJrsm;wGif rnfonfh
tajctaeodk@ a&mufae+yDqdkonfurdk l aqG;aEG;wifjy=uonf[k od&onf//
udkwifarmif0if;uyif OD;Ek.awmfvSefa&;ysufjym;oGm;yHkw@dk udkvnf;
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayao;onf//
vlrsdK;pkvufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;onf wef;wla&;ESifhu,
dk fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/
cGJxGufvu
dk cGJxGuyf dkifcGifh rsm;ESifhjynfe,f tcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sda&;twGufom
235

jzpfygonf// OD;EkawmfvSefa&;onf 'Drdkua&pDjyef vnf&&Sda&;ESifhtrsdK;om;jyef

vnfnD!Gwfa&;tm; aygif;ul;wHwm;tjzpf wygwnf;wnfaqmufI
ppftm%m&Siftm;
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wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;&efyif
jzpfygonf// odk@&mwGif twdwfumvordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;tay:rS ay:aygufvmcJh
aom rkef;wD;rSKrsm;tm; razsmufEdkif=uao;yJ oHo, pdwfrsm;}uD;rm;aerSK
rsm;onf (yD'DyD). &nf&G,fcsufrsm;tm; }uD;rm;aomt[ef@twm;
jzpfcJh&ojzifh vlrsdK;pkjy\emrsm;aqG;aEG;&if;rS oabmuGJvrGJ SKrsm;jzpfcJhonf//
xdk@a=umifh tcsdefwdkawmif;aom umvYyif OD;EkawmfvSefa&;qHk;&SHK;aysmuf
uG,foGm;&onfrSm txl;0rf;enf;p&maumif; vSygonf// usaemfhtaeESifh
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csuf/ atmifjrifcsufrsm;tjyif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;. xifjrif,lq
csufESifhvkyf&yfrsm;udk jynfhjynfhpHkpHka&;Edkifrnf r[kwfyg//
(1)

(wifarmif0if;. Edkiif Ha&;orm;ESifhEdkiif Ha&;)

xdko@dk OD;Ek.'Drdkua&pDygwDzGJ@pnf;+yD; r=umrD oHk;ygwDtpnf;ta0;udk

usif;yEdkifcJhonf// oHk;ygwDtpnf;ta0;wGif OD;Ek.'Drdkua&pDygwD/ ref;bZefESifh
AdkvfcsKyfjrwdk@. (K.N.U)wyfOD;ESifh Edkifa&$usif. rGefjynfopfygwDwdk@ jzpf=u
onf//

oHk;ygwDtpnf;ta0;
OD;EkESifhjynfajy;rsm;.
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xdkif;EdkifiH/
befaumuf+rdK@/ trSwf(32)/ qGdKif (18)pk ckrf;Apfwfvrf; (SOI, 18 SuKhumVit)
wGif XmecsKyfzGifhvSpfI txift&Sm;tajcpdkufvsuf&Sdonf// ref;bZefu
OuUtjzpfaqmif&Gufaeaom (K.N.U)wyfOD;onf bdepcef;wGif XmecsKyf
zGifhvSpfxm;onf// Edkifa&$usif. rGefjynfopfygwDrSm vltiftm;rqdkpavmuf
ESifhom vSKyf&Sm;ae&onf// jynfajy;rsm;onf wpfbufrS EdkifiHwum
236

axmufcHrSK&&Sd&ef aqmif&Guf&if; u&ifESifhrGef aomif;usefolrsm;. tm;ay;

ulnDrSK/ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSK&&Sd&ef }udK;pm;cJh=uonf// (1970)jynfhESpf/
arv(15)&ufae@wGifum; qdGKif(18)XmecsKyfwGif oHk;ygwDtpnf;ta0;udk
pwifusif;yEdkif=uawmhonf// tpnf;ta0;rSm arv(25)&ufae@txd
(10)&ufwdkifwdkif =umjrifhcJhonf//

ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwD/
rGefjynfopfygwDESifh(K.N.U)u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk;rsm;.
yl;wGJa=unmcsuf
(1) r[mArm0g'Dppftm%m&SifAdkvfae0if; ighrif;ighcsif;tpdk;&jzKwf
csa&;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; aygif;pHkjynfolrsm;. vGwfvyfaom/ wef;wlaom/
'Drdkua&pDusaom/ wdk;wufzGJ@+zdK;aom/ +idrf;csrf;om,,maom jynfe,f
aygif;pHk/
jynfaxmifpkorRwEdkifiHawmfopfwnfaqmufa&;ESifhwyfaygif;pk
zGJ@pnf;&mwGif wef;wlaom/ 'Drdkua&pDusaom/ tjyeftvSeftaxmuf
tuljyKaom/ wyfaygif;pkrS EkwfxGufvdkuf EkwfxGufEdkifcGifh&Sdaom/ tjyef
tvSef t}uHay;rSKrsm;&Sdaom pnf;&Hk;rSKrsm;udk tajccHI jrefrmEdkifiH
awmftwGif;&Sd ucsif/ u&if/ u,m;/ csif;/ Arm/ rGef/ ytdk0fh/ &Srf;/ &cdkif
tp&Sdaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkyg0ifI pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm zGJ@pnf;xm;
aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; aygif;pHkvGwfajrmufa&;wyfaygif;pkudk zGJ@pnf;&ef/
(2) wyfaygif;pkonf wdkif;&if;omvlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfolrsm;udk pnf;&Hk;
I a&S@aqmifum vufeufudkifwdkufyGJudk t"duxm;I Adkvfae0if;tpdk;&udk
jzKwfcsI atmufyg vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk aqmif&GufoGm;&ef -

237

(u) vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;. t&nftcsif;&Sdaom rnfonfhwdkif;&if;om;vl

rsdK;rqdk vlOD;a&enf;onfjzpfap/ rsm;onfjzpfap/ w&m;r#w
aom tus,ft0ef;&Sd+yD; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tcGifh tm%m
tjynfht0&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef/
(c) wef;wla&;tajccHay:wGif jynfe,faygif;pHk/ jynfaxmifpk
orRwEdkifiHwnfaqmuf&efESifh jy\em&yfrsm;udk t=urf;rzufyJ
+idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;oGm;&ef/
(3) tzGJ@oHk;zGJ@onf rGefjynfe,f/ &cdkifjynfe,f/ csif;jynfe,f
wnf;[laom jynfe,fopf oHk;jynfe,fudk wnfaxmifzGJ@pnf;
&ef oabmwl=uonf//
(jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rSKordkif; tydkif; - 4 )

TonfrSm oHk;ygwDzGJ@pnf;Edkifjcif;udk toD;oD;a&;om;=ujcif;jzpf

avonf// awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@rsm;teuf OD;Ek.'Drdkua&pDygwDESifh oHk;ygwDonf
tvGefwmwGufaumif;aom tzGJ@yifjzpfonf// ,kwfpGmhtqHk;av,mOfjzifhyif
&efukef+rdK@ rdk;aumif;uifxdvma&mufI AHk;}uJcsEdkifavonf// tcsdK@&Jabmf
rsm;rSm a&$'*Fg;udkudkifI oHk;EdkifpGJEdkif=uavonf// odk@&mwGif awmfvSefa&;
oufwef;um; =um=umrcHyg//
,if;ta=umif;udk usefolrsm;u rajymrqdkaomfvnf; udkwifarmif
0if;(0ef}uD;OD;0if;om;)onf uG,fvGeftHhqJqJwGif a&;om;cJhavonf//
OD;EkawmfvSefa&;pwifcsdefESifh csdeJ@ysufjyKef;oGm;cJh&aom (1974)ckESpfrS
(1988)ckESpfwmumvonf (14)ESpf=umjrifhcJh+yDjzpfojzifh ArmESifhvlrsdK;pk
rsm;vnf; oifcef;pmtajrmuftjrm;&vmcJh&m vlrsdK;pkrsm;. udk,fydkif
jyXmef;cGifh/ wef;wla&;ESifhcGufxGufvu
dk
cGJxGuyf dkifcGifh tp&Sdaom
awmfvSefppfESifh(1962)ckESpfESifh (1988)ckESpf/ 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkrS
238

qufwdkufaygufzGm;vmcJhonfh 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;/ awmfvSefa&;ppfESpfck

onf tcsdwftqufrdrdyl;aygif;um wjynfvHk;twdkif;twmudk +cHKI
vkyfaqmifvmEdkifjcif;onf tem*wfjynfaxmifpktwGuf ar#mfvifhcsuf
aumif;aom vuQ%mw&yf[k qdk&ygvdrfhrnf//

AdkvfcsKyfvusFmESifh qHk;&SHK;rSKtxGwftxdyf

OD;Ek.awmfvSefa&;wGif yxrqHk;ESKwfxGufoGm;olrSm OD;avm&HkjzpfI

cGJxGufcGifhjzpfvm jyefaomtcg OD;EkESifhAdkvfvusFmwdk@ oabmxm;uGJ+yD; OD;Ekyg
EkwfxGufoGm;avonf// (P.D.P)udk AdkvfvusFmom qufvufacgif;aqmif
awmhonf// (P.D.P). t&SKyftaxG;ESifhqHk;&SHK;rSKrSm AdkvfvusFmrS &JausmfolxH
ay;pmudkom zwf=unfh&efom &Sdawmhonf//

239

AdkvfcsKyf}uD;vusFmrS OD;&JausmfolxH ay;cJhaom pmrsm;

udkausmf --7.6.2 nd u a&;vdkufwhp
J m&w,f// Washington ra&mufcif
San Francicou a&;wJh pmr&yg/ udkausmf&J@ addrumudk pdIrcsvdk@yg &Snf&Snf
ra&;awmhbl;// tm;opfrSefrSef&&J@om;eJ@ awmfvSefa&;tajctaeay;wm
b,fvdkvJ/ jynfwGif;tajctaeawmfawmfrsm;rsm; tm;opfrSmyg ygw,f//
tefu,fwdk@uvnf; jynfwGif;udk tm;xm;+yD; vkyfaewmyJ// ausmif;om;/
tvkyform;rsm;u txufoefqHk;yJ// v,form;u arSmifcdka&mif;&vdk@
tusdK;&Sd=uw,f// ae&mwdkif;awmh r[kwfygbl;//
&efEkdifwyf u&ifudkwku
d f&if wyfysufoavmufjzpfoGm;w,f//
awmfawmfrsm;rsm; olwdk@tm;udk;wJh vlwodkufvufeufcsoGm;w,f//
odk@aomf &efEdkifu awmtu$m;rysufzl;// usefwJhval wGuvnf; vufeuf
rsm;a&mif;pm;ae=uw,f// b,fpcef; qdkuf=ur,fawmhrodbl;// &efvif;Edkif
udkvnf; towfcH&w,f// Jun 26thae@u jzpfw,f// udkbaqGowfw,fvdk@
qdkw,f// taxmuftxm; tvGefcdkifvHkv@dk ykvdyfu abat;a&mtwl
aewJhorD;udkyg zrf;+yD;xm;w,f// tck uHbl&Daxmifudk a&mufae=u+yD/
b,fvdkpD&ifcsufcsr,f rodbl;// 'geJ@ygwfouf+yD; &efEdkifwdk@u toHv$ifh&Hkudk
odrf;vdkuf w,f//
OD;aerif; 7th Febu ESvHk;a&m*geJ@ qHk;oGm;+yD/ udkZmvDudk ygwDu
xkwfvdkufw,f// r=umao;bl;/ xkwf&wJhta=umif;udk ausmf,HkrSmr[kwfbl;/
ygwD&efyHkaiG tawmfrsm;rsm;tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfw,f// OD;oGifvufrSwfukd
vdrfxdk;+yD; 0efcHw,f// wyg;wnf;aiGxkwfw,f// olrSm;ygw,fqdk+yD; 0efcHwJh
pma&;w,f// wyg;wnf; wufpmwifw,f// tv$Jo;Hk pm;vkyfwJhaiGawG/
wyfxJxkwfxm;wJh wifaiGwdk@udk axmuf w,f// &efEdkifwdk@udk axmufw,f//
xdyfqHk;u vl,Hku 'Davmufvkyf&ufw,f udkausmf/ tefu,f b,favmuf
pdwfxdcdkufr,fqdkwmawG =unfhyg// olwdk@ wavmu wdkif;jynftwGuf
240

vkyf=uwm r[kwfbl;// tdrfom;pktwGuf/ qifjzLawmfrSD+yD; }uHpkwfwJh

taumifawG/ awmf+yDudkausmf/ a&;&if a'gojzpfw,f// wu,fajym&&if/
awmfvSefa&;olwdk@rvkyf=uygbl;// xrDvSefa&; vmvkyfae =uwmyg// udkausmf
aumif;aumif;odygw,f//
udkxu
dk feJ@udk+idrf;qD/ tefu,fpma&;vdkuf+yD; t&uftaomuf
av#mhyg/ udkbaqGvdkjzpfwm t&ufaomufvGef;vdk@yJ/
udkatmifeJ@udkaZmfrif;wdk@vnf; owd&a=umif; ajymyg//
usrRmygapusrRmyg. owd&vsuf
Strict by Privat At Maung
AdkvfvusFm
P.O. Box 11-1375 Bangkok.

10/ 2/ 76
udkausmf u a&;wJhpm&ygw,f// zwf+yD; tefu,fawmfawmf
pdwfysufw,f// udkausmfvdkvu
l ajrmif;jrbaqG/ udk&ifref;wdk@eJ@ woHwnf;
wufwm tHh=ovdk@ rqHk;bl;/ udkausmf[m tefu,fhom;vdkyJ atmufarhvdk@
&Sif;jyr,f/ acgif;at;at;xm; zwfayawmh 1/ OD;EktzGJ@u bmha=umifhxGufoGm;ovJqdkwm txl;&Sif;jyp&m
rvdkyg/
2/ AdkvfavmtzGJ@u xGufwm &Sif;p&mvdkao;ovm;/
3/ Tin Mg xGufwmawmh - EdkifiHa&;xuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfvdk@ygbJ/
b,fvdkwm;wm;r&/ EdkifiHa&;oabmuGJvrGJ SKrygyg/ EdkifiHa&;acwW
}uHKvdk@ 0ifvkyfwJhvlyguGm/
19th, Auquat

241

4/ AdkvfrSL;atmifac: rHkvmO}uD;ta=umif; t,iftcgrSm a&;+yD;vdk@

ra&;csifawmhbl;/
5/ Adkvfausmf'ifudk wwfEdkifor# ulnDwt
Jh aeeJ@ at;at;aq;aq;
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}udK;pm;ay;aew,f// OD;oGifuvnf; jyef+yD;pOf;pm;aew,f//
'D=um;xJ aumfol;avXmecsKyfoGm;+yD; r[kwfwefw&m;awG
ajymw,f/ tzGJ@tay:txifrSm; atmifvkyfw,f/ bmajym
w,fqdkwm aumfol;avrSjyef=um;&w,f// 'DvdktzGJ@ zsufpD;
atmifvkyfvdk@ xkwfjzpfwmbJ/ wdkwedk J@&Sif;&Sif;em;vnf;bdk@ygbJ/
tefu,fhoabm trSefajym&,if Adkvfausmf'iftay: b,fwHk;u
rS EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;t& tm;rudk;ygbl;uG,f/ txifr}uD;ygbl;/
u$m;vGef;0gvGef;,if tefu,fu rajymayrJh/ 0rf;xJu b,fawmh
rS r}udKufcJhygbl;/ &Sif;yvm;//
(wifarmif0if;. EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifhEdkifiHa&;)

6/ atmifjrifh. ta=umif;tefu,fajymp&mrvdk/ e*kduwnf;u

r}udKuf/ aemuf&SKyfvGef;vdk@ OD;oGifxkwf&w,f r[kwfvm;/
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tefu,frSm;w,f/ vli,fawGudk tm;ay;jcifvGef;vdk@ vkyfcJhwmbJ/
aZmfxGef;r[kwfwmawGvkyfwm/ udkausmftvGefumuG,f cJhw,f/
udkausmfwm0eft&SdqHk;bJ/ apmapmuwnf;u tefu,fwdk@udk
today;&if 'Dvdkrjzpfygbl;/ 'DZmwfvrf; xyfcif;&if tefu,f
aygufuGJr,f/ awmf=updk@/
8/ udk+idrf;/ vli,fawGxJrSm r#r#wwt&SdqHk;vdk@ uae@wdkifxifw,f/
udkausmfb,fbdkajymajym/ ol@tay: oabmxm;rajymif;yg/
vl}uD;awGvkyfyHkuidk fyHkudk oabm&dk;&dk;eJ@ tjyKoabm ajymw,f/
tefu,f}udKufw,f//
242

9/ Adkvf&efEdkifESifhwuG awmifydkif;udk xkwf&wm/ tefu,ftvGef

pdwfraumif;yg/ udkausmfvdkygbJ uG,f/ trSef udkausmaf jymyg/
wcgu udkvS=unfeJ@ udkausmfbJ awmifydkif;eJAdkvf&efEdkif/
Adkvfaerif;wdk@ta=umif;
tHxkwfao;w,f
r[kwfvm;/
tefu,faumif;aumif;rSwfrd ygao;w,f/ tvkyfoabmeJ@
ajym&if=umvS+yD xkwfvdk@aumif;wm/ ae0if;udk tapmqHk;
xGuf+yD; awmfvSefw,fvdk@ tay:,Ha=um rajymeJ@uG,f/ xGufvm
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bmvkyfaew,fqdkwm rif;todqHk;/ wifaiGwdk@ vlodkuf[m
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aoewf(2)vufavmuf
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'Daemuf 'DvlawGtay: bmacgif;aqmifrSKay;cJhovJ/ 'DvlawG&J@
aemufvkdub
f Jvkyfaewm udkausmftodyguG,f/ wae@wae@
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ovJ/ ae0if;wyfawG; 0g;pm;vdkurf ,f/ xm;0,fudk odrf;vdkufr,f/
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xkwfwmbJ&Sdw,f/ a&S;wef;udk wcgoGm;bl;ovm;/ wu,fajym
&if ol@wyfrSm vlb,fESpfa,muf&Sdw,fqdkwm rSefrSefuefuef
odwm r[kwfbl;uGm/ 'dk@u t&m&mrSm tkyftkyfqdkif;qdkif;
vkyfcJhygw,f// aemufqHk; tm;vHk;xdcdkuf vmawmh xkwf&wmbJ/
'dk@oabmu olwdk@wyfudk bmrSoHk;r&rSef;odvdk@ xdkifaeapcsifwm
243

=um+yD/ wu,fawmh wifaiGwdk@[mxJ wdkif;jynfa&mufoGm;,if

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tvGefpdwfukef+yD/ ol@tay;pdwf&SnfvGef;vdk@ wjcm;rdwfaqGrsm;
ajymp&mawmif jzpfygw,f//
(wifarmif0if;. EdkifiaH &;orm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;)

ol@ta=umif;&yf+yD;/ e*g;aygufta=umif;qufr,f/ 'Dwyfudk udkZmvD

udkifw,f/ odk@aomf Tin Mg udk olajymvdk@&ayrJh/ &efvif;Edkifawmh wae@aom
tcg&jcifrS&r,f// 'Doli,f[m udkausmfodwt
Jh wdkif; &dkif;ygw,f/ taomuf
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udkausmftodyg/ Tin Mgqdkwmuvnf; tajrmufvGef+yD; atmufajc
vGwfpjyK+yD; wuJhwu
dk fyGJawGudk AdkvfwifOD;qdkwv
Jh li,fu &Gyf&Gyfc|efc|ef
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rif;'DuyJ ta=umif;odavmufyg+yD//
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vlvdrf/ vlaumufrSef; aemufrSodw,f/ a&S@wef;rSm raeygbl;/ aemufrSm
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v$Jxm;w,f/ Adkvfbjrifhudk Paul u ulw,f/ aiGrsm;rsm;xkwf&wJhwae@ Paul
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wcsdK@vufeufcsw,f/ aemufqHk; apmxudkqkwf+yD; aer,fvdk@ Willian u
ref;wvif;udk ajymcdkif;w,f/ 'Dvdkrvkyf&bl;/ xGufcsifolxGuf/ wjcm;wyf
oGm;csifol oGm;qdk+yD; vkyfvdkufw,f/ usefwJhvrl sm;twGuf aiG(10000d)
acs;yg/ vufeuftcsdK@ay;yg/ (15)vufxifw,f/ Willian t}uHbJ/ 'dk@u
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244

ta&mif;t0,fvkyfw,f/
bdef;vnf;ygr,fxifw,f/
aiG(ig;aomif;ajcmufaomif;) avmuf&vmawmh ref;udk Willianu befaumufudk
uefxkwfvu
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'DtaumifrsdK;udk wdk@u &Gufxm;&rvm;/ tefu,foabmu 'DaumifrsdK;
owf&r,f/ rrdvdk@=unfhaewmudkausmf/
udkif;-udkbaqG/ ab;vGwfxdkif&w,fvdk@ udkausmfrSdK@ajymw,f/
'Dtjzpftysuf udkausmfrod,if/ udkausmfudkowfzdk@ aumif;w,f/ 'dk@u
av;av;pm;pm;wm0efay;ayrJh vkyfyHkawGu b,fae@ vufeufcs rvJvdk@
ajrmfrae bl;vm;/ udkausmfrrl;wJhtcg tcsdK@udk 'Dta=umif;awG jyefar;
=unfhyg/ 'Dvdktajctae jzpf&wmawG[m tefu,fwdk@ avmygvdk@ jzpf&w,f
qdk&if vkyfcsifovdk wae@aomtcg wdkif;jynfu vkyfEdkifw,f/ tckawmh
vmvdkuf+yDvm;qdk,if wuJhjy\emaumifawGeJ@ wdk;wdk;ae&w,f/ udkqdkif;eJ@
udkatmifwdk@vnf; wm0efrsm;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sd=uw,f/ udkcefc|efu tvkyf
rSm pdwfysufp&mr&Sdyg/ taomufvGef+yD; tefu,fwdk@u r}udKufawmhvdk@
bkef;}uD;0ifvkyfwmyg/ q&maumif;qnf;uyfrdawmh tvGefatmufacsvGwf
oGm;wmaygh/ udkausmftaomufav#mh&J@vm;/ rav#mh,if udkausmfwae@'kuQ
a&mufr,fqdkwm tefu,fjrifygao;w,f//
udkausmf0if;twGuf Cod eJ@ tefu,f Codrsm;udk xkwfxm;w,f/
pmvnf;tawmf&SnfoGm;+yD/ 'DwGifbJawmf+yD; 'Dpmudk pdwf0ifpm;r,fh rdwfaqG
rsm;&Sd&if zwf=uygap// awmfvSefa&;atmifawmh r,fqdkwm tefu,f
wu,f,Hkw,f/ udk,fhvkyfief;udk odvdk@bJ/ rodwJhvlrsm;uawmh tmajcmif
r,f/ tykwfcsr,f/ odk@aomf 'DtcsdefrSm rrSKyg/ tvkyfomzdvkyfr,f/
acG;a[mifwdkif; xr=unhfawmhbl; udkausmf/ 'gbJ/ udkausmfudk om;vdk@rSwf
w,fqdkwm pdwfcsuG,f//
245

owd&vsuf
16/ 8/ 79

AdkvfvusFm
(wifarmif0if;.EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifhEdkiif Ha&;)
246

udkausmf ---

17/ 2/ 76
18th. Fab.u a&;vdkufwhp
J m&w,f// t}udK;ta=umif;pHkvifvdk@
txl;aus;Zl;wifygw,f// 'dk@pnf; urf;u b,fuaiGudkxw
k f,if apm=um'dk;/
OD;oGif/ udkZmvDwdk@ oHk;a,ufteuf-(2)a,muf vufrSwfygrS xkwf&w,f/
udkZmvDeJ@OD;oGifwdk@ vufrSwfeJ@xkwfwmrsm;w,f// 'Dwcg OD;oGifvufrSwfudk
vdrfxdk;+yD; aiGxkwfvdkufw,f/ t&ifu b,fESpfcgvdrfxdk;+yD; xkwfcJhw,f
qdkwm tefu,fwdwdusus rajymEdkifyg/ odk@aomf t}udrfrsm;+yD;vdk@ xifw,f/
tcktxdawmh e*g;armufwyf[m 'dk@vufatmufrSm ygbJ/ yk*~dKvftaeeJ@Tin
Mgu udkZmvDtay: tvGefoHa,mZOf}uD;w,f/ tvkyftaeeJ@ olwdk@
vufatmufrSm rvkyfcsif=ua=umif;ajymw,f// 'ga=umifh udkqdkif;wyfa&m/
e*g;armufwyfa&m/ atmifvusFmbufudk a&$@vdkuf+yD/ tck olwdk@vrf;rSm
&Sdao;w,f// oGm;&rJhvrf;rSm aumfol;av&ef&Sdw,f// odk@aomf }udKwif
ta=umif;=um;ygw,f// e*g;armufwdk@ aumfol;avu r,Hkbl;uG,f//
toHv$ifh&HkypPnf;rsm;udk xdkif;u-jyefay;&w,fqdkv@dk jyefay;yghr,fvdk@
rkefwdkif;udk ac:ajymw,f// 'gayrJh wcsdK@ypPnf;awG &GmxJa&mufukef+yD//
&efEdkifu aiG&&/ ypPnf;&& bmrqdk ,lqdkwo
Jh abm&Sdw,f// tvGef,kwf nHhwJh
pdwfbJ// 'ga=umifh cav;awGu tvGefrdkuf&dkif;w,f/ tefu,feJ@
AdkvfcsKyf=um'dk;udk owf&r,fvdk@ ajymae=uwmbJ/ &efEdkifuvnf;
wdk@oHk;a,muf/ OD;oGif/ apm=um'dk;eJ@tefu,fudk tvGeftykwfcsw,f//
tefu,fapwemudk oljypfrSm;wm/ wae@aomtcg udkausmfajymovdk
pdrf&nfoifhr,f/ ol@ta=umif;tefu,fra&;csifawmhbl;/ pdwfraumif;jzpf
vGef;w,f//
udkbaqGudk axmifxJa&mufaeayrJh wwfEdkifor# wdk@tultnD
ay;ygw,f// wjcm;ol@ om;orD;awGudk tjyifxGuf+yD; tvkyfvkyfEdkifw,f//
olwdk@tvkyf&ukef+yD/ jyefvdk@awmh rjzpfbl;vdk@ ajymw,f// ol@orD;udk
&efvif;Edkifu AvuUm,vkyf&ef }udK;pm;vdk@ jypfowfvdk@xifw,f// awmfvSef
247

a&;tusdK;rjyKwJhvlawGa=umifh tefu,ftvGefpdwf qif;&Jw,f/ jrefjref+yD;ap

csifw,fuG,f//
tv,fydkif;ta=umif;a&;wm rrSefygbl;/ tvkyfvkyf=uygw,f//
armfawmfum;/ armfawmf qdkifu,fr&Sd,if rjzpfwJh ae&mbJ/ armfawmfum;/
armfawmfqdkifu,f0,fwm rxl;qef;ygbl;/ udk,fydkif ypPnf;awGr[kwfygbl;/
tm;vHk;tzGJ@u ydkif;wJhypPnf;awGyg/ 'dk@bma&;tajctae aemifaomtcg
b,fvdkrSef;rodvdk@/ pD;yGm;&SmEdkif,if ay;xm;ygw,f// atmifvusFm bufudk
vnf; ay;xm;ygw,f/ &wJhaiGwyfjyefa&mufcGifh +yD;'gygbJ/ tcktxd
bmt&SyfrSr&Sdyg/ awmifydkif;eJ@wjcm;qDbJ/ awmifydkif;u cGifhrjyKbJ pD;yGm;&Sm
w,f/ udk,fusdK;twGufo;Hk w,f/ wjcm;vlawGudk tykwfcsw,f/ tckvdk
udkausmfar;wm aumif;w,f// 'grS tefu,fvnf; &Sif;Edkifr,f//
(wifarmif0if;. EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifhEdkifiHa&;)

tefu,fwdk@udk
xdkif;uvufrcHawmhbl;qdkwJh
owif;a=umifh
pdwfyl&efrvdkyg/ tefu,fwdk@ jynfwGif;qif;ae&ef tpDtpOf&Sdygw,f/
awmfvSefa&;rSm ay:vmwJhjy\emudk &J&J,ifqdkif&rSmbJ/ jzpfor#ta=umif;
taumif;csnf;ayghuG,f/ tefu,ftzdk@ aq;0g;udpPtcuftcJ&Sdw,f/
wcgw&H q&m0efeJ@awG@bdk@cufr,f// odk@aomf tefu,fwdk@&J@ apwem
tusdK;ay;a=umifh tcuftcJrsm;&Sdr,frxifyg//
xdkif;uxGuf&rJh (7)a,muf[m 1/ tefu,f/ 2/ Adkvf=um'dk;/ 3/
udkZmvD/ 4/ AdkvfrSL;atmif/ 5/ wifarmif0if;/ 6/ Adkvf&efEdkif/ 7/ ref;upHk
wdk@jzpf=uw,f// OD;oGifudkawmh xdkif;rSm&Sdw,fvdk@ olwdk@0efrcH bl;/ 'ga=umifh
emrnfrxnfhwmyg//
udk+idrf;/ udkxu
dk f/ oef;oef;Ekwdk@qDu r=umao;cifu pmrsm;&yg
ao;w,f/ csdKqDuvnf; pm&ygw,f// tm;vHk;usrRm=uw,fqdkvdk@
248

0rf;ajrmuf&w,f/ tckay;xm;wJh P.D.Boxtwdkif; pmr=um r=uma&;yg/

owif;pHk zwfcsifw,f/ tm;opftwGuf P.D.Box &,if ta=umif;jyefyg//
usrRmygap/
usrRmyg./
owd&vsuf
AdkvfvusFm

ordkif;0if AdkvfvusFm. pm
xdkpOfu vlrsdK;pkrsm;awmif;qdkaom cGJxGucf Gifhtay:wGif (yD'DyD)Y
OD;EkESifhAdkvfvusFmwdk@ tjrifrsm;rwl=uay// ,if;cGJxGucf Gifhudk OD;Eku vufrcH
Edkifojzifh (yD'DyD)u ESKwfxGufoGm;awmhonf// cGJxGucf Gifhudk tajctaet&
vufcHaomAdkvfvusFmrSm OD;Ek.acgif;aqmifrSKae&mwGif acgif;aqmifjzpf
vmonf//
AdkvfvusFmonf ol.acgif;aqmifrSKtwGif;Y jzpfysufcJhaom ravsmf
uefrSK[lor#udk udk&JausmfolxH ay;pmtjzpfjzifh &ifzGifhxm;jcif;yif jzpfav
onf// ,if;ay;pmudk udkwifarmif0if;onf &JausmfoluG,fvGefaomtcg
vufcH&&Sdxm;+yD; ol.pmtkyfxJwGif oifcef;pmw&yftaeESifh az:jyxm;
jcif;yif jzpfavonf// AdkvfvusFm. ay;pma=umifhyif udkwifarmif0if;.
(EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifhEdkifiHa&;)pmtkyfonf ydkrdkI axmufyaeonf[I
l vnf;
,lqaumif;,lqEdkif=uayonf//
(1) AdkvfvusFmay;pmt& Adkvf&efEdkifom;tz(&efvif;Edkif)ESifh pma&;
q&m&efukefbaqGom;tz (orD;)wdk@ vli,fcsif;obm0t&
rawmfravsmfjzpf=u&mrS &efvif;Edkifudk q&m&efukefbaqGu
ypfowfvdkufjcif;/
(2) Adkvf&efEdkifonf ol@wyfolrEdkifwJhtjyif t+rJwef;zJ&dkufae+yD;
rusifEkESifhyg aysmfawmfqufae=ujcif;/
249

(3) ZmvDarmfu OD;oGifvufrSwfudk vdrfxdk;+yD; aiGawGtv$Jo;Hk pm;

jyKojzifh xkwfy,fvdkuf&jcif;/
(4) Adkvfausmf'ifESifhol.om;awGta=umif;/
(5) Adkvf&efEdkifu AdkvfvusFm/ apm=um'dk;/ OD;oGif ToHk;a,mufudk
owfypf&ef atmufajcudk ajymjyjcif;/
w}udrftcgu {&mrvl}uD;vlaumif;rsm;onfyif awmfvSefa&;
umvY rjzpfoifhrjzpfxdkuf onfrsm;jzpf=ua=umif; AdkvfvusFm.pmt&
od&Sd=u&ayonf// ,ae@wdkif jynfolvlxkESifhpmzwf olrsm; tjynfhtpHkrod
=u&ao;onfrSm yJck;&dk;r jr&myifa'owGif ocifoef;xGef;rS ausmif;om;
ESifh yDuif;jyefrsm;tm; owfjzwfcJhaom vlowfrSKESifh(1988)ckESpf/ 'Drdkua&pD
ta&;tcif;umv jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufydkif;ESifhawmifydkif;a'o tjynfhtpHkowf
jzwfcH&onfhowif;udk ,ae@wdkif jynfhpHkpGm rod&ao;onfhta=umif;yif
jzpfavonf//

250

(wwd,ydkif;)

251

tcef; (14)
orRw}uD;OD;odef;pdef/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJ@/
OuUa':atmifqef;pk=unf( N.L.D)tzGJ@csKyf/
jrefrmjynfolrsm;ESifh vlrsdK;pkjynfolrsm;/
orRwOD;odef;pdefESifha':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@onf
jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;ESifhywfoufI OD;odef;pdefrS }uD;us,foam
nDvmcHw&yf ac:qdkay;rnfjzpfa=umif;ESifh a':atmifqef; pk=unfrS ESpfq,fh
wpf&mpk
nDvmcHw&yfac:qdkoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif;
toD;oD;ajymqdkcJh
=uygonf//
,if;odk@ }uD;us,faomnDvmcHw&yfyifjzpfap/ ESpfq,fhwpf&mpk
nDvmcHyifjzpfap usif;y&ef&uf twdtus rowfrSwf&ao;rD pyf=um;
jrefrmjynfolrsm;ESifhvlrsdK;pkjynfolrsm;taeESifh od&Sdxm;&efESifh avhvm&ef
vdktyfaeygonf// od&Sdxm;rSvnf; zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'w&yfudk a&;qGJ&m
wGifif;/ ,if;tzGJ@tpnf;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf if; jynfol
vlxo
k nf wm0efa=uyGefEdkifrnf jzpfygonf//

+Adwdo#vufxuf jrefrmEdkifiH
awmifwef;a'orsm; ( Part One)ac:wGifonfh e,fajrrsm;
Government of Burma Act-1935
SECOND SCHEDULE!
Areas in Burma to which special provisions apply

252

Part One (udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&

e,fajrrsm;)

(1) The Federated Shan States as specialfied in Notification No.31,

Dated 27th September 1922, of Political Department of the
Government of Burma, as amended by any subsequent
notification made before the commencement or this Act other
than the Federated Shan States.

zuf'&,f&Srf;jynfaxmifpk// (,ckvuf&Sd &Srf;jynfjzpf+yD; &Srf;

apmfbGm;rsm; Part One e,fajrrsm;jzifhom pkpnf;ygonf//)
(2) The Shan States specified in Notification No.41, dated 5 th October,
1922, of the Political Department of the Government of Burma, as
amended by any subsequent notification made before the
commencement or this Act other than the Federated Shan States.

zuf'&,f&Srf;jynfaxmifpkwGif xnfhoGif;jcif;rjyKonfh &Srf;

apmfbGm;e,fjzpfaom aomifoGyfe,f/ qifuvdkufcEWD;e,f/ cEWD;
vHke,fwdk@ jzpfonf// (,ck ppfudkif;wdkif;/ ajrmufydkif;wGif pkpnf;
yg0ifonf//)
(3) The Arkan Hill Tracts.

&cdkifawmifwef;a'orsm;(ac:) yvuf0a'oESifhajrSmufydkif;&Sd
awmifwef;a'orsm;// (,ck csif;jynfwGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf//)
(4) The Chin Hill District.

csif;&rftkyfrsm;e,fajr/ csif;awmifwef;a'o/ (,ck csif;jynf

wGif yg0ifonf/ vuf&Sdcsif;jynfonf csif;&rftkyfrif; e,fajr
rsm;ESifh Part One e,fajrrsm;jzifhom pkpnf;yg0ifonf//)
(5) The Kachin Hill Tracts of the Myitkyina, Bhamo and Katha
District.

jrpf}uD;em;/ AefarmfESifhuom pD&ifpkrsm;twGif; ucsif'l;0g;

rsm;e,fajr/ ucsiftrsdK;om; rsm; aexdkif&ma'ojzpfonf// (,ck
ucsifjynfwGif yg0ifonf/ vuf&Sducsifjynfonf ucsif'l;0g;
253

e,fajrrsm;/ Part One e,fajrrsm;ESifh

pkpnf;yg0ifonf//)

Part Two

e,fajrrsm;jzifh

(6) The Somra Tract.

aqmfr&e,fy,f// (em*awmifwef;a'o vuf&Sdppfudkif;wdkif;

ajrSmufydkif;wGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf//)
(7) They are know as the Trianngle.

}wd*He,fajrqdkonfh arcESifhrvdcjrpfESpfoG,f=um;&Sda'o//
(,ck ucsifjynfwGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf//)
(8) The area know as the Hukawing Balley lying to the north of the
Upper Chindwin District.

txufcsif;wGif;a'oESifh [l;aumif;awmif=um;a'ojzpf
onf// (,ck ppfudkif;wdkif; ajrSmufydkif;ESifhucsifjynfwGif pkpnf;
yg0ifonf//)
(9) The Salween District.

oHvGifc&dkifjzpfonf//
(,ck u&ifjynfwGif yg0ifonf// (1974)ck/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya'wGif aumfol;ava'o[kac:+yD; (1952)ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv (7)&ufae@
wGif zgyGef/ bm;tH/ vSdKif;bGJ@ESifhoHawmif e,frsm;udk u&ifjynftjzpf
owfrSwfonf// (1954)ckESpf/ ZGefv(1)&ufae@wGif aumhu&dwfESifh
=umtif;qdyf}uD;e,frsm;tygt0if u&ifjynftjzpf wdk;csJ@owfrSwf
onf// xdk@a=umifh vuf&Sdu&ifjynfonf Part One e,fajrESifh Part Two
e,fajrrsm;jzifh pkpnf;yg0ifonf//)

254

(10) All tribal territories which at the date of coming into operation of
this Act are unadministered.

t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfa&; vHk;0vufvSrf;rrDaom e,fajra'o

rsm;// (Oyrm 0apmfbGm; e,fajrrsm;/ Wa States/ ,ckvuf&Sd
&Srf;jynfwGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf//)
txufaz:jyaom Part One e,fajrrsm;(10)ckonf oD;jcm;udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfcGifh&Sdaom e,fajrrsm;jzpf+yD;/ t*Fvdyfbk&ifu vHk;0wm0ef,lxm;
onf// jynfy0ef}uD;tzGJ@tpdk&;u 0ifa&mufpGufzuf ydkifcGifhr&Sdacs//

+Adwdo#vufxuf jrefrmEdkifiH
255

awmifwef;a'orsm; ( Part Two ac:wGifonfh e,fajrrsm;)

Part Two
(1) Such Parts of the Myitkyina and Bhamo Districts as are not
included in Part One of this Schedule.

wGif ryg0ifonfh jrpf}uD;em;ESifhAef;armfwdk@rS tpdwf

tydkif;rsm;// (,ck ucsifjynfwGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf//)
Part One

(2) Such Parts of the Upper Chindwin District as constitute the

Homalin sub-division together with the village tracts which were
included in the former Tamu township of the Mawlaik subdivision on the preceding abolition.

- txufcsif;wGif;pD&ifpk&Sd [krRvif;/ qrf'D0DZH/ ,ckwrl;+rdK@e,f/

armfvdkufaus;vufa'orsm;// (,ck ppfudkif;wdkif;ajrSmufydkif;wGif

pkpnf;yg0ifonf//)
(3) The Kya in township, the Myawady Circle of the Kawkareik
township, and so much of the Karen Hill tracts in the eastern half
of the Toungoo District and the Thaton District as may be
prescribed by His Majesty in Council.

- =umtif;+rdK@e,f/ aumhu&dwf+rdK@e,frS jr0wDwdkuef ,f/ awmif

ilpD&ifpkta&S@bufjcrf;ESifh oxHkpD&ifpk&Sd awmifwef;a'orsm;jzpf
onf// (,ck u&ifjynfwGif pkpnf;yg0ifonf//)
Part two a'orsm;onf jynfr0ef}uD;tpdk;&tzGJ@u t}uH^m%fay;
Edkifaomfvnf; bk&ifcH. tqHk;tjzwfonfom t"dutwnfjzpfonf//
txufaz:jyyg (Armjynfr/ u&ifeDjynf/ awmifay:pcef;+rdK@rsm;/ Part
One awmifwef;a'orsm;(10)ckESifh Part Two awmifwef;a'orsm;paom
e,fajrrsm;tm;vHk;onf t*Fvdyftpdk;&vufxufrS vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonfh
tcsdefxd wdkif;&ifom;vlrsdK;rsm;. e,fajrrsm;taetxm;rSefjzpfonf//
256

jrefrmEdkifiHacwftqufqufwGif ArmvlrsdK;rsm;ESifhusefvlrsdK;pkrsm;
onf e,fajrt& vGwfvyfpGm aexdkifcJh=u&mrS (1885)ckESpf +Adwdo#tpdk;&
onf tdENd,EdkifiHrSwqifh jrefrmEdkifiHudk odrf;ydkufcJhavonf// ,if;odk@
odrf;ydkuf&mrS t&SnftkyfcsKyfEdkif&ef jrefrmEdkifiH. vlrsdK;rsm;qdkif&m uGJjym;jcm;
em;rSKudkif;/ ,Ofaus;rSKESifhobm0um; uGJjym;rSKudkif; woD;wjcm;pD
vGwfvyfpGmaexdkif=uonfudk &SKjrifoHk;oyf+yD; +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf ol.
tkyfcsKyfrSKyHkpHudk csrSwfcJhavonf//
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHwGif tydkif;(1) Part OneESifh tydkif;(2) Part Two
[lI&Sdav&m tydkif;(1)wGif Armjynfr (,ck ppfudkif;wdkif;)ESifh (1977)ckESpf
txd rGefjynfe,fESifh&cdkifjynfe,fwdk@tygt0if jzpfonf// (2) u&ifeD
apmzsm;e,f (rif;wkef;bk&ifudk,pf m; uif;0efrif;}uD;)ESifh t*Fvdyfbk&ifcH
udk,fpm; qma'gufw'fazghquf(Forsyth)wdk@ (1875)ckESpf/ ZGefv(21)&uf
ae@wGif csKyfqdkxm;aompmcsKyf (oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaomu&ifeDe,fajr)
yg0ifonf// (aemufqufwGJ-1)ESifh*syefacwf&Sd Zdku0gbDESifh a'gufwm
barmfwdk@ vufrSwfa&;xdk;aom pmcsKyf(aemufqufwGJ-2)/ (3) awmif}uD;/
uavm/ ar+rdK@/ vm;&SdK;/ vGdKifvif/ vGdKifaAG/ oHawmif (awmifay:pcef;)
+rdK@rsm;tjzpf oD;oef@tkyfcsKyfa&;xm;&Sdonf// aemufydkif;wGif ar+rdK@onf
rEWav;wdkif;wGifif;/ oHawmif+rdK@onf u&ifjynfe,fwGifif;/ awmif}uD;/
uavm/ vm;&SdK;/ vGdKifvif/ vGdKifaAG+rdK@rsm;onf &Srf;jynf e,fwGif yg0ifvm
=uonf// (4)rSm awmifwef;a'orsm;[lI ac:qdkonf// ,if;awmifwef;
a'otydkif; (4)e,fajrrsm;xJwGif Part One udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& e,fajr
rsm;ESifh Part Two bk&ifcH. oD;oef@tkyfcsKyfa&;xm;&Sdaom e,fajrrsm;[lI
ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;avonf//

257

zuf'&dwfwuf (Federated Shan States 1922 )

In 1885, Burma became a British Crown Colony. The Shan
States, later to be know successively as the Federated Shan States (1922) and
the Shan State (1948), became a British Protectorate two years later.

258

Col. Rees Williams (later Lord Ogmore), who beaded the

Frontier Areas Cmmittee of Enquiry (FACE), seen with his fellow committee
members. On his left Sao Sam Htun, Prince of Mongpawn, who died
mysteriously after he was superficially wounded during the assassination of
Aung San on July 19, 1947.

txl;ojzifh
(1885)ckESpfwGif
rEWav;aejynfawmftygt0if
(ppfudkif;wdkif;)onf
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfrSKatmufodk@
a&muf&Sd+yD;aemuf
(2)ESpf=umwGif &Srf;jynfe,fonf +Adwdo#tapmifh ta&SmufcHjzpfvmonf//
odk@jzpfI (1922)ckESpfrS (1948)ckESpftxd &Srf;jynfonf +Adwdo#tapmifh
ta&SmufcH (Federated Shan States)jzpfavonf//
259

oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom u&ifeDjynf
&Srf;jynfonf
tapmifhta&SmufcH(Federated)wckjzpfonfhenf;wl
u&ifeDjynfonf
uif;0efrif;}uD;ESifh
qma'gufuvyf(pf)azgquf
(DougLasForsseth)wdk@ oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;csuft& vGwfvyfaom
u&ifeDjynfjzpfonf//

u&ifeDjynf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfjcif;ESifhywfoufaom
pmcsKyf/ pmapmif/ rSwfwrf;rsm;//
Treaty
AGREEMENT REGARDING THE INDEPENDENCE OF
WESTERN KARENNI
1875
In accordance with the request of His Excellency the Viceroy of India
that Western karenni should be allowed to remain separate and independent,
His Majesty the King of Burma, taking into consideration the great friendship
existing between the two great countries and the desire that the friendship may
be fasting and permanent, agreed that no sovereignty or governing authority of
any decription shall be exercised or claimed in western Karenni and His
Excellency the Kinwoon Mengyee, Minister for Foreign Affairs, on the part of
His Majesty the King of Burma, and the Honourable Sir Douglas Forsyth,
C.B.K.C.S.I, envoy on the part of His Excellency the Viceroy and
Governor-General of India, execute the following agreement;Agreement. It is hereby agreed between the British and Burmese
Government that the State of Western Karenni shall remain separate and
independent, and that no sovereignty or governing of any description shall be
claimed or exercised over that State.
260

Where unto we have on this day, the 21st day of June 1875
corresponding with the 3rd day of the Waning moon of Nayoung 1237 B.E.,
affixed our seals and signature.
Seal . (Sd.) TD Forsyth Seal (Sd.) Kin-Woon Mengyee.

t*Fvdyftpdk;&ESifh Armrif;tpdk;& csKyfqdkaompmcsKyf

jrefrmouU&mZf(1237)ck/
c&pfouU&mZf(1875)ckESpf
u&ifeDjynf. vGwfvyfa&;udk todtrSwfjyKaompmcsKyfrSm t*Fvdyf
vdkcsKyfqdkxm;+yD; if;udk Armodk@ jyefvdkuyf gu atmufygtwdkif;
jzpfonf//
u&ifeDjynfe,fudk uef@owfoD;oef@ vGwfvyfpGmaexdkifcGifh
qufvufjyK&ef awmif;yef v$mydk@qufcJh&m/ jrefrmbk&ifrif;jrwfonf
jrefrmESifh+Adwdo#ESpfjynfaxmifwdk@. r[mrdwfqufqHrSKa&S@odk@ cdkif+rJ
aprSKudk &nf&G,fv#uf u&ifeDjynfudk rnfolur# wefcdk;vGrf;rdk;
csKyfcs,fta&;qdk usL;vGefjcif;rjyKvkyf&ef vdkufavsmfpGm oabm
wlnDcGifhjyKawmfrlcJhav&m EdkifiHjcm;a&; uif;0efrif;}uD;tm; jrefrm
bk&if. udk,fpm;vS,fawmftjzpfjzifhif;/ (Honourable Sir Douglas
Forsyth)qma'guvyf(pf)azghquftm; tdENd,bk&ifcHcsKyf. udk,fpm;
vS,fawmftjzpfjzifhif;/ oabmwlr[mrdwfpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;
xdk;cJ=h uonf//
pmcsKyf //
//
ESpfOD;oabmwlcsKyfqdkonfh
TpmcsKyft&
u&ifeDjynfudk rnfolwpfOD; wpfa,mufur# pDrHcef@cGJpdk;rdk;csKyf
cs,fjcif;rjyK&bJ oD;oef@xm;vsuf vGwfvyfaom tif'Dyif;'ifh
tcGifhta&;ay;&ef jrefrmbk&iftpdk;&ESifh +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ ESpfOD;
ESpfbuf oabmwlnD=ua=umif;/ ,if;odk@aom ydnmOf0efcH
261

csufjzifh c&pfouU&mZf(1875)ckESpf/ *|efv(21)&uf/ jrefrm

ouU&mZf(1237)ckESpf/ e,kefvqkwf(3)&ufae@wGif u|Efkyfwdk@ qdkif&m
wHqdyf awmfrsm;ESifhwuG atmufwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;=ua=umif;//
pmcHawmf
wHqdyfawmf
yHkwD'Daz:qvf
yHkuif;0efrif;}uD;
u&ifeDjynfonf rif;wkef;bk&ifvufxufY uif;0efrif;}uD;ESifh
+Adwdo#bk&ifcHcsKyfudk,pf m; qma'guvyf (pf)azgvfqufwdk@rS vGwfvyf
aomu&ifeDjynftjzpf todtrSwfjyKvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhonfeh nf;wl *syef
acwfwGifvnf; *syefwyfrawmf. ppfaoemywdESifh(*syefacwf) ArmEdkifiH
awmf0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfol a'gufwmbarmfwdk@u u&ifeDjynfESifh&Srf;jynfudk
vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHtjzpf atmufygtwdkif; todtrSwfjyKcJhavonf//
&Srf;/ u,m;jynfrsm;ESifhqufqHa&;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifhqdkifaom
rSwfpmv$m

262

ArmEdkifiHawmfY wyfcsv#uf&Sdaom *syefwyfrawmf}uD;. ppfaoem

ywdESifhArmEdkifiH0ef}uD;csKyfonf ArmEdkifiHESifh&Srf;e,f/ u&ifeDe,frsm;udk
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ,ckwnf&SdqJ &if;ESD;pGmqufqHrSK rysufjym;apjcif;iSg
xdkqufqHrSKESifhywfoufI atmufygtcsufrsm;udk oabmwlnD=uonf//
(1) wpfOD;.e,frS wpfOD;.e,ftwGif;odk@ vGwfvyfpGm 0ifxGuf
oGm;vmEdkifcGifhudk todtrSwfjyK&rnf//
(2) xdke,frsm;wGif ukefypPnf;rsm;udk we,frSwe,fodk@ vGwfvyfpGm
aqmif,ljcif;wdk@ cGifhjyK &rnf// xdk@tjyif xdke,frsm;u rdrdwdk@.
EdkifiHwGif qdkif&mtcGefawmfpepfudk umuG,f&efrSwyg; ,if;uJh
odk@ aqmif,laom ukefypPnf;rsm;tay:wGif tcGefawmfaumuf
cHjcif; r&Sdap&//
(3) wEdkifiHESifhwEdkifiH bmawmfa&;twGuf aphpyf&Sif;vif;&ef
&SdaomudpPESifhpyfvsOf;I vufiif;ay:xGufvmaom tcsufrsm;
ESifhywfoufI a,bk,stm;jzifh a&S;uvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;twdkif;
oD;jcm;oabmwlnDcsufrsm; jyKvkyf&rnf//
(4) &Srf;e,f/ u&ifeDe,frsm;wGif ArmEdkifiHawmfY toHk;jyKv#uf
&Sdaom aiGESifhaiGpuULrsm;udkyif toHk;jyK&rnf//
TrSwfpmv$monf vufrSwfa&;xdk;aomae@Y pwiftwnfjzpf
&rnf// atmufwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;aom yk*~dKvfrsm;onf oabmwl
a=umif;xif&Sm;ap&ef TrSwfpmv$mY vufrSwfa&;xdk;I rdrdwdk@. wHqdyf
awmfrsm;udk cyfESdyf=uonf// &SdK;0gouU&mZf(18)ESpfajrSmuftXrv Tyxr
ae@ ArmouU&mZf(1305)ck/ 0gacgifvqef;(1)&ufae@wGif &efukefaejynf
263

awmfY *syef/ ArmbmomESpfrsdK;ESifhrdwWLpmv$mESpfckjzifh ydnmOfudk csKyfqdk

=uonf//
(yHk) &SdKZdku0gwD
ArmEdkifiHawmf*syefwyfrawmf}uD;. ppfaoemywd
(yHk) barmf
ArmEdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf
Burma and the Federated Shan States were invaded by Japan in 1942,
and the bogus independent Burma was created in the following year.
However, the Japanese war-time premier, General Hideku Tojo's stand on the
Shan was quite clear when, on January 2, 1943, he delivered a speech, and
said: "With regard to the territorial composition of the New State of Burma, it
is to include the whole territory of Burma, with the exception of the Shan and
Karenni areas."

xdkpOfu u&ifeDacgif;aqmifrsm;. tjrif

u&ifeDjynfonf rif;wkef;bk&ifvufxufrS *syeftpdk;&vufxuf
wdkifatmif vGwfvyfaomjynfwjynfjzpfI wdkif;jyKjynfjykv$wfawmfwGif
olryg0ifEdkifao;yJ vGwfvyfaomjrefrmEdkifiHjzpfvmaomtcgwGifrS r[mrdwf
pmcsKyf csKyfqdkrnfjzpfa=umif;/ xdkpOfu u&ifeDacgif;aqmifESpfOD;jzpfaom
OD;bDwl&DESifh(OD;)apmodef;wdk@u a=ujimxm;avonf//
wdkif;oljynfom;taygif;wdk@ --Armjynfjzpf wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif vGwfvyfaom
Armjynf. tem*wftkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJ&mY u&ifeDe,frsm;
twGuf rygEdkifacs// tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf jrefrmjynf/ &Srf;jynf
264

wdk@onf u&ifeDe,frsm;uJho@dk tqifhtwef;rwlacs// jrefrmjynfonf

rvGwfvyfao;ay//
vGwfvyfpGmtkyfcsKyfEdkif&eftwGuf jrefrmjynf. tem*wf
tkyfcsKyfa&;udk ,ckrSomv#if u&ifjzL/ &Srf;/ ucsif/ &cdkif/ *sif;azg
paom acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;ESifhwidk fyifaqG;aEG;v#uf tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;
rsOf;udk pwifa&;qGJv#ufyif &Sdayonf// if;vuf&Sda&;qGJaom
tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;rudk t*FvdyfygvDrefv$wfawmfwGif wifoGif;
&rnf// ,ck jrefrmjynftem*wftkyfcsKyf a&;pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJaom
tzGJ@onf bmr#tm%mr&Sdao;onfudk wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@ odoifh
ayonf// odk@twGuf if;wdk@tvkd&Sda&;qGJaom jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;0
tm%mydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;onf vlxktay:wGif &Sdonf[k
qdkxm;aomfvnf; trSefpifppf t*FvdyfygvDref. oabmwlnD
csuf&&SdrSomv#if vHk;0tm%mydkif vGwfvyfaom jrefrmjynf
tkyfcsKyfa&;udk &&SdEdkifvdrfhrnf//
u&ifeDe,frsm;onf vHk;0tm%mydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; &&Sdxm;
av+yD// u&ifeDe,frsm;oabmrwlEdkifbJ t*Fvdyftpdk;&u bmr#
rvkyfEdkifa=umif;udk (20-6-47)&ufae@ &efukef+rdK@wGif nae(3;30)
em&DcGJtcsdef bk&ifcHtdrfawmfY awG@qHkpOftcg bk&ifcHudk,fwdkif
0efcHavonf// odk@twGuf u&ifeDe,frsm;onf vGwfvyf+yD;aom
e,frsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf jrefrmjynfvHk;0 tm%mydkifvGwfvyfa&;
twGuf a&;qGJonfph nf;rsOf;xJwGif ryg0ifxdkufao;a=umif;udk
EdkifiHa&;em;vnfolwdkif; odoifhayonf//
jrefrmjynfonf
wu,fhvGwv
f yfa&;&+yD;onfhaemufrS
omv#if ESpfjynfwpfjynfpmcsKyf r[mrdwftaeESifha&;qGJoifhay
onf// jrefrmjynfonf vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD;onfhaemuf rnfonfh
tzGJ@/ ygwD/ tpdk;&jzpfrnfudkvnf; u|Efkyfwdk@ vHk;0rodEdkifacs//
265

odk@twGuf jrefrmjynfonf vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD;aemuf tpdk;&

jzpfonfhtzGJ@ESifhtxuf az:jyygtwdkif; r[mrdwftaeESifhpmcsKyf
jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfa=umif;udk od&Sdem;vnf&ef xkwfaz:a&;om;vdkuf
jcif;jzpfonf//
(yHk) OD;bDwl&Dapmodef;
vGdKifaumf+rdK@
u&ifeDudk,pf m;vS,f
26-6-47

LOIKAW 26 JUNE 1947

The Karenni States cannot take part in the Constituent
Assembly discussions on the Shan State are not the same status as the
Karenni State. Burma has not yet become an independent State. The
White karens. Shan, Chins, Kachins and Arakanese are now merely
beginning to discuss the future constitution of Burma and any draft
constitution they produce will have to be placed before the British
Parliament, for the Constituent Assembly itself has no power to
finalise the constitution except with the sanction of the British
Parliament. It should be clear to all that the present Constituent
Assembly has no power or authority of itself. The Constituent
Assembly is drawing up the constitution with the sanction of the
masses but that constitution can never become law until Parliament
agrees. Only when that agreement is obtained will Burma become an
independent country. At Government House at 3;30 pm on 20-6-47
the Governor informed the Karenni delegation that as karenni was
inhabitants with full sovereign the British Government could do
nothing about Karenni without the consent of the inhabitants them
selves. Therefore it should be quite clear to anyone who knows about
politics that an independent country like Karenni cannot take part in
266

an Assembly which is now merely a proposed constttiiitution for a

country merely about to become independent.
When Burma has achieve independence, Karenni will be
prepared to enter into aneaty of alliance with her or with whatever is
in power at that time.
(Sd) U Bee Tu Ree
(Sd) Saw Thein.

jrefrmjynfolrsm;cifAsm; - +Adwdo#vufxuf jrefrmEdkifiHonf

txufaz:jyygtwdkif; Z,m;0iftydkif;(1) tydkif;(2)/ (1922)ckESpfrS (1948)
ckESpftxd zuf'&dwfxuf &Srf;jynfe,f/ (1875)ckESpf/ vGwfvyfaom
u&ifeDjynfESifhppfudkif;wdkif;yg0ifaom e,fajrESifha'orsm;onf +Adwdo#
tkyfcsKyfcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHyif jzpf=uayonf//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;awG@&Sdaom jynfaxmifpkrSm zufqpfawmfvSef
a&;+yD;aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onfrsm;pGmyif tvkyfrsm;avonf//
yxrqHk;rSm (1945)ckESpfwGif oD&dvuFmuENDodk@ oGm;I AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
armifhbufwefESifh ArmhwyfrawmftwGuf atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf
csKyfqdk&onf// xdkrStjyefwGif vGwfvyfa&;&,l&mY waygif;wpnf;&,l
Edkifa&;twGuf &Srf;jynfe,f (yifvHk)Y yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdk&onf// wquf
wnf;wGif &D;(pf)0DvD,H. awmifwef;ESifhjynfr waygif;wpnf;wnf;
vGwfvyfa&;&,lvdkjcif; &Sdr&Sd/ pHkprf;a&;tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&jyefonf// xdkrS
qufvufI (1947) ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfa&G;aumuf
yGJudk usif;yIif;/ (1947) ckESpf/ arvwGif (zqyv)y%mrjyifqifrSKnDvmcH
udkif; aemufqHk;tqifhwGifum; ZGefvY wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf yxr
nDvmcHudk usif;yjcif;yif jzpfavonf//
267

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf atmufyge,frsm;yg0ifaom jynfaxmifpk

udk wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfY wifoGif;cJhjcif;yif jzpfavonf// ,if;udk
pdkif;wifaz(c)pdkif;aq;tGefu ol@tjrifudk atmufygtwdkif; wifjyxm;av
onf//
txufArmjynf aejynfawmf rEWav;+rdK@udk (1885)ckESpfrSm e,fcsJ@
t*Fvdyfwdk@ odrf;,l+yD; bk&ifoDaygrif;udk ac:,loGm;ygw,f// Armjynf
tvHk;pHkudk odrf;ydkuf+yD;a=umif;udk (1886)ckESpf/ ZEM0g&Dv (1)&ufrSm ausnm
csufxkwfygw,f//
(1896)ckESpfrSm e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfwdk@u csif;awmifwef;a'o(Chin Hills)
udk odrf;,lcJhovdk ta&S@bufawmifwef;rSm&SdwJh &Srf;jynfeJ@u&ifeDjynf
udkawmh (1887)ckESpf/ ZEM0g&Dv(3)&ufrSm t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@ppfwyfu ppftif
tm;(310)eJ@ aoewf/ tajrmufvufeufrsm;wyfqif+yD; &Srf;jynfeJ@Armjynf
e,fpyfvSdKif;wuf(LangSat)a'oudk jzwfausmf+yD; usL;ausmf0ifa&muf
ygw,f// e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyf ppfwyfudk jyif;jyif;xefxefckcHwJ@taeeJ@ rdk;+AJ
apmfbGm;eJ@&yfapmufapmfbGm;e,fwdk@u wdkufcdkufweG f;vSef =uygw,f//
u&ifeDjynfrSmawmh apmvaz:apmfbGm;u tjyif;txefckcHw,f// &Srf;jynf
taeeJ@ t*Fvdyf e,fcsJ@vufatmuf u|efb0eJ@ aevm&mu (1922)ckESpfrSm
apmfbGm;e,frsm;pkaygif;+yD; (Federated Shan States)qdk+yD; aumifpDzGJ@tkyf
csKyfygw,f// 'gu oD;jcm;vlrsdK;/ oD;jcm;wdkif;jynfawGudk oD;jcm;tcsdefawGrSm
odrf;,lcJhwm jzpfw,f//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xyfrHawG@&Sd&wmuawmh (1875)ckESpfrSm t*Fvdyf
tpdk;&wdk@ESifhbk&ifrif;wkef;rif;wdk@ oabmwlnDcsufeJ@ vufrSwfxdk;+yD;
v$wfvyfaomjynfaxmifjzpfaewJ@ u&ifeDjynf (0g)u,m;jynf//
(1894)ckESpfrSm a&;qGJjyXmef;cJhwJh ucsifawmifwef;a'o
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf;Oya' (1894)/ (Kachin Hill
Regulation)jzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhwJh ucsifjynfaxmif//
268

(1896)ckESpfrSm a&;qGJjyXmef;cJhwJh csif;awmifwef;zGJ@pnf;yHk

pnf;rsOf;//
(1896)ckESpf/ (Chin Hill Regulation)jzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhwJh csif;jynf
axmif//
(1922)ckESpfrSm jyifqifjyXmef;cJhwJh z,f'&uf&Srf;jynfaxmif
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf;Oya'/ (1922)ckESpf (Federated Shat
States Act)jzifh tkyfcsKyfaom&Srf;jynfaxmif/ 'Dvdk oD;jcm;
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfaewJh
jynfaxmif
av;jynfaxmifudk awG@&jyefygw,f//
'gudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u (1935)ckESpfrSm a&;qGJjyXmef;+yD; (1937)
ckESpfrSm usifho;Hk wJh Armjynf tufOya' (1935)ckESpf/ (Burma Act)jzifh
tkyfcsKyfcJhwJh ArmjynfaaxmifESifhpkaygif;+yD; jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;
twGuf }udK;yrf;ygw,f//
(1947)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(13)&ufrSm &Srf;jynf/ yifvHk+rdK@rSm
awmifwef;a'oacgif;aqmif rsm;ESih!
f SdESdKif;wdkifyif+yD; tmrcHcsuf
tjynfht0eJ@ yifvHkpmcsKyf/ awmifwef;jynfr yl;aygif;a&;pmcsKyfudk
atmifjrifpGm
csKyfqdkEdkifcJhygw,f//
pmcsKyfoabmwlnDcsufrSm
u&ifeDjynfyg0ifcsKyfqdkjcif; rjyKcJhayr,fh (1947)ckESpf/ jynfaxmifpk
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkt+yD; v$wfvyfa&;&,lawmhr,fh tcsdefrSm u&ifeD
yg0ifvmcJhygw,f// 'ga=umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ZGJebJ}uD;pGmeJ@
tmrcHcsuf
pmcsKyf-tmrcHwJhuwdpum;awGeJ@
cufcufcJcJ
vkyfaqmifvdk@&vmwJh jynfaxmifig;jynfaxmifwdk@[m wef;wl
&nfwlyl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfopfwckudk &&Sdvu
dk fygw,f//
'Dvdk&&Sd vdkufEdkifatmifvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
v$wfawmfrSm tmrcHcsuf uwdpum;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
ajymcJhygw,f//
269

tJ'DvdkvufcHxm;wJh 'DpmoabmawGrubJ (Not only the

letters of a greement) usaemffw@dk tzdk@rSmqdkvdk&Sd&if (The spirit of
agreement)oabmwlnDvmcJhwJh wu,fht&if;cH oabmxm;udk
vufcH+yD;awmh 'Dtwdkif;bJ 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm vkyfrSmbJ
qdkwm awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wnfhwnfh
vif;vif;
em;vnfapcsifygw,f//
usaemfwdk@ay;+yD;om;uwd/
em;vnf+yD;om;uwdeJ@ em;vnf;+yD;om; oabmwlnDcsufawGudk
azgufzsuf rnfvm;vdk@ oHo,&Sdwv
Jh lawG[m OuUrif;cGifhjyK
csuft& ajym&v#if usaemfwdk@&J@ (Sense of honour, Sense of self
respect, sense of pride)wdk@udk apmfum;w,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@ ,lqyg
w,f// tJ'Dawmh usaemfwdk@ay;+yD;om;uwd/ em;vnf;+yD;om;oabm
wlnDcsufwdk@udk awmifwef;e,fudk,fpm;vS,fawGu wdkif;jynfjyK
v$wfawmfxJa&mufvmwJhtcg aoaocsmcsm em;vnfapcsifwmu
b,fenf;eJ@r# usaemfwdk@ ArmvlrsdK;pkjzpfwJhval wG[m cifAsm;wdk@udk
twif;tm;jzifh usaemfwdk@ jynfaxmifpkxJrSm roGif;ygbl;// oabm
rwlbJ raeEdkifwJh tajctaersdK;udk vufwvHk;jcm; vdrfwJhenf;
vnf; usaemfwdk@ rvkyfygbl;qdkwm twdtvif;em;vnfapcsif
ygw,f//
(pdkif;wifaz. tem*gwf jynfaxmifpktwGuf)

OD;jrifhodef;vdk ynm&SifwOD;
jrefrmEdkifiHonf ESpfwpf&mudkvedk Db0rS (1948)ckESpfwGif vGwfvyfa&;
&,l&ef &Sdvmaomtcg xdkpOfu EdkifiH.t}uD;trSL;jzpfol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
onf jyef@}uJaeaom wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udkvnf; pkpnf;&onf// olwdk@ESifh
twlwuG aygif;pnf;aexdkifa&;twGuf enf;vrf;rsm;udk &Sm}uH&avonf//
TtcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf OD;jrifhodef;vdk ynm&SifwOD;tm;
270

awG@jrifvm&avonf// xdkpOfu tjzpftysufrSm vlrsdK;pkt}uD;tuJrsm;u

jzpfwnfvmrnfh EdkifiHopftay:wGif r,Hkr&Jjzpfae=uonfh jy\emyif
jzpfonf//
OD;jrifhodef;onf (1947)ckESpf/ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif
ynm&SifwOD;taeESifh yg0ifcJhonft
h jyif ,if;zGJ@pnf; yHktajccHOya'
tcef;(10)Y yg0ifaomcGJxGufcGifhudk wm0efESifh trdef@t& a&;qGJ&olvnf;
jzpfavonf// olyg0ifcJhonfjh zpfpOfudk OD;jrifhodef;u atmufygtwdkif;
jyefvnfa&;om;xm;avonf//
w&m;v$wfawmfw&m;0ef}uD;csKyf(t+idrf;pm;)t*~r[moa&pnfol
OD;jrifhodef;.
1947-ck zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' tcef;(10)ESifhywfoufI
olyg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonfhuudk wifjyjcif;
(1947)ckESpf/ Zlvdkifvapmapmydkif;wGif usaemf&efukef+rdK@rS w&m;r&Hk;
w&m;ol}uD;csKyftjzpf trSKxrf;aepOf(1)
w&m;a&;&mXmetwGif;0ef
OD;aomif;pdefu w,fvDzkef;jzifh owif;ydk@ygonf// owif;twdkcsKyfrSm-,ck
vuf&Sdtvkyfudk csufcsif;v$J+yD; tajccHOya'a&;qGJaeaomtzGJ@Y e,fjcm;
awmifwef; om;rsm;Oya'a&;qGJaeaomtzGJ@Y e,fjcm;awmifwef;om;rsm;
Oya'a&;qGJa&; t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpfjzifh vkyfapvdkonf// xdktvkyfudk
csufcsif;vufcHyg[k jzpfygonf//
usaemfuAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk &Srf;/ ucsifponfhvlrsdK;pHku
,Hk=unfarwWm&Sdygaomfvnf; Armwdkif;udk r,Hk=unf=uyg// odk@ygI usaemf
Armwpfa,muftaejzifh 'Dtvkyfudkvkyf&ef oifhawmfr,frxifyg/ w&m;a&;
271

0ef}uD;udk usaemfhtm; ray;Edkifa=umif;/ &Hk;uvnf;,ckrS zGifhpyifjzpfaeI

qufvkyfrS jzpfr,fjzpfa=umif;ajymjy&m OD;aomif;pdefu w&m;a&;
0ef}uD;u ajymrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ OD;jrifhodef;udk,fwidk f AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
udk ajymjyv#ifomIoifhawmfygvdrfhrnf//[k jyefajymygonf//
AdkvfcsKyf&Hk;odk@ w,fvDzkef;quf&m r=umcifbJ usaemfhudk vmawG@Edkif
onfqdkI AdkvfcsKyf&Sd&m twGif;0efrsm;&Hk;odk@ usaemfoGm;awG@ygonf//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u odu|rf;I &if;&if;
ESD;ES;D &Sdygonf// usaemfu 0ifoGm;oGm;jcif; tav;jyK+yD; AdkvfcsKyf usaemfudk
b,fe,fha*smufwGef;wmvJvdk@ ajymawmh AdkvfcsKyf r&,fpbl; &,f+yD;aemuf
AdkvfcsKyfu OD;ajymwmawGtm;vHk;odygw,f// Armrdk@vdk@ &Srf;/ u&if/ ucsif
awGudk t}uHay;ygu rSm;,Gif;oGm;v#if [db
k ufvdkufw,f/ 'Dbufvdkuf
w,fvdk@ ajym=urSmudk pdk;&drfovm;vdk@ ajymygw,f// 'Dawmh usaemfu
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wdk@ usaemfwdk@ ,cktm;vHk;&SdaepOf a&Sma&Sm&SL&SL jzpfEdkifygw,f//
odk@aomfvnf; aemufaemif bmjzpfrvJ[k rodEdkifygbl;// tJawmhrS tjypfqdk
=uonfudk a&Smifvdkygw,f[k ajymygw,f//
AdkvfcsKyfu usaemfvnf; tJ'gudk owd&vdk@ rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD;ESifh
qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemifwdk@u OD;jrifhodef;udk Oya't}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf
vdkcsifa=umif; vmajymonfhtcsdefcg [dkwkef;u olwdk@udk t*Fvdyf/ tar&d
uef/ jyifopf/ =opa=w;vs/ tdENd,yg&*lawGudk iSg;ay;ygr,f// olwdk@
wpfa,mufa,mufdk a&G;ygvdk@ajymawmh olwdk@u OD;jrifhodef;udk&rSom usaemf
wdk@ auseyfEdkifr,f// OD;jrifhodef;u usaemfwdk@&J@ ,lqcsuf/ tawG;tac:/
tjzpftysuftm;vHk;udk odwJholjzpfvdk@ ol@udkyif txl;,Hk=unfwma=umifh
oluv$Jv@dk tjcm;oludk vufrcHEdkifygvdk@ ajym=uw,f//[k ajymygw,f//
AdkvfcsKyfu &,fp&mawmifxyfI trdef@&SdonfrSm bmyD,aq;rsm;
au|;xm;ovJwJh//
272

usaemfu rau|;&ygbl; *syefacwfrSm usaemfhudk *syefawGu

vdkuf&SmaeI usaemf &Srf;jynfxJrSm ykef;cdkaepOfu apmfbGm;tcsdK@ESifh
&if;ESD;vmygw,f// 'l;0g;}uD;udkawmh &efukefrS awG@bl;ygw,fvdk@ ajym&
ygonf//
aemufqHk;awmh AdkvfcsKyfu vkyfvdkufygawmh[k qdkaoma=umifh
usaemfu oabmwlvdkufygw,f//
AdkvfcsKyfudk
usaemfu
tcuftcJrsm;&Sdygovm;[kar;&m
AdkvfcsKyfu odyf}uD;us,fwJh tcuftcJawmh r[kwyf gbl;/ usaemfyifvHkukd
a&mufawmh rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;ESifhqrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemifwdk@ vmawG@=u+yD;
aqG;aEG;=uw,f// tJ'DtcgrSm apmfbGm;}uD;u jrefrmjynfrESifhyl;wGJ+yD;
jrefrmjynfwnfaxmifoGm;wmudk oabmwlygw,f// 'gayr,fh apmfbGm;
tcsdK@u tajccHOya'rSm cGJxGuEf dkifaom tydk'fryg ygu jrefrmjynfESifh
aygif;&ef cJ,Of;rnfjzpfr,fvdk@ ajym=uI 'Dta=umif;udk xkwfaz:jy&jcif; jzpf
ygw,fvdk@ ajymw,f// qrm;'l;0g;}uD;uvnf; usaemfrSm vnf; 'Dtwdkif;ygbJ
'l;0g;aZmfvGef;&J@ taz:rsm;u 'DavoHbJ xGufvm=uw,f// cGJxGu&f ef
tydk'frygbJ ucsifjynfe,fu jrefrmjynfESifhaygif;zdk@&ef rvG,fygbl;vd k@
ajym=uygw,f// olwdk@ tJ'Dvdk ajym=uawmh usaemfvnf; tHhtm;oifh+yD;
cifAsm;wdk@Asm rdef;rawmif;wJhtcgrSm 'Dpum;ajymzdk@roifhbl;vdk@ ajymawmh/
apmfbGm;}uD;ESifh qrm;'l;0g;}uD;wdk@u roifhawmfwmrSefygw,f// 'gayr,fh
usaemfwdk@rSm jy\emjzpfaeygI AdkvfcsKyf}uD; 'DcGJxGu&f ef tydk'fudk tajccH
Oya'wGif xnfhoGif;ay;apvdkygw,fvdk@ ajym=ujyefygw,f// 'Dawmh usaemf
uvnf; 'Dtydk'frsdK;[m tqef;r[kwfygbl;// &k&Sm;/ ,l*dkqvyftajccHOay'
rsm;rSmvnf; yg&Sdygw,fvdk@ qdk+yD; vG,fvG,feJ@bJ oabmwlvdkufw,f/
vufcHcJhw,f// aemufusaemf &efukefudk jyefa&mufvmwJhtcgY (zqyv)
trSKaqmifwGif wifjyawmh udkEkuawmh r}udKufygbl;/ 'gayr,fh usaemf&Sif;
273

jyawmh udkEkoabmaygufoGm;w,f// udkausmf+idfrf;uawmh uef@uGuf

wkef;bJ[k &Sif;jyw,f//
usaemfu AdkvfcsKyfudk AdkvfcsKyf usaemfbmvkyfay;apvdkygovJvdk@
ar;awmh AdkvfcsKyfujzpfEdkifv#if &Srf;ESifhucsifudk 'DcGJxGu&f eftydk'fudk
rxnfhbdk@ ajymay;yg[k ajymygonf//
usaemfu uaemfuawmh ajymrSmygbJ/ olwdk@uawmh ,ckuxJu
cGJxGuf&eftydk'fyg&Sdzdk@ ajymae=uw,f// 'gayr,fh usaemftxl;}udK;pm;ygr,fh/
tu,fI ajymr&cJhaomf usaemfbmvkyf &rnfudk AdkvfcsKyfoabmu
b,fvdk&SdovJvdk@ ar;&m AdkvfcsKyfu r&vnf;+yD;a&maygh/ ta&;}uD;wmrS
r[kwfbJ/ tjcm;EdkifiHtajccHOya'awGrSm ygwJh'Dtydk'fudk b,fwdkif;jynfrSmrS
toHk;jyKcJhw,fvdk@ r&SdcJhygbl;/ vdkvv
dk m;vm; xnfhxm;wJhtydk'fjzpfw,f//
xdk@tjyif usaemfoabmwlcJwmudk (zqyv) tzGJ@csKyfuvufcHatmif
aqmif&Gufygr,f[k ajymygw,f//
tJ'Du usaemfjyefvmcJhygonf// aemufwae@rSm tajccHOya'
a&;qGJa&;tzGJ@udk 0ifa&muf&mrSm jynfe,fudpPaqG;aEG;zdk@ ra&mufao;bJ/
w&m;pD&ifa&;ubJ a&mufao;I tcsdef&aoma=umifh jynfe,f
acgif;aqifrsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;&m
csif;acgif;aqmifOD;0rfudka[mucsif;vlrsdK;
rsm;u jynfe,frvdk jrefrmrsm;ay;wmudk ,lr,f// auseyf w,fvdk@ ajym=u
w,f// (zqyv)udkvnf; if;twdkif; tpD&ifcHxm;+yD;jzpfw,f[k ajymyg
onf// 'ga=umifh usaemfqufvuf raqG;aEG;awmhyg//
(1 - w&m;v$wfawmf w&m;0ef}uD;csKyf OD;jrifhodef;)

u&ifacgif;aqmifref;bcdkifuvnf; aumfol;avac: u&ifjynfe,f

&r,fvdk@ odxm;&I auseyfygw,f// tajccHOya'wGif tao;pdwf
ta=umif;csif;&mrsm;udkvnf; a&;om;a&;yg/ vufcHygw,f[k ajymygw,f//
'ga=umifh usaemfquf vufraqG;aEG;awmhyg//
274

ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;u &Srf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhom aqG;aEG;yg/

&Srf;jynfu vufcHv#if olwdk@vnf; tajccHOya'rSm vufcHr,f[k ajymwm
a=umifh olwdk@ESifhvnf; usaemf(3)cgavmufyJ awG@cJh&ygw,f// Ttcsdeftcg
avmufrSm AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;uG,fvGefygonf// &Srf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
usaemf}udrfzefrsm;pGm aqG;aEG;ygonf// OD;csefxGef;ESifhusaemf rlcsxm;onfh
twdkif; tenf;i,ftusOf;r#om jznfhpGuf+yD; tm;vHk;udk vufcH=uygonf//
odk@aomfvnf; cGJxGuf&eftydk'fudkawmh b,fenf;eJ@rS rjzKwfEdkif/ xnfhoGif;
ay;&r,fvdk@ cyf=urf;=urf;yJ ajym=uygonf// acgif;aqmif+yD; ajymoluawmh
anmifa&$r[ma'0Djzpfygw,f// r[ma'0Dtm; jyif;jyif;xefxef axmufcH
olrsm;rSm apmfbGm;rsm;. aemufvdkurf sm;r[kwfbJ vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;omjzpf=uI usaemfaemufqkwf cJh&ygonf// Tta=umif;udk 0ef}uD;csKyf
OD;EkxHodk@ tpD&ifcHawmh 0ef}uD;csKyfu b,fwwfEdkifrvJAsm olwdk@u
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uwday;xm;wmudk udkifxm;awmh ajymvdk@&rSm r[kwf
bl;aygh/ 'gayr,fh udpPr&Sd ygbl;/ ucsifudkvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ ay;&r,fqdkawmh
ucsifjynfe,fESifhqdkifwJh tajccHOya'udk ra&;eJ@OD; qrm;'l;0g; }uD;udk ac:+yD;
pum;ajymOD;r,f[k rdef@=um;tyfygonf//
xdk@aemuf usaemfod&Sd&onfrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfu qrm;'l;0g;}uD;tm;
ucsifjynfe,fzGJ@pnf;&mwGif jrpf}uD;em;tjyif a&S;,cifu Aef;armf
'Dp}wdwfudkyg ucsifjynfe,fwGif xnfhoGif;r,f// if;tjyif ucsifjynfe,f
OuUonf ucsifvlrsdK;rsm;omjzpf&r,fvdk@ tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;ay;
r,f// tjyeftvSeftaejzifh ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;u cGJxGuf&eftydk'fudk
pGef@v$wfyg[k ajymqdk&mY qrm;'l;0g;}uD;u vufcHI ucsifjynfe,f
Oya'Y cGJxGufjcif;ESifhywfoufaom tajccHOya'ESifhroufqdkifap&[k
xnfhoGif;a&;&ygonf//
csif;udpPESifhywfoufI jynfe,frvdk[kqdkaoma=umifh csif;Oya'Y
csif;0daoowdkif;[k trnfwyfI a&;qGJcJhygonf// cGJxGu&f efjy\em
275

ray:aygufcJhyg// tjcm;tydk'frsm;rSm &Srf;jynfqdkif&m tajccHOya'ESifhtwlwlyJ

jzpfygonf//
u&ifjynfe,ftwGuf u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;u cGJxGuf&eftydk'f
vdkcsifonf[k b,ftcgurS rajymI jy\emray:cJhyg//
TtcsdeftcgY cGJxGu&f efudpPrSm &Srf;jynfe,ftwGufom &Sdygawmh
onf// vG,fvG,fESifh cGJxGufjcif;rjyKEdkif&ef tajccH Oya'wGif tajccHOya'
tm%mwnfonfhae@rS (10)ESpftwGif; cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;udk toHk;
rjyK[k xnfhoGif;cJhygonf//
u&ifeDjynfe,fta=umif;rSm
(1855)ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHatmufydkif;udk t*Fvdyft pdk;&odrf;ydkuf&m
w&kwfjynfrSpaom teD;tem;&SdEdkifiHrsm;ESifh e,fjcm;owfrSwfcJhonf//
xdktcgu t*Fvdyfu taemufbufrS ta&S@bufodk@ wdk;csJ@vmonfrSm
jrefrmEdkifiHtxd a&mufcJhonf// jyifopfu ta&S@bufrS taemufbufodk@
wdk;csJ@vm onfrSm vmtdk/ uarBm'D;,m/ AD,uferftxd a&muf&SdcJhonf//
t*Fvdyftkyfpdk;onfhe,fESifhjyifopf tkyfpdk;onfhe,fwdk@ rxdawG@&ef=um;wGif
wdkif;jynfwck&Sdoifhonf[k t*Fvdyfu,lqI uEWm&0wD/ abmvcJ/
=uufzdk;}uD;trnf&Sdaom apmfbGm;ydkif(3) ae&mudk vGwfvyfaomjynfe,f[k
owfrSwf+yD; rif;wkef;rif;}uD;. oabmwlnDcsufudk &,lcJhonf// odk@jzpfI
(1946-1957)ckESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmjynftm; vGwfvyfa&;&&ef aqG;aEG;onfh
tcgY u&ifeDe,fa'oonf jrefrmjynf. tpdwftydkif;r[kwf vGwfvyf
aome,frsm;jzpfI xnfhoGif;rpOf;pm;Edkif// okd@aomf xdkESpfrsm;wGif u&ifeD
wpfOD;jzpfolodkif;A[efqdkolu (zqyv)tultnDjzifh olykefxcJhonf//
odkif;A[efuG,fvGefonfhtcgY abmfvcJu OD;bDqdkolu jrefrmbufudk
qef@usifI olykefxonf// OD;bDppfyGJrSm usqHk;I xdktcg t*Fvdyftpdk;&u
276

u&ifeDe,fudk jrefrmjynftwGif;odk@ xnfhoGif;csifaomfvnf; pmcsKyfpmwrf;

rsm;u vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHjzpfaeI bmr#rwwfEdkif// xdktcgu u&ifeDe,f
(3)e,fpvHk;wGif apmfbGm;}uD;(3)OD;pvHk; uG,fvGef=uI cav;i,frsm;om
usef&m pum;ajymaqG;aEG;&rnfh acgif;aqmif&SmrawG@cJh// odk@twGuf aemufrS
yJ &Sif;rnf[k qHk;jzwfonf[k usaemfodcJh&ygonf//
tajccHOya'udk v$wfawmfY jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&aom (4/ 1/
48)ck/ ae@wGif twnfjzpf&ef (2)&uf apmI (2/ 1/ 48)&ufae@wGif wifoGif;
&ygonf//
(1947)ck/ 'DZifbmv(27)&ufae@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku ta&;}uD;I
vmcJhyg[k usaemfudk w,fvDzkef;jzihf ac:ygonf// usaemfa&mufonfhtcgY
OD;csefxGef;a&muf&Sdaeonfudk awG@&ygonf// if;tjyif uEWm &0wDapmfbGm;
}uD;om; (r[ma'0D.om;r[kwfyg) pyf0qdkolESifhOD;pdefqdkolwk@d udk awG@&yg
onf// if;aemuf 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek0ifvmygonf// 0ef}uD;csKyfu OD;jrifhodef;
olwdk@udk odygovm;[k ar;I usaemfu OD;pdefudkawmh rawG@bl;yg/
pyf0udkawmh uEWm&0wDapmfbGm;}uD;. om;qdkwmawmh odygw,f//
vlcsif;vJ odygw,f[k ajzqdkygonf// 0ef}uD;csKyfuqufI pyf0ESifh
OD;pdefwdk@u
olwdk@u&ifeDe,f(3)e,fudk
jrefrmjynfESifhaygif;vdka=umif;
vmajymae=uw,f//
tJ'g OD;jrifhodef;ESifhOD;csefxGef;wdk@ b,fvdkoabmaygufovJ[k
ar;&m usaemfu usaemf ajymEdkifwmuawmh 'De,f(3)e,fpvHk;rSm
acgif;aqmifr&Sd/ cav;awGom&Sdw,f/ uEWm&0wDtwGuf pyf0udk
acgif;aqmifqdkwm vufcHEdkifygw,f[k ajymygonf// Todk@ ajym=u&if;
pyf0u usaemfudk uEWm&0wDtwGuf acgif;aqmiftjzpfvufcHv#if
usef(2)e,ftwGuf usaemfESifhOD;pdefudk acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf vufcHygvdk@
tifwdkuftm;wdkuf ajymygonf// 'Dawmh 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek/ OD;csefxGef;ESifh
usaemfwdk@(3)a,muf aqG;aEG;=uygonf// OD;csefxGef;u 'De,fawG[m
277

&Gmomomav;awGyg/ jrefrmjynfxJudk xnfhvdkufv#ifvnf; uef@uGuf

rnfholawG &Sdr,frxifygbl;/ vufcHvdkufv#if aumif;ygw,f[k ajymyg
onf// usaemfu OD;csefxGef;udk axmufcH+yD; usaemfwdk@ ArmawGu
wpfzufowf u&ifeDe,fudk jrefrmjynftwGif;odk@ xnfhoGif;jcif;r[kwfyg/
if;wdk@bufu acgif;aqmifawG vmajymI vufcHjcif;jzpfI tjypfqdkrnfol
&SdrSmr[kwfyg// uef@uGufEdkifol wpfOD;om&Sdygw,f// xdkolrSm t*Fvdyfomv#if
jzpfygw,f// t*Fvdyfudk,w
f dkifuvnf; 'De,frsm;udk jrefrmjynftwGif;
xnfhoGif;I uef@uGufrnf r[kwfyg[k ajym&m 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku csufcsif;
vufcH&ef qHk;jzwfygonf// aemuf+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfu u&ifeDjynfe,ftajccH
Oya'udk &Srf;jynfe,f. tajccHOya'twdkif; a&;qGJapygonf//
usaemfu pyf0udk cGJxGufa&;udpPwGif ucsifjynfe,fu
cGJxGuf&ef pGef@v$wfouJh pGef@v$wf&ef wdkufwGef;ygonf// if;tjyif ol@tm;
'De,fawGu ao;ao;av;vnf;jzpfvdk@ cGJxGuv
f dk@ b,fvdkjzpf EdkifrSmvJ
wpfOD;wnf; aeEdkifrSmrS r[kwfbJ [kvnf;ajym&m// pyf0u &Srf;jynfudk
cGJxGuf&ef tcGifhta&;ay;v#if usaemfwdk@ oabmtwdkif; vGwfvyfaom
wdkif;jynftjzpf 0ifa&mufvmwJhe,fawGudk cGJxGuf&ef tcGifhta&;ay;oifh
ygw,f// ,ckuJho@dk uwdkufu&dkuf vma&mufyl;aygif;jcif;udk aemufaemif
tjypfajymvmv#if cGJxGuf&ef tcGifhta&;&Sdom;yJvdk@ acsyEdkifygw,f/ /
'Dtajctaevnf; a&mufr,frxifyg[k ajymygonf// 'ga=umifh 0ef}uD;csKyf
OD;Eku olwdk@ ajymwJhtwdkif;yJ vufcHvdkuyf g[k rdef@=um;ygonf//
rSwfcsuf//
// (1947)ckESpf tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mY u&ifjynfe,fudk
aumfol;av[k ac:ygonf// u,m;jynfe,fudk xdkpOfu
u&ifeDjynf[k ac:ygonf//
jrifhodef; - t*~r[moa&pnfolOD;jrifhodef;
EdkifiHawmfw&m;0ef}uD;csKyf (t+idrf;pm;) 14/ 6/ 9
278

(txufyg pmwrf;onf (e0w)vufxufwGif tb,fa=umifh

(1947)ck/(1) zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'Y cGJxGucf Gifhyk'frjyXmef;&ovJ[k
EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;rsm;udk ar;jref;ojzifh OD;jrifhodef;rS (e0w)odk@ a&;om;
ay;ydk@onfhpmjzpfonf// usaemfpma&;jyKpkoludk,w
f dkif jynfwGif;rS 0ef}uD;csKyf
a[mif;OD;EkESifhu,m;OD;pdefa&;om;jyKpkonfhpmudkvnf; wygwnf;,laqmif
vmcJhaomfvnf; if;pmrsm; aysmufqHk;oGm;ojzifh raz:jyEdkifjcif; jzpfygonf//)
(w&m;0ef}uD; OD;jrifhodef;//
// (1900)jynfhESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv
(24)&ufae@wGif tzOD;ydef(K.S.M, A.T.M,) (usufoa&aqmifa&$pvG,f&rif;/
trSKxrf;aumif;rif;)ESifh trda':rdrdwdk@rS zGm;jrifonf// &efukefaumvdyf/
+AdwdefEdkifiHbk&ifaumvdyfESifh uif;b&pfwuUodkvfrsm;odk@ wufa&muf+yD;
(M.A. L.L.B)bGJ@rsm;udk (1925)ckESpfwGif &&SdcJhonf// (1925-30)twGif;
&efukef+rdK@r txufwef;ausmif;tkyf}uD;/ xdkaemuf (1937)ckESpfrSpI
tpdk;&w&m; a&;XmewGif trSKxrf;cJhonf// (1942)ckESpfwGif ppfrSKxrf;&ef
t&efwyfwGif Adkvf}uD;tqifh xdkrS AdkvfrSL;}uD;tjzpfwdk;jrSifhI +rdK@jy
umuG,fa&;rif;}uD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf// (1946)ckESpfwGif (CAS -B)
tpdk;&vufxuf w&m;a&;t&m&Sd/ rdwDvmc&dkif puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;/
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya't}uHay;t&m&Sd/ e,fjcm;a'orsm;twGuf jrefrm
tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif wGJzuftwGif;0eftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf// (1948)ckESpfwGif
w&kwforRwEdkifiH(eefuif;+rdK@)odk@ yxrOD; qHk;aom jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf
apv$wfcH&onf// (1950)ckESpfwGif w&kwfjynfol@orRwEdkifiH (yDuif;+rdK@)wGif
jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;jzpfonf// (1952)ckESpfwGif w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf w&m;ol
}uD;jzpf+yD; (1957)ckESpf/ ZGefv(6)&ufrSpI w&m;0ef}uD;jzpfonf// (1951)
ckESpfwGif owdk;r[mpnfolbGJ@ESifh (1958)ckESpfwGif t*~r[moa&pnfol
bGJ@rsm; &&SdcJhonf//)
(Who's Who in Burma, 1961.) (1) (w&m;v$wfawmf w&m;0ef}uD;csKyfOD;jrifhodef;)
279

tcef; (15)
cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;
(1947)ckESpf/ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'yg tcef;(10)rS cGJxGufEdkifaom
tcGifhta&;ygtcef;udk a&;om;cJholrSm OD;jrifhodef;yif jzpfavonf// xdkpOfu
,if;tcef;udk pdwfoabmt& t"durESpfoufolESpfOD;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmif
qef;ESifhOD;Ekwdk@yif jzpf=uavonf// AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rESpfoufaomf
jim;vnf; yifvHknDvmcHwGif csKyfqdkoabmwlxm;aom oabmwlnD
csufrsm;udk =unfh&SKzwfI +rdKodyfcJh&avonf// AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
,if;uJho@dk aom tydk'frsdK;rSm &k&Sm;ESifh ,l*dkqvyf tajccHOya'awGrSmvnf;
yg&Sda=umif;ESifh ,if;tydk'frsdK;udk vufawG@oHk;pGJonf[al om wdkif;jynfum;
r&Sda=umif; rdrdudk,f rdrdowday;I ESpfodrfhcJavonf//
xdkrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uG,fvGefoGm;I 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekjzpfvmjyef
aomtcg ,if;cGJxGucf Gifhuydk if 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;EkESifhOD;jrifhodef;wdk@ aqG;aEG;
=ujyefonf OD;jrifhodef;rS
&Srf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhu|efawmf}udrfzefrsm;pGm
aqG;aEG;ygonf//
OD;csefxGef;ESifhu|efawmfrlcs xm;onfhtwdkif; tenf;tusOf;r#om jznfhpGuf
+yD; tm;vHk;udk vufcH=uygonf// odk@aomfvnf; cGJxGuf&eftydk'fudkawmh
b,fenf;eJ@rS rjzKwfEdkif/ xnfhoGif;ay;&r,fvdk@ cyf=urf;=urf;yJ ajym=u
ygonf// acgif;aqmif}uD;ajymoluawmh anmifa&$r[ma'0Djzpfygonf//
r[ma'0Dtm; jyif;jyif;xefxef axmufcHolrsm;rSm apmfbGm;rsm;.
aemufvdkurf sm;r[kwfyJ
vlxku,
dk fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf=uI
u|efawmf
aemufqkwfcJh&ygonf// Tta=umif;udk 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkxHodk@ tpD&ifcHawmh/
0ef}uD;csKyfu b,fwwf EdkifrvJAsm;/ olwdk@u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uwd
ay;xm;wmudk udkifxm;awmh ajymvdk@&rSmr[kwfbl;aygh/ 'gayr,fh udpPr&Sd
280

ygbl;/ ucsifudkvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ ay;&r,fqdkawmh ucsifjynfe,fESifhqdkifwJh

tajccHOya'udk ra&;eJ@OD;/ qrm;'l;0g;}uD;udk ac:+yD; pum;ajymOD;r,f[k
rdef@=um;tyfygonf//
,if;tcef;(10)yg cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;onf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;vufxufrS 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekvufxufwdkif vnfacsmif;xJwGif
pl;0ifaeaom t&dk;wacsmif;yif jzpfcJhavonf//

tcef; (10)
cGJxGuEf dkifaom tcGifhta&;//
201// // TtajccHOya'Yaomfif;/ yk'fr(199)t& ygvDrefujyKaom
tufOya'Y aomfif; tjcm;jyXmef;(1) csufjyKxm;jcif;r&Sdv#if/ atmufY
jyXmef;xm;aom pnf;urf;csufrsm;ESifhtnD/ jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrS cGJxGufEdkif&ef
jynfe,fwdkif;Y tcGifhta&;&Sd&rnf//
202// // TtajccHOya'tm%mwnfonfhae@rS q,fESpftwGif; cGJxGuf
Edkifaom tcGifhta&;udk toHk;rjyK&//
203// // (1) cGJxGuEf dkifaomtcGifhta&;udk oHk;pGJvadk omjynfe,fonf/
cGJxGufvdk a=umif;tqdkudk rdrd.jynfe,faumifpDwGif wifoGif;twnfjyK
&rnf// jynfe,faumifpD&Sd trwfpkpkaygif;teuf oHk;yHkESpfyHkatmuf ravsmh
aomtrwfrsm;u xdktqdkudk axmufcHI rJay;jcif;rjyKv#if/ twnfjyK
onf[k rrSwf,l&//
281

(2) oufqdkif&m jynfe,f.OuUonf jynfe,faumifpD. qHk;jzwfjcif;udk

EdkifiHawmforwtm; ta=umif;=um;&rnf// xdk@jyif twnfjyKvdkufaom
aumifpD. obmywdu [kwfrSefa=umif; vufrSwfa&;xdk;aom qHk;jzwfcsuf
rdwWLwapmifudk EdkifiHawmforwxHodk@ jynfe,fOuUu wifjy&rnf//
204// // xdktcg EdkifiHawmforwonf/ oufqdkif&mjynfe,f. vlxkqEN
yGJudkusif;yap&ef trdef@xkwf&rnf// vlxkqENyGJudk usif;yjcif;rSm oufqdkif&m
jynfe,f&Sd jynfolwdk@. qENtrSefudk odEdkif&efjzpfonf//
205// // EdkifiHawmforwonf/ vlxkqENyGJaumifr&SifwzGJ@udk cef@&rnf//
xdktzGJ@wGif jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrSif;/ oufqdkif&mjynfe,frSif; udk,fpm;vS,f
OD;a& tnDtr# yg0if&rnf// xdktzGJ@onf vlxkqENyGJudk}uD; =uyfpDrH&efjzpf
onf//
206// // Ttcef;Y jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifh rqef@usifapbJ/ tqdkyg cGJxGuf
Edkifaom tcGifhta&;toHk;jyKjcif;ESihpf yfvsOf;aom udpPtm;vHk;udk Oya'jzifh
pnf;rsOf;owfrSwf&rnf//
&Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&acgif;aqmifaom jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;ESifhvlrsdK;pk
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;q,fESpf rjynfhrcsif; ,if;cGJxGufEdkifaom
tcGifhta&;yk'frudk toHk;rjyKyJ aecJh=uavonf// odk@&mwGif &Srf;jynfe,f
tygt0if jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;q,fESpfjynfhcsdefwGif az:jyyg cGJxGufEdkif
aom tcGifhta&;udk jynfe,ftm;vHk;u oHk;pGJvmjcif; jzpfavonf//
(1)

(jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' - 1947)
282

wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif anmifa&$apmfbGm;}uD;p0fa&$odkuf
rGuf=um;onfh rdef@cGef; (1)

anmifa&$apmfbGm;}uD; p0fa&$odkuo
f nf (1947)ck/ ZGefv(13)
&ufae@u usif;yjyKvkyfaom wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif
OD;Ektm;v$wfawmfOuUtjzpfwifajrSmuf&ef tqdkwifoGif; rdef@cGef;rGuf
=um;cJhonf// ,if;rdef@cGef;rGuf=um;csufrS tcsdK@udk aumufEkwfwifjyvdkay
onf//
u|Ekfyfwdk@ &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;awmifay:wdkif;&if;om;rsm;[m
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@pepfatmufu vGwfajrSmufbdk@ ArmjynfrESifhyl;aygif;
aoG;pnf;ae=u&ayrnf// [dka&S;&mZ0ifu tjzpftysufawGudk
owd&+yD; ArmawG[m wdk@xufydk+yD;vlvnf;rsm;w,f/ ^m%fvnf;
omw,f// onfawmh wae@ae@rSm rawmfwqrsm;wdk@udk vlrsdK;i,f
qdk+yD; zdESdyfapmfum;vkyfrsm;aervm;qdk+yD; "rRmwmtwdkif; wxdwf
xdwaf wG;ylpdk;&drfvsuf &Sd=uygw,f//
ocifjr (om,m0wD aus;vufawmifydkif;) rjzpf&ygbl;
283

anmifa&$apmfbGm;}uD;u u|Efkyfwdk@ tifrwefjrwfEdk;wJh

wef;wltcGifhta&;/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/ cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufEdkif
cGifhawGudkrsm; xdyg;usL;ausmfjyKavrvm;vdk@vJ wxifhxifhjzpfr,f
qdkv#if "rRmwmtwdkif; u|Ekfyfwdk@rvGefbl;vdk@ xifygw,f// rawmf
wq onfvdk rzG,fr&m/ rw&m;rSKawGrsm;jzpfay:vmvdk@&Sd&if
tm;enf;wJhbufu tpOfaevmwJh ocifEk[m w&m;vrf;rSef
twdkif; u|Efkyfwdk@bufu &Gwf&Gwfc|Hc|H umuG,fay;Edkifvdrfhr,fvdk@
ar#mfvifhtm;xm;ygw,f// (=obmoHrsm;)
u|Ekfyfwdk@ oabmuawmh &dk;&dk;eJ@&Sif;&Sif;bJ// avmavmq,f
t*Fvdyfu|efb0u vGwfcsifw,f/ onfvdkvw
G fvyfa&;&bdk@ Arm
jynfeJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrS jzpfr,fqdk+yD; ,Hk=unfvdk@ ,ckonf
vGwfawmfrSm a&mufvm=uygw,f// (=obmoHrsm;)
'gayr,fh t*Fvdyfu|efb0uv$wf+yD; ykcHk;ajymif;tjzpf Arm
awG&J@ u|efjzpfoGm;rSmudkvnf; rvdkcsifygbl;// (&,foHESifh=obm
oHrsm;) ESpfOD;ESpfbufpvHk; vGwfvyf}uD;yGm;a&;twGuf wef;wl
&nfwltcGifhta&;awGESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufoGm;=ubdk@qdk&if tpOf
ojzifh tqifoifh&Sdw,fqdkwmvnf; &Sif;&Sif;bGif;bGif;bJ uwday;yg
w,f// (=obmoHrsm;)

284

,if;uJho@dk anmifa&$apmfbGm;}uD;p0fa&$odkufu rdef@cGef;rGuf=um;

jcif;onf wef;wla&;udk b,favmufjrwfEdk;a=umif;/ wnfwHhcdkif+rJI
+idrf;csrf;om,m0ajymaom jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf }uD;wnfaxmifa&;
twGuf rnfr#wefbdk;xm;a=umif;wdk@udk az:jyonfh yifvHkpdwf"gwfudk
az:xkwfoGm;jcif;yifjzpfonf//
(1)

anmifa&$apmfbGm; ppfa&$odkuf rdef@cGef;

yifvHkrS wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
&Srf;jynfe,f/
yifvHknv
D mcHwGif
vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh oabmwl nDcJhonfh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udkif;/
(zqyv)y%mrnDvmcHwGif
rdrdwifoGif;cJhonfh
tajccHr(4)csufESifh
285

vrf;!$efcsuf(7)csufudkif;
wifoGif;&ef jyifqifcJhavonf//

wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif

jrefrmjynfESifhu&ifeDjynfrdwfquftzGJ@ &efukef+rdK@
(1946)ckESpf/ {+yDv(30)&uf

a&S@wef;rS 0J,modk@-apmodef;/ p0fv0D/ apma&$/ OD;pdef(u&ifeDya'gifaumifpDOuUX)/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;(zqyv)tzGJ@csKyfOuUX/ OD;atjrav;/ OD;baz/ odkif;b[ef/ apmOD;jr
tv,fwef;- ocif0wif/ OD;vGDZD/ apmyDc0g;/ OD;A*srf;/ OD;wif/ ref;bcdkif/
ocifoef;xGef;(uGefjrLepfygwDtwGif;a&;rSL;)/ OD;wif/ OD;baomif;/ OD;azcif/ ocifcspf/
aemufwef;- OD;ausmfjrifh/ OD;atmif0if;/ OD;bqdki/f OD;atmifZHa0/ OD;ndrf;/ OD;odrf;atmif/
apmbOD;}uD;(autJef,ltzGJ@csKyfOuUX)/ OD;xGef;vS/ apmcvlv,f/ OD;wifarmif/

286

yifvHknv
D mcH qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
(1947)ck/ azaz:0g&Dv(10)&ufae@ yifvHknv
D mcH}uD;
pwifusif;yv#ifusif;yjcif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u rdef@cGef;ajym=um;
&mrSm awmifwef;e,frsm;udk +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfonfudk Armrsm;u
r}udKufa=umif;/ Armrsm;onf awmifwef;a'otwGuf ajymqdkjcif;
rSm ArmjynfESifhwef;wltqifhtwef; tcGifhta&;&apvdkaom
a=umifhjzpfa=umif; ArmvlrsdK;onf +Adwdo#u|efrjzpfvdka=umif;/
xdkenf;wl awmifwef;vlrsdK;rsm; +Adwdo#u|efjzpfonfudk Armu
r}udKufa=umif;/ xdkenf;wl awmifwef;vlrsdK;rsm;onf Armu|eftjzpf
rjzpfap&a=umif; a&S;OD;pGm ajym=um;oGm;onf//
xdkaemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;acgif;aqmif
}uD;rsm;. oabmwlnD qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;(5)csuftay: wcsufcsif;
tvdkuf atmufygtwdkif; jyefvnfaqG;aEG; &Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;
onf//
(1) qHk;jzwfcsuf(1)ESifhywfoufI Armwdk@ESifhtqifhtwef;wl/
tcGifhtvrf;wl/ &ydkifcGifhwl/ 'Drdkua&pDususcHpm;cGifh&Sdap&rnf
qdkonft
h csufESifhywfoufI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u vGwf
vyfa&;&+yD;aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tqifhtwef;cGJjcm;jcif;
r&Sdap&efESifhtm;vHk; wef;wl&nfwl cHpm;cGifh&&Sdap&ef tpnf;
ta0;}uD;wGif tmrcHcsufay;a=umif; ajym=um;&m udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;u wcJeuf=obmay;=uonf//
(2) qHk;jzwfcsuf(2)ESifhywfoufI rltm;jzifhvufcH+yD; txl;ajym
qdkp&mrvdka=umif; ajym=um;onf// udk,pf m;vS,ftm;vHk;
uvnf; xyfrHaqG;aEG;=ujcif;r&Sdacs//

287

(3)

qHk;jzwfcsuf(3)ESifhywfoufI ucsifawmifwef;a'owGif
tusHK;r0ifonfh jrpf}uD;em;/ Aef;armfc&dkifESifhuomajrjyef@
a'orsm;rygbJ ucsifjynf[k jynfe,fwpfcktjzpf &yfwnf
Edkifvdrfhrnf[k rdrdr,Hk=unfa=umif;/ odk@aomf rdrdtaejzifh
vkyfydkifcGifh r&Sdaomfvnf; ucsifvlrsdK;rsm;vdkvm; awmif;w
vsuf&Sdonfh
ucsifjynfe,fjzpfvma&;udk
av;pm;I
rltm;jzifh rdrdaxmufcHa=umif;/ ,if;udpPudkvnf; &ufowW
ywf tenf;i,ftwGif; &efukefYusif;yrnfh(zqyv)
nDvmcHwGif rdrdudk,fwdkif tqdkwifoGif;rnfjzpfa=umif;
ajym=um;&m udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u wcJeuf=obmay;=u
onf//
(4) qHk;jzwfcsuf(4)ESifhywfoufI atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfudk
vufcHjcif;rjyK [laomudpPrSm ,ckaqG;aEG;aeonfh udpPESifh
pyfqdkifjcif;r&Sdojzifh a0zefaqG;aEG;&ef rvdka=umif; ajym=um;
oGm;onf//
(5) qHk;jzwfcsuf(5) cGJxGucf GifhESifhywfoufI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
rltm;jzifhvufcH+yD; Ttpnf;ta0;u qHk;jzwfEdkifrnfr[kwf
a=umif;/ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKwGif wifoGif;I qHk;jzwf&rnfh udpPjzpf
a=umif;wifjy&m trsm;vufcH=uonf//

(aemufydkif;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf cGJxGufcGifhonf wdkif;&if;vlenf;pk

tcGifhta&;jzpf+yD; rcGJxGufcsifatmif ArmvlrsdK;}uD;u vkyfjy&rnf[k
ajymqdkvmonftxd cGJxGufcGifhudpPudk trsdK;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;
twGuf tav;ay;xm;onf//)

288

1947-ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(12)&ufae@ yifvHkpmcsKyf

jrefrmjynfbk&ifcH. trSKaqmifaumifpDrS tzGJ@0iftcsdK@ESifh ppfz@JG rsm;
tm;vHk;wdk@tjyif/ &Srf;jynfe,frsm;/ ucsifawmif wef;a'orsm;ESifhcsif;
awmifwef;a'owdk@rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;wdk@ wufa&muf=uaom yifvHk+rdK@
wGif usif;yonfh tpnf;ta0;}uD;wGif
=um;jzwfjrefrmtpdk;&ESifh csufcsif;yl;aygif;jcif;tm;jzifh &Srf;/ ucsifESifh
csif;wdk@onf vGwfvyfa&;udk ydkrdkI vsifjrefpGm&&Sdvdrfhrnf[k tpnf;ta0;
wufa&mufoltzGJ@0ifwdk@onf uef@uGufolr&SdbJ atmufygtwdkif; oabm
wlnD=uavonf//
(1)
awmifwef;om;rsm;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@(w-p-n-z).
}udK;udkiftzGJ@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u axmufcHcsuft&/
awmifwef;om;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;udk bk&ifcHu
a&G;cs,fI e,fpyfa'orsm;udpPESifhywfoufI aqmif&Guf&ef
twGuf bk&ifcH. twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvftjzpfcef@xm;&rnf.//
(2) Ttwdkifyifyk*~dKvfudk bk&ifcH. trSKaqmifaumifpDwGif
Xmevufudkifr&Sd/ aumifpD0ifwOD;tjzpfcef@xm;I umuG,f
a&;ESifhjynfyudpP&yfrsm;wGif xHk;enf;Oya't& trSKaqmif
aumifpD. tm%mvufatmufodk@ a&muf&Sdonfeh nf;wl
e,fpyfa'oudpPrsm;udkvnf; trSKaqmifaumifpD. tm%m
vufatmufodk@ a&muf&Sdap&rnf// Tenf;vrf;rsm;twdkif;
e,fpyfa'oqdkif&m twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvftm; tkyfcsKyfcGifh
tm%mudk ay;tyf&rnf//
(3) tqdkyg twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfudk if;ESifhvlrsdK;csif;rwlaom 'kwd,
twdkifyifcH yk*~dKvfESpfOD;u ulnDap&rnf// a&S;OD;pGm 'kwd,
twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfESpfOD;wdk@onf if;wdk@toD;oD; oufqdkif
289

onfhe,frsm;. udpP&yfrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&efjzpfI/ twdkif

yifcHyk*~dKvfrSm tjcm;e,fpyfa'o tm;vHk;wdk@. udpP&yfrsm;udk
aqmif&Gufap&ef jzpfonf//
(4) twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfonf trSKaqmifaumifpDwGif tzGJ@0ifvl}uD;
taejzifh e,fpyfa'orsm;. wOD;wnf; aomudk,fpm;vS,f
tjzpf yg0if&rnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ 'kwd, twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvf
rsm;onf e,fpyfa'orsm;ESifh oufqdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;udk
aqG;aEG;=uonfhtcg trSKaqmifaumifpDwGif wufa&muf
EdkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf//
(5) txufwGif oabmwlnDonfhtwdkif; bk&ifcH.trSKaqmif
aumifpDudk wdk;csJ@rnfjzpfaomfvnf; e,fpyfa'orsm;.
e,fwGif;tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif ,ckcHpm;ae&aom udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf
a&;udk rnfonfhenf;ESifhrqdk wpHkw&mvufv$wfap&ef
tqdkyg aumifpDu jyKvkyfjcif;r&Sdap&// e,fpyfa'orsm;
twGuf e,fwGif;tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;&mcdkif
ESKef;tjynfh&Sdap&rnf[laomrludk oabmwlnD=uonf//
(6) yl;aygif;xm;+yD;onfh jrefrmjynftwGif; oD;oef@ucsifjynfwck
e,fedrdwfowfrSwfI wnfaxmif&ef jy\emrSm wdkif;jyK
jynfjyKvGwfawmfu qHk;jzwf&efjzpfaomfvnf; TuJho@dk
oD;jcm;jynfe,fwckxm;&Sd oifha=umif;udk oabmwlnD=u
onf// T&nf&G,fcsuf txajrSmufap&eftvdk@iSg yxr
ajcvSrf;taejzifh (1935)ckESpf/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&
tufOya't& aemufqufwGJpm&if;ygtydkif;(2)a'orsm;uJh
odk@
jrpf}uD;em;ESifhAef;armfc&dkifwdk@.
tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif
e,fpyfa'o twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfESifh 'kwd,twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvf
wdk@tm; aqG;aEG;wdkifyif&rnf//
290

(7)

e,fpyfa'orsm;. e,fole,fom;wdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH

rsm;wGif tajccHrsm;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;+yD;aom
tcGifhta&;rsm;wdk@udk cHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf//
(8) TpmcsKyfwGif oabmwlnD=uonfhtpDtpOfrSm ya'om&mZf
&Srf;jynfe,fpkwGif ,cktyfESif;xm;+yD;aom bma&;ESifh
ywfoufonfh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk xdcdkufjcif; r&Sdap&ef//
(9) TpmcsKyfwGif oabmwlnD=uonfhtpDtpOfwdk@rSm jrefrmjynf
tcGefawmfaiGrsm;rS ucsifawmifwef;e,frsm;ESifh csif;awmif
wef;e,frsm;u &oifh&xdkufaom bma&;tultnDukd
xdcdkufjcif;r&Sdap&// jrefrmjynfESifh &Srf;jynfe,fajrpk. bm
a&; tpDtpOfrsm;uJho@dk ucsifawmif wef;ESifhcsif;awmifwef;
rsm;wdk@twGuf tvm;wltpDtpOfrsm;udk xm;&SdusifhoHk;&ef
jzpfEdkifrnf rjzpfEdkifrnf;udk bk&ifcH. trSKaqmifaumifpDu/
e,fpyfa'orsm;. twdkifyifcHyk*~dKvfESifh 'kwd,twdkifyif
cHyk*~dKvfwdk@ESifhtwl ppfaq;=unfh&SK&rnf//

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. vlrsdK;qdkwmbmvJ
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$awmfrac:qdkrDESifh vGwfvyf
aomjrefrmEdkifiHray:xGef;rD (zqyv)y%mrjyifqifrSKnDvmcHwGif vlrsdK;qdk
onfhta=umif;udkif;/ ,if;vlrsdK;rsm; &oifh&xdkufaom tcGifhtvrf;rsm;
ta=umif;udkif; nDvmcHY wifjyzGifhqdkcJhavonf//

291

vlrsdK;}uD;qdkwmbmvJ

'Dae&mrSm vlrsdK;a&;udpPudk u|efawmfaqG;aEG;vdkw,f// t*FvdyfvdkrSm

(Nation or Nationality, Race, Tribe)tp&Sdonftm;jzifh vlrsdK;a&;awGudk
toD;oD;ac:xm;wm&Sdw,f// (Nation or Nationality) qdkwmrsdK;uawmh
Armvdkwdwu
d sus b,fvdkjyef&r,fqdkwm Armhtbd"mefususeexGufrSbJ
jzpfEdkifrSmbJ//
t"dy`g,fuawmh Oyrm-+Adwdo#vlrsdK;qdk,if t*Fvdyf/ paumh/ a0v/
tdkif;&pfvlrsdK;awG aygif;xm;wmudk ac:wmbJ// tar&duefvlrsdK;qdk,ifvJ
Oa&myu vlrsdK;pHk/ tar&duefrSm vmae+yD; tar&duefvlrsdK;vdkaewJh vltm;
vH;k udk ac:wmbJ//
'Dawmh (Nation) odk@r[kwf (Nationality)ac:wJh(1) vlrsdK;}uD;udk qdk=u
ygpdk@/ tJ'DvlrsdK;}uD;qdkwm b,fvdktjcif;t&mawGeJ@jynfhpHkrS vlrsdK;}uD;vdk@
ac:rvJ// tJ'DvlrsdK;a&;jy\emeJ@ywfouf+yD; tckurBmausmf qdkAD,uf
,leD,Hacgif;aqmif}uD;jzpfwJh pwmvifu b,fvdko&kyfaz:xm;ovJqdk&if
292

A nation is a historically evolved stable community of language,

territory, economic life, and psychological make up manifested in a
community of culture:

vlrsdK;}uD;qdkwm
vlrsdK;}uD;qdkwm &mZ0ift& jzpfyGm;vm+yD; wnfwnfwHhwhaH evmwJh
ol@bmompum;eJ@/ ol@e,fajreJ@/ ol@pD;yGm;a&;eJ@/ ol@,Ofaus;rSKynm
xHk;pH"avhawGeJ@nD!Gwfpnf;&Hk;xm;wJh vlaygif;pkbJvdk@ pwmvifu o&kyfaz:
jycJhw,f// 'Dae&mrSm vlaygif;pkqdkwm[m (A nation is not a racial or tribal
community of people)vdk@ twdtvif; az:jyxm;w,f// t"dy`g,fuawmh
vlrsdK;}uD;qdkwm taoG;tqif;wlwJh (Race)wdk@ (Tribe)wdk@ac:wJh vlrsdK;pk
rsdK;r[kwfbl;// tJ'D(Race)wdk@rsm; aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfvdk@w,f &Sif;vif;
jyefw,f//
tJ'DrSmvJ pum;wl&Sd&HkeJ@ vlrsdK;}uD;rjzpfEdkifbl;wJh// pum;wrsdK;xJ
ajym=uwJh t*Fvdyf/ tar&duef[m vlrsdK;}uD;ESpfrsdK;jzpfaeaom txift&Sm;
bJ r[kwfvm;wJh// vlrsdK;jcm;wdkif; pum;rjcm;bl;// pum;wlwdkif;
vlwrsdK;wnf;r[kwfbl;// ta=umif;tm;avsmfpGm qHkpnf;cGifhr&Sdv@dk &Sd,if
wrsdK;pDjzpfw,f// tJ'Dvdk qHkpnf;wJhae&mrSm wajrwnf;ae/ wa&wnf;
aomufwJh vlawGrS vlwrsdK; wnf;jzpfvmEdkifowJh// aemufpD;yGm;a&;rSmvJ
wOD;eJ@wOD; ausmaxmufaemufcHoabmrsdK; rSDcdk+yD; aygif;pnf;xm;rS
jzpfowJh// +yD;awmh vlwrsdK;&J@pdwf"gwf (National Character)vdk@qdkwJh
vl@,Ofaus;rSK"avhxHk;pHqdkwmudk rxm;vdk@rjzpfbl;wJh// tck'DtcsufawGu
wckavmufr&&HkeJ@bJ vlrsdK;}uD;qdkwJh *k%ft*Fgudk rxdkufwefbJjzpfoGm;Edkif
owJh// tJ'Dawmh 'Dtjcif;t&mawG tm;vHk;jynfhpHkrS vlrsdK;}uD; wrsdK;jzpfw,f
qdkbJ// 'Dae&mrSm (Common Language)qdkwJh pum;wlvdk@ qdkwmrSmvJ Oyrm
+Adwdo#vlrsdK;}uD;rsm; t*Fvdyfpum;tm;vHk; ajym=uw,f// em;vnf=uw,f//
293

'gayrJh tdkif;&pfwdk@ bmwdk@rSm olwdk@pum;owfowf&Sdw,f// tJ'gudkvJ

owdjyKzdk@vdkw,f//

EdkifiHawmf
aemuf+yD; (State) ('Dae&mrSmawmh vufeufEdkifiHawmfvdk@bJ
qdk=uygpdk@)// tJ'Dvufeuf EdkifiHawmfqdkwJh (Political Community)
EdkifiHa&;vlaygif;pHkeJ@ vlrsdK;}uD;aygif;pHk(National Community)udk em;r&SKyfap
vdkbl;vdk@ pwmvifu &Sif;xm;w,f// b,fvdkvq
J dk,if wlwmawGxJrSm
pum;wlrS vlrsdK;}uD;wrsdK;qdkwm jzpfEdkifr,f// odk@aomfv nf; vufeuf
EdkifiHawmfqdkwJh EdkifiHa&;vlaygif;pHkxJrSmawmh pum;rwlayrJh wEdkifiHwnf;
jzpfEdkifw,fqdkwm az:jyxm;w,f//
(1)

(zqyv y%mr jyifqifrSKnDvmcH ]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)

vlrsdK;a&; vlenf;pk
aumif;+yD;/(1) 'DtcsufawGudk tajcjyK+yD;pOf;pm;,if u|efawmfwdk@
ArmjynfrSm (Nation or Nationality) vlrsdK;}uD;tjzpfeJ@ b,fESpfrsdK;&SdovJ
qdk&if pifppfajym&,ifawmh tm;vHk;wrsdK;wnf;bJ &SdEdkifr,f// ( Race, Trible)
qdkw[
Jh mrsdK;awmh&Sdoaygh/ 'grsdK;awGaum (Nation or Nationality)xJrSm r&Sdbl;
vm;qdkawmh &SdowJh/ olwdk@udk (National Mirority)vdk@ ac:w,f// vlrsdK;a&;
vlenf;pkawGvdk@ ac:w,fwJh// tJ tckeu|efawmfwdk@ ArmjynfrSm vlrsdK;}uD;vdk@
pifppfac:Edkifwm tm;vHk;aygif;ac:rS jzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ u|efawmfbmjyKvdk@
ajym&ovJqdk&if txufrSm az:jycJhwt
Jh csufawGeJ@ jynfhpHkwJh vlaygif;pkqdkv@dk /
&Srf;vlrsdK;udk ajymr,fqdk,ifawmh ppfppfr[kwfbJ cyfavsmhavsmh oabmrsdK;
qdk vlrsdK;}uD;vdk@ ac:Edkifygvdrfhr,f// wjcm;vlrsdK;awGqdk,if rac:Edkifbl;//

294

uGJjym;csufawG
Orym - *sdef;azgvlrsdK;/ olwdk@rSm txufyg vlrsdK;}uD;t*FgjynfhjynfhpHkpHk
r&Sdbl;// txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;rSm ol@csnf;rjzpfEdkifbl;// Oyrm - csif;/ csif;
usawmh ydkawmifqdk;oGm;ao;w,f// bmjyKvdk@vJqdk,if olwdk@rSm pum;wludk
r&Sdbl;// tcsif;csif;usawmh Armpum;,ifvJo;Hk / t*FvdyfawGpDrHcJhv@dk
ukvm;pum;,ifvJ oHk;ae&wmbJ// u&ifeDudk =unfh/ vlOD;a&uvJ rdk;+AJe,f
qdkwm xnfhygrS &Spfaomif;avmufbJ&Sdw,f// tJ'D&Spfaomif;avmufu
tcsif;csif;bmpum;oHk;ae&ovJqdk,if Armpum;udk oHk;&w,f// u&ifvlrsdK;
=unfhtHk;rvm;/ trsdK;(12)rsdK;avmufuGJ+yD; pum;qdk,ifvJ ( Principal
Language)t"du
pum;ESpfrsdK;awmif &Sdaew,f// tcsif;csif;usawmh
Armpum;bJ oHk;&wmbJ// &Srf;qdkwmvJ trSefuawmh Armpum;trsm;
tm;jzif em;vnf=uwmbJ// ,Ofaus;rSKqdk,if Armh,Ofaus;rSKeJ@wlwmawG
trsm;}uD;bJ// vlrsdK;}uD;tcsif;csif;qdk,ifawmh ( Nations are sovereigns and all
nations are equal)vdk@ vlrsdK;}uD;awG[m tcsKyftcsmtm%m&Sdw,f// twlwl
bJ/ wef;wlbJvdk@ pwmvifu qdkxm;w,f//

udk,fydkifjyXmef;EdkifcGifh
'gjzifh 'Dt"dy`g,fu b,fvdkoabmvJ// vlrsdK;}uD;qdkwm tcsif;csif;
aygif;oif;ae,if (Regional Autonomy)qdkwJh e,fajrt& udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf
cGifh&+yD; cGJxGucf Gifhyg &xdkufowJh// udk,fydkifjyXmef;EdkifcGifh vHk;0&xdkufowJh//
The right of self-determination means that a nation can arrange its life
accordiong to its own will. It has the right to arrange its own life on the basis
of autonomy.
It has the right to enter into federal relation with other nations. It has
the right to complete secession. vkd@qdkxm;w,f// 'gayrJh qufajymxm;wm

&Sdao;w,f//

295

(1)

zqyvy%mrjyifqifrSKnDvmcH](AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)

This of course does not mean that Social Semocrats will inport every
demand of a nation. A nation has the right even to return to the order of
things; but this does not mean that Social Democrats will subscribe to such a
decision if taken by any institution of the said nation +yD;awmh
In fighting for the right of nations to self-determination, the arm of the
Social Democrats is to put an end to the policy of national oppression, to
render it impossible, and thereby to remove the groungs of hostility and
reduce it to a minimum.

udk,fydkifjyXmef;EdkifcGifhudk vlrsdK;}uD;qdkwmwdkif; &xdkufw,fqdkayrJh

ae&mwum t+rJwrf; r[kwfbl;// aumif;usdK;vkyfzdk@om jzpfw,f//
qdk;usKd ;vkyfzdk@r[kwv
f l;qdkwm
ajymxm;w,f//
vlrsdK;
tcsif;csif;cs,fvS,fv$rf;rdk;rSK/ ESdyfpufrSKrjzpf&atmif 'DtcGifhta&;rsdK;udk
vlrsdK;}uD;wdkif;udk ay;wmbJ/ +yD;awmh rwf0g'Dum q&mwOD;uvJ
It would be wrong to say that Marxists must support every national
movement and that they have to apply the principle of national selfdetermination as a dogma in every simple case. Also the right of selfdetermination of this or that national group has to be definitely denied if under
the given conditions it would serve reactionary purposes and do a disservice to
the general cause of democracy. uG,fvGefoGm;wJh vDeifqdkwJh yk*~dKvf}uD;uvJ//
(1)

The various demands of democracy, including self-determination, are

not absolute, but a small part of the general democratic (now general socialist
world movement. Possible in individual concrete cases, the part may
contradict the whole, if so it must be rejected. aemuf+yD; The question of the right of a nation freely to secede must not be
confused with the question of whether it would be expedient for any given
nation to secede at any given moment.

'gawGtm;vHk;+cHKvdkufawmh bmt"dy`g,fxGufovJqdk,if vlrsdK;}uD;

qdkwm tcsif;csif;aygif;=u&if udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifht& aygif;=u// 'gayrJh
296

ae&mwum tcsdeftcgwdkif;rSm tajctaetusdK; ta=umif;udk raxmufbJ

t&rf;udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh r[kwf&bl;qdkwJh t"dy`g,fygbJ// 'gu (Nation or
Nationality)qdkwJh vlrsdK;}uD;ESifhywfouf+yD; odoifhodxku
d faom oabmw
&m;awGbJ// +yD;awmh Of course, not one of the regions constitutes a compact homogeneous
nation for each is interspersed with national minorities. Such are the Jews in
Poland, the Latvians in Lithuania, the Russians in Caucasus, the Poles in the
Ukraine, and so on. It may be feared, therefore, that the minorities will be
oppressed by the national majorities. But there will be grounds fot this fear
only if the old order continues to prevail in the county. Give the country
complete democracy and all grounds for this fear will vanish.
(1)

zqyvy%mrjyifqifrSKnDvmcH ] (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)

What is it that particularly agitates a national minority? A minority is

discontented because it does not enjoy the right to use its native language.
Permit it to use its native language nad the discontent will pass of itself. A
minority is discontented because it does not possess its own schools. Give it
its own schools nad all grounds for discontent will disappear. A minority is
discontented because it does not enjoy liberty of conscience, etc. Give it these
liberties and it will cease to be discontented. Thus "national equality in all
forms (languages, schools, etc) is an essential element" in the solution of the
national problem.
A state law based on complete democracy in the country is required,
prohibiting all national privileges without exception and all kinds of
disabilities and restricions on the rights of national minorities.

'D[muawmh vlrsdK;a&;vlenf;pk tcGifhta&;awGESifhywfouf+yD;

odoifhodxku
d fwJh tcsufawGbJ// +yD;awmh vlrsdK;a&;vlenf;pkqdkwm vlOD;a&
b,favmuf&SdrS
vlrsdK;a&;vlenf;pkac:rvJqdkwmudkvJ
odzdk@vdkw,f//
t&ifppfrjzpfcifwkef;u &SdcJhwJEh dkifiHaygif;pHk toif;csKyf}uD;u o&kyfjyXmef;
xm;wmuawmh/ vlrsdK;a&;vlenf;pkqdkwm vlrsdK;a&;vlenf;pk&J@ ig;yHkwyHk
avmuf&SdrS vlrsdK;a&;vlenf;pkvdk@ ac:Edkifr,fvdk@qdkxm;w,f// vmjyKvdk@vJqdk
&Srf;jynfrSm vlrsdK;aygif;(20/ 30) avmuf&Sdw,f// tJ'Dvdkom vlrsdK;uGJwidk f;
297

a&Smufac:ae&,if qHk;rSmr[kwfbl;// 'ga=umifh vlOD;a&owfrSwf&wmbJ//

odk@ayrJh Armjynftzdk@rSm vlrsdK;a&;vlrsm;pk&J@ ig;yHkwyHkqdkwmawmh rsm;vGef;
tm;}uD;w,f xifw,f// q,fyHkwyHk avmuf&Sd,ifbJ vlrsdK;a&;vlenf;pkvdk@
ac:oifhw,fvdk@ u|efawmf,lqw,f// vlrsdK;a&;vlrsm;pk&J@ ig;yHkwyHk& SdrS
vlrsdK;a&;vlenf;pkqdk,ifawmh ArmjynfrSm vlrsdK;a&;vlenf;pkudk r&SdEdkifawmh
bl;//

u&ifvlrsdK; vlenf;pk
'gayrJh Oyrm u&ifvlrsdK;qdkv@dk &Sd,if vlrsdK;a&;vlenf;pktjzpfeJ@
tcGifhta&;awG &oifhoavmuf r&bJ &Sdaew,fqdkwmjiif;vdk@ usKyfwdk@&rSm
r[kwfbl;// +yD;awmh olwdk@wawG[mvJ ArmawG&J@ q,fyHkwyHkavmuf
tzsif;qHk;&Sdvdrfhr,f// tJ'ga=umifh olwdk@udkawmh vlrsdK;a&;vlenf;pktcGifh
ta&;awGudk ay;zdk@aumif;w,f// rGefvlrsdK; udpPqdk,ifawmh olwdk@rSm
tckvlrsdK;a&;vlenf;pktjzpfeJ@ rGefpmay/ rGefausmif;awG udpPavmufu vGJ&if
wjcm;epfemcsufawG r&Sdygbl;// rGef&,f/ Arm&,fcGJjcm;+yD; u&ifvdk oabm
xm;ovdk xm;apcsifvdk@awmh rjzpfEdkifbl;//

jynfaxmifpk xlaxmif=updk@
'Dawmh(1)vlrsdK;a&;jy\emeJ@ywfouf+yD; u|efawmf awmfawmfpHkpHk
vifvif ajymjy+yD;wJhaemuf/ u|efawmfwdk@ Armjynfopfudk wnfaxmifawmh
jynfaxmifpkoabmwnfaxmifrvm;/ vlrsdK;}uD; wrsdK;wnf;bJqdkwJh
wdkif;jynfrsdK;(Unitary State) wnfaxmifrvm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;udk ajzqdkvdk
w,f// u|efawmfhtjrift&qdk,ifawmh txufvlrsdK;a&;t& &oifh&xdkufwhJ
tcGifhta&;rsdK;awGudk pnf;urf;owfrSwfay;+yD;awmh (Unitary State)vlrsdK;}uD;
wrsdK;wnf;qdkwJh EdkifiHrsdK;awmh axmifvdk@ rjzpfbl;// jynfaxmifpkoabmrsdK;bJ
298

jzpf&rSmbJ// 'gayrJh aygif;cgrS aq;twGuf av;wJhjynfaxmifpkrsdK;/ vDeifajym

ovdk wpdwfwa'ou wckvHk;udk qef@usifwJh(The part contradicting the
whole)jynfaxmifpkrsdK;qdk&ifawmh rjzpfEdkifbl;// txl;ojzihf jynfaxmifpk[m
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrSKudk pkaygif;+yD; pHepfwuspDpOfEdkifrJh jynfaxmifpkrsdK; jzpf&
vdrfhr,f// 'grS vlrsdK;tm;vHk;/ wdkif;oljynfom; trsm;qHk;wdk;wufrSKudk vkyfEdkif
rSmbJ// aygif;w,fqdkwm tcsif;csif;aumif;usdK;&Sdatmif aygif;=uwmjzpf+yD;
qdk;usKd ;&Sdatmif aygif;wmrsdK; b,fenf;eJ@rS rjzpfEdkifbl;//
'DvlrsdK;a&;jy\emeJ@ywfouf+yD; aemufta=umif;ay:&if ay:ovdk
aqG;aEG;oifh&if aqG;aEG;ygtHk;r,f// tck 'Drdef@ cGef;rSmawmh 'Da vmufeJ@bJ
awmfavmuf+yDvdk@ u|efawmf,lqygw,f//
udkif; - usKyfwdk@ vmrJhwidk f;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm b,fvdkzGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'rsm;a&;qGJ qHk;jzwfoifhw,fqdkwmeJ@ywfouf+yD; tajccHw&m;
awGudk u|efawmfajymjycJh+yD;+yD// 'djyif u|efawmfwdk@ bmawGvkyf=uOD; rvJ
qdkwmawG pOf;pm;=utHk;pdk@//
yxr usKyfwdk@wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD; b,fvdk b,fvdk
qHk;jzwfoifhw,fqdkwmawG pOf;pm;wmuawmh [kwyf g+yD// 'gayrJh usKyfwdk@
qHk;jzwfwm twnfjzpfyghrvm;// usKyfwdk@ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf[m
tcsKyftjcmtm%m&Sd&J@vm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;udk u|efawmfajzjyvdkw,f// tdENd,
jynfrSm wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf[m tcsKyftcsmtm%meJ@ jynfhpHkwJhtzGJ@vdk@
,lq+yD; pDpOf=uw,f// b,fvdk pDpOf=uovJqdk,if wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wf
awmfpwJhae@up+yD; wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfeJ@qdkifor# udpPrSefor# wdkif;jyK
jynfjyKv$wfawmfomv#if tm%mydkifqHk;jzwfEdkifw,f// tpdk;&eJ@rqdkifbl;qdk+yD;
pDpOf=uw,f// usKyfwdk@ bdvyftpdk;&eJ@oabmwlxm;wJh twdkif;uawmh
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfu zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'udk qHk;jzwfygqdkwJh tcsufyg
cJhw,f// odk@aomf tcsKyftcsmtm%mqdkwm Oya'oabm/ yg;pyfoabm
jzpf&HkESifhr+yD;ao;bl;// usKyfwdk@wdkif;jynfaemufu/ usKyfwdk@ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wf
299

awmfaemufu(Popular mass sanction)ac:wJh wdkif;jynfvlxk&J@ tm;ay;

axmufcHrSK&rS tcsKyftjcmtm%mqdkwm aoaocsmcsm taumiftxnf
az:Edkifr,f//
u|efawmfwdk@vdk tajctaersdK;rajymeJ@/ vGwfvyfaew,fqdkwJh
EdkifiHawG&J@
tcsKyftjcmtm%mawGawmif
udk,w
fh dkif;jynfaemufu
(Sanction)tm;raumif;vdk@&Sd,if tcsKwftcs,fcH&w,f qdkwm u|efawmfwdk@
owdjyK=u&r,f//
(1)

(zqyv y%mrjyifqifrSKnDvmcH ] AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tajccHrl(4)csuf/ vrf;!$ef;csuf (7)csuf/

Todk@jzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf (1947)ck/ ZGefv(16)&ufae@/
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf (yxr)nDvmcHwGif &efukeftv,fydkif;/ trwf
wOD;taeESifhzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ&mrSm tajccHxm;&rnfh rl(4)
csufESifhvrf;!$efcsuf(7)csufwdk@udk atmufygtwdkif; wifoGif;cJhavonf//
,if;tajccHrl(4)csufESifh vrf;!$efcsuf(7)csufwdk@onf wifoGif;pOfuvnf;
rSefuefaoma=umihf wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tygt0if axmufcHcJh
=uonf// odk@&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uG,fvGef oGm;+yD;aemuf tajccH
Oya'udk vufawG@a&;qGJolrsm;onf txufyg tajccHrl(4)csufESifh vrf;!$ef
csuf(7)csufwdk@udk vufawG@rvdkufemyJ aoGzDcJh=u&mrS tajccHOya'ESifh
vGwfvyfa&;oufwef; q,fESpfjynfhvmI 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek. vufxufY
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'jyifqifa&;qGJa&; jy\emonf ay:vmcJhayonf//

300

tajccHrl (4)csuf
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif tajccH&rnfh (4)csufrSm (1) vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHjzpf&ygrnf/
(Independence)/
(2) tcsKyftcsmtm%mydkif&ygrnf/
(Soverneignty)/
(3) 'Drdkua&pDorRwEdkifiHjzpf&ygrnf/ (Republic)/
(4) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHjzpf&ygrnf/
(Union State)/

vrf;!$efcsuf (7)csuf
vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif jrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGuf a&;qGJ&rnfh
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ESifhywfoufI vrf;!$efjyXmef;csuf
awmifwef;a'orsm;ESifhu&ifeDe,frsm; tygt0ifjzpfaom jrefrm
EdkifiHawmf olEdkifiHawmfom;wdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wdkif;oljynfom;
wdk@. tmoDoqENESifhavsmfnDpGm/ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk
pDpOfa&;qGJ&eftvdk@iSg pHknDpka0;=uvsuf atmufyg jyXmef;csufrsm;udk csrSwf
=ua=umif;//
(1) EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'onf
jrefrmjynf
axmifpkEdkifiHawmf[k ac:wGifapaom vGwfvyfonfh
tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkiforRwEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya'jzpfap&rnf// xdk@tjyif (2) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'[k
owfrSwfaz:jyonfh woD;yk*~v jynfe,frsm;onf zGJ@pnf;
301

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif owfrSwfaz:jy xm;onfESifhtr#

udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; tm%m&&Sdaprnf// xdk@jyif tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfaomorRwEdkifiHawmfESifh
wuG tygt0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifhtpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;
tm;vHk;wdk@. tcGifhtm%m[lor#wdk@onf wdkif;oljynfom;
wdk@xHrS oufqif;ap&rnf// xdk@jyif jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf.
wdkif;oljynfom;rSefor#onf
vlrSKa&;&mYif;/
pD;yGm;a&;&mYif;/
EdkifiHa&;&mYif;
w&m;r#wrSK&Sdapvsuf/ tqifhtwef;tcGifhta&; Oya'ouf
a&mufrSKwdk@wGif ql}uHKedrfhjrifhr&Sd yuwdwlnDap&rnfhtjyif/
w&m;Oya'ESifhaomfif;/ trsm;jynfolwdk@ apmifhpnf;tyf
aom tusifhoduQmESifhaomfif; rqef@usifor# vGwfvyfpGm
}uHpnfydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm xkwfaz:ajymqdk ydkifcGifh/ ,Hk=unf
ydkifcGifh/ bmomw&m;udk;uG,fydkifcGifh/ 0wfjyKydkifcGifh/ y&da,oe
&SmrSD;ydkifcGifh/ pnf;&Hk;ydkifcGifh/ jyKpkaqmif&GufydkifcGifhw@dk &&Sdwnf+rJ
ap&eftwGuf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftvHk
owfrSwfxm;&Sdap&rnf// xdk@jyif TzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif vlenf;pkrsm;tzdk@ vHkavmuf
aomumuG,fcsufrsm;
xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;&Sdap&rnf//
xdk@jyif vGwfvyfaomtcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif orRwjrefrmEdkifiH.
e,fajrwdk@ waygif;wpnf;wnf; wnfwHh cdkif+rJa&;udkif;/
EdkifiH. =unf;/ a&/ avwdk@udk tcsKyftjcm pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf
ydkifcGifhudk if; w&m;"rRESifhwuG jynfaxmifcsif;csif; Oya't&
xdef;apmifhxm;&Sdap&rnf// xdk@jyif 302

(7)

&mZ0ifwGif
xif&Sm;cJhaom
TjrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf
urBmwGif rdrd.*k%fusufoa&ESifhavsmfpGm &oifh&xdkuf
aom tqifhtwef;okd@ a&muf&Sdap&rnfhjyif/ vlowW0gwdk@.
wdk;wufa&;ESifh aumif;usdK;csrf;omjynfh0a&;wdk@udk wm0ef
tav#muf apwemjzifh tpGrf;ukefjznfhpGufxrf;&Gufum
jynfaxmifcsif;csif;qdkif&m
w&m;"rRESifhusifh0wfoduQmudk
tajccHjyKI urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;a&S@&Sv#uf EdkifiHwumESifh
rdwf0wfrysuf wGJbufyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSKudk cdkif+rJaom
t"dXmefjzifh apmifhxdef;awmhtHh//

b,fvdkEdkifiHrsdK; wnfaqmufrvJ
onftqdkudk u|efawmfwifoGif;cJh&wJh ta=umif;uawmhum;/
u|efawmfwdk@ te,fe,ft&yf&yfu vlrsdK;pHku,
dk fpm;vS,fw@dk tp&Sdonf
tm;jzifh vma&mufpka0;+yD;awmh/ wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfqdk+yD;
u|efawmfwdk@ zGJ@pnf;+yD;aemuf Armjynf&J@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk
a&;qGJzdk@qdk+yD; onfv$wfawmfrSm wm0efusvmygw,f//
,ckvm+yD; aqG;aEG;=uwJhtcgrSm b,fvdktajccHOya'ESifh u|efawmf
wdk@EdkifiH&J@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHt
k ajccHOya'udk b,fvdka&;qGJ&rnfvJqdkwmudk
yxrOD;pGm odxm;zdk@ vdkygvdrfhrnf// onfvdk tajccHtcsuftvufqdk+yD;
rodbJESifhu|efawmfwdk@ a&S@qufvuf+yD; Armjynf&J@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'udk a&;qGJr,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if wa,mufwaygufqdkwJh oabmrsdK;
jzpf+yD; bmr#tajccHr&Sdbl;/ vrf;pOfvnf; r&Sdbl;/ vrf;pOf!$efjyxm;jcif;
r&Sdjzpf+yD;awmhum vdkcsif&mudk tjref&rSm r[kwfbl;// ,ck u|efawmfwif
oGif;wJhtqdk[m (Directive Resolution)aemuf onftpnf;ta0;rSmbJ
cef@&rnfh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJwJh tzGJ@toD;oD;udk vrf;!$ef
trSm ozG,fjzpfwJhtqdkom jzpfw,f// tJ'D aumfrwDtoD;oD;awGu
303

qufvuf+yD; ArmjynfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'xJrSm bmawGxnfhoGif;

w,fqdkwm tao;pdyftm;jzifhaomfif;/ rltm;jzifhaomfif; aoaocsmcskm
aqG;aEG;EdkifwJhtcg tajccHtm;jzifh b,ftay:rSmrlxm;+yD; aqG;aEG;&rnf
qdkwm odxm;rS jzpfEdkifygvdrfhrnf// wOD;ESifhwOD; od&Sdxm;wmcsif; rwlvdk@
&Sdv#if/ u|efawmfwdk@aumfrwDawG vkyfrnfhvkyfief;awG[m tifrwef
tcuftcJawGudk awG@p&m&Sdygvdrfhr,f// tJ'Dawmh tajccHoabmtm;jzifh
vrf;jywJh vrf;!$efwJh qHk;jzwfcsufwckudk wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfuyif
yxrOD;pGm qHk;jzwf&efvdkygvdrfhrnf// tJonfvdk vrf;!$efwJh qHk;jzwf csuf
&+yD;rS aumfrwDawGzGJ@pnf;+yD; tvkyfudk qufvkyf&ygvdrfhrnf// onfvdk
r[kwfv#if wcsdK@aumfrwDu orRwpHepft& oabmrsdK;ESifhaqG;aEG;
oGm;csifoGm;rnf// wcsdK@uvnf; &Sifbk&ifpHepft& aqG;aEG;csif
aqG;aEG;rnf// aemuf+yD;awmh jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH oabmudk vufcHwJh
vlawGu vufcH/ vufrcHwJh vlawGuvnf; olwdk@oabmtwdkif;vkyf/
qdkovdk jzpfv#if tzGJ@trsdK;rsdK;u wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfrSm jyef+yD;
tpD&ifcHwJhtcgrSm qufpyfvdk@ r&EdkifwJh tpD&ifcHpmtrsdK;rsdK;udk u|efawmfwdk@
b,fvdkrSvkyf+yD; qHk;jzwfwwfrSm r[kwfbl;// 'ga=umifh 'DtajccHrludk
jyXmef;+yD;rSomv#if a&S@qufvuf+yD; EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
Oya'udk pDrHzefwDvdk@ &Edkifygvdrfhrnf// onfawmh u|efawmfwdk@ onfvdk
tajccHvdkwht
J wGuf onfv$wfawmfwGif onftqdkudk wifoGif;&jcif;
jzpfygw,f// onftqdkudk u|efawmfbJ pOf;pOf;pm;pm;ESifha&;qGJ+yD; wifoGif;
xm;ygw,f// rlvyxrwkef;u u|efawmfwifoGif;&rnfhtqdk[m (zqyv)
y%mrnDvmcHwkef;u qHk;jzwfcJhwJhtqdkbJ jzpfygw,f//
odk@aomfvnf; tJ'Dtqdkudk zwf=unfhwJhtcg jyifp&mvdkaewJh
tcsdK@tcsuftvufawGudk awG@&ygw,f// (zqyv)nDvmcHwkef;u qHk;jzwf
cJhwJh tqdkawGeJ@ywfoufvdk@ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD;awmh &dkuf+yD;
ay;xm;wJh pmtkyf&Sdygw,f// tJ'DxJrSm =unfhr,fqdkv@dk &Sdv#if awG@yg vdrfhrnf//
tJ'D qHk;jzwfcsufrludk u|efawmfjyifqifxm;ygw,f// jyifxm;wmuawmh
304

ed'gef;pum;csD;rSm awmifwef;a'o rsm;ESifhu&ifeDe,frsm; tygt0ifjzpfaom

jrefrmEdkifiHawmfol EdkifiHawmfom;wdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf/ wdkif;ol
jynfom;wdk@. tmoDoqENESifhavsmfnDpGm EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya'udk pDpOfa&;qGJ&eftvdk@iSg pHknDpka0;=u&HkavmufuvGJ+yD; tjcm;oabm
ryg0ifatmif jyifqifxm;ygw,f//
,ck (State)qdkwJh EdkifiHawmf}uD;udk u|efawmfwdk@ ArmjynfrSm
rzGJ@pnf;rd=uao;ygbl;// tJ'Dawmh onfzGJ@pnf;rnfhEdkifiHawmfrSm b,fe,fawG/
b,fe,fawG ygrnfqdkwm u|efawmfwdk@ ususee owfrSwf+yD;om; rjzpfEdkif
ao;ygbl;// ,ck u|efawmfwdk@ aqG;aEG;&eftcsuf[m EdkifiHzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'onf jrefrmjynfaxmifpkEdkifiH[k ac:wGifapaom tcsKyftjcm
tm%mydkiforRwEdkifiH
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jzpfap&rnfqdkwJh
tcsufudkom aqG;aEG;&ef jzpfygw,f//

jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;&r,f
jrefrmjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfqdkwmudk u|efawmftxl;&Sif;jyaep&m
rvdkygbl// onfEdkifiHawmfudk jynfaxmifpkawG pkxm;rnfqdkwJh oabm
avmufygbJ// jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfqdkuwnf;u u|efawmfwdk@ tckzGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'[m (Unitary Constitution)vlwrsdK;wnf;qdkwJh EdkifiHrsdK;
r[kwfbJESifh vlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHqdkwJh t"dyg`,fa&mufoGm;ygw,f//
tJonfawmh u|efawmfuae+yD; jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmftjzpf zGJ@pnf;tyf
w,fvdk@ tqdkwifoGif;wJhudpPrSm ,ck uGa&mufvm=uwJh trwfrif;rsm;u
ArmEdkifiHawmfudk onfvdk jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf}uD;tjzpfESifh zGJ@pnf;tyf
w,fvdk@qdkwJh tajccHrl[m oifh-roifhudk onfv$wfawmf}uD;u pOf;pm;zdk@
ygbJ//

305

u|efawmfwdk@ tckjzpfaewJh Armjynf&J@tajctaeawGudk axmufvdk@

=unfhv#if
u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHudk
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHtjzpfESifhzGJ@pnf;
xnfaxmifrSomv#if oifhavsmfavsmufywfvdrfhrnfvdk@ ,lqwJhtwdkif;
onftajccHoabmudk onftqdkxJrSm wnfhoGif;+yD; onfv$wfawmf}uD;rSm
wifoGif;jcif;jzpfygw,f// jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfqdkonfrSm wifjyxm;jcif;
tm;jzifh ,ckonf wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm uGa&mufvm=uwJh
awmifwef;a'orsm;u udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfrif;rsm;[monf jynfaxmifpk
EdkifiHawmfwGif olwdk@oufqdkif&me,frsm;u yg0if+yD;om;jzpfoGm;rnfvm;
qdk+yD; oHo,&Sdaew,fvdk@ u|efawmfod&ygw,f//
tJonfawmh onfudpPESifhywfoufvdk@ u|efawmfwnfhwnfv
h if;vif;
&Sif;csifwmuawmh ArmjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHvdk@ ac:wGifzdk@qdk+yD;awmh onftqdk
xJrSm wifjyxm;ayrnfh onfjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHxJrSm b,fe,fawGygvdk@/
b,fe,fawGyg&rnfvdk@ owfrSwfxm;jcif; r&Sdao;ygbl;/ onfawmh
awmifwef;a'ouae+yD;awmh wufa&mufvm=uwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m
bmr# onfudpPESifhywfouf+yD; pdk;&drfp&m tvsOf;r&Sdygbl;// onfjynf
axmifpkEdkifiH awmfxJrSm udk,fygcsifrS udk,fhe,fqdkif &mrSae+yD;awmh ygcsifrS
ygEdkifwmbJ// onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmf rzGJ@pnf;rSDtcgrSm wdkif;jynfjyKv$wf
awmfzGJ@pnf;&eftvdk@iSg u|efawmfwdk@ oabmwlnDcsufawG pmcsKyftrsdK;rsdK;
csKyfwJhtcgwkef;u awmifwef;a'ou udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhu|efawmfwdk@
csKyfqdkwJhpmcsKyft&qdkv@dk &Sdv#ifjzifhjzpfap/ aemuf+yD;awmh awmifwef;a'o
qdkif&m pHkprf;a&;tzGJ@tpD&ifcHpmrS axmufcHcsufrsm;udk u|efawmfwdk@
vufcHvmcJh onfhtwdkif;jzpfap tJonfvdk vufcHxm;wJh onfpmoabm
wGifrubJ (Not only the letter of agreement)onf pmoabmudk u|efawmf
wdk@ oabmwlnDvmcJhonfwGifrubJ u|efawmfwdk@ tbdk@rSmqdkv@dk &Sd&if (The
sprit of agreement)oabmwlnDvmcJhwJh wu,fht&if;cH oabmw&m;udk
vufcH+yD;awmh onftwdkif;om onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm vkyfrSmygbJ
306

qdkwm awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wnfhwnfhvif;vif;

em;vnfapcsifygw,f//
u|efawmfwdk@ ay;+yD;om;uwd/ em;vnf+yD;om; oabmwlnDcsuf
awGudk e,fcsJ@orm;vdk u|efawmfwdk@ azgufzsufjcif; rvkyfygbl;// tJonfvdk
ay;+yD;om;uwdESifhem;vnf+yD;om; oabmwlnD csufawGudk azgufzsufrnf
vm;vdk@ oHo,&Sdwv
Jh lawG[m OuUcGifhjyKcsuft& ajym&v#if u|efawmf
wdk@&J@ (Sense of honour, Sense of self-respect, Sense of pride)wdk@udk apmfum;
w,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ ,lqygw,f// tJonfawmh u|efawmfwdk@ ay;+yD;om;
uwd/ em;vnf+yD;om;oabmwlnDcsufwdk@udk awmifwef;e,fu udk,fpm;
vS,fawG[m wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfxJ a&mufvmwJhtcg aoaocsmcsm
em;vnfapcsifwmu b,fenf;ESifhr# u|efawmfwdk@ ArmvlrsdK;pkjzpfwJh
vlawG[m cifAsm;wdk@udk twif;tm;jzifh u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpkxJrSm
roGif;ygbl;// oabmrwlbJ raeEdkifwJh tajctaersdK;udk vufwvHk;jcm;
vdrfwJhenf;eJ@vnf; u|efawmfwdk@ rvkyfygbl;qdkwm twnfhtvif; em;vnf
apcsifygw,f// (=obmoHrsm;)
onfae&mrSm u|efawmfxyf&Sif;csifwmu wae@wkef;u u|efawmf
wdk@qDukd pmwapmifa&mufvmygw,f// trSefpifppfu u|efawmfwdk@
awmifwef;e,fudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ajymvdk@vm;/ onfvdkrS r[kwfv#if
vnf; awmifwef;e,fqdkif&mXme!$ef;=um;a&;0efu ol@zgomtaeomcsnf;
jrif;urvSKyf cHkuvSKyfwmvm;/ 'gawmh u|efawmfrajymwwfbl;//
odk@aomfvnf; wqifhuae+yD;awmh awmifwef;a'oqdkif&mudpPESifh
ywfouf+yD; wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm aqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSm tifrwefpdk;&drf
a=umifhusaewJhta=umif; pmwapmif&ygw,f// onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmf
&Hk;uvnf; &ovm; rajymwwfbl;//
tJ'DpmxJrSm bmygovJqdk&if u|efawmfrSwfrdoavmuf ajym&&if
awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m udpPt&yf&yfudk onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD;
307

qHk;jzwfwJhtcgrSm qdkif&mqdkif&me,f&J@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;pk&Hk;oabmwlnD

csufr&bJESifh
wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD;
rqHk;jzwfEdkifbl;qdkwm
u|efawmfwdk@ awmifwef;e,fpHkprf;a&;tzGJ@wkef;u xnfhcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f//
tJonfrSmqdk&if udk,fpm;vS,fawG tcsif;csif;vlrsm;pk/ vlenf;pkrjzpfbJESifh
oabmuGJvw
GJ Jhae&mrSm nDwlr#wloabm uGJvJaG e=uv#if/ b,fvdk
enf;ESifhwidk f;jynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD;
qHk;jzwfrvJqdkwJh
ar;cGef;udk
awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m onfudkawmh vmrar;=ubl;//
odk@aomfvnf; rqdkifwJh awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m Xme!$ef=um;a&;0efuae+yD;
ESdK;aqmfcsuft& bk&ifcHrif;}uD;uae+yD; pdwfyl+yD; ar;w,f// u|efawmfh
oabmrSm 'g[m enf;vrf;pnf;urf;rrSefbl;vdk@ ,lqw,f// bmjzpfvdk@
vJqdk&if ,ckajymqdkaejcif;[mvnf; awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;uae+yD;awmh t*FvdyfoGm;uyfw,fvdk@ u|efawmf rqdkvydk gbl;//
odk@aomfvnf; onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfu qHk;jzwfwJhudpPrSm t*Fvdyf&J@
tumtuG,fudk igwdk@awmhjzifh ,lrS csrf;om&m&r,fvdk@xifv#if/ u|efawmf
&Sif;&Sif;bJ ajymcsifygw,f// t*Fvdyf[m trSefpifppf taES;ESifhtjref
ol@vufatmufcHwdkif; EdkifiHawGu xGufoGm;&awmhrSmbJ// b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpf
onfvdkjzpfae+yD;
urBmhtvm;tvm}uD;xJrSm
onfvdkpdwfxm;&SdwJh
vlawG[m udk;uG,f&mb,fenf;ESifhr# &SdEdkifrnfr[kwfbl;qdkwmudk u|efawmf
owday;vdk ygw,f//
tJ'Dawmh u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfta=umif; ajym&&if
b,ft*Fvdyf&J@ tultnDESifhr# onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfudk vm+yD;awmh
=oZmray;Edkifbl;qdkwm odapcsifygw,f// onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm
awmifwef;qdkif&mudpPawGudk pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSm cifAsm;wdk@ oufqdkif
&mawmifwef;e,fawG udk,fpm;vS,ftcsif;csif; b,fol@b,folrS rJrom
bJESifh wlae=uw,fqdk&if onfv$wfawmfxJrSm (zqyv)trwfrsm;
qHk;jzwfwJhtwdkif; trsm;qHk;tzGJ@&J@ acgif;aqmiftjzpfESifhu|efawmfwdk@
wnfhwnfhvif;vif; ajymvdkwmu cifAsm;wdk@tcsif;csif; tJonfvdk b,fol@
308

b,folrS rJrombJESifh rJ+ydKifae=uwJhtcgrSm/ u|efawmfwdk@ onfwdkif;jynfjyK

v$wfawmfuae+yD;awmh twif;zd+yD;awmh rqHk;jzwfapygbl;qdkwmudk
u|efawmfuwday;ygw,f//
(=obmoHrsm;)
tJonfawmh
awmifwef;e,fqdkif&mudpPESifhywfouf+yD;awmh
u|efawmfwdk@&J@ apwem[m tifrwef &Sif;&Sif;xm;ygw,f// u|efawmfwdk@
wifoGifwJhtqdk+yD;wJhaemuf qufvuf+yD;awmh jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;wJh
ae&mrSm jynfaxmifpkxJ yg0ifcsifwJhjynfe,fawG[m b,fvdktcsuftvuf
awG/ b,fvdktcGifhta&;awG/ b,fvdktajccHawG tJonfvdk tcsuftvuf
awGt& pkaygif;oifhw,fqdkwu
Jh dpPawG aqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSm u|efawmfwdk@
wifoGif;wJhtqdkawG/ u|efawmfwdk@ wifoGif;wJht}uH^m%fawG/ 'gawGudk
oabmrusvdk@&Sd&if oabmruswJhtwdkif; awmifwef;e,fbufqdkif&m
udk,fpm;vS,fwG[m oabm&Sd ArmjynfESifhraygif;bJ aecsifaeEdkifw,f// 'g
u|efawmf,ae@ onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfxJrSm onfpum;udk ajymjcif;bJ//
u|efawmfwdk@apwemudk b,favmufxdatmif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
jywfjywfom;om;xm;w,f qdkwmudk odapcsifvdk@ ajymqdkjcif;jzpfygw,f//
aemuf+yD;awmhwcsuf onfvdkcifAsm;wdk@ oabmrwlvdk@ &Sdv#if rygcsifaevdk@
ajymwJhae&mrSmvnf; e,fcsJ@orm;awGudk wbufuae+yD;awmhu rygcsifae
yguGm qd+k yD;awmh/ rygbl;vdk@ xifwJhtcgusawmh wbufu0if+yD;awmh
r&SKwfbl;// odk@aomf u|efawmfwdk@ tjrifawmh&Sdw,f// b,fEdkifiH b,fe,frSm
jzpfjzpf ,ckacwfrSm onfwdkif;EdkifiHrS urBm}uD;rSm jzpfaewJh 0g'ESifh urBm}uD;
rSm jzpfaewJhta&;awG&J@ udpPawG&J@ *,uf&dkufukd rcH&wJhe,f&,fvdk@
&SdrSmr[kwfbl;// 'Drdkua&pD0g'/ 'Drdkua&pDw&m;awGacwfpm;aewJh 'DurBm}uD;
rSm 'Drdkua&pDoabmxm;/ rxm;EdkifwJhe,f[m taES;ESifhtjref tJonf
e,frSm &Sdwv
Jh lawG Edk;=um;xuGvm+yD; onfvdkurBm}uD;&J@ oabmw&m;
awGESifhjzpfysufaewJ@ acwfoabmw&mawGESifh qef@usifbufoabm
w&m;awGudk wGef;vSefypf =urSmbJqdkwm u|efawmfedrdwfzwfxm;csifw,f//
309

tJonfawmh onfvdku|efawmfwdk@onf em;vnfxm;wJhtwdkif; u|efawmf

wdk@ESifhtwlwlyg+yD; rvkyfcsifbl;qdkv#if u|efawmfwdk@ twif;rwdkufweG f;ygbl;//
tJonfvdk ryg ygatmifqdk+yD;awmhum 'guawmh Armpum;r[kwfbl;
xifw,f// u|efawmfem;vnf oavmufawmh u&ifpum;bJvdk@xifw,f//
twif;eom;yg;,m;vkyfwJh enf;rsd;vnf; u|efawmfwdk@ rvkyfygbl;// tJ'gudk
wnfhwnf;vif;vif; awmifwef;e,fbufu u|efawmfhrdwfaqGrsm;udk
u|efawmf em;vnfapcsifygw,f//
bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkv#if u|efawmfwdk@tifrwef &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
oabmxm;aewJh txJuae+yD;awmh &SKwfatmifvkyf ae=uwJhvlawGu
,ckwavmrSm awmfawmfrsm;aeawmh 'gudk &Sif;onfxuf &Sif;atmif
xyf+yD;ajym&jcif;jzpfw,f// u|efawmhfrdwfaqGwa,mufu u|efawmhfudk
ajymovdkbJcifAsm// tJonfvdk &Sif;&Sif;ajymwmudkbJ/ ol@pdwfxJrSm
&SKwfaew,fqdkawmh tJ'gawmh rwwfEdkifbl;//
(&,foHrsm;)
tJonfawmh jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfrSm b,fe,fawGyg&rnfqdkwm
u|efawmfwdk@ onftxJrSm xnfhxm;wmvJ r&Sdao;bl;// ygcsifwJhval wG
yg=u// t"dy`g,fu e,fudkowfrSwfrxm;bJESif jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfvdk@
omrnxnfhxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f// aemuf+yD; tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif
orRwEdkifiHawmfvdk@ qdk&jcif;[m vGwfvyfw,fqdkwJh t"dy`g,fudk u|efawmf
odyf+yD;awmh &Sif;jyp&m rvdkygbl;// xifayrnfh bmjyKvdk@ tcsKyftjcmtm%m
(Sovereign power)tcsKyftjcmtm%m&Sd&rnfvdk@ xyf+yD;yg&ovJqdkv#if
tcsKyftjcmtm%mqdkwm oabmw&m;trsdK;rsdK;&Sdygw,f// trSefawmh
(State)EdkifiHawmfqdkuwnf;u tcsKyftjcmtm%m[m t}uHK;0if+yD;om;bJ//
onfoabmw&m;ESifh &Sdw[
Jh mvnf;&Sdygw,f// odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiHawmf
qdkayrnfh tm;r&/ rauseyfao;bJESifh tcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifwJh EdkifiHawmf
qdkrSomv#if jynfhpHkavmufwJh oabmw&m;rsdK;vnf; &Sdygw,f//
310

tcsKyftjcmtm%m&Sd&r,f
yxroabmw&m;um (Theory)pmoabmavmufom jzpfygw,f//
'kwd,oabmuawmh vufawG@jzpfwJh oabmw&m;ygbJ// b,fvdk
vufawG@jzpfwJh
oabmw&m;rsdK;awGbmvJqdk&if
onfvGwfvyfwJh
EdkifiHawmfqdk+yD;awmh zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifvdku=f uwJh EdkifiHawmftoD;oD;wdk@
&Sd=uayrnf// tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifhjynfhpHkwJhEdkifiHawmf(Sovereign State)
tcsdK@EdkifiHawGuawmh
tJonfvdkr[kwv
f JESifh
jynfaxmiftcsif;csif;
qufoG,fwJh EdkifiHa&;pum;rSmqdkv#if (Vassal State)vdk@ qdkcH&ygw,f//
(Vassal)qdkv@dk &Sdwmu wynfhu|efEdkifiHawG oabmrsdK;bJ/ u|efayrnfhv@dk
(Colony)vnf; r[kwfbl;/ ol@bmomol/ ol@rif;ESifhol@csif;ESifh/ ol@tpdk;&ESifhbJ/
tjyifbef;tm;jzifhawmh vGwfvyfw,f//
odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiH}uD;wEdkifiH&J@ =oZmv$rf;rdk;rSK/ csKyfcs,frSKudk
txl;wvnfcHaewJh EdkifiHjzpfvdk@ (Vassal State)vdk@ ac:w,f// aemuf+yD;awmh
u|efawmfwdk@ EdkifiH}uD;ESpfEdkifiH=um;rSm e,fedrdwfjcm;ay;&HkavmufjzpfwJh EdkifiH
awmfrsdK;vnf; &Sdygao;w,f// (Buffer State)tJ'Dvdk EdkifiHtrsdK;rsdK; vufawG@
tm;jzifh &Sdw,fqdkwmudk u|efawmfwdk@ awG@&ygw,f// u|efawmfwdk@ vdkcsif
wmuawmhum EdkifiH}uD;ESpfEdkifiH=um;rSm e,fedrdwfjcm;ay;&HkavmufjzpfwJh
(Buffer State)rsdK;vdk e,fjcm;EdkifiHuav;rsdK;vnf; rjzpfcsifbl;// aemuf+yD;awmh
EdkifiH}uD;wEdkifiH&J@ =oZmv$rf;rdk;rSK txl;wvnfcH&wJh(Vassal State)rsdK;vnf;
rjzpfcsifbl;/ u|efawmfwdk@ jzpfcsifwmuawmh qefr&Sd apmufpm;}uD;bJ
ac:ac:(&,foHrsm;) u|efawmfwdk@jzpfcsifwJh EdkifiHuawmhvGwfvyf+yD; tcsKyf
tjcmtm%mydkifwJh EkdifiHawmfjzpfcsifw,f// (=obmoHrsm;)
tJonf EdkifiHjzpfwJhtcgrSmvnf; u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHawmfrSm orRw
pepftm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;&rnf// wjcm;pHepft& zGJ@pnf;wmudk u|efawmfwdk@
rvdkvm;ygbl;// orRwpHepfqdkwm[m u|efawmfwdk@ onfacwf onftcgu
rSomv#if u|efawmfwdk@ ArmpmrSm ay:vmwJhpum;yg// bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkv#if
311

wwdkif;jynfvHk;udk wEdkifiHvHk;udk rif;vkyftkyfcsKyf&rnfhyk*~dKvfudk (4)ESpfw}udrf

jzpfap/ (5)ESpfw}udrfjzpfap/ (10)ESpfw}udrfjzpfap ponftm;jzifh tJonfvdk
a&G;aumufwifajrSmufw,fqdkwJh xHk;pH[m ,ck onfbufacwfawGusrS
ay:vmwJhpHepfrsdK;jzpfw,f//
tJonfawmh u|efawmfwdk@tbdk@rSmawmh (rif;)qdkvdk@&Sdv#if/ wdkif;ol
jynfom;vkyfwJhvlawGu t&rf;v$wfxm;tyfwJh vlawGr[kwb
f l;// tcsKyf
tcs,f&Sdwefoavmuf &Sdoifhw,f// trSefpifppf EdkifiHawmfrSm&SdwhJ
tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk ydkifwJhvlawG[m b,folawGjzpf&rvJqdkv@dk &Sd&if/
u|efawmfwdk@ ,Hk=unf,lqcsufuawmh EdkifiHawmfolEdkifiHawmfom;wdk@[m
tJonfEdkifiHrSm&SdwJh tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk ydkifqdkifwJhval wGvdk@ ,lqygw,f//
tJonfvdk ydkifqdkifwJhvlawGuae+yD; v$Jay;vdk@om (rif;)tpdk;&wdk@qdkwm
ay:vm&jcif; jzpfygw,f//
tJonfvdk v$Jay;wJhtwdkif; (rif;)wdk@/ tpdk;&wdk@ ay:vmwJhtcgrSm
tJonf(rif;)wdk@/ tpdk;&wdk@[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk ydkifxm;wJh EdkifiHol
EdkifiHom;awGu rvdkcsifwJhtcgrSm rvdkwt
Jh avsmuf wm;qD;EdkifwJh
tajctaersdK;&Sd&r,f//
tJonfawmh
u|efawmfwdk@tbdk@rSmqdkv@dk &Sd&if
ArmEdkifiHtwGuf vdkvm;tyfwJhpHepf[m tcsdeftcgtavsmuf a&G;aumuf
wifajrSmufwJh orRwpepfudkomv#if u|efawmfwdk@vdkvm;onfhtwdkif;
onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm
tqdkoGif;wJhtcgrSm
orRwEdkifiHqdkwJh
pum;vHk;udk oGif;xm;jcif; jzpfygw,f//
tJonfawmh yxrtydk'fuqdkv#if EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'onf jrefrm jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH[k ac:wGifaom vGwfvyfonfh
tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif orRwEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jzpf
ap&rnfonf t"dy`g,fuawmh u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfudk vGwfvyfwJh
tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifwJhEdkifiHtjzpf a=unmrnf//
312

tJonfEdkifiH[mvnf; orRwEdkifiHjzpf&rnf// orRwpHepft& zGJ@pnf;

xm;wJh EdkifiHawmfjzpf&r,f-qdkwrJh lawGudk xnfhxm;ygw,f// onfEdkifiHawmf
[mvnf; jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfjzpf&rnf//
'kwd,tydk'fjzpfwJh jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'u owfrSwfaz:jyonfh woD;yk*~v jynfe,frsm;yg0ifapvsuf
tJ'gu u|efawmfwdk@onf jynfaxmifpkxJrSm b,fe,f b,fe,fawG
ygrvJqdkwmudk owfrSwf&rnf// zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'awG a&;qGJwJh
tcgrSm b,fe,f b,fe,fawG ygr,fqdkwmudk owfrSwf&rnf// tck
rowfrSwf&ao;bl;// ygcsifwJh e,fawGom owfrSwf&rnf// tck rowfrSwf
&ao;bl;// ygcsifwJhe,frS yg=uygqdkwm &Sif;ygw,f// od@k owfrSwf
az:jynfxm;onfh
woD;yk*~vjynfe,frsm;onf
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'wGif owfrSwfaz:jynfxm;onfESifhtr# udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
tm%mrsm; &Sdap&rnf//
xdkzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'rSm aemufu|efawmfwdk@ tcsif;csif;
aqG;aEG;wdkifyif!SdESdKif; qHk;jzwf+yD;wJhaemuf owfrSwfaz:jyxm;wJh udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrsm;vnf; &Sd&rnf// tJonfawmh onfudpPrSm &Sif;&Sif;
em;vnfapcsifwmu onfvdkjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfxJrSm woD;yk*~v
jynfe,frsm;[m b,fjynfe,fawGvJqdkwm onftxJrSm rygao;bl;//
b,fe,fawGu ygcsifvdk@/ b,fe,fawGu rygcsifbl;qdkwm EdkifiHzGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif owfrSwfaz:jyxm;onfh jynfe,frsm;[m
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrsm;&Sdap&r,fqdkwt
Jh wdkif; tJonfudk,fydkiftkyf
csKyfa&;tm%mawGudk owfrSwfbdk@ vdkao;w,f// txl;ojzifh awmifwef;
e,fy,fudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;+yD; vkyf&rnfhudpPjzpfygw,f//
tJonfvdkvkyf+yD;rS oabmwlonfjzpfap/ aemufqHk; qHk;jzwfcsufus
onfjzpfap/ tJonfvdk qHk;jzwf=uwJhtcgrSm owfrSwfaz:jyxm;wJh udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrsm;udk oabmwlauseyfvdk@ 0ifvmwJh jynfe,frsm;om
313

ygvdrfhr,f// jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHqdk+yD; tJonfvdk oabmavmufom wnfhxm;

w,f// b,fe,fudkrS u|efawmfwdk@ b,fe,fudkrS twif;xnfhxm;wm
r[kwfygbl;//
(3) tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfaom orRwjrefrm
EdkfifiHawmfESifhwuG tygt0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifh tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
tm;vHk;wdk@.
tcGifhtm%m[lor#wdk@onf
wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@xHrS
oufqif;ap&rnf 'guawmh u|efawmf ,ckwGifu ajymcJhonfhtwdkif;
vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiHawmfvdk@ zGJ@pnf;vdkufwJhtcgrSm
tJonf EdkifiHawmfydkifwJh tJonfEdkifiHawmf vufxJrSm&SdwJh tcsKyftjcm
tm%m[m b,folawG&J@vufxJrSm b,folawGuomv#if ydkifqdkifoifh
w,fqdkwJh jy\emoabmw&m;udk u|efawmfajz&r,fqdkv@dk &Sd&if wdkif;ol
jynfom;awGuomv#if rlvblwtm;jzifh EdkifiHawmf&J@tcsKyftjcmudk ydkifwJh
vlawGjzpfw,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ ,lqw,f/ ,Hk=unfw,f//
&mZ0ifa=umif;vdkuf=unfh/ Arm&mZ0ifa=umif;udk =unfhrvm;/
urBm@&mZ0ifa=umif;udkbJ =unfh=unfh/ b,fvdkbJ =unfh=unfh EdkifiHawmf&J@
tcsKyftjcmtm%mawGqdkwm rlvblwudk =unfhvu
dk fr,fqdkv#if wdkif;ol
jynfom;awGvufxJrSm &Sdw,fqdkwmudk awG@&ygvdrfhrnf// u|efawmfwdk@
t,ltqrSmqdkv#if urBmtporRwrif;uqdkwt
Jh wdkif; orRwrif;udk
vlawGu wifajrSmufcJhwmbJ// tJonftwdkif; a&S@av#muf+yD; jzpf&rSmbJ//
tJonftwdkif; u|efawmfwdk@[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfaom
orRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfESifhwuG/ tygt0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifh tpdk;&
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314

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tJonfawmh onfoabmudk u|efawmfwdk@ tckcsxm;vdkufwJhtcg
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf&J@
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trSwf(3) tcsKyftjcmtm%m[m wdkif;oljynfom;awGvufxJrSm
&Sdw,fqdkwJh oabmw&m;udk tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f//
(4) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf. wdkif;oljynfom;rSefor#onf vlrSKa&;
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qufqHwJhudpPrsdK;awG tp&Sdonftm;jzifh vltcsif;csif;aygif;oif;qufqHwJh
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xm;bdk@ vdkw,fqdkwJh oabmygbJ//
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tcGifhta&;twlwljzpfEdkifor# jzpfatmifqdkwo
Jh abmudk pDrHzefwD;xm;&ef
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b,foluawmhjzifh rJr&xdkufbl;/ b,folujzifh rJ&xdkufw,fponfjzifh
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315

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csKyfcs,frSKawG[m EdkifiHa&;w&m;r#wrSKudk xdcdkufw,f//
tJonfawmh EdkifiHa&;rSm EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;jzpfwJhow
l dkif; rdrdwdk@ t&nf
tcsif;a=umifh tcGifhta&;&oGm;Edkifbdk@bJ// tm;vHk;&&ifbJ tm;vHk;&bdk@/
onfoabmrsdK;ESifhw&m;r#wrSK&Sd&r,f// aemuftqifhtwef; (Equality of
Status)tqifhtwef;rSmvnf; wlnD&r,f// tqifhtwef;rSm wlnD&r,fqdkwJh
oabmuawmh olaX;&,f/ qif;&Jom;&,f/ bm&,ftp&Sdojzifh onfvdk
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tajctaetavsmuf&Sdaewkef; &Sdaeayrnfh tqifhtwef;rSmqdkv@dk &Sd&if wlnD
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jzpfygw,f//
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^m%ft&nftcsif;csif; twlwljzpfvdk@&Sdv#if ^m%f&Sdoavmuf ol@ynm
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ta&;rSm(Opportunity)tcGifhta&;ay;wJhae&mrSm r,lwwfv#if/ ,lwwfwJh
vlrSefor# tcsKyftcs,fr&SdbJESifh ,lEdkifwJhtcGifhta&;&Sd&rnfqdkwo
Jh abm
w&m;omjzpfyg w,f//
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wlnD&r,fqdkwo
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jzpfjzpf/ awmom;bJjzpfjzpf Oya'pnf;urf;udk azgufzsufwJhtavsmuf
316

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r,fqdkwJh oabmbJ//

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u|efawmfwdk@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJwt
Jh cguv#if onfhxuf
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rsdK;awGvJ ay;xm;&r,fqdk+yD;awmh !Gef=um;jcif;r#om jzpfygw,f//
tJonfvdk !$ef=um;wJhae&mrSm onfvdkvGwfvyfrSKawGudk ay;wJh
ae&mrSm (Subject to Law & Public morality)w&m;Oya'ESifhaomfif;/ trsm;
jynfolwdk@. apmifhpnf;tyfaom tusifhodumQ ESifhaomfif; rqef@usifor#
317

u|efawmfwdk@ aemufusvdk@&Sd&if wdkif;jynfu wifajrSmufvdkuw

f Jh v$wfawmf
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u|efawmfwdk@ vl@xHk;pHrSm rvkyftyfwJh oabmw&m;awG&Sdw,f// trsm;jynf
olwdk@ apmifhpnf;tyfaom tusifhodumQ ESifhaomfif; rqef@usifor#/ Oyrm
qdkv@dk &Sd&if vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; qdk+yD;awmh vGwfvyfpGm jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifh&Sd
w,fqdk+yD;awmh vlwa,mufuae+yD; udk,fwk;H vHk;ESifhvrf;rrSm olav#muf
+yD;awmh ajy;csif;wdkif; ajy;vdk@rjzpfbl;qdkwm[m trsm;jynfolwdk@ apmifhpnf;
tyfwJh tusifhodumQ ESifhqef@usifaew,f//
trSefuawmh onfvdkowfrSwfxm;wm r&Sdbl;qdk&if/ jyKrlaqmif
&GufydkifcGifhtqdkif;qdkv#if u|efawmfwdk@ =unfhae&r,f// bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkv#if
b,folrSvnf; oGm;rxdcdkufbl;/ ol@[mol vGwfvGwfvyfvyfESifh jyKrlaqmif
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vGefvmwJh udpPrsdK;awGusawmh trsm;jynfolw@dk apmifhpnf;tyfaom tusifh
oduQmESifhqef@usifv#if u|efawmfwdk@ pOf;pm;=unfh&r,f//
tJ'g qef@usifw,fvdk@&Sd&if onfvdkae&mrsdK;rSm vGwfvyfrSKqdkwdkif;
wu,fvGwfvyfrSKrac:Edkif bl;/ vGwfvyfrSK[m trSefpifppf pnf;urf;&SdrS
vGwfvyfrSKjzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ u|efawmf,lqw,f//
tJonfvdk pnf;urf;owfrSwf+yD;awmh vlwdkif;vlwdkif;vGwfvyfrSK
awGudk owfrSwfay;ygqdk +yD;awmh onftqdkrSm !$ef=um;xm;jcif;
jzpfygw,f// tJonfvdk +yD;wJhaemuf trSwf(5) zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya'rSm vlenf;pktbdk@ vHkavmufaomumuG,fjcif;rsm; xnfhoGif;
jyXmef;xm;jcif; &Sdap&r,f// tJonfrSmvnf; u|efawmfwdk@ vlrsdK;a&;twGuf
vlenf;pkqdkwm &Sdygao;w,f// onfawmh olwdk@wawGtwGufvnf;
vHkavmufwJh umuG,fcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;bdk@ vdkygw,f//
onfvdkxnf&h ifawmh vHkavmufr,f/ b,fvdkxnfh&ifawmh rvHkavmufbl;
318

qdkwJ@udpPt&yf&yfudk u|efawmfwdk@ aemufaumfrwDawGzGJ@pnf;+yD; aqG;aEG;wJh

tcgusawmh tao;pdyfaqG;aEG;bdk@ jzpfygw,f//

vlenf;pktcGifhta&;&Sd&r,f
onfrSmawmh rltm;jzifh u|efawmfwdk@ vlenf;pktwGufvnf;
pOf;pm;+yD;awmh vlenf;pkumuG,fbdk@ tcsufawGvnf; xnfh+yD;pOf;pm;cJhygvdk@
rSmcJhwJhoabmygbJ// trSefuawmh onftqdk[m aemufzGJ@pnf;rnfh
aumfrwDawGudk rSmcJhwpJh um;om jzpfygw,f// bmawGbmawG vkyfvmcJhyg
qdkwJh oabmawGygbJ//
eHygwf(6)uawmh vGwv
f yfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif orRw
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf. e,fajrwdk@ waygif;wpnf;wnf; wnfwJhcdkif+rJa&;udkif;/
EdkifiHawmf. =unf;/ a&/ avwdk@udk tcsKyftjcmpdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhudk if;
w&m;"rRESifhwuG jynf axmiftcsif;csif;Oya't& xdef;apmifhxm;&Sdap&rnf//
xdk@jyif 'guawmh vdkawmhvdkw,f// odk@aomfvnf; u|efawmfyk*~dKvf
oabmajym&rnfqdkv#if wrsdK;uawmh }uD;}uD;us,fus,fa&;wmrsdK;ygbJ//
trSefuawmh Oya'wwfwJh OD;csefxGef;wdk@vdk yk*~dKvfawGu }uD;us,fonf
xuf }uD;us,fatmif/ crf;em;onfxuf crf;em;atmif xnfhxm;wmyg//
'guawmh odyf&Sif;aep &m;rvdkygbl;// =unf;/ a&/ avonf txJrSm ygwJh
tcGifhta&;awG ydkifqdkif&r,f// aemuf+yD;awmh ( According to Justic and
International Law)
jynfaxmiftcsif;csif;Oya't& w&m;"rRESifhwuG
xdef;apmifhxm;&Sd&r,f// u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynfwnf ae=umwmudk cef@cef@
nm;nm; wdkif;jynfwnfaxmif&rSmudk;// tJonfawmh u|efawmfwdk@[m
=unf;/ a&/ avwdk@udk tcsKyf tjcmpdk;rdk; tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhudk if;/ w&m;"rRESifh
wuG jynfaxmiftcsif;csif;Oya't& xdef;apmifhxm;&Sd&rnf// wrsdK;uawmh
Oya'a&;wJhtcgrSm wcrf;wem;a&;&rnfh tcsuftvufawGygbJ// ta&;
vnf;}uD;ygw,f// crf;crf;em;em;vnf; a&;bdk@vdkygw,f//
319

aemufeHygwf (7)u &mZ0ifwGif xif&Sm;cJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmf

onf urBmwGif rdrd. *k%fusufoa&ESifhavsmfnDpGm &oifh&xdkufaom
tqifhtwef;odk@ a&muf&Sdap&rnfhtjyif/ vlowW0gwdk@. wdk;wufa&;ESifh
aumif;usdK;csrf;omjynfh0a&;wdk@udk wm0eftav#muf apwemjzifh tpGrf;ukef
jznfhpGufxrf;&Gufum/ jynfaxmiftcsif;csif;qdkif&m w&m;"rRESifhusifh0wf
oduQmudk tajcjyKI urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; a&S@&SKv#uf EdkifiHwumwdk@ESifh
rdwf0wfrysufbJ wGJbufyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSKudk cdkif+rJaom t"dXmefwdk@jzifh
xdef;awmhtHh//
'guawmh O'gef;usL;&ifhwJh oabmrsdK;ygbJ// igwdk@ EdkifiHawmf}uD;[m
urBm}uD;&J@tv,frSm vlowW0gwdk@. aumif;usdK;csrf;omwdk@udk vkyfbdk@a&m/
urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;wdk@udk wnfaxmif+yD; t+rJwrf; apmifhxdef;rnfqdkw[
Jh mbJ//
'guawmh EdkifiHwumwdkif;/ EdkifiHwumwdkif; }uD;}uD;us,fus,f ajymwJh
pum;awGbJ//wu,fvkyfovm;qdkawmhodyfrvkyf=uygbl;//
(&,farm=uonf)
'guawmh u|efawmfwdk@ vlrsm;=unfhaumif;atmif/ urBmu
=unfhaumif;atmifxnfh&r,f// zwfvdkuf&vdk@&Sd&if yg;pyfxJrSm jynfhoGm;
atmif vkyfxm;wmbJ// awmuvlawG zwf&ifawmh bmrS em;vnfrSm
r[kwfbl;// (&,farm=uonf)// ta&;}uD;wmuawmh eHygwf(1-2-3-4-5)/
u|efawmfwdk@ eHygwf(1-u 5-txd)/ u|efawmfjrifoavmuf (The most
practical points)u wu,fhtoHk;0ifqHk; tcsuftvufawG jzpfaew,f//
onftoHk;0ifwJh tcsuftvufawG[m tqdkxJrSm ygw,f// (6)ESifh(7)
uawmh trSefpifppf pum;awG=unfhaumif;atmif cef@cef@nm;nm;
oHk;xm;jcif;bJvdk@ wenf;qdkEdkifygw,f//
onfawmh u|efawmfwdk@onf wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD;
ArmEdkifiHzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyt
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ae&mrSm onftwdkif; pOf;pm;+yD; onftcsufawGudk pOf;pm;+yD; cifAsm;wdk@
320

t}uH^m%fawG,lvmcJhygvdk@ rSmvdkufbdk@twGuf onftqdkudk wifoGif;&jcif;

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onftajccHtcsufawGudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHkxnfw
h m&Sdw,f// yxr(1)tcsufrSm
qdk&if vGwfvyfonfhtcg tm%mydkiforRwEdkifiH vkyf&r,f// tcsKyftjcm
tm%mydkiforRwEdkifiHjzpf&r,f// aemuf+yD;awmh ArmEdkifiHudk jynfaxmifpk
EdkifiHawmfac:bdk@ tJonfrl wckygw,f// rltm;vHk; av;ckygw,f//
vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHawmfjzpf&r,f(Independence)/ tcsKyftjcmtm%m
ydkif&r,f(Sovereignty)/ aemuf+yD;awmh orRwEdkifiHjzpf&r,f(Republic)/
aemuf+yD;awmhrSwcg jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHjzpf&r,f// tJonfvdk rlav;ck&Sdygw,f//
tJonfrlav;ckudk tydk'f(1)xJrSm tukefvHk;oGif;xm;w,f// oGif;xm;
awmhum u|efawmfwdk@ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'a&;qGJwJhtcg
onfrlav;ckudk tajccHxm;+yD; a&;qGJygvdk@ rSmjcif;jzpfygw,f//
tJonfrlav;ckESifh u|efawmfwdk@ vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHtjzpf a=unmr,f
qdkwm onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD; oabmusw,f/ auseyfw,f/
rauseyfbl;// pOf;pm;bdk@ tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif jynfhpHk&r,fqdkwm
oabmusw,f/ rusbl; qHk;jzwfbdk@// aemuf+yD; orRwEdkifiHtjzpf zGJ@pnf;bdk@
qdkwm oabmusw,f/ rusbl; qHk;jzwfbdk@// aemuf+yD; jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH
awmfzGJ@pnf;bdk@qdkwm[mvnf; zGJ@pnf;xdkuf/ rzGJ@pnf;xdkufqdkwm aqG;aEG;
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xm;ygw,f// bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkv#if onftcsufxJrSm bmr#wdwdusus
rl&,fvdk@ r&Sdygbl;//
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321

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jzKwfypfcJh+yD; tckvdk omrnqdkxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f//
(3)uawmh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfaomorRwjrefrm
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tm;vHk;wdk@.
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u|efawmfwdk@ EdkifiHzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'a&;qGJwt
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rsdK;ESifh t}uH^m%fawG a&;qGJvmcJhygqdk+yD; rSmxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f//
aemuftcsuf(4)u jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf. wdkif;oljynfom;
rSefor#onf vlrSKa&;Yif;/ pD;yGm;a&;Yif;/ EdkifiHa&;Yif; w&m;r#wrSK&Sdvsuf/
tqifhtwef;tcGifhta&;ESifhOya'ouf a&mufrSKwdk@wGif ql}uHKedrfhjrifhr&Sdap/
yuwdwlnDap&rnfhtjyif w&m;Oya'ESifhaomfif;/ trsm;jynfolw@dk
apmifhpnf;tyfaom tusifhodumQ ESifhaomfif; rqef@usifor# vGwfvyfpGm
}uHpnfydkifcGifh/ xkwfaz:ajymqdkydkifcGifh/ ,Hk=unfydkifcGifh/ bmomw&m;
udk;uG,fydkifcGifh/ 0wfjyKydkifcGifh/ y&da,oe&SmrSD;ydkifcGifh/ pnf;&Hk;ydkifcGifh/
jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifhw@dk &&Sdwnf+rJap&eftwGuf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya'wGif tcdkiftvHkowfrSwfxm;&Sdap&rnf//
'guawmh u|efawmfwdk@ onftxJrSm rlawGuawmh vlrSK;a&;&mY
w&m;r#wrSK&Sdapjcif;rl/ pD;yGm;rSKw&m;r#w&Sdapjcif;rl/ EdkifiHa&;r#wrSK &Sdapjcif;
rl/ tqifhtwef;wGif ql}uHKedrfhjrifhr&Sd/ yuwdwlnD ap&rnfhtjyif w&m;
Oya'ESifhaomfif;/ trsm;jynfolw@dk apmifhpnf;tyfaom tusifhodumQ
322

ESifhaomfif;/ rqef@usifor# jynfolwdk@&J@ vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;&&Sdbdk@ rl(7)rl

ygw,f//
tJonfrl (7)rl&J@ tajccHoabmw&m;(7)csufay:wGif tajcjyKygvdk@
onftrSwf(4)u qdkjcif;jzpfygw,f// trSwf(5)uawmh TzGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif vlenf;pkrsm;tbdk@ vHkavmufaom umuG,f
csufrsm;
xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;&Sdap&rnfqdkwmuawmh
,ckwGifu
tcsuf(2)csuf&J@ oabmrsdK;bJ/ omrnbJ qdkxm;vdkufwmbJ// vlenf;pkawG
twGufvnf; vHkvaHk vmufavmuf xnfhoGif;xm;yg/ bmvkyfygqdkwm
onftxJrSm u|efawmfwdk@ rxnfhao;ygbl;// bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkv#if onfudpP
[m txl;wvnfbJ a&a&vnfvnf pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;&rnfh tcsufawG
jzpfygw,f//
'gwGif ruao;bl;/ u|efawmfwdk@tbdk@rSm txl;&Sif;vif;apcsifwm
uawmh onfvlpkawG tay:rSm t&Sif;qHk; pdwfxm;ygw,f// rvdrfhwywf
jzpfap/ ajc&SKyfvdk@jzpfap b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpf u|efawmfwdk@[m vufwvHk;=um;
tm;jzifh vlenf;pkawGtay:rSm rw&m;vkyfbdk@-qdkw&Jh nf&G,fcsuf apwemt
vsOf;r&SdESifh// olwdk@ajymqdkcsifwm olwdk@ajym+yD;awmhum/ vHkavmufwJh
umuG,fcsufawGudk [kwfw,fr[kwfbl;/ w&m;ojzifh tcGifhta&;awG
[kww
f ,f r[kwfbl;// 'gawGudk pdppf+yD;wJhaemufrS u|efawmfwdk@ oabmwl
vdk@jzpfap/ u|efawmfwdk@ oabmrwlvdk@jzpfap u|efawmfwdk@ qHk;jzwfwJhtcgrSm
onfavmufbJ&Edkifr,f/ onfxufawmh ydk+yD;r&Edkifbl; ajymwJhtcgrSm
onfvdka&a&vnfvnf aqG;aEG;rSomv#if oabmwlvdk@jzpfap/ rwlvdk@
jzpfap tJonfvdk vkyfbdk@ygbJ// onfrSm vlenf;pkawGtwGuf umuG,f
csufrsm;qdk+yD; yg&Hkavmufomygw,f// woD;wjcm; az:jyjcif; r&Sdygbl;//

323

v$wfawmfrSm vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh&Sd&r,f

zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' (1947)

onftwdkif; trSmoabmjzpfwJh onftqdkudk wifoGif;wJhtcgrSm

tckvdkjzpfaewJh ArmjynfrSm vufiif;tajctaeudk tenf;i,foHk;oyfbdk@
vdkygw,f// tckvufiif;jzpfaewJh Armjynf&J@ tajctae =unfhr,fqdkv#if
tckzGJ@pnf;pnf;a0;aewJh wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmf}uD;[m tcsKyftjcmtm%m
jynfhpHkwJh v$wfawmfvdk@ ,lqw,f//
onftwdkif;vnf; aqmif&Gufaew,f// onfvdkaqmif&GufaewJh
tcgrSm onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD;awmh Armjynf&J@ vGwfvyfa&;udk
qHk;jzwf+yD;wJhaemuf vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHwnfaxmifbdk@ a&mufwJhtcgusawmh
wu,fhvufawG@ a&mufwJhtcgusawmh tm%m[m onfwdkif;jynfjyK
v$wfawmfvufxJrSm r&Sdao;bl;// bmjzpfvdk@ r&Sdao;ovJqdkv#if
onfwdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaewm bdvyfygvDrefu tkyfcsKyfaeawmh bdvyf
ygvDrefuae+yD; onfwdkif;jynfay:r,f tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifwJh oabmrsdK;
324

tjzpfESifh pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfcH&awmh bdvyfygvDrefu tkyfcsKyfaejcif; &yfpJypf&

r,f// &yfpJ+yD;wJhaemufrS u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynf[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif
EdkifiHawmf tjzpfa&mufr,f// tck u|efawmfwdk@ (The status of the constitutent
assembly is that of a sovereign body)tqifhtwef;tm;jzifh onfwdkif;jynf
jyKv$wfawmf[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifhjynfhpHkwJh v$wfawmfvdk@,lqw,f//
odk@aomfvnf; tm%myg0gusawmh r&Sdao;bl;/ tcGifhta&;uawmh r&Sdao;
bl;// Oyrm - onfwdkif;jynfjyK v$wfawmfrSm ajymqdkwpJh um;awG[m
vGwfvGwfvyfvyfajymqdkEdkifw,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@,lqw,f//
,lqxm;yif ,lqxm;jim;aomfvnf; (Legal Sanction)ac:wJh
Oya'tcGifhta&;tm%m&Sd ovm;qdkawmh tJonfvdkawmh r&Sdbl;//
tJonftwdkif;bJ u|efawmfwdk@ wifoGif;qHk;jzwfwJh udpPawGvnf; qHk;jzwf
awmh qHk;jzwfEdkifw,f// qHk;jzwfwJhae&mrSm b,folrSvm+yD;awmh rwm;qD;
Edkifbl;/ raESmuf,SufEdkifbl;// v$wfawmfxJrSm&SdwJh trwfawGuvGJv#if
b,folrS rwm;qD;Edkifbl;/ raESmuf,SufEkdifbl;// u|efawmfwdk@ udk,fwidk f
qHk;jzwfEdkifw,f// onfv$wfawmfrSmqdkv#if u|efawmfwdk@OuU}uD;[m
&Sifbk&ifbJ// oltm%mt&SdqHk;bJ// oluae+yD;awmh tpnf;ta0;vkyfwJh
ae&mawGr,f tqHk;tjzwfoabmrsdK;ESifh =unfh&SKqHk;jzwfoGm;&r,f//
ol@tqHk;tjzwfudk u|efawmfwdk@ em;axmif&r,f// tJonfawmhum
v$wfawmfrSm trwf bmrqdk qHk;jzwfcsifwm qHk;jzwfEdkifw,f// qHk;jzwf+yD;
wJhaemuf qHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif; onftwdkif; jzpfatmifqdkwJh udpPuaawmh
onftcgusvdk@&Sdv#if bdvyfygvDrefu tJonfvdkvku
d f+yD;awmh cifAsm;wdk@
wawG usKyfwdk@tm%mv$Jygw,fqdkwJhoabmrsdK; b,fvdkenf;ESifhjzpfap/
b,fvdkOya'ESifhjzpfjzpf vkyf&vdrfhr,f//
tJ'guawmh &dk;&dk;enf;twdkif;jzpfyHkudk u|efawmfajymjywmyg// 'gu
wa,mufESifhwa,muf/ wOD;ESifhwOD;/ wEdkiHESifhwEdkifiH tus,fus,fpum;
325

rrsm;=ubJESifh rdwfaqGoabmtm;jzifh wOD;udkwOD; tm%mv$Jajymif;

ay;rnfh tajctaersdK; jzpf&rnfhoabmrsdK;udk ajymqdkjcif; jzpfygw,f//
tJonfawmh tJonfvdktm%mv$Jajymif;ay;wJhudpPrSm pum;rsm;+yD;
tus,fus,fawG jzpfvm=uv#if/ tm%mv$Jajymif;rSKtcuftcJawG
ay:vmv#ifawmh onfhjyifwenf;wvrf; pOf;pm;wef pOf;pm;&vdrfhr,f//
onfvdkpOf;pm;wJhtcgrSm Oyrm-wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD;awmh
usKyfwdk@[m tcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifwJh tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfwJhtwGuf usKyfwdk@bJ
onftm%mawGudk ,l&r,fqdk+yD; twif;,lwJh enf;vrf;awG&Sdygw,f//
odk@aomfvnf; ,ck tqdkwifoGif;aewJh udpPuawmh onfvdk twif;,lbdk@
udpPudk u|efawmfrwdkufwGef;ao;bl;// bma=umifh rwdkufweG f;ao;bl;vJ
qdkv#if wdkif;jynfwjynfvHk;rSm jzpfaewJhtajctaeawGudk axmuf+yD;awmh
t=unftomtm;jzifh rdwfaqGoabmESifh tm%mv$Jajymif;,loGm;Edkifbdk@
u|efawmfwdk@u tenf;i,fapmifhqdkif;+yD;awmh onftwdkif; t=unftom
tm%majymif;rSK&atmif vkyf&r,fqdkwo
Jh abmrsdK;ESifh u|efawmfonf
tqdkudk wifoGif;jcif;jzpfygw,f//
tu,fIom onfvdk=unf=unfomom rdwfaqGoabmrsdK;ESifh
tm%mv$Jajymif;rSKudk rvdkvm;bl;qdkv#if tckvdk wdkif;jynfjyKv$wf
awmf}uD;rSmyxrqHk; tqdkoGif;uwnf;u u|efawmfwdk@ wrsdK;oGif;vmcJhrSm
bJ// b,fvdkoGif;rvJqdkv#if onftzGJ@}uD;u ,m,DtrsdK;om;tpdk;&
ponftm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;r,f/ 'gawGudk u|efawmfwdk@ zGJ@pnf;r,f/ twif;vkyf
p&mvdkv#if twif;vkyfr,f//
usKyfonfvdk twif;vkyfwJhtcgusawmh wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaewJh
t*Fvdyftpdk;&ESifhqdkv@dk &Sdv#if tus,ftus,f r+idrf;bG,fqdk+yD; wa,mufESifh
wa,mufonf twif;t=uyfav#muf+yD; vkyfae&rnfh udpPrsdK;awGqdkwm
trSeftm;jzifh u|efawmfwdk@b,fvlrqdk vdkvm;rnfvnf; r[kwfygbl;//
vdkvnf; rvdkvm;tyfbl;// aemufwdkif;jynf&J@tajctaetm;vHk; udk=unfh+yD;
326

t=unftomtm;jzifh tm%mv$J ajymif;vdk@&Edkifr,fqdkv@dk &Sdv#if raumif;

bl;vm;//
tJonfvdk t=unftomjzpfatmifqdk+yD; onftqdkudk oGif;wJh
tcgusawmh tm%mv$Jajymif;bdk@ jzpfEdkifrjzpfEdkif/ u|efawmfwdk@ csdefqbdk@
vdkygw,f// t=unftomtm%mv$Jajymif;v#if tckjzpfaewJh urBm&J@
tajctae/ t*Fvdyftpdk;&&J@ tajctaetm;vHk;udk +cHK=unfhv#if t=unf
tom jzpfrSmbJvdk@ ,lqw,f// taES;ESifhtjrefbJ// onftaES;ESifhtjrefqdkwJh
udpP[mvnf; u|efawmfwdk@ vkyfwJhtay:rSmbJ wnfw,f// wjcm;rSmvnf;
wnfw,f//
u|efawmfvkyfwmu
jrefjrefESifhaumif;aumif;rSefrSef&Sd+yD;awmh
u|efawmfwdk@wpnf;wvHk;wnf;/ wnDwnmwnf; tiftm;awmifhawmifh
wif;wif;ESifhqdkv@dk &Sdv#if ,lEdkifw,f// odk@aomfvnf; wxpfcs rajymvdkbl;//
tck vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;qdk+yD;awmh onftqdkxJrSm onfrludk xnfhvu
dk fwJh
tcgrSm tifrweftaESmuft,SufawGudk awG@&w,f// onftaESmuf
t,SufawG awG@vmwJhtcgusawmh onftaESmuft,SufawGudk pOf;pm;+yD;
awmhrS onftqdkudk wifoGif;wJhtcg tqdk[m a&S@udk b,fvdkrsm;jzpfrvJ
qdkwJh tvm;tvmudk rawG;&Jatmif jzpfaewJhtajctaeudk a&mufae
ygw,f//

zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH pdwf"gwfarG;&r,f
bmjyKvdk@vJqdkv#if onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD; zGJ@pnf;tkyf
csKyfyHktajccHOya'awGudk qHk;jzwf+yD;wJhaemuf onftwdkif; twnfjzpfbdk@
rjzpfbdk@qdkwm[m b,ftay:rSmwnfovJ qdkv@dk &Sd&if u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;
tay:rSm wnf+yD;awmh rdrdtqifhtwef;&SdaewJh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif
tqifhtwef;udk pum;oabmESifhr[kwfbJ/ Oya'oabmESifhwu,fh
327

vufawG@vufa&mufjzpfatmif vkyfr,fqdkwJh oENdXmef&Sdbdk@ vdkygw,f//

tJonfvdk &SdaerSomv#if u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmftzGJ@}uD;
tqHk;tjzwfay;wJh qHk;jzwfxm;wJhtwdkif; jzpfajrmufatmifjrifatmif
vkyfbdk@ jyifqif+yD;om; jzpfvmygvdrfhr,f// onfvdkvyk fvdk@&Sdv#if ,ckjrifaewJh
twdkif;qdk&if tm%mv$Jajymif;rSKESifhywfouf+yD; tcuftcJawG tenf;ESifh
trsm; ay:vmygvdrfhr,fvdk@xifw,f//
u|efawmf b,fvdk&nf&G,fcsufESifh b,fol@tay:rSm b,fvdkpdwf
xm;rS rxm;bJ yGif;yGifhvif;vif; ajymqdkcsifygw,f// tm%mv$Jajymif;wJh
udpPrSmqdkv@dk &Sd&if awmifwef;a'oqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk toHk;csrSmbJ
qdkwmudk u|efawmfu yGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajymxm;vdkygw,f// bmjyK vdkvJqdk&if
u|efawmfwdk@ tckEdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'a&;qGJwJh ae&mrSm
tcuftcJawG b,fvdkvGwaf jrmufatmif zefwD;bdk@qdkwm onfta&;
onfudpPuvGJv#if onfhjyif bmrSr&Sdbl;// jrefrmjynfrSmqdk&if olwdk@u
u&ifawGudk ajrSmufay;rSmygbJ// awmifwef;udk,fpm;vS,fawGudkvnf;
ajrSmufay;r,f//
u|efawmfwdk@uawmh tm;vHk;udk
pOf;pm;+yD;om;bJ/
b,folu
b,fol@udk ajrSmufay;ajrSmufay;/
u|efawmfwdk@
tbdk@rSmawmh
u|efawmfwdk@ oGm;&rnfhvrf;udk
awmh rSefrSef}uD;oGm;r,f// &SKyfvdk@
vnf; ydk&rSmr[kwfbl;/ ajcmuf
vd@k vnf;
ydk&rSmr[kwfbl;//
b,fvdkvkyfvkyf oGm;r,fqdkwJh
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhapmpHzdkoif
vrf;pOftwdkif; rSefrSef}uD;oGm;
r,f//
aemufqHk;wae@rSm
328

u|efawmfwdk@&J@ pdwfapwemt&if;ESifh vkyfudkifoGm;wmudk &Syfcsif=uwJh vlawG

&Sd&if oabmtwdkif; &SKyfEdkif=uw,f//
u|efawmfwdk@uawmh u|efawmfwdk@oabmt& jyXmef;xm;wJh
twdkif;oGm;rSmbJ// tJonfvdk oGm;wJhtcgrSmvnf; b,fvdktcuf
tcJawGESifhawG@ae tcuftcJawGudk ausmfeif;+yD;oGm;r,f// ajcmufv#ifvnf;
u|efawmfwdk@ra=umufbl;// ajrSmufcsifvnf; rajrSmufbl;// acsmhv#ifvnf;
raysmhbl;// vrf;rSeftwdkif; rSefrSefoGm;r,f// u|efawmfwdk@ vdkvm;wJh
yef;wdkifxdatmif u|efawmfwdk@oGm;r,f// (=obmoHrsm;)
u|efawmfwdk@ tJonfvdkomG ;wJhtcgrSm u|efawmfwdk@twGufuawmh
pOf;pm;+yD;om;/ qHk;jzwf +yD;om;&Sdv@dk a&S@udkb,fvdk tcuftcJawGawG@OD;r,f/
b,fvdkjzpfrnfqdkwm tm;vHk; u|efawmfwdk@ pOf;pm;+yD;om;jzpfw,f//
odk@aomfvnf; u|efawmfwdk@awmifwef;a'obufu rdwfaqGawG &Srf;tp&Sd
onfhjyif tm;vHk;udkajymcsifwmu rdwfaqGoabmomru u|efawmfwdk@ESifh
aoG;csif;om;csif;
qdkv#ifvnf;
rSefygw,f//
bmjyKvdk@vJqdkawmh
a&S;uwnf;u &mZ0ift& armif*dkvD,Htquf tEG,fu qif;vmwJh
vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfygw,f// tJonfaoG; om;csif;wlaewJhvlawGESifh aoG;csif;
om;csif; rwlwJhval wGrSm b,foluae+yD;awmh b,fol@tay:rSm apwem
ydkrnfqdkwmudk aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;bdk@vdkw,f// aemuf+yD;wcsufu
u|efawmfwdk@uae+yD;awmh tckae aqmif&GufaewJh udpPawG[m cifAsm;
wdk@awmifwef;e,fu vlawGtwGuf aumif;usdK;twGufvm;/ qdk;usKd ;
twGufvm;qdkwmudk pOf;pm;bdk@vdkygw,f//
vGefcJhwJh av;ig;vwkef;u bmr#tajctaeawG ra&&mwJh
awmifwef;a'oqdkwJhe,fawGudk tajctaea&a&&m&mjzpfatmif u|efawmf
wdk@ 0ifa&mufulnDaqmif&Gufay;cJhw,f// onfvdkvyk fvm cJhwmawG[m
u|efawmfwdk@ apwemESifhvkyfwmbJ// apwemESifhvkyfwmvm;/ a0'emESifh
vkyfwmvm; pOf;pm;bdk@vdkw,f// tarSmifxJuae+yD; tvif;a&mifxJ
329

a&mufatmif aqmif&GufvmwJh[mudk tvif;a&mifu tarSmifxJjyef

a&mufatmif jyefoGm;csifw,fqdkv@dk &Sd&if u|efawmfwdk@rSm wm;ydkifcGifh r&Sdbl;//
u|efawmfwdk@jrifwJhtwdkif;ajym&v#if u|efawmfwdk@u aqG;}uD;rsdK;}uD;/
aoG;csif;om;csif;0wW&m;&Sdovdk aqmif&Gufwefoavmuf aqmif&GufcJhw,f//
tvif;a&mifu tarSmifxJjyefoGm;csifw,fqdkv#if u|efawmfwdk@
rwwfEdkifawmhbl;// tJonfawmh u|efawmfwdk@tbd@k rSmawmh b,ftxd
apwem&Sdw,fqdkwm u|efawmfwdk@. tajccHOya'a&;qGJxm;wJh aemufrSm
vnf; pdwful;xm;wmawG tajrmuftrsm;&Sdygao;w,f//
tJonfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'qdkwm[mvnf; trSefpifppf
tm;jzifh vlawG&J@apwem/ vlawG&J@ &nf&G,fcsuf/ vlawG&J@vdkvm;csuf
tm;vHk;udk b,fenf;ESifhr# ukefpifatmif rxnfhEdkifbl;// b,fOya'rSmrS
jynfhjynfhpHkpHk&SdwJh Oya'rsdK;r&SdEdkifbl;// (No constitution in the world is perfect)
urBm w0Srf;vHk;rSm&SdwJh b,fzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'xJrSmrS jynfhjynhfpHkpHk&SdwJh
Oya'&,fvdk@r&Sdbl;// trSm;t,Gif; r&SdwOJh ya'&,fvdk@ vHk;0r&Sdao;bl;//
tJonfawmhum
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'xJrSm
vdkor#tcsufawGudk
tukefvHk;u|efawmfwdk@ rxnfhEdkifbl;// wcsdK@[mawGudk xnfhEdkifayr,fh/
wcsdK@[mawGudk rxnfhEdkifbJ &Sdw,f//
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'udk vkyfwJhae&mrSmvnf;( The letter of the
constitution and the spirit of the constitution) (2)rsdK;&Sdw,f// Oya'rSm
pmvHk;awGudkvku
d f+yD;awmh uyfoD;uyfoyf 0denf;vGwfwJh 0denf;vGwf&Hk
avmuf t"dy`g,faumufwJh enf;uwrsdK;/ tJonfOya'udk vkyfvdkuw
f Jh
tcgwkef;u (Spirit of constitution) u|efawmfwdk@rSm &SdwaJh pwempdwfxm;
twdkif; vkyfvmwJhzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk zwfvdkuw
f JhtcgrSm
onf[m vlrsdK;tcsif;csif; cdkifcdkifvHkvkH nDnD!Gwf!GwfESifhaygif;oif;
oGm;+yD;awmhum tvkyfvkyfbdk@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ygvm;-vdk@
tJonf(Spirit)pdwfxm;rsdK;ay:vmatmif
a&;qGJwOJh ya'rsdK;qdkv@dk &Sdv#if
330

onfOya'rsdK;t&/ tJonfOya' pdwf"gwft&(Spirit of constitution)/

u|efawmfwdk@ onfpdwf"gwftwdkif; aemuftvkyfvkyfoGm;wJhtcgusawmh
(Extra constitutional understanding and convention)onf Oya'tay:rSm
wa,mufESifhwa,mufem;vnf+yD;
,Hk,=Hk unf=unfvkyfwJhvkyfief;awG/
aemuf+yD;xHk;wrf;pOfvm tajrmuftrsm;awG vkyf&rnf// onftcgus
vdk@&Sdv#ifvnf; u|efawmfwdk@ apwemudk awG@&ygvdrfhr,f// odk@aomfvnf;
tcktxd u|efawmfwdk@jyvmwJh apwemawGudkom odapcsifw,f//
onfawmhu u|efawmfwdk@uawmh aoG;csif;om;csif;tjzpfESifh onfvdk
apwemjycJhw,f//
onfvdkjycJhwaJh e&mrSmvnf; u|efawmfwdk@tarSmifu tvif;a&mif
a&muf/ onfxufa&mufatmif apwemoef@ oef@ESifhvkyfcJhwmygbJ//
tvif;a&mifuae+yD; tarSmifoGm;apvdkwJh apwemr&Sd ygbl;// odk@aomfvnf;
tvif;a&mifuae+yD;awmh tarSmifudkomG ;csifvdk@ &nf&G,faewJh vlawGvnf;
&Sdygw,f//
wae@u pmwapmifzwfvdku&f ygw,f// e,fwe,fu t*Fvdyf
vufatmufuae+yD; vGwfvyfwJh ArmEdkifiHawmfxJrSm raecsifbl;qdkwJh
tJonfvdk tpD&ifcHpmrsdK; u|efawmfwdk@awG@&w,f// awG@& awmhum onfvdk
t*Fvdyfvufatmuf aecsif=uw,fqdkv#ifvnf; oabmbJ// tvif;a&mif
uae+yD; tarSmifxJoGm;csif=uwJh vlawG&Sdv#ifvnf; oabmbJ//
u|efawmfwdk@uawmh rwm;qD;ygbl;// u|efawmfwdk@uawmh t*Fvdyf
vufatmufrSmvnf; raecsifbl;// b,fvlrsdK; b,fEdkifiHjcm;vlrsdK;
vufatmufrSmrS raecsifbl;// u|efawmfwdk@ vGwfvGwfvyfvyfaecsifw,f//
(=obmoHrsm;)
u|efawmfwdk@
twdtvif;a=unmvdkygonf//
tJonfawmh
tJonfvdkvGwv
f yfwJh EdkifiHtjzpfESifh u|efawmfwdk@aeEdik fatmifqkd+yD;awmh
onftqdkudk wifoGif;wJhtcgrSm tvif;a&mifxJrSm aecsif=uwJh vlawG[m
331

u|efawmfwdk@tqdkudk axmufcHyg// tvif;a&mifuae+yD; tarSmifxJudk

oGm;csifwJhvlawGawmh oabmtwdkif; ygbJqdkwm onftqdkudk wifoGif;
&if; u|efawmfajymcJhygw,f//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

332

(pwkwydkfif;)

333

tcef; (16)

zGJ@pnf;yHktwnfjzpfatmif vkyfcGifhr&oGm;aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

jrefrmjynfolrsm;/
vlrsdK;pkjynfolrsm;/
txufwGif az:jycJhonft
h wdkif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf (yxr)
t}udrf
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'rl=urf;udk wifoGif;EdkifcJhaomfvnf; ,if;zGJ@pnf;yHkudk twnfjyK
&efESifhvGwv
f yfa&;udk &,l&eftwGuf touf&SifoefcGifhum; r&&Smacs//
TwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uG,fvGefoGm;onfhaemufydkif; zGJ@pnf;yHkudk
t+yD;owfa&;qGJol ynm&Sifrsm;ESifhEdkifiHa&; tarGudk qufcHolrsm;tay:wGif
jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;onf oHo,jzpfum
r,Hkr=unfpdwfrsm; jzpfay:vm&ayonf// v$wfawmfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
wifoGif;pOfu EdkifiHawmf.yHkpHonf jynfaxmifpk(zuf'&,f)yHkpHjzpfonf// ,ck
ay:xGufvmaom EdkifiHawmfyHkpHrSm wjynfaxmifyHkpHjzpfavonf//
xdkpOfu EdkifiHawmf. tajctaerSm qdk;&Gm;vSayonf// jynfy&ef
jzpfaom w&kwfjzLu usL;ausmfvmonf// vGwfvyfa&;ESifhtwl jynfwGif;Y
uGefjrLepf(teD-tjzL)/ jynfol@&JabmfESifh (K.N.U)wdk@u qef@usifwdkucf dkuf
=uonf// vGwfvyfa&;q,fESpfoufwrf;jynfh&ef eD;uyfvmaomtcg
(K.N.U). aemufY vlrsdK;pktm;vHk;ykefuef qef@usifonfhb0odk@ a&mufvm
avonf// xdktcsdefwGif ppfwyftm%modrf;&ef tpDtpOfjyKvkyfae&m
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf v$wfawmfrSwqifh AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tm; tm%mv$Jajymif;
334

ay;&awmhonf// xdktcsdefwGif vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;onf zGJ@pnf;yHk

tajccHOya'yg q,fESpfjynfhu cGJxGuv
f dku cGJxGuEf dkifonfudk ta=umif;
jyKI zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'jyifqifa&;qGJa&;udk pwifpnf;&Hk;vSKyf&Sm;vm=u&
ayonf//

1947-ckESpf/ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jyifqifa&;qGJa&;
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD; q,fESpfausmfumvtwGif;
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jyifqifa&;qGJ&efudk ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jy tcsdef
qGJvmcJhaomfvnf; (zqyv)tzGJ@csKyfESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;onfh aemufydkif;wGif
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf ,drf;,dkifaeaom wdkif;&if;om;rsm; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;
jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf zGJpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk jyifqifa&;
qGJ&ef awG@&Sdvmonf//

AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tdrfapmifhtpdk;&onf (1960)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv

(6)&ufae@ ygwDpHktaxGaxGa&G;cs,fwifajrSmufyGJudk usif;yjyKvkyfay;onf//
335

,if;a&G;aumufyGJwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkOD;aqmifaom oef@&Sif;(zqyv)

tzGJ@csKyfu tjywftom;tEdkif&&SdoGm;onf// (1960)ckEspf/ rwfv(17)
&ufae@ usif;yjyKvkyfaom oef@&Sif;(zqyv)tzGJ@csKyf nDvmcHwGif oef@&Sif;
(zqyv)tzGJ@csKyftpm; jynfaxmifpkygwD(yxp)[k ajymif;vJ+yD; tpdk;&udk
vnf; jynfaxmifpktpdk;&(yxp)tpdk;&[k ajymif;vJvdkufonf//

0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkOD;aqmifaom jynfaxmifpktpdk;&. oabmxm;

OD;Ekonf a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrD (1960)ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;vdk@
olomtm%mjyef&&if jynfaxmifpkwnfwJhcdkif+rJa&;twGuf jynfe,f
toD;oD;u acgif;aqmifawGeJ@wdkifyifaqG;aEG;+yD; zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya'udk vdktyfovdk jyifqifay;r,fvdk@ OD;Ek[m oENdXmefcsxm;onf// tJ'D
oENdXmeft& 0ef}uD;tpnf;ta0;wckrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku aqG;aEG;wifjy
&mrSm(1) ,cktcgrSmqdkv#if v$wfawmfwckvHk;. trwfOD;a&oHk;yHkESpfyHk
ausmfausmfonf tpdk;&. vufxJwGif &Sdaea=umif;/ xdkuo
Jh dk@
&SdaewJhtwGuf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk jyifqifvdkygu
,cktcsdefonf taumif;qHk;tcsdefyif jzpfonf//
(2) Todk@ taumif;qHk;tcsdefjzpfaeonfhtwGuf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'udk b,fvdkjyifqifcsifovJ[k jynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJ@
rsm;udk ar;csifonf//
(3) xdkjynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJ@rsm;u wifjyonfhtqdkrsm;udk a&S@OD;pGm
us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ aqG;aEG;csifonf// xdko@dk aqG; aEG;Edkifatmif
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ(Seminar)wck ac:ay;rnf// xdkESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ
wuf&ef jynfaxmifpkESifhjynfe,f tpdk;&toD;oD;. udk,fpm;
336

vS,frsm;udkvnf; zdwfrnf// twdkuftcHtzGJ@rsm;. udk,fpm;

vS,frsm;udkvnf; zdwfrnf//
(4) xdkESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif rdom;pkrsm;aqG;aEG;=uonfhenf;twdkif;
aqG;aEG;rnf// trsm;oabmwlvufcHEdkifonfh tqdkrsm;udk
csufcsif;taumiftxnfaz:ay;rnf// tajz&SmI r&ao;
onfhtqdkrsm;udk qufvufaqG;aEG;=urnf//
Ttwdkif;vkyfay;v#if jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHonf ,ckxufydk+yD;
pnf;vHk;vmvdrfhrnf[k ol,Hk=unfaeonf// olEdkifiHa&;u rxGufoGm;cif
trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;vkyfief;udk tpGrf;ukef aqmif&GufoGm;csif
onf[k OD;Eku wifjyonf//
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku xdkuo
Jh dk@ ajymonfhtcg Ttcsuf(4)csufpvHk;udk
0ef}uD;rsm;oabmwl=uonf// xdk@a=umifh jynfe,ftpdk;&qDodk@ Ttcsuf(4)
csufudkydk@+yD; olwdk@qDrSm tqdkrsm;awmif;qdk&efESifh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJtwGuf
vdktyfonfh tpDtpOfrsm;udkvkyf&ef 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku w&m;a&;Xme0ef}uD;
udk wm0efv$Jay;vdkufonf//
Oya'jyifqifa&;aumfrwDudk EdkifiHawmforRwu zGJ@pnf;cJhonf//
tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm
1// owdk;oD&dok"rR a'gufwmOD;{armif (w&m;a&;0ef}uD;)
(OuU)/
2// OD;&efatmif (EdkifiHawmfa&S@aecsKyf)
(tzGJ@0if)/
3// ocifodef;armif (yxp)
( // )/
4// OD;baqG (jynf) (yxp)
( // )/
5// OD;cifarmifvwf (zqyv)
( // )/
337

6// OD;xGef;0if; (zqyv)

( //
7// OD;b+idrf; (yrnw)
( //
8// OD;wDyD0rf; (yrnw)
( //
9// OD;ausmfrif; (&wn)
( //
10// OD;pHxGef;cdkif (&wn)
( //
11// 0ef}uD; Zm&Jvsef (csif;a&;&mXme0ef}uD;) (yxp) ( //
12// OD;&mvfrSKef; (csif;0daoowdkif;) (zqyv)
( //
13// r[moa&pnfol uy`wdefref;wHk;EHk; (csif;trsdK;om;tzGJ@)
14// u&ifjynfe,f0ef}uD; a'gufwmapmvSxGef; (zqyv)
15// ygvDreftwGif;0ef OD;atpdk;jrifh (u&ifjynfe,f) (zqyv)
16// r[moa&pnfol p0fi,f'l; (u,m;jynfe,f) (zqyv)
17// p0fv0D (u,m;jynfe,f) (yxp)
18// OD;pdefwdk; (ucsifjynfe,f) (yxp)
19// 'l0gaZmf&pf (ucsifjynfe,f) (y,uz)
20// 'l0gaZmfvGef; (ucsifjynfe,f/ ucsiftrsdK;om;uGef*&uf)
21// OD;Zefxmqif (ucsifjynfe,f/ ucsiftrsdK;om;uGef*&uf)
22// OD;vSaz (ytdk0ftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf) (ytrz)
23// anmifa&$apmfbGm;}uD; (wpfoD;yk*~v)
24// ygvDreftrwf p0fausmfacgif (&wpnz)
25// OD;pdk;armif (tif;trsdK;om;tzGJ@)
338

)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//

)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/
)/

26// p0fxGef;at; (omrdkif;crf;apmfbGm;) (&wpnz)

27// OD;cGefpHjrwf (ygvDreftwGif;0ef) (&wpnz)
28// rGefOD;bdk;csdK (ygvDreftrwf/ rGeftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf)
29// twGif;0efuav; (w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme)

( // )/
( // )/
( // )/
(twGif;a&;rSL;)//

([Hom0wDowif;pm/ 11 Edk0ifbm 1960//)

jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm; 1947-ck/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk

jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;
Todk@jzihf &Srf;/ ucsif/ u&ifeD/ u&if/ csif;/ rGef/ &cdkifponfh
wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf awmif}uD;wGif (1961)ck/ ZGefv(8)
&ufae@rS (16)&ufae@txd zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jyifqifa&;qGJa&;
nDvmcHudk usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf// ,if;nDvmcHwGif &Srf;jynfrS udk,fpm;vS,f
(130)OD;/ u,m;jynfudk,fpm;vS,f(20)OD;/ u&ifjynfudk,fpm;vS,f(27)OD;/
ucsifjynfudk,fpm;vS,f(26)OD;/ csif;0daoowdkif;udk,fpm;vS,f (5)OD;/
rGeftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif(13)OD;/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif(5)OD;/ pkpkaygif;
udk,fpm;vS,f(226)OD;tjyif
avhvmol(104)OD;
pkpkaygif;(330)OD;
wufa&muf=uavonf//
wdkif;&if;om;rsm; usif;yjyKvkyfaom awmif}uD;nDvmcHonf
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rS wm0efv$Jtyfxm;aom jynfaxmifpkw&m;a&;
XmeESifh!SdESdKif;+yD; (1947)ck/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk ppfrSefaom
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmftjzpf jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef tc%f;rsm;
tvdkuf/ yk'frrsm;tvdkuf jyefvnfpDppfaomfvnf; jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh
jyifqifa&;qGJ&ef rjzpfEdkifa=umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; awG@&Sd&onf//
339

tajccHOya'ed'gef;jyifqif&ef

jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcH}uD;rSwfwrf;pmtkyfyg-jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwf a&;tzGJ@.
trSKaqmiftzGJ@rS xdkpOfu wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;

e,fpyfa'oqdkonfrSm
atmufusaemufusovdkjzpfaeonf//
vGwfvyfa&;yl;aygif;,l&mwGif &Srf;onf &Srf;taejzifh/ ucsifonf ucsif
taejzifh/ csif;onf csif;taejzifh axmufcHonfjzpfI vGwfvyfaom
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHrjzpfay:atmif jrefrmjynfESifh&Srf;jynfwdk@tm; aoG;cGJ
onfh t*Fvdyf. pDrHudef;rsm; ysufjym;&onf// ,if;tpm; atmufyged'gef;udk
xnfhoGif;&rnfrSm
xdk@a=umifh e,fpyfa'orsm;qdkonftpm; &Srf;jynf/ ucsifjynf/
u&ifjynf/ u,m;jynfESifh csif;jynfwdk@ tygt0if[laom pum;&yfudk
xnfhoGif;tyfonf//
jynfaxmifpkppfppfqdkonfrSm vGwfvyfaom jynfolrsm;wdk@onf
tajctaet& jynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;+yD; jynfrsm;u udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;wdk@udk
if;wdk@.jynfrsm;twGif;tkyfcsKyfI jynftrsm;ESifhoufqdkifonfh ta&;}uD;
onfhudpPrsm;udk A[dktpdk;&tm; tkyfcsKyfapjcif;jzpfonf// xdk@a=umifh
340

uGif;usefaomtm%mrsm;udk tzGJ@0ifjynfrsm;uom oHk;EdkifcGifh&Sda=umif;/

EdkifiHa&;ynm(Political Science)t& ajym&aomf uae'gjynf}uD;udk
jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlt& wnfaxmifonf[k rqdkEdkif//
(1947)ck/ arvtwGif; usif;yaom (zqyv)nDvmcHwGif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;u A[dk}udK;udkif yifrjynfaxmifpk ( Unitary State)zGJ@pnf;&ef
roifhavsmf[k twdtvif;ajymqdkcJhonf// odk@&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfusqHk;+yD;onfh
aemuf if;.t}uHay;csufudk arhavsmhypf=uonf//
&cdkifESifhrGefvlrsdK;wdk@onf jynfe,frsm;udk awmif;qdk&mY vuf&Sd
tajccHOya'udk }udKufIr[kwfyg// jynfaxmifpkppfppfrludk awmif;qdk&ef
tvm;tvm&Sdonf// A[dkaumfrwDu oufaorsm;udk =um;em ppfaq;
onfhtcg &cdkifESifhrGefrsm;wdk@onf 0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;+yD; &Srf;jynfta&;
qdkcsufrsm;udk vHk;0 axmufcHvdrfhrnf[k ,lqygonf//
xdk@a=umifh &mZ0ifESifhjynfaxmifpkppfppf[al om oabmw&m;rsm;
udk ydkrdkav;eufap&eftwGuf TtajccHed'gef; vkdtyfovdk jyifqifoifhonf//
OD;csefxGef;onf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHtajccHOya' wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wf
awmfwGif &Sif;vifwifjycJhpOfu u|efawmfwdk@ tajccHOya'[m oabm
w&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkpepfjzpfayr,fh vufawG@wGif wjynfaxmif
pHepfjzpfygw,f[k xkwfaz:ajymqdka=umif;/ tajccHOya'Adokum}uD;
OD;csefxGef;uyif oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkpHepfvkyfay;&onfh
ta=umif;ESifhywfoufI (=uyfwnf;aom csKyfjc,fjcif;jzifh) cGJxGufEdkifaom
tcGifhta&;vdkufavsmcsufESifhtwl jynfe,fzGJ@pnf; a&;tcef;rsm; xnfhoGif;
&jcif;rSm trSefwu,f EdkifiHa&;ESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;t& vdktyfIr[kwb
f J/
e,fpyfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm;. ,HkrSm;oHo,rsm; ajyaysmufap&efjzpfonf//
awmifay:om;rsm; &kwfw&ufrpGef@ vGwfEdik faom ESpf&Snfvrsm; Armrsm;
tay:xm;&Sdvmaom r,HkouFmpdwfrsm;udk ukpm;aomenf; wenf;yif
jzpfonf//
341

e,fpyfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm;
jynfaxmifpkppfppftvdk&SdonfrSm
trSefpifppf OD;csefxGef;,lqouJho@dk Armrsm;tay:oHo,&SdI r,HkouFmI
r[kwfay// urBmhacgif;aqmifrsm;csxm;onfh vlr sdK;wdkif; udk,=fh urRm
udk,fzefwD;cGifh(Right of the Nation to self-deterninatin)rlt& udk,=fh urRm
udk,fzefwD;vdk =uaoma=umifh jzpfonf//
jynfaxmifpkpHepfqdkonfrSm urBmay:&Sd rnfonfhjynfaxmifpkEdkifiH
udkyif =unfh=unfh jynfaxmifpk(ac:)jynfe,frsm; oabmwlpkaygif;zGJ@pnf;
aom pHepfjzpfonf// ,ck Armjynfrtm; A[dkjynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESifh waygif;
wpnf;wnf; yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;vdkufayonf//
TzGJ@pnf;yHkpepfuom a'ocHvlrsdK;rsm;u Armrsm;tay: r,HkouF
aompdwfydkI jzpfay:aponf// wef;wlnDr#rSKudk ysufpD;aponf//
TzGJ@pnf;yHkpepfonf wae@aomtcg jynfaxmifpk}uD; +ydKuGJap
Edkifaom ta=umif;t&if;vnf; jzpfayonf//
xdk@a=umifh tajccHOya'udk jyefvnfjyifqifhonft
h cg cdkif+rJaom/
wef;wlnDr#aom
jynfaxmifpkjzpfay:a&;twGuf
Armjynfrtm;
jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if oD;jcm;jynfe,ftjzpf zGJ@pnf;&rnfjzpfavonf//
odk@jzpfI jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;onf wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wifoGif;aom vrf;!$efcsufudk ,ck awmif}uD;nDvmcH
wGifvnf; vrf;!$efcsuftjzpf qufvufcH,l=uavonf//
(1)

yifvHkpdwf"gwf&Sifoefaz:aqmifa&; (cGefrmudkbef;)

tajccHOya'jyifqifa&; aumfrwDzGJ@pnf;jcif;
rlrSm

zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'jyifqifa&;ESifhywfoufI xdkpOfu tpdk;&.

342

1// 'Drdkua&pDudk xdcdkufvmrnfhtcsufrsm;/

2// jynfaxmifpk}uD;wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;udk xdcdkufrnfhjyXmef;csufrsm;/
3// jynfaxmifpk}uD;pnf;vHk;a&;/ nD!Gwfa&;udk xdcdkufrnfhtcsufrsm;/
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ukd jyifbdk@txJrSmjzifh abmifwckudk
xyf+yD;
cwf&ygvdrfhr,f//
abmifcwf&wm[m
vufawG@vkyfudkif
aqmif&GufwJhtcgrSm rausmfvGefEdkifwJhtcuftcJrsdK;awG@v#if jyXmefcsuf
rsm;&Sdv#if tJonfjyXmef;csufrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfbdk@ &Sd+yD;om;rludk
rysufap&atmif onftcsufESifhjyifqif&ygvdrfhr,f//
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrwDzGJ@vdkufaom
tcg tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;ESifhywfoufI aqG;aEG;rSKrsm;/ pnf;&Hk;vSKyf
&Sm;rSKrsm; ay:aygufvmonf// tajccHOya'jyifqif a&;aumfrwDzGJ@pnf;
+yD;aemuf OD;wif{/ OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;)/ OD;xGef;az/ OD;xGef;tHk/ OD;xGef;at;
(yifvHk)/ OD;xGef;at;(erfhcef;)/ OD;bvGifESifhOD;udk}uD;wdk@onf awmif}uD;+rdK@/
yifvHka':OD;wdkufY oHk;}udrfawG@qHkI tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;udpPudk aqG;aEG;
=uonf// xdko@dk aqG;aEG;=u&mwGif OD;xGef;jrifhu (1947)ckESpf/ tajccH
Oya'wGif &Srf;jynfESifhywfoufI epfemaeonfhtcsufrsm;udk jyif ay;&ef
wifjyoifha=umif; t}uHay;onf// odk@aomf OD;wif{url (1947)ckESpf/
tajccHOya'onf ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeonfh tdrftdk}uD;ESifhwla=umif;/ xdko@dk
,dk,Gif;aeonfhtdrftdk}uD;udk wpfckcsif;uGufI jyif&efrvG,fouJhodk@ tajccH
Oya'udkvnf; c|wf,Gif;csufrsm;udkom uGufIjyif&ef vG,frnfrxif
a=umif;/ vkyfoifhonfrSm tajccHOya'wpfckvHk;udk jyefvnfa&;qGJoifh
a=umif;/ tpdk;&u vufcHonfjzpfap/ vufrcHonfjzpfap rdrdwdk@.
qENtrSefudk wifjyoifha=umif; aqG;aEG;onf// xdkudpPtwGuf OD;xGef;jrifhudk
wm0efay;ojzifh OD;xGef;jrifhonf tajccHOya'ESifhywfoufI if;.oabm
xm;udk az:jyxm;onfhtcef;quf aqmif;yg;rsm;udk Adkvfwaxmif
owif;pmwGif (1960)jynfhESpf/ 'DZifbmv(6)&ufae@rS (18)&ufae@txd
343

u|efawmfwdk@vdkvm;aom
jynfaxmifpkpHepfqdkonfh
acgif;pOfjzifh
qufwdkuaf &;om;cJhonf//
awmif}uD;nDvmcHwGif wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf (1947)
ckESpf/ zGJ@pnf;yHkyg yk'frwydk'fcsif;udk avhvmoHk;oyfI ,ck t&Sdt&Sdwdkif;
jyifqif&efrjzpfEdkifawmhI ed'gef;rSpI topfa&;qGJ&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=u&
jyefavonf//
&Srf;/ ucsif/ u&ifeD/ u&if/ csif;jynfe,facgif;aqmifudk,pf m;vS,frsm;ESifh
&cdkif/ rGeftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk
jynfaxmifpkppfppfjzifh jyifqifa&;qGJ&ef qHk;jzwfjcif;
awmif}uD;nDvmcHrS (1947)ck/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'onf
jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh jyifqifa&;qGJ&ef rjzpfEdkifojzifh jynfaxmifpk
ppfppfrljzifh a&;qGJoGm;Edkif&ef atmufygtwdkif; tajccHrltwdkif; qHk;jzwfxm;
a=umif; awG@&Sd&onf//

vGwfvyfa&;&,lpOfu
344

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jyifqifa&;qGJa&;
}udK;udkifaumfrwD (&Srf;jynfe,f).
qHk;jzwfcsuf
------------------------------------

qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
vuf&SdjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnfhtkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif/
jynfe,fESifhvlrsdK;pk wef;wlnDr#rSKtwGuf vHkavmufpGm jyXmef;xm;jcif;
r&Sda=umif;//
xdk@a=umifh jynfe,fESifhvlrsdK;pkwdkif; wef;wlnDr#ap&eftwGuf/ tajccH
Oya'tm; jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh jyefvnfjyKjyifa&;qGJ&ef T}udK;udkif
aumfrwDu oabmwlnD=ua=umif;//
,if;okd@ tajccHOya'tm; jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh jyefvnfjyKjyif
a&;qGJonft
h cg atmufyg wef;wlnDr#rSK. tajccHta=umif;&if;rsm;udk
xnfhoGif;a&;qGJ&ef qHk;jzwf=ua=umif;//
1//
OD;wif{onf yifvHkpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJholESifh tajccH
Oya'rl=urf;a&;qGJa&;tzGJ@0if jzpfouJho@dk OD;xGef;jrifhESifh
OD;xGeftHkw@dk rSmvnf; tajccHOya'rl=urf; a&;qGJa&;tzGJ@0if
rsm; jzpf=uonf//
2//
xdkaqmifyg;rsm;udk pkaygif;I jynfaxmifpkwGif;rS wef;wl
aom&Srf;jynf/ &efukef/ jrefrmh AsL[mpmyHkESdyfwdkuf/ (1961)
xkwfa0cJhonf// aemifudk;um;v#if OD;xGef;jrifh/ wef;wlaom
&Srf;jynf[k !$ef;rnf//

345

OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;) wifoGif;aompmwef;
,if;awmif}uD;nDvmcHwGif ordkif;0ifwifusef&pfcJhaom pmwef;rSm
OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;)wifoGif;aompmwef;yif jzpfavonf// odk@jzpfI
(1962)ck/ rwfv(2)&ufae@/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tm%m odrf;aomtcg
orwref;0if;armif/
0ef}uD;OD;ausmf+idrf;ESifhOD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;)wdk@onf
axmifxJwGif (7)ESpfausmf/ (8)ESpfeD;yg;pD toD;oD;aecJh=u&ayonf//
awmif}uD;nDvmcHwGif OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;) wifoGif;aompmwef;
rSm jynfaxmifpkwGif;rS wef;wlaom &Srf;jynfyif jzpfonf// ,if;pmwef;
twGif;rS pmwef;i,faygif;rSm av;apmifvnf; yg0ifonf// ,if;wdk@rSm
1//
jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m; pmwef;i,f/
2//
tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;rS jynfaxmifpkpepfudk avhvmoHk;oyf
ESdKif;,SOfjcif;/
3//
jrefrmjynfaxmifpk (zg;wydkif;ig;wydkif;)/
4//
u|efawmfwdk@ vdkvm;aomjynfaxmifpk wdk@ yg0if=uayonf//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf yifvHkpmcsKyfudkif;/ (zqyv)y%mr
nDvmcHwGif
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mY
vlrsdK;pkrsm;qdkif&m
tajccHOya'rlESifh vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udkif;/ wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'. tESpfom&ESifh t"dy`g,frsm;udkif; udk,fwkid f
&Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfh yk*~dKvfyif jzpfavonf// tvm;wlyif awmif}uD;
nDvmcHY OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;)onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; uG,fvGef+yD;
aemufY vGwfvyfa&;oufwef; q,fESpftwGif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH. tjzpf
tysufrsm;ay:Y axmuf&SKv#uf ,ae@rSpI tem*gwfjynfaxmifp
jrefrmEdkifiHudk rnfodk@rnfyHk wnfaqmufoihfonfudk wifjyxm;jcif;yif
jzpfavonf//
(aemufydkif; wae&mY OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;). pmwef;rsm;udk
oD;oef@az:jy ygrnf//)

346

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOay'jyifqifa&;qGJa&;
}udK;udkifaumfrwD(&Srf;jynf).
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
,if;odk@ tajccHOya'tm; jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzifh jyefvnfjyKjyif
a&;qGJonfhtcg atmufyg wef;wlnDr#rSK tajccHta=umif;&if;rsm;udk
xnf;oGif;a&;qGJ&ef qHk;jzwf=ua=umif;//
1//
Armjynfe,f zGJ@pnf;a&;/
2//
jynfaxmifpkygvDrefv$wfawmfESpf&yftm; tm%mwlay;a&;/
3//
vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfodk@jynfe,fwdkif; nDr#aomudk,fpm;vS,f
apv$wfa&;/
4//
A[dk&fjynfaxmifpktm;
atmufygXmersm;v$Jtyf+yD;/
usef&Sdaom tm%mrsm;ESifhtcGifhta&;rsm;udk jynfe,f
rsm;odk@ v$Jtyf&ef/
(u) EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;/
(c) jynfaxmifpkumuG,fa&;/
(*) jynfaxmifpkbma&;/
(C) aiG'*Fg;ESifhaiGpuULxkwfvkyfa&;/
(i) pmwdkufESifha=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;/
(p) rD;&xm;/ ava=umif;/ a&a=umif;qufoG,fa&;/
(q) jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifa&;/
347

(Z) yifv,fqdyfurf;cGef aumufa&;/

5//
jynfaxmifpkbmawmfr#wpGm cGJa0a&;//
txufygtqdkudk tm;vHk;wnDw!Gwfwnf; (1322)ckESpf/ wydk@wGJ
vqef;(9)&uf/ t*Fgae@ (1961-ck/ ZEM0g&Dv 16-&uf)wGif oabmwl
qHk;jzwftwnfjyK=uonf//
,if;awmif}uD;nDvmcHrSyif trSKaqmif(23)OD;yg0ifaom jynfe,f
rsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@udk
zGJ@pnf;cJhavonf//
tzGJ@OuUrSm
xdkpOfu
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@0if EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;ESifh&Srf;jynfe,f OuUp0fcGefcsdK
(rdk;rdwf apmfbGm;}uD;) jzpfavonf//
awmif}uD;+rdK@ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;wGif jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@0if
(23)OD;udkvnf; tzGJ@0ifrsm; tjzpf a&G;cs,fvdkufonf//

jynfe,frsm; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@
,m,DtrSKaqmiftzGJ@
1// p0fcGefcsdK (rdk;rdwfapmfbGm}uD;)
(OuU)/
2// p0f0 (u,m;jynfe,facgif;aqmif)
('k-OuU)/
3// 'l0gcGefzHk; (ucsifjynfe,facgif;aqmif)
('k-OuU)/
4// p0fxGef;{(omrdkif;cef;apmfbGm;}uD;) (taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)/
5// OD;vSaz jynfol@v$wfawmftrwf)
(wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;)/
6// OD;pdk;armif (tynz &Srf;jynf)
(wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;)/
7// p0fcGefatmif (abmfapmfbGm;}uD;)
(jyef=um;a&;rSL;)/
8// OD;vS+idrf; (u,m;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f) (bma&;rSL;)/
348

9// OD;omxGef; (&cdkiftrsdK;om;udk,fpm;vS,f)

(pm&if;ppfrSL;)/
10// apmb&if (u&ifjynfe,fudk,pf m;vS,f) (trSKaqmiftzGJ@0if)/
11// apmoif;pdef (u&iftrsdK;om;udk,fpm;vS,f)
( // )/
12// 'l0g;aZmfvGef; (ucsifjynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f)
( // )/
13// 'l0g;eefZifvm (ucsifjynfe,fudk,pf m;vS,f)
( // )/
14// OD;armifOD;ausmf (&cdkiftrsdK;om;udk,fpm;vS,f) ( // )/
15// uy`wdef ref;wHk;EHk; (csif;trsdK;om;udk,fpm;vS,f) ( // )/
16// rpPwmusif&Sifxef; (csif;trsdK;om;udk,fpm;vS,f) ( // )/
17// EdkifaiGodef; (rGeftrsdK;om;udk,fpm;vS,f)
( // )/
18// Edkifbapm (rGeftrsdK;om;udk,fpm;vS,f)
( // )/
19// p0fjynfh (rdk;eJapmfbGm;}uD;)
( // )/
20// p0fEGH (vJcsm;apmfbGm;}uD;)
( // )/
21// p0fpdkif;vHk (usdKif;wHkapmfbGm;}uD;)
( // )/
22// OD;cspfarmif (u,m;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f)
( // )/
23// p0fa&$rSK (aus;pD;apmfbGm;}uD;)
( // )/

349

jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@. zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkrltay:
aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf/
azaz:0g&Dv (24)&uf/ yxrae@ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pwifjcif;
(1962)ck/ azaz:0g&Dv(24)&ufae@/ &efukef+rdK@/ jynfvrf;toH
vGifhcef;raqmifY jrefrmEdkifiHvlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfaxmifpkrlESifhywfoufaom
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;udk pwifusif;yonf//
jrefrmEdkifiHvlrsdK;aygif;pHk ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;wGif (yxp/ zqyv/
yrnw/ &yvz)ponfh EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;tjyif jynfe,f
nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ tpdk;&wdkifyifcHtzGJ@0ifvl}uD;rsm;pHknDpGm
wufa&mufvm=uonf//
jynfaxmifpk0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku obmywdtjzpfaqmif&Guf+yD; tcrf;
tem;rSL;tjzpf OD;oef;pdefu aqmif&Gufonf//
(jynfaxmifpku&iftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf(U.K.L)onf
awmif}uD;
(jynfe,faygif;pHk)nDvmcHodk@ udk,fpm;vS,f pkpkaygif;(5)OD; wufa&mufcJh=uI
&efukef+rdK@/ jynfvrf;toHvGifh&HkwGif u|efawmfwOD;wnf; wufa &mufcJhonf//
xdkrSawmwGif;a&mufI aemufydkif; jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf(U.N.L.D,L.A)zGJ@pnf;aomtcg u|efawmfonf obmywd
wOD;jzpfvmonf// u|efawmfonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'topfa&;qGJa&;udk awmif}uD;/ &efukef jrefrmhtoHESifhawmwGif;
(vGwfajrmufa'o)txd yg0ifvmcJhayonf//)
obmywdtzGifhrdef@cGef; ajym=um;+yD;onfaemuf tcrf;tem;rSL;rS
&Srf;jynfe,fOuU}uD;/ 0ef}uD;owdk; r[moa&pnfol0ef}uD;p0fcGefcsdKu
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@udk,fpm;zuf'&,frludk wifjyygcifAsm;[k zdwfac:
350

vdkuf+yD; &Srf;jynfe,fOuU/ 0ef}uD;p0fcGefcsdKu atmufygtwdkif; aqG;aEG;

wifjyoGm;avonf//
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ OuUp0fcGefcsdK. rdef@cGef;
av;pm;tyfwJh obmywd}uD; 0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm;/ tpdk;&
tzGJ@0if 0ef}uD;rsm;cifAsm;/ jynfe,faygif;pHkrS wufa&mufvm=uwJh
udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;ESifh jynfrEdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS udk,fpm;
vS,fawmfrsm;cifAsm;//(1)
TESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSm jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@udk,fpm;/
pum;ajym=um;cGifh&&Sdwt
Jh wGuf/ rsm;pGmaus;Zl; wif0rf;ajrmufvS
ygw,f/ tckvdk pHkpHknDnDpka0;=u+yD;awmh/ jynfe,frsm; nD!Gwfa&;
tzGJ@u wifjyxm;+yD;wJh/ jynfaxmifpkrludpPudk aqG;aEG;!SdESdKif;=ubdk @
twGuf 'DESD;aESm zvS,fyGJ}uD; ay:aygufvm&mwm/ u|efawmfhtaeeJ@
tvGefbJ 0rf;omaus;Zl;wifygw,f//
u|efawmfhudk
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@udk,fpm;/
jynfaxmifpkrlwifjy&ef wm0efay;tyfwJhtwdkif;/ u|efawmfwifjy
ajymqdkrJh tcsuftvufawGudk/ em;qif=u&wJh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
tm;vHk;[m rdom;pkpdwf"gwfjzifh ,ae@ay:aygufaewJh jynfe,frsm;
jy\emudk txl;pOf;pm; a0zef=uapvdkygw,f//
u|efawmfrsm;uvJ jynfr&Sd aemifawmf}uD;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;
wifjy=uwJhtcg pdwf&Snfvuf&SnfeJ@ rdrdwdk@}uHKawG@ae&yHkawGudk
wifjy=uyg&ef arwWm&yfcHvdkygw,f// jynfe,frsm;&J@ jy\emawGudk
pOf;pm;=uwJhtcgrSmvJ jynfaxmifpkr+ydKuGJa&;/ jynfaxmifpknD!Gwf
351

a&;qdkwJh tajccHrltay:wnf+yD; pOf;pm;=uyg&ef awmif;yefvdk

ygw,f//
yxrOD;pGm wifjytpD&ifcHvdkwmu/ vuf&Sdjynfaxmifpk}uD;
jzpfay:vmyHk jzpfygw,f// u|efawmfwdk@&J@ jynfaxmifpkta=umif;
pOf;pm;vdkufwkid f;/ jynfaxmifpkom;wdkif;/ rarhoihf rarhxkdufwJh
tcsuf[mjzifh (1947)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&DvwGif usif;ycJhwJh yifvHk
nDvmcH}uD;yif jzpfyg w,f//
tJ'DyifvHknDvmcH}uD;[m/
,ae@ jynfaxmifpk}uD;udk
aygufzGm;vmap&ef tkwfjrpfcscJhwJh nDvmcH}uD;vdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f//
bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpkom;awGtay:
tESpfESpf/ tvv pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfvmwJh e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfatmufuae+yD;/
vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkbdk@twGuf jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@/ jynfr
acgif;aqmifrsm;wdk@u !SdESdKif;atmifjrifvdk@ tckvdk vGwfvyfwJh
jynfaxmifpkwck/ urBmhwdkif;jynfrsm;xJrSm ay:vGifvmwJhtwGuf
u|efawmfwdk@u yifvHknDvmcH}uD;[m jynfaxmifpk}uD;&J@ tajccH
tkwfjrpfcscJhwJh nDvmcH}uD;jzpfa=umif; wifjy&jcif; jzpfygw,f//
tJ'DyifvHknDvmcH}uD;rSm bmawG!SdESdKif;=u+yD;/ bmawG
atmifjrifcJh=uovJqdkwmudk tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh az:jy&rnfqdk&if/
vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkwt
Jh cg nD!Gwfwt
Jh m;[m tifrwef ta&;
}uD;wJhtwGuf/ jynfreJ@usefwJhjynfe,frsm;[m jynfe,frsm;tm;
wlnDatmif !SdESdKif;+yD; nD!Gwfa&;wnfaqmuf&r,f/ wnfaqmuf
&rSmrdk@ (1) wef;wlnDr#rKS tcGifhta&; &Sdjcif;/ (2) awmifwef;a'o
rsm;wGif udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdjcif;/ (3) vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD; aemuf
jynfaxmifpku cGJxGufvdku cGJxGuEf dkifjcif;pwJh tajccHw&m;
oHk;&yftay:
t"duxm;+yD;
jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;udk
oabmwlcJh=uygw,f//
352

'DtajccHoHk;&yfudk oabmwlcJhwt
Jh wGuf/ urBmausmf
yifvHkpmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkEdkifcJh=uygw,f// tJ'Dvdk jynfe,frsm;eJ@
jynfr[m wpdwfxJw0rf;xJ&Sda=umif; jyoEdkifcJhv@dk bJ/ t*Fvdyf
tpdk;&[m jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk vGufv$wfvku
d f&ygw,f//
yifvHknv
D mcH}uD;rSm yifvHkpmcsKyf/ csKyfqdk+yD;aemuf (Mr
Reese William)acgif;aqmif+yD;/ jynfrjynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;yg0if
wJh pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDrSm txufyg tajccHrloHk;&yftwdkif; jynfreJ@
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufbdk@ wnDw!Gwfwnf;vJ oufaocHcJhygw,f//
tJ'Dvdk wnDw!GwfxJ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJhwt
Jh wGuf e,fcsJ@
orm;&J@ aoG;cGJa&;vkyfief;[m/ ysufjy,foGm;+yD; jrefrmjynf&J@
vGwfvyfa&;udk tjrefqHk;urBmodk@ a=unmvmEdkifcJhygw,f//
(1947)ckESpf/ arvrSm usif;ycJhwJh (zqyv)y%mrjyifqifrSK
nDvmcHrSmvJbJ vlrsdK;pkwdkif; wef;wl&&Sda&;eJ@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkrSmvJ
tJ'Dwef;wla&;tay: tajccHwJh jynfaxmifpkppfppf jzpfbdk@ vrf;pOfcs
rSwfcJhygw,f//
vuf&SdtajccHOya'}uD; a&;qGJbdk@qdk+yD; wdkif;jynfjyKv$wf
awmfrSm jynfracgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;eJ@
jynfe,facgif;aqmifudk,pf m;vS,frsm;u 0dkif;0ef;pOf;pm;=uwJhtcg
tESpfom&jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J@ vrf;!$ef(7)csuf tusOf;csKyf
udk az:jycGifhay; apvdkygw,f//
tJ'gubmvJqdk&if (1) tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifwJh zGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' jzpfap&r,f// (2) udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
tm%mtjynfhtpHk&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;yg0ifaom jynfaxmifpkzGJ@
pnf;ap&r,f// (3) tm%mrsm;[m wdkif;oljynfom;awGqDu
qif;oufvmap&r,f// (4) vlrSKa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ Ed kifiHa&;wdk@rSm
353

t,kwftvwftjrwfra&G; wef;wlnDr#rSK&Sdap&r,f// (5) vlenf;pk

udk tumtuG,fjyKap&r,f// (6) jynfaxmifpk}uD;wnfwef@cdkif+rJa&;
tcsKyftjcmpdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkwmudk Oya't& xdef;odrf;apmifh
a&Smuf&Sdap&r,f// urBmhEdkifiHwumESifh &ifabmifwef;Edkif&eftwGuf
}udK;pm;+yD; urBmhEdkifiHa&;awGeJ@ +idrf;csrf;pGm qufqHa&;udk a&S@&SKap&
r,fqdkwJh t"dutajccH(7) csuf jzpfygw,f//
'DtajccHrsm;udk tkwfjrwfcs+yD;awmh/ jynfaxmifpkorw
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf&J@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ=u&ef/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u vrf;!$efjyocJhwt
Jh a=umif; udk,fpm;vS,f
awmfrsm;tm;vHk; todjzpf=uygw,f//
'DtcsdeftcgrSm EdkifiHa&;tajctaeawGuvJ &SKwfaxG;+yD;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG/ acgif;aqmifrsm;[m vkyf}uHowfjzwf
jcif;cH&wJhtwGuf/ wjynfvHk; ,l}uHK;r& 0rf;enf;a=u uGJjzpfae&wJh
tcsdefjzpfawmh vGwfvyfa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;rSKrSm pdwfrcsrf;rom
p&mawG jzpfvmwma=umifhrdk@/ udk,w
fh dkif;jynf&@J tajcudk wdkif;wyg;u
0ifa&mufrpGufzufEdkifatmif/ umuG,f=u&rSmbJqdk+yD; cwfjrefjrefeJ@
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm tajccHOya'udk tjiif;yGm;rSKrxm;bJ
tvsifpvdk vufcHvkdujf cif; jzpfygw,f//
yifvHknv
D mcH}uD;u tpjyK+yD; tqifhqifhawmif;qdkvm=uvdk@
vGwfvyfa&;awmh vuf0,f&&Sd+yD;yg+yD/ 'gayr,fh vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD;wJh
aemufydkif;rSm yifvHknv
D mcH}uD;&J@ tESpfom&/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J@
csrSwfay;vdkufwJh vrf;!$efeJ@ udkufnDw,f rudkufnDbl;qdkwmawGudk
u|efawmfwdk@ av#mufvmcJhwJh (14)ESpfausmfausmf c&D;tay:
jyefvnfppfqef;bdk@ vdktyfygvdrfhr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f//
'ga=umifh 'kwd,tcsuftaeeJ@ u|efawmfwdk@jynfe,frsm;&J@
vuf&SdcHpm;ae&wJh tajctaeawGudk a,bk,soabmtm;jzifh
354

tusOf;csKyfwifjyyg&ap// jynfe,frsm;. vuf&Sdtajctaeudk

u|efawmfwdk@u wifjyrSom ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwufa&m=uwJh udk,fpm;
vS,fawmfrsm;tm;vHk;[m ydkrdkjynfhpHkpGm pOf;pm;a0zef Edkifvdrfhr,fvdk@
,lqygw,f// jynfe,frsm;&J@ jynfe,fr&&Sdao;wJh vlrsdK;pkaqGrsdK;&if;
jcmrsm;[m vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD;wJhaemuf/ 'DZifbmvrSm rdrduH=urRm
rdrdwdk@zefwD;&vdrfhr,fqdkwJh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhawG jynfhjynfh00
rcHpm;&ao;a=umif; awG@&Sd=uygw,f// 'Dvdkajymvdkufvk@d u|efawmf
[m jynfe,frsm;udk,fpm; &dk;&dk;om;om;taeeJ@ jynfe,fawG
cHpm;ae&wm[mjzifh bmawGvJqdkwm az:jywmbJ jzpfygw,f//
jynfe,fawGtm;vHk; ,Hk=unfudk;pm;cJhw/Jh
jrefrmjynf
vGwfvyfa&;&awmhr,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD;&ifjzifh 'dk@wawG[m
rdrduH=urRm rdrdzefwD;+yD; wdk;wufaomjynfe,frsm; jzpfvmatmif
vkyfEkdifawmhr,f/ wdk;wufwJhjynfe,fawG aygif;xm;wJh jynfaxmifpk
jzpfvm awmhr,fqdkwmawG[m u|efawmfwdk@jynfe,fom;awG/
vlrsdK;pktm;vHk;awG&J@
0rf;xJudef;atmif;+yD;
tar#mfvifh}uD;
ar#mfvifhcJhygw,f//
'gayrJh vGwfvyfa&;acwf(14)ESpfc&D;/ jynfru aemifawmf
awG&J@ vufawG@av#mufvmwJhtcg
u|efawmfwdk@&J@ ar#mfvifh
csufawG/ u|efawmfwdk@&J@ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhawG[m tjynfht0
r&SdrSef; odvmcJh&ygw,f//
u|efawmfwdk@ wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;a&;udk tpGrf;ukef/ u|efawmfwdk@
rvkyfaqmifEdkifa=umif; odomcHpm;ae&ygw,f// 'DvdkarG;zGm;&m
ADZygvmwJh udk,fydkifjyXmef;EdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;tjynfht0 rcHpm;
vm&awmh/ u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpk}uD;[m u|efawmfwdk@
jynfe,frsm;tay: udk,fpm;jyKvmwmr[kwfawmhbJ/ jynfrvdk@ac:wJh
355

Armjynfa'oawGudk t"duudk,fpm;jyKvmwmawG jrifvm=u&

ygw,f//
jynfe,frsm;uawmh jynfreJ@nDr#rSKr&SdcJhwt
Jh wGuf pGrf;tm;
&Sdoavmuf vkyfudkifEdkifcGifhr&SdcJhv@dk / wdk;wufoihfoavmuf rwdk;
wufcJhygbl;// 'Dvdk bma=umifhjzpfcJhovJqdk&if jynfaxmifpk&,fvdk@
pkaygif;zGJ@pnf;=uwJhtcg jynfe,f&oifh&xdkufwJh vlrsdK;pkrsm;udk
jynfe,ft*FgeJ@tnD zGJ@pnf;+yD;/ &Srf;jynfe,f vlxktwGuf - &Srf;jynf
e,f/ u,m;jynfe,fvlxktwGuf u,m; jynfe,f&Sd=uovdk
jynfrvlxktwGufvJ jynfe,fwe,fzGJ@pnf;+yD;awmh wef;wlnDwl
tajccHtay: zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif; r&Sdv@dk bJvdk@qdkwm oufaojyae
ygw,f//
yifvHknv
D mcH&J@ tESpfom&/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J@ vrf;!$ef
rsm;udk t"duxm;+yD;/ wef;wlnDwlzGJ@pnf;pkaygif;&ef taumif
txnfay;vm=u&if jynfaxmifpktpdk;&[m jynfe,f rsm;tm;vHk;
udk udk,fpm;jyKwJhtpdk;&bJ jzpf&rSmygbJ//
tckawmh jynfrvlxktwGuf jynfe,fwe,fzGJ@pnf;a&;
r}udK;pm;bJ/ jynfrtjzpfqdk+yD; xm;avawmh jynfr&J@tcGifhtm%meJ@
jynfaxmifpk&J@ tcGifhtm%ma&maxG; pkaygif;+yD;/ pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfvm
awmhum jynfaxmifpktjzpfu av#mhusvm+yD; wjynfaxmifpdk;rdk;rSK
pepfodk@ wa&G@a&G@ul;ajymif;vmwm awG@&Sd&ygw,f// onfta=umif;
t&ma=umifhvJ u|efawmfwdk@ jynfe,frsm;[m wae@wjcm;
wm0ef&SdwJh jynfru/ jynfrtpdk;&tay: oHo,&Sd-&Sdvm ygw,f//
'DoHo,awG[m xkeJ@x,feJ@ 0if0ifvmvdk@ uae@jynfe,frsm;[m
jynfrtay: rausreyfjzpfwJhta=umif; xkwfaz:vm=u&ygw,f//
uae@zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifxm;wJh jynfaxmifpkyHkomef[m jynfe,f
rsm;&J@ trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;/ wnfaqmufEdkifrJhyHkrsdK;/ nDr#aom
356

jynfaxmifpkpepfrsdK; r[kwfa=umif;udkvnf; awG@jrifvmcJh=u&

ygw,f// tckvdk u|efawmfwifjytpD&ifcHvdkuaf wmh jynfrwm0ef&Sd
yk*~dKvfrsm;/ acgif;aqmifrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;u u|efawmh
tay: wrsdK;rsdK;xif&mxifrSm; &Sdcsif&Sd=uygvdrfhr,f// 'gayrJh uae@
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSm rdom;pkpdwf"gwf/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf"gwfeJ@ jynfe,f
rsm;jy\emudk tjyeftvSef!SdESdKif;aqG;aEG;=urSmrdk@ yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
&d;k &dk;om;om;ESifh qufvufwifjyyg&ap//
wwd,tcsufuawmh txufu u|efawmftpD&ifcHcJhovdk
[kwrf [kwf qef;ppf=unfhvdkuf&if vuf&Sdjynfaxmifpkjrefrm
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ed'gef;ESifh tJ'Ded'gef;udk tajcjyK
+yD; a&;qGJjyXmef;xm;wJh aemuftydk'fawG ESdKif;,SOf=unfh+yD;/ pDppf
vdkufyg&if a&S@eJ@aemuf rudkufnDaom awmfawmfrsm;rsm; awG@&yg
vdrfhr,f// 'DtcsuftvufawGudkawmh u|efawmftxl;raz:jyvdkyg
bl;// u|efawmfxuf Oya'u|rf;usifwJhyk*~dKvfrsm; ydkrdkod&Sd em;vnf
awmfrl=uygw,f// tJ'Dvdk Oya'ed'gef;rSm w&m;r#wjcif;/ nDr#jcif;/
vGwfvyfjcif;qdkwJh avmuygvw&m;awGudk xkwfaz:jyXmefxm;
vifhwpm; aemuftydk'fawGrSm 'Dw&m;awG&J@ tajccHeJ@ qef@usifae
wJh ta=umif;&if;[m u|efawmfwdk@twGuf txl;0rf;enf;p&m
w&yfjzpfygw,f// tajccHOya'udk jyefvnfjyifqifapcsifwJh qEN
jyif;jyif;jyjy ay:aygufvm&wmvJ 'Dta=umif;&if;a=umifhbJ jzpfyg
w,f//
tajccHOya'xJu ta=umif;jycsufwcsuftaeeJ@ az:jy&
r,fqdk&if tajccHOya'yk'fr(222)t&/ jynfr[m tjcm;jynf
e,frsm;enf;wl jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifwckjzpfayrJh tajccHOya'yk'fr
(*)t&/ tjcm;aomjynfe,frsm;tay:rSm jynfaxmifpktaeeJ@ pdk;rdk;
tm%mv$rf;vmvdk@ jynfe,frsm;[m wu,fbJ rausreyf jzpfcJh
357

&ygw,f// trSefrSm 'Dyk'fr&J@twGif; tESpfom&[m jynfr[m

e,fwe,ftjzpf jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifwOD;jzpfoifhayrJh jynfr[m
jynfaxmifpktm%mrsm;
vuf0,f&&Sd+yD;/
tJ'Dtm%mawGeJ@
jynfe,frsm;tay:rSm pdk;rdk;v$rf;+cHKvmw,fvdk@ jynfe,frsm;u
,Hk=unf=uygw,f//
'ga=umifh u|efawmfu aemufqHk;pwkwtcsuftaeeJ@
jynfe,frsm;&J@ qENudk xkwfaz:&ef wm0ef&SdonfESifhtnD u|efawmf
wdk@ vdkvm;awmif;wwJh jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk yHkpH[m
jynfe,fwdkif;[m wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;eJ@ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh
tay: tajccHjyKwJh jynfaxmifpkpepfrsdK; zGJ@pnf;a&; jzpfygw,f//
'Dvdkwef;wl&nfwltay: zGJ@pnf;a&;udk tajccHwJhtcgrSm &oifhaom
a'orsm;udk jynfe,fzGJ@pnf;ay;+yD;/ jynfrtwGufvJ jynfe,f
we,fzGJ@pnf;rSom wef;wla&;tajccH[m taumiftxnf ay:vm
ygvdrfhr,f// 'ga=umifh jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&; tzGJ@udk,fpm;
u|efawmfwdk@ vdkvm;aomjynfaxmifpkpepfzGJ@pnf;yHk ykHomefudk
wifjytpD&if cH&yg&if
(1) jynfrudk jynfe,fwe,fzGJ@pnf;a&;/
(2) v$wfawmf(2)&yf tm%mtwlay;a&;/
(3) vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfodk@ jynfe,fwdkif;/ jynfe,fwdkif;
wlnDaom udk,fpm;vS,fay;a&;/
(4) jynfe,frsm;u rdrdqENtav#muf v$Jtyfaom
tm%mrsm;udk jynfaxmifpkA[dt
k pdk;&odk@ uef@owf
ay;I
useftm%mrsm;udk
jynfe,frsm;wGif
xm;&Sda&;qdkwJh tajccHtay: jynfe,frsm; nD!Gwf
358

a&;tzGJ@u wifjyxm;wJh jynfaxmifpkpepfyHkpHtwdkif;

tajccHOya'rsdK; jyifqifapjcif;ygbJ//
av;pm;tyfaom obmywd}uD;eJ@wuG jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@0if
0ef}uD;prsm;cifAsm;/
jynfaxmifpkudk,pf m;vS,fawmfrsm;cifAsm;/
,ck
u|efawmfwifjyxm;wJh t"dutcsuf}uD;(4)csufjzpfwJh (1) jynfaxmifpk
jzpfay:vmyHk/ (2) jynfe,frsm;vuf&Sdtajctae/ (3) vuf&SdzGJ@pnf;tkyf
csKyfyHktajccHOya'/ (4) jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;a&;qdkwmawGudk tav;teuf
pOf;pm;a0zefydkif;jcm;+yD;/ u|efawmfwdk@jynfe,frsm;tay: rdom;pkpdwf"gwfeJ@
=unfh+yD;/ ajyvnfwJhtxd !SdESdKif;aqG;aEG; ajz&Sif;=uapvdkygw,f//
(14)ESpfausmfausmf }uHKawG@cHpm;vmcJh&wJh u|efawmfwdk@ jynfe,f
rsm;&J@ tajctaeawGudkvnf; odapvdkygw,f// u|efawmfhtaeeJ@ tckvdk
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@udk,fpm; wifjycGifh&&Sdwmudkvnf; txl;bJ
aus;Zl;wif0rf;ajrmufvSygw,f//
tcku|efawmfwdk@&J@
wifjycsuf[m
vGwfvyfa&; (14)ESpfwm vrf;c&D;&J@ tawG@t}uHKrsm;t& 'Dae@ avsmhaewJh
trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk jynfvnfcdkifrmpGm wnfaqmufEdkif&ef
twGuf txufygrltwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifaom jzpfajrmufatmifjrif
vdrfhr,fvdk@ tav;teuf ,Hk=unf+yD; wifjy&jcif; jzpfygw,f//
'ga=umifh tckvdk u|efawmfrsm; rdom;wpk/ rdom;pkpHkvif ESD;aESm
zvS,fyGJ}uD;xajrmuf taumiftxnfaz:ay;wJh 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekudk txl;
aus;Zl;wif0rf;ajrmufa=umif; ajymjy&if; u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpk}uD;&J@
jy\emudkvnf; txl;bJajz&Sif;ay;Edkif=uyg&ef wdkufwGef;ESdK;aqmf arwWm
&yfcHI jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHhcdkif+rJygap[k qkawmif;&if; ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f
cifAsm; //
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@udk,fpm; &Srf;jynf0ef}uD;p0fcGefcsdK wifjy
xm;aom tqdkudk
359

(1) 'l;0g;aZmfvGef; ucsifjynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,fuif;/

(2) OD;pdef u,m;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,fuif;/
(3) OD;xGef;jrifh &Srf;jynfe,fudk,pf m;vS,fuif;/
(4) uy`wdef ref;wHk;EHk; csif;txl;0daoowdkif;udk,fpm;vS,fuif;
toD;oD;axmufcH aqG;aEG;=uonf//
jrefrmEdkifiHvlrsdK;pHk jynfaxmifpkESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;udk 'kwd,ae@tjzpf
rwfv(1)&ufae@wGif qufvuf usif;yoGm;&ef owfrSwfvdkuo
f nf//
(1)

360

(0ef}uD;p0fcGefcsdK rdef@cGef;)

tcef; (17)
AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tm%modrf;+yD
orRw}uD; OD;odef;pdef
a':atmifqef;pk=unf
jrefrmjynfolrsm;ESifh vlrsdK;pkjynfolrsm;
'kwd,ae@ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;wGif twdkuftcHygwDrsm;jzpf=uaom
(zqyv)tzGJ@csKyfESifh (yrnw)tzGJ@. oabmxm;rsm; wifjy+yD;onfaemuf
(1) &yvz/ (2) yxptzGJ@udk,fpm;vS,f wOD;pDESifh twdkifyifcHtzGJ@udk,fpm;
a'gufwmOD;bOD;aqG;aEG;&efESifh
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;
wwd,ae@tjzpf
rwfv(7)&ufae@wGif qufvufusif;y&ef owfrSwfvu
dk fonf//
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;vHk; aqG;aEG;+yDonfhtcg 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek
em,utjzpfOD;aqmif+yD; (1) jynfe,frsm; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@rS udk,fpm;vS,
f(6)OD;/ (2) r'nwudk,fpm;vS,frS (3)OD;/ (3) zqyv udk,fpm;vS,frS (3)OD;/
(4) &yvzudk,fpm;vS,frS (3)OD;/ (5) yxpudk,fpm;vS,frS (3)OD;ESifh tpdk;&
twdkifyifcHtzGJ@0if vl}uD;rsm;yg0ifaom aumfrwDwckudkvnf; zGJ@pnf;oGm;
&ef owfrSwfvu
dk fonf//
'kwd,ae@tjzpf jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcHudk rwfv(1)&ufae@/ nOfhY
jynfvrf;&Sd toHvGifh&HkwGif usif;yonf// xdktpnf;ta0;odk@ jynfaxmifpk
u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyfrS u|efawmfwOD;wnf; wufa&mufygonf//
tcrf;tem;wGif tkef;Edk@acgufqGJjzifh {nfhy&dowfrsm;tm; {nfhcHau|;arG;
onf// xdkae@n. aESmif;ydkif; nOfhoef;acgifausmfv#if tm%modrf;rnfudk
361

orwvnf;rod/ 0ef}uD;csKyfvnf; rod&SmyJ tm%modrf;rnfh AdkvfcsKyf

ae0if;omodavonf// ,if;odk@ rwfv(2)&ufae@ tul;wGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;
u tm%modrf;vdkufaoma=umifh rwfv(7)&ufae@/ wwd,ae@odk@ quf&ef
rvdkawmhacs//
tm%modrf;onfhrwfv(1)&ufae@nwGif toufaoqHk;olrsm;rSm
orRwa[mif;ESifh anmifa&$apmfbGm;}uD;p0fa&$odku.
f
om;awmftrwf
(p0frDrD)ESifh rwfv(1)&ufae@wGif awmif}uD;rS oDaygodk@ jyefvmaom
oDaygapmfbGm;(p0f=umqdkif)rSm Axl;+rdK@ta&mufY ppfwyf. zrf;qD;owfjzwf
jcif;udk cHvdkuf&avonf//
AdkvfcsKyfae0if; (1962)ck/ rwfv(2)&ufae@wGif tm%modrf;pOfu
orRw}uD;ref;0if;armif/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek/ 0ef}uD;(1)rsm;jzpfaom ocifwif/
a'gufwmOD;{armif/ OD;&m&Spf/ OD;bapm/ ocifwifarmif/ OD;oGif/ &Srf;jynf
0ef}uD;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; p0fcGefcsdK/ orRwa[mif;anmifa&$apmfbGm;}uD;
p0fa&$odku/f u,m;jynf0ef}uD;p0f0/ a'gufwmapmvSxGef;/ OD;b+rdKif/
EdkifatmifxGef;/ w&m;ol}uD; csKyfOD;jrifhodef;/ jynfol@v$wfawmfOuU
ref;bqdkif/
vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfOuUp0fcGef=unf/
rdk;eJapmfbGm;p0fjynf/
vJjcm;apmfbGm;p0fEGH/ ordkif;crf;apmfbGm; p0fxGef;at;/ usdKif;wHkapmfbGm;
p0fqdkif;vHk/ rdkif;vGef;apmfbGm; p0fcGefudk;/ rdkif;cGefapmfbGm; p0f=unf/
aus;oD;ref;pHapmfbGm; p0fa&$rHk/ abmfapmfbGm; p0fcGefatmif/ vGdKifvHkapmfbGm;
p0frdk;ausmf/ yifw,apmfbGm; p0f0if;=unf/ &GmiHapmfbGm; p0fcGef&D/ rdkif;yef
apmfbGm; p0fa&$=unf/ pum;apmfbGm; p0fcGef!Gef@/ rdkif;vGefapmfbGm;
p0frefvpf/ p0fcGefxD;/ p0frefz(odEMdajrSmufydkif;trwf) p0fatmifzl;
(vGdKifvifta&S@ydkif;trwf)/ OD;&Da&mif; (usdKifwHkajrSmufydkif; trwf)/
OD;cGefaemf(usdKifwHkajrSmufydkif;trwf)/ OD;jzL(rdkif;yGeftrwf)/ OD;ausmfpdef
(ordkif;crf;trwf)/ OD;vGef; (pum;trwf)/ OD;trfaZmfv(uGwfcdkiftrwf)/
OD;pdef(u,m;)/ OD;xGef;jzifh(awmif}uD;)/ OD;=umyk/ OD;jrwfzl;/ OD;pdk;armif/
362

OD;cspfOD;/ OD;oef;wif/ OD;wifatmif pkpkaygif; (51)OD;wdk@udk zrf;qD;cJhonf//

xdkae@u tzrf;rcH&aom yk*~dKvfESpfOD;rSm iyvDurf;ajctyrf;ajzpcef;
odk@ a&mufaeaom AdkvfrSL;atmifESifhorRwtjzpfa&G;cs,f&ef vsmxm;+yD;
aom qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemifwdk@ jzpf=uonf// qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemifrSm
jrpf}uD;em;c&dkiftwGif;&Sd &Gmw&Gmodk@ a&muf&Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf//
tzrf;cH&aom acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;onf !Sif;yef;ESdyfpufrSKcH&ojzifh axmifxJ
wGifyif trsm;tjym; aoqHk;oGm;=uonf//
,if;ppfwyftm%modrf;,lonfh rwfv(2)&uf/ eHeuf(4)em&Dtcsdef
wGif ppfwyfonf orRwa[mif;anmifa&$apmf bGm;}uD;p0fa&$odkuaf exdkif
onfh aetdrf0dkif;+cHudk azguf0if+yD; av;bufav;wefrS pypfcwfojzifh
apmfbGm;}uD;om;awmf/ om;vwfp0frDrD(17)ESpf usqHk;oGm;onf//
(1)
(yifvHkpdwf"gwf&Sifoefaz:aqmifa&; ] p0frmudkbef;)

jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tpnf;ta0;wGif OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;)
wifoGif;aompmwef;
u|efawmfwdk@ vdkvm;aomjynfaxmifpkpepf
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk jyifqif=u&mY rludk rysufpD;
apbJ jyifqif=u&rnf[k tpdk;&u pnf;urf;owf(1) rSwfxm;onfhtwGuf
xdkrlESifhywfoufI jy\emay:cJhonf// tajccHOya'. rlqdkwm
bmvJ[kar;=ujref;=uonf// Oya'yg&*lwOD;u jrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;tkyf
csKyfyHktajccHOya'. rl[m qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHwnfaqmufa&;bJ jzpfonf[k
363

tajzay;onf// tcsdK@u tajccHOya'. ed'gef;onf tajccHOya'. rlyif

jzpfonf[k ajym=uonf//
txufygwdk@rSm jy\emtajztjynfhtpHkr[kw/f tpdwftydkif;om
jzpfonf[k u|efawmf,lqonf//
(1947)ckESpf/ ZGefv(16)&ufae@ wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfnDvmcHwGif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wifoGif;onfh vrf;!$efjyXmef;csuftqdkwGif yg&Sdaom
tcsuf(7)csufonfom tajccHOya'. rl rsm;jzpfygonf//

jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;
vuf&SdzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk xdkrl(7)csufESifhtnDt!Gwf
a&;qGJxm;a=umif; OD;Eku wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfnDvmcHwGif &Sif;vif;cJh+yD;
jzpfonf// xdk@a=umifh tajccHOya'rlESifhywfoufI u|efawmfwdk@onf
tjiif;yGm;aep&m/ pdwfwGif pEdk;paemifhjzpfaep&m rvdkawmhay//
vuf&SdtajccHOya'udk u|efawmfwdk@ vdkvm;aomjynfaxmifpk
pepfodk@ jyifqifajymif;vJ&mY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;csay;cJhaom tajccH
rlrsm;ESifhqef@usifp&m xdcdkufp&m[k u|efawmf,lqygonf//
(Constitution)udk jrefrmbmomjzifh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'[k ac:a0:xm;&m t"dy`g,ftjynfh t0az:jyxm;+yD;jzpfonf//
EdkifiHawmftm; b,fvdkyHkpHjzifh zGJ@pnf;I rl/ b,fvdkpnf;rsOf;jzifh
tkyfcsKyfrnfponfwdk@udk a&;qGJxm;aom tajccHOya'onf ( Constitution)
yif jzpfonf//
rpPwmatmfpwifu tajccHOya'onf tpdk;&taqmufttHku kd
wnfaqmufay;onf[kqdkonf// rpPwm'Dap;url EdkifiH.tcsKyftjcm
tm%mrsm;udk cGJa0&mwGifif;/ vufawG@usifho;Hk &mwGifif; wdkuf&dkuf
364

odk@wnf;r[kwf oG,f0dkufI oufqdkifapaom pnf;urf;Oya'tm;vHk;udk

tajccH Oya'[kac:a=umif; t"dy`g,faz:jyxm;.//
urBmhOya'ynm&Sifrsm;. t"dy`g,faz:jycsufrSm u|efawmfwdk@vdk
vl+ydef;rsm;tzdk@ odem;vnf&ef cufcJygonf// jrefrmtac:ta0:onfom
zwfvdku&f Hkjzifh t"dy`g,ftvHk;pHkudk iHkrdoGm;onf/ odem;vnf oGm;aponf[k
u|efawmf,lqygonf// a&S;acgrynm&Sifrsm;onf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkpepfudk
pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfol ta&twGuftay:rlwnfI cGJjcm;=uonf// tcsKyftjcm
tm%monf vlwOD;wa,mufxHwGif xm;&Sdv#if {u&mZfpepf
(Monarchy)[k ac:wGif=u+yD;/ vlwpkxHwGif xm;&Sdv#if t&pPwdkua&pD
(Aristocracy)[k ac:wGif=uonf// vlrsm;pkwGif tcsKyftjcmtm%m
tyfESHxm;aompepfudk ay:vDwD odk@r[kwf 'Drdkua&pD[k ac:wGif=uonf//
{u&mZfpepfESifh t&pPwdkua&pDwdk@onf urBmajrjyifrSm wjznf;jznf;
wdrfaumyaysmufcJ+yD; jzpfonf//
rsufarSmufacwf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkpepfrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDESifhtm%m
&Sifpepf (2)rsdK;om awG@Edkifayawmhonf// 'Drdkua&pDpepfonfvnf;
wdkif;jynfwjynfESifhwjynf rwluGJjym;jcm;em;=uonf// 'Drdkua&pDtrsdK;rsdK;
trnfemrtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh ac:wGif=uonf// Oyrm - qdkAD,uf'Drdkua&pD/
jynfol@'Drdkua&pD/ 'Drdkua&pDopf/ qdk&S,fvpf'Drdkua&pD/ taemufwdkif;
'Drdkua&pD/ r=umrDu tif'dkeD;&Sm; orRwqlumEdku (Guided Democracy)
yJhudkif'Drdkua&pD[k xGifvdkujf yefonf//
tm%m&SifpepfwGifvnf; vlwef;pm;ay:wGif tajccHI zufqpf
tm%m&Sifpepf/ ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf/ jynfol@'Drdkua&pDtm%m&Sif
pepf[I
l uGJjym;avonf// r=umao;rDu tcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;wGif ppftm%m
&Sifpepfonf acwfpm;vmonf//

365

'Drdkua&pDqdkwm
tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfoljynfom;rsm;xHwGif wnf&Sdv#if
omreftm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pD[I
l em;vnf=uonf// odk@&mwGif t&G,fa&muf
olwdkif; rJqENay;I tpdk;&tzGJ@tm; a&G;aumuf wifajrSmufcGifh&jcif;tm;jzifh
'Drdkua&pDonf jynfh0+yD[k r,lqEdkifao;ay/ a&G;aumufwifajrSmufxm;
aom tpdk;&tzGJ@tm; jynfoljynfom;rsm;u wenf;enf;jzifh jyefvnf
csKyfudkifxm;EdkifrS 'Drdkua&pDonf jynfhpHkonf[k qdkEdkifavonf//
'Drdkua&pDudk vufawG@usifho;Hk &mY 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH[I
l ac:wGifaom
EdkifiHrsm;wGifyif wEdkifiHESifhwEdkifiH wlnDrSKr&Sd=uacs// t*FvefwGif usifho;Hk
aom 'Drdkua&pDonf tar&duefwGif usifho;Hk aom 'Drdkua&pDESifh jcm;em;
onf// xdkenf;wlpGm urBmay:wGif 'Drdkua&pDtjynfhtpHkqHk;qdkonfh
qGpfZmvef EdkifiHwGif usifho;Hk onfh 'Drdkua&pDrSm t*Fvef/ tar&duefwkd@wGif
usifo
h Hk;onfh 'Drdkua&pDESifhrwljcm;em;jyefonf//
wzeft*Fvef/ jyifopf/ tar&duef/ qGpfZmveftp&Sdonfh taemuf
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGif usifho;Hk onfh 'Drdkua&pDESifhta&S@'Drdkua&pD[kac:onfh
qdkAD,uf,leD,HESifh jynfol@'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGif usifhoHk;onfh 'Drdku&pDESifh
tajccHtm;jzifh jcm;em;jyefonf//

'Drdkua&pDzGJ@pnf;yHkpepf
'Drdkua&pDtay: tajccHI zGJ@pnf;xm;aom tkyfcsKyfyHkpepfrsm;wGif
(Federal)ac: jynfaxmifpkpepfESifh(Unitary)ac: wjynfaxmifpHepf(0g)
tpdk;&wzGJ@wnf;[lI (2)rsdK; (2)pm; &Sd=uonf//
qdkAD,uf,leD,H/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ qGpfZmvef/ uae'g/
,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;/ =opa=w;vD;,m;tp&Sdonfh EdkifiHrsm;rSm jynfaxmifpk
pepfjzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;=uonf// +Adwdef/ jyifopf/ b,fvf*sD,H/ csufudk
366

qvdkaA;vD;,m;/ tDwvD/ w&kwf jynfponfwdk@rSm wjynfaxmifpHepf (0g)

tpdk;& wzGJ@pHepfjzifh zGJpnf;xm;=uonf//

jynfaxmifpkpHepf
jynfaxmifpkpHepfqdkonfrSm tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfaom
EdkifiHrsm;/ wef;wl&nfwl qENtav#muf yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;um A[dkjynfaxmif
pkESifhjynfe,frsm;ta=umif; tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;rsm; twdtus cGJa0ay;
xm;aom pHepfjzpfonf//
yx0Dtaetxm;jcm;em;rSKa=umifhif;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tusdK;
rwlnDrSKa=umifhif;/ vlrsdK;a&;uGJjym;jcm;em;rSKa=umifhif; jynfaxmifpkpHepfudk
a&G;cs,fzGJ@pnf;=uonf//
jynfaxmifpkpHepfwGif yg0ifzGJ@pnf;aom jynfe,frsm;. vlOD;a&
tenf;trsm;/ e,ftus,ft0ef;ponfwdk@onf wef;wlnDr#rSKtwGuf
twm;tqD;jzpfp&m ta=umif;r&Sdacs//
u|efawmfwdk@ &Srf;jynfwGif Armonf vlOD;a&;rsm;jym;I ArmESifh
aygif;v#if tpOft+rJ epfemaernf[k ,lqolrsm;&SdbdouJhodk@ jrefrmjynf
wGifvnf; e,fpyfa'ojynfe,frsm;wGif vlOD;a&tvGefenf;ojzifh ArmESifh
wef;wltcGifhta&; ray;xdkuf[k ,lqolrsm;&Sd=uonf//
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif eDAm;'g;jynfe,fonf vlOD;a&woef;
ydkydkom &Sdonf// 0dkif,dkrif;ESifh 'Jvm;0J,m;wGif ESpfodef;cGJpDom &Sd=uonf//
e,l;a,mufjynfe,frSm (13)oef;cGJ&Sdonf//

367

tm%mcGJa0enf;
qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpkwGifvnf; (CANTON)ac: jynfe,f(22)ck
&Sdonfhteuf Zl;&pfESifhbef; jynfe,frsm;rSm e,f}uD;rsm;jzpf+yD; aA;av;rSm
e,fi,fuav;omjzpfonf//
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGifvnf;
&k&Sm;jynfe,fpkorRwEdkifiHonf
tvGef}uD;rm;+yD; tufpwdk;eD; ,m;orRwEdkifiHrSm tvGefao;i,fygonf//
jynfe,ft}uD;ti,f/ vlOD;a&;tenf;trsm;rSm jynfaxmifpkpHepf
zGJ@pnf;a&;wGif ta&;r}uD;yg// A[dkjynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESifhjynfe,ftpdk;&
t=um; tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;rsm; r#r#wwcGJa0rSKomv#if ta&;}uD;
ygonf//
jynfaxmifpkpHepfwGif tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;cGJa0yHk cGJa0enf;rSm
(3)rsdK; (3)pm;&Sdonf//
(1) jynfaxmifpkppfppfEdkifiHrsm;wGif (Extreme type of federal
system)A[djk ynfaxmifpktm; trsm;ESifhqdkifaom tm%mESifh
tcGifhta&;rsm;om ay;xm;+yD; useftm%mESifhtcGifhta&;
rsm;tm;vHk; (Residual Powers)udk jynfe,frsm;wGif
tyfESif;xm;onf//
(2) jynfaxmifpkrppfwppfEdkifiHrsm;/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk
taysmhpm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif (Weak type of federal system)
jynfe,frsm;tm; toifhtwifh tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;rsm;
cGJa0ay;+yD;
useftm%mESifhtcGifh
ta&;tm;vHk;udk
A[dkjynfaxmifpku odrf;ydkufxm; onf//
Oyrm ] uae'g/ awmiftz&dujynfaxmifpk/ jynfaxmif
pkjrefrmEdkifiH//
368

(3)

A[dkjynfaxmifpktwGuf oD;oef@tm%mrsm;ESifh jynfe,f

rsm;twGuf oD;oef@tm%m rsm;[lI cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;
onfomru
A[dkjynfaxmifpka&m
jynfe,frsm;yg
aqmif&GufEdkifonfh tm%mrsm;(Concurrent Powers)[lI
owfrSwfxm;onf//
Oyrm ] qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk/ ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;//
,if;odk@ (3)rsdK; (3)pm;tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;rsm; cGJa0=uaomfvnf;
rnfonfhtrsdK;tpm; jynfaxmifpkbJjzpfjzpf jynfe,frsm;twGuf cGJa0
xm;aom tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;rsm;udk A[djk ynfaxmifpkrS 0ifa&muf
pGufzufcGifh r&Sdacs// wenf;tm;jzifh jynfe,frsm;. jynfwGif;a&;udpPrsm;udk
0ifa&mufcs,fvS,fcGifh r&Sdacs// wenf;tm;jzifh jynfe,frsm;onf vHk;0
udk,yf dkiftkyfcsKyfa&; &&Sd=uonf//
oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkpHepfwGif jynfe,frsm;onf
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;(Complete
Autonomy)
&&Sd=uonfqdkaomfvnf;
jynfaxmifpkrppfwppfpHepf (0g) jynfaxmifpktaysmhpm;pHepfwGif jynfe,f
rsm;onf tcGifhtm%mrsm; tvGefenf;yg;+yD;/ tiftm;enf;vGef;onfh
twGuf jynfe,ftqifhrS ymqufEdkifiH(Vassal State)tjzpfodk@if;/
vufatmufcHe,fy,f(Province)tqifho@dk if; usa&mufukef=uonf//
Oyrm ] uae'g/ jrefrm/ awmiftmz&du/
jynfaxmifpkpHepfqdkonfhtwdkif; oD;jcm;jynfaxmifrsm;pkaygif;xm;
&m jynfaxmifpktpdk;&[lIif;/ jynfe,ftpdk;&[lIif;/ jynfaxmifpk
ygvDref[lIif;/ jynfe,fygvDref[I
l if;/ jynfaxmifpkw&m;&Hk;[lIif;/
jynfe,fw&m;&Hk;[lIif; oD;jcm;pD &Sd=u&avonf//
jynfe,frsm;onf ,if;uJho@dk oD;jcm;tpdk&(tkyfcsKyfa&;)/ oD;jcm;
ygvDref(Oya'jyKa&;)/ oD;jcm;w&m;&Hk; (w&m;pD&ifa&;)rsm;xm;&Sd+yD; vHk;0
369

udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; &Sdjcif;onfyif jynfaxmifpkpHepf. t"dutESpfom&

jzpfayonf//

jynfaxmifpkygvDref
jynfaxmifpkygvDrefrsm;wGif v$wfawmf(2)&yfyg0if=up+rJjzpfonf//
xdkv$wfawmf(2)&yfudk wdkifjynftrsdK;rsdK;wGif trnfemrtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh ac:wGif
=uonf// vG,fulap&ef txufv$wfawmfESifh atmufv$wfawmf[I
l yif
ac:a0:=uygpdk@//
atmufv$wfawmfudk vlOD;a&;ay: tajcwnfI a&G;aumuf
wifajrSmuf=uonf// (Proportional Representation) jynfe,frsm;onf
vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;tvdkuf trwfOD;a&;apv$wfcGifh&=uonf/ txufv$wf
awmfonf jynfe,frsm; }uD;onf-i,fonfr[l/ wlnDaom trwfOD;a&
apv$wf=uonf// txufv$wfawmfonf jynfe,f}uD;u jynfe,fi,f
rsm;tm;}uD;Edkifi,f!SOf;qJrsdK; r&Sdap&ef atmufv$wfawmftm; rJwif;ay;&ef
twGuf zGJ@pnf;jcif;jzpfonf// wenf;tm;jzifh jynfe,frsm;tm; umuG,f&ef
zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf//
xdk@a=umifh v$wfawmf(2)&yfudk oabmw&m;tm;jzifh wef;wl&nfwl
tcGifhtm%mwlxm;=uonf// odk@&mwGif vufawG@tm;jzifh v$wfawmf(2)&yf
onf tcGifhtm%mcsif;rwl=uay//
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif txufv$wfawmfonf atmufv$wf
awmfxufydkI tcGifhtm%m&Sdonf// ydkI*k%f&Sdonf// atmufv$wfawmf
trwfrsm;onf wae@wGif txufv$wfawmftrwfjzpfap&ef ar#mfrSef;=u
onf//

370

qdkAD,uf,leD,HESifhqGpfZmvefwGif oabmw&m;a&m vufawG@yg

v$wfawmf(2)&yfonf wef;wl&nfwl&Sd=uonf// wlnDaomtcGifhtm%m&Sd
=uonf//
usef&Sdaom jynfaxmifpkrsm;(uae'g/ =opa=w;vD;,m;/ awmif
tmz&du/ jrefrmEdkifiH)wGif atmufv$wfawmfonf txufv$wfawmfxuf
tm%mydkI&Sdonf// tajccHOya'wGif aiGOya'=urf;rsm; atmufv$wfawmf
wGifom pwifwifoGif;&rnf[k jyXmef;xm;onf// jrefrmEdkifiHtajccH
Oya'wGif xdkxufuJI jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf atmufv$wfawmfudkom
wm0efcHa=umif; jyXmef;xm;onf//
txufv$wfawmfodk@ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif jynfe,fwe,f
v#if trwf(2)OD;pDif;/ uae'gjynfaxmifpkwGif trwf(24)OD;pDif;/
qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpkwGif
trwf(2)OD;pDif;/
=opa=w;vD;,m;
jynfaxmifpkwGif trwf(6)OD;pDif;/ awmiftmz&dujynfaxmifpkwGif
trwf(8)OD;pDif; toD;oD;apv$wfcGifh&Sd=uonf//
jrefrmjynfwGif (rl)ESifh tcsdK;tpm;r&Sday//

jynfaxmifpktpdk;&
jynfaxmifpktpdk;wGif orRwtm; tm%mtvHk;pHk tyfESif;aom
tpdk;&ESifh ygvDreftm; tm%mtyfESif;aom tpdk;&[lI (2)rsdK; (2)pm;
&Sdonf//
tar&duefjynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf orRwtm; tm%mtyfESif;
aom
tpdk;&trsdK;tpm;jzpf+yD;/
tjcm;jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rsm;onf
ygvDreftm; tm%mtyfESif;aomtpdk;&trsdK;tpm;jzpf=uonf//

371

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkorRwa&G;aumufyHk
a&G;aumufenf;rSm
urBmay:wGif rnfonfhEdkifiHESifhrSrwl wrljcm;ayonf// tar&duef
orRwa&G;aumufyHk a&G;aumufenf;udka&S@wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
ta=umif; avhvmonfhtcg tus,faz:jyygOD;rnf//
tar&dueforRwonf jynfaxmifpkygvDrefv$wfawmfw&yf&yf.
trwfjzpf&efrvdk/ wdkif;ol jynfom;u wdkuf&dkufa&G;aumufwifajrSmufonf//
orRwonf rdrd.tpdk;&tzGJ@udk rdrdpdwf}udKuftwdkif; trwfr[kwfolrsm;
xJrS cef@tyfxm;onf// orRwtpdk;&onf ygvDreftm; wm0efrcHay//
ygvDref. Oya'=urf;ESifhjyXmef;csufrsm;udk y,fcs&ef orRwwGif ADwdt
k m%m
&Sdavonf// orRwu ADwdktm%mjzifh y,fcsvdkufaom Oya'=urf;rsm;udk
v$wfawmf(2)&yfu (3)yHk (2)yHkrJjzifh jyefI qHk;jzwfv#if orRwu oabm
rwlaomfvnf; twnfjzpfavonf// Tenf;jzifh orRwtm%mudk
ygvDrefu odrf;uGyfxm;onf// tjcm;jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rsm;onf ygvDref
tm; tm%mtyfESif;aom tpdk;&rsm;jzpfonf// tpdk;&tzGJ@onf ygvDreftm;
wm0efcH&onf// wenf;tm;jzifh tpdk;&tzGJ@onf ygvDref. tm%m
atmufwGif&Sdonf//
0ef}uD;csKyfESifh0ef}uD;rsm;onf
ygvDreftrwfrsm;
jzpf&onf// ygvDrefwGif rJqENtrsm;pk. axmufcHrSK&rSom tpdk;&tzGJ@onf
wnfwHhcdkif+rJEdkifavonf//

jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifrSK
urBmay:&Sd jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm;wGif (jrefrmjynfrSty) A[dkjynf
axmifpkESifhjynfe,frsm;twGuf w&m;&Hk;rsm;oD;jcm;&Sd=uonf// A[dkjynf
axmifpktwGuf tjrifhqHk;w&m;&Hk;(w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf)rS aemufqHk;w&m;
&Hk;txd wpifwzGJ@&SdouJo
h dk@ jynfe,frsm;wGifvnf; tjrifhqHk;w&m;&Hk;
(w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf)rS aemufqHk;w&m;&Hk;txd wpifwzGJ@oD;jcm;pD &Sd=u
onf//
jynfaxmifpkw&m;&Hk;rsm;onf
jynfaxmifpkESifhoufqdkifaom
372

trSKudpPrsm;udkom w&m;pD&if=u+yD; jynfe,fw&m;&Hk;rsm;odk@ 0if a&muf

pGufzufjcif; rjyK=uay// jynfe,ftwGif; w&m;pD&ifrSKonf jynfe,fw&m;
v$waf wmfcsKyfrsm;wGifyif tqHk;owf=uonf//

tajccHOya'jyifqifenf;
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jyifqifjcif;ESifhywfoufI tajccHOya'
udk (2)rsdK; (2)pm;cGJjcm; =uonf// tajccHOya'udk tjcm;Oya'rsm;jyKouJhodk@
ygvDrefrS tvG,fwuljyifqifEdkifv#if if;tajccHOya'udk jyifqifvG,fap
aom tajccHOya'(Flexible Constitution)[kac:onf +AdwdefjynfESifhtDwvD
jynfwGif tajccHOya'udk omrefOya'rsm; twnfjyKjyifqifouJhodk@ ygvD
refu jyifEdkifaom tm%m&Sd=uonf//
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif (Oyrm tar&duef/ jyifopf/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H/
qGpfZmvef/ jrefrmEdkifiH) tajccHOya'udk tjcm;Oya'rsm;enf;wl jyifqifEdkif
cGifh r&Sdacs//
tajccHOya'jyifqifEdkifaomenf;udk tajccHOya'wGif txl;owf
rSwfjyXmef;xm;avonf// xdktajccHOya'rsdK;udk =uyfwnf;aom tajccH
Oya'(Rigid Constitution)[k ac:wGif=uonf//
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH tajccHOya'rsm;udk txl;ojzifh tvG,f
wuljyifqifjcif; rjyKEdkif&ef jyXmef;xm;=uonf// xdka=umifh jynfaxmifpk
ygvDref tajccHOya'rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzihf =uyfwnf;aom tajccH
Oya'rsm; jzpf=uonf//

373

cGJxGufcGifh
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHqdkonfrSm
vGwfvyfaomjynfaxmifpkrsm;qEN
tav#muf
yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfay&m/
oabmw&m;tm;jzifh
qENtav#muf jyefvnfcGJxGufEdkifcGifhvnf; &Sd&ayrnf// odk@aomf ,ck
rsufarSmufumvwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,H/ ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpkESifh
jrefrmjynfaxmifpkwdk@. tajccHOya'rsm;wGifom jynfe,frsm; cGJxGuv
f dku
cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm; jyXmef;az:jyxm;avonf//

wjynfaxmifpHepf
u|efawmfwkd@vdkvm;aom jynfaxmifpkppfppfrsdK;rSr&v#if vuf&Sd
jynfaxmifpkrppfwppftwdkif; qufaernfhtpm; cGJxGuf+yD; oD;jcm;
orRwEdkifiHxlaxmifv#if xlaxmif/ odk@r[kwf (Unitary)ac: wjynfaxmif
pepfvkyfypfvdkuf[I
l pdwfvu
dk frmefyg ajymqdkaomyk*~dKvftcsdK@ &Srf;jynfwGif
&Sd=uonf//
(Unitary)ac: wjynfaxmifpepf(0g)tpdk;&wzGJ@qdkonfrSm tm%mESifh
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk A[kdtpdk;&onf wOD;wnf;tm%mydkiftjzpfjzifh toHk;jyK
onf// rdrdoabmav#muf a'oEW&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;+yD; tm%m
tyfESif;vdku tyfESif;Edkifonf// a'oEW&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm;odk@ tyfESif;
xm;aom tm%mrsm;udkvnf; tcsdefra&G; jynfvnf&kyfodrf;Edkifavonf//
a'oEW&tkyfcsKyfa&;rxm;bJ wdkif;rif;}uD;/ c&dkif0efrsm;rSwqifh tkyfcsKyfap
vdkuvnf; tkyfcsKyfapEdkifavonf// wenf;tm;jzifhqdkv#if wjynfaxmif
pepfwGif a'oEW&tpdk;&onf A[dktpdk;&. vufckwfwGif;rS a&uJho@dk oGefv kd
oGef/ arSmufvdkarSmufEdkifaomb0wGif usa&mufaeonf// usm;oem;rS
EGm;csrf;om b0rsdK;yifjzpfonf// wjynfaxmifpHepfrSm oabmw&m;a&;
tm;jzifh ,if;odk@jzpfaomfvnf; vufawG@tkyfcsKyf=u&mwGif +Adwdef/ jyifopf/
374

b,fvf*sD,HEdkifiHrsm;&Sd a'oEW& tpdk;&rsm;onf tar&duef jynfaxmifpk&Sd

jynfe,frsm;enf;wl udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrsm; &&Sdae=uonf[k qdk=u
onf//
wjynfaxmifpepfonf vuf&SdjrefrmjynfaxmifpktwGuf b,fenf;
ESifhr# roifhavsmfay// ArmjynfrwGif vlrsdK;}uD;0g'v$rf;rdk;aeor#uvmywf
vHk; wjynfaxmifpepfonf atmifjrifvdrfhrnf r[kwaf y// tajctaeydkIyif
qd;k oGrf;apvdrfhrnf//

zg;wydkif;ig;wydkif; jynfaxmifpk
awmif}uD;jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcHwGif
OD;xGef;jrifhwifoGif;aom
pmwef;av;apmifteuf yxrwapmifrSm jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;
pmwef;jzpfI 'kwd,pmwef;rSm vuf&SdjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtm; vufawG@
usus qef;ppfa0zefxm;aom pmwef;yifjzpfonf// odk@jzpfI jynfaxmifpk
ppfppfr[kwfyJ zg;wydkif;ig;wydkif; jynfaxmifpktjzpf ac:qdkxm;avonf//

zg;wydkif;ig;wydkif;
u|efawmfwdk@
jynfaxmifpktajccHOya'udk
tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;cGJa0enf;(3)enf;jzifh
pHcsdefudk
=unfhv#if
jynfaxmifpkrppfwppftrsdK;tpm; (0g) jynfaxmifpktaysmhpm;jzpfa=umif;
txufwGif az:jycJh+yD; jzpfygonf// odk@&mwGif xyfavmif;I zGJ@pnf;yHk
yHkpHESifhcsdefxdk;=unfhygrl jynfaxmifpk taysmhpm;yif r[kwaf wmhbJ zg;wydkif;
ig;wydkif;pepftjzpf awG@jrif&ayrnf// u|efawmfwdk@wGif usOf;ajrmif;aom
vlrsdK;a&;0g'w&m;zHk;v$rf;aeI ,if;uJhodk@ awG@jrif=uonf r[kwfyg//
375

(1947)ckESpf/ wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif tajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ

=upOftcg tajccHOya't}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhaom (0g)
tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif t"duwm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhaom ,ckEdkifiHawmf
w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfw&m;0ef}uD;tjzpf aqmif&Gufv#uf&Sdol owdk;r[m
oa&pnfolOD;csefxGef;uu|efawmfwdk@&J@
tajccHOya'[m
oabmw&m;tm;jzifh
jynfaxmifpkpHepfjzpfayrJh vufawG@wGif wjynfaxmifpHepf jzpfygw,f[k
ajymjya=umif;/ &efukefwuUodkvf&mZ0if ygarmuQa[mif; wifhum; (Hugh
Tinker)u ol.jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf(The Union of Burma) pmtkyf
wGif xkwfaz:a&;om;xm;onf//
( The Constitution Advisor, Chan Htoon observed much later that
"Our Constitution though in theory federal, is in practive Unitary")

xdka=umifh zg;wydkif;ig;wydkif;pHepfrSm u|efawmfwdk@. tjrifouf

oufr[kwf OD;csefxGef;vdkyk*~dKvfuvnf; xkwfaz:0ef cHxm;+yD;jzpfonf//
,if;uJho@dk jzpf&jcif;rSm rawmfwqa=umifhvnf;r[kwf u|efawmfwdk@vlrsdK;pk
rsm;u vdkvm;aoma=umifhvnf; r[kwfay// EdkifiHa&;tawG@t}uHKenf;yg;+yD;
Oya'ynmem;rvnfaom u|efawmfwdk@tm; Armacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh Oya'
ynm&Sifrsm;u vSnfhpmvdkufwmbJ[k u|efawmfwdk@ xifjrifvm
=uygonf//
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;ae=upOfwHk;u vGwfvyf+yD;onfhaemuf
rnfonfhyHkpHrsdK;jzifh wdkif;jynfudk wnfaqmuf=urnfenf;[k awG;awm
}uHqonfhtcg ArmtrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf Armjynfvdk wdkif;jynf
i,fuav;tbdk@ vlrsdK;pkrsm; tcGJcGJtjcrf;jcrf; tkyfcsKyfonfhrludk r}udKuf=uyg/
wpnf;wvHk;wnf;/ yHkpHrsdK;wnf;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;rsdK; wenf ;tm;jzifh
wjynfaxmifpHepftpdk;&wrsdK;wpm;pHepf(Unitary)udk vdkvm;=uonf//
376

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u u|efawmfwdk@tm; wpnf;wvHk;wnf;om

(5)ESpfpDrHudef; (2)}udrfajrmuf aqmif&Gufvu
dk f&v#if tm;vHk;wdk;wufrnf//
Armjynfrxufwqifh edrfhusaeaom e,fpyfa'o&Sd vlrsdK;pkrsm;onfvnf;
ArmESifhwef;wlwdk;wufvmrnf[k ,Hk=unfa=umif; ajymjybl;ygonf//
u|efawmfwdk@ (&yv)acgif;aqmifrsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
&dk;om;aomapwemudk ,Hk=unf=uonf/ av;pm;=uonf// odk@aomf
&Srf;trsdK;om;rsm;taeESifh tajctaeu wrsdK;jzpfae=uygonf//
&Srf;vlrsdK;ESifhArmvlrsdK;onf vlrsdK;jcif;rwljcm;em;onf/ &Srf;jynf
a'oESifhArmjynfa'oonf ukef;jyifjrifhESifh ajrjyef@jcm;em;onf// &mZ0ift&
&Srf;rsm;onf Armrsm;tay: pdk;&drf=uonf// ouFmruif;&Sd=uonf// tESpf
(60)ausmf e,fcsJ@orm;. aoG;cJGrSKa=umifh aoG;uGJae=uonf// vGwfvyfa&;
}udK;yrf;ae=upOf e,fcsJ@jAL&dku&ufacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; Armolv#dKawG
Armudka&mif;pm;olawG[I
l apmfbGm;tcsdK@u pGyfpGJaecsdefvnf; jzpfonf//
u|efawmfwdk@onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. apwemudkif;/ jynfaxmif
pHepfrludkif; oHo,r&Sd=uyg// AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom ArmjynfESifh
u|efawmfwdk@ &Srf;jynftm; wjynfaxmifpHepft& yl;aygif;apumrl u|efawmf
wdk@tbdk@ pdk;&drfylyefp&mr&Sd[k u|efawmfwdk@,lqonf// vlyk*~dKvfydkif;
tajctaet& xdko@dk jzpfaomfvnf; wu,fhjzpf&yftajctaet&qdkv#if
jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;uv$JI tjcm;rjzpfEdkif[k u|efawmfwdk@ (&yv)u
qHk;jzwf=uonf//
u|efawmfwdk@ (&yv)u atmufygjynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;udk
a[majymyGJrsm;jzifhif;/ pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzifhif; &Srf;jynftESH@tjym;odk@
csjyvdkufonf//

377

jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;
(1) ArmjynfrESifhjynfaxmifpkpHepft& yl;aygif;rnf/
(2) ,if;odk@ yl;aygif;onfhtcg (u) tcGifhta&;ESifh tqifhtwef;wl jzpf&rnf/
(c) &Srf;jynftm; vHk;0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ay;&rnf/
(*) cGJxGuv
f dku tcsdefra&G; cGJxGucf Gifh ay;&rnf/
(3) A[dktpdk;&tm; atmufygXmersm; v$Jtyfay;rnf/
(u) EdkifiHjcm;a&;/
(c) umuG,fa&;/
(*) pmwdkufESifha=u;eef;/
(C) vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;/
(i) aiGpuULESifhaiG'*Fg;xkwfvkyfa&;/
(p) qdyfurf;taumufawmfcGef/
(&yv). jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;onf &Srf;jynfvlxktwGif;
euf&SdKif;pGm 0ifoGm;onf// Armqdkv#if tvGefrkef;+yD; ArmjynfESifhraygif;
vdkaom yk*~dKvfrsm;uyifv#if Tjynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;udk vufcH
vm=uonf// (&yv). jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;onf &Srf;jynfe,f edrdwfrS
ausmfvGefum e,fpyfa'owav#mufvHk;odk@ jyef@ESH@oGm;cJhonf// &Srf;/ ucsif/
csif;acgif;aqmifrsm; yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;aom awmifwef;om;pnf;vH;k
nD!Gwfa&; OD;pD;tzGJ@csKyf (S.C.O.U.H.P)uvnf; jynf axmifpkoabm
w&m;udk vufcHvm=uonf//
378

jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;. tESpfom&onf emrnfausmfyifvHk

pmcsKyfwGif ygvm&onf// +Adwdo#avbmtrwf&dpf0DvsHacgif;aqmifaom
e,fpyfa'opHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sif. tpD&ifcHpmwGifvnf; jynfaxmifpkoabm
w&m;udk a&S@wef;xkwfI az:jyxm;onf//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tp/ OD;Ektv,f/ OD;csefxGef;tqHk; ArmtrsdK;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm;uawmh jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;udk r}udKuf=uyg// OD;baz/
a'gufwmAarmf/ ocifApdefwdk@vdk vusFm*dk%f;om;rsm;uvnf; r}udKuf=uyg//
od@k aomf OD;aqmifqef;ESifhOD;Ekwkd@ESifhOD;baz/ OD;barmfwdk@. tajccHapwem
csif;rSm jcm;em;=uygonf// vlrsdK;pkrsm;. jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;udk
y,fzsufI r&Edkifawmhyg//
wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u tajccHOya'
vrf;!$efjyXmef;csuf tqdkwifoGif;onfhtcg tydk'f(2)wGif jynfaxmifpk
oabmw&m;udk xnfhoGif;xm;&avonf// odk@aomf AdkvfcsKyfwdk@
usqHk;oGm;+yD;aemuf tajccHOya'udk t+yD;owfa&;qGJ=uonfhtcg u|efawmf
wdk@tm; rvdrfhwywfESyfvdkufonf[k u|efawmfawmh pGJpGJ+rJ+rJ,lqaeqJ
jzpfonf//
toGiftm;jzifh
u|efawmfwdk@e,fpyfa'otm;
ESpfodrfhap&ef
jynfaxmifpktoGifay;xm;+yD; tESpfom&tm;jzifh wwfEdkifor# wjynf
axmifpHepfjzpf&ef zefwD;xm;onf[k u|efawmfxifonf//
OD;csefxGef;u jynfe,frsm;tc%f;/ cGJxGufcGifhtc%f;rsm; tajccH
Oya'wGif yg0ifxnfhoGif;xm;jcif; ta=umif;ESifhywfouf+yD; EdkifiHa&;/
tkyfcsKyfa&;t& trSefvdktyfI r[kwfa=umif; e,fpyfa'oacgif;aqmif
rsm;. oHo,pdwfudk av#mhyg;ap&eftwGufomjzpfa=umif; Armrsm;tay:
ESpfy&dap>' =um&SnfpGm pGJpGJ+rJ+rJxm;&Sdvmaom r,HkouFmpdwfrsm;udk
awmifay:om;rsm;onf &kwfw&ufpGef@v$wfEdkifjcif; r&Sda=umif;/ xdkrouFm
pdwfrsm;udk ukpm;aomenf;wenf;omjzpfa=umif;[lI ajym=um;a=umif;
379

jzifh ygarmuQa[mif;wifhumu ol.pmtkyfwGif qufvufaz:jyxm;

avonf//
xdkr#ru OD;csefxGef;onf wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif u|efawmfwdk@
,ckvuf&Sd tajctae rsm;udk axmufxm;aomtm;jzifh tpdk;&wzGJ@wnf;u
tkyfcsKyfwm[m b,favmufbJ aumif;w,fqdkwm u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk;
,Hk=unf=uapumrl ,cktcsdefrSmjzpfv#if jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHudkomv#if
zGJ@pnf;bdk@&mjzpfaeygw,f[lIif;/ wzeffqufvuf+yD; u|efawmfwdk@
tm;vHk;u
odyf+yD;rESpf+cdKufaomfvnf;
,ckvuf&Sdtajctaet&
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwnfcJh&wJhtwGuf aemifudk tajctaet& wOD;wnf;
tpdk;&/ wzGJ@wnf;utkyfcsKyfwJh EdkifiHrsdK;[m ydk+yD;vdkvm;tyfw,f/ Armjynfudk
=unfhvdkuv
f #if urBmESifhpmv#if tifrwefi,fvdk@ aemifudktpdk;&wzGJ@
wnf;ESifhjzpfEdkifwJh (Unitary)EdkifiHrsdK;udk jzpfcsifygw,fqdkv#if jynfe,fawGu
oabmwlv#if u|efawmfwdk@ zefwD;oGm;bdk@&efonf Oya'rSm yg&Sdygw,f
[lIif; &Sif;vif;ajymjyoGm;cJhygonf//
tajccHOya't}uHay;t&m&Sdjzpf+yD; tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif t"du
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom OD;csefxGef;onf jynfaxmifpkpHepfudk tb,fr#
rvdkvm; rESpf+cdKufonfudk ol.pum;rsm;jzifh ay:vGifapygonf//
e,fpyfa'orS vlrsdK;pkrsm;qENjyif;jyIif;/ rv$Jra&SmifomIif;
wenf;tm;jzifh e,fpyfa'orS vlrsdK;pkrsm; oHo,uif;ap&ef &aohpdwf
ajzjyKEdkif&eftwGuf jynfaxmifpkyHkpHudk xnfhoGif;xm;ay;jcif; jzpfonf//
odk@aomf Armacgif;aqmifrsm;. vdktifqENtwdkif; wjynfaxmifoabm
a&mufEdkifor# a&mufap&ef zefwD;ay;cJhjcif;yif jzpfonf//
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'onf
,if;uJho@dk
zg;wydkif;ig;wydkif;jzpfrSKonf
e,fpyfa'ovlrsdK;rsm;wGif
udef;atmif;aeaom oHo,ruif;rSKudk rajyaysmufaponfhtjyif wdk;Iyif
}uD;rm;vmapcJhygonf//
380

Tr#avmufom uGufuGufuav;=unfhv#if urBmay:&Sd tjcm;

jynfaxmifpkrsm;ESifhtoGiftm;jzifh wloa,mifa,mifjzpfonf// jynfaxmifpk
qdkonfrSm jynfaxmifac: jynfe,frsm;pkaygif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf// tjcm;
vlrsdK;pkrsm;twGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,frsm; zGJ@pnf;xm;aomfvnf; vlrsm;pk
jzpfaomArmrsm;tbdk@ jynfe,f[I
l
oD;jcm;r&Sdacs// oD;jcm;ygvDrefESifh
oD;jcm;tpdk;&vnf; r&Sdacs//
&kwfw&ufqdkv#if Armrsm;u tepfemcH&oa,mif oabmayguf
ayrnf// eufeufeJeJ pOf;pm;=unfhygu Armrsm;onf jynfaxmifpk
tpdk;&tm%mudk vHk;axG;,lvdkuf+yD; vlrsdK;pkrsm;tay: tkyfpD;vdkufjcif;om
jzpfygonf// Tonfudk axmuf&SKI OD;csefxGef;u vufawG@wGif
wjynfaxmifpHepf jzpfonf[k qdkvu
dk fjcif;jzpfonf//
xdka=umifh u|efawmfu jynfe,frsm;onf Armjynf. ymquf
EdkifiHac: (Vassal State)ESifhywfouf+yD; u|efawmftaeESifh txl;t"dy`g,f
zGifhjyp&m rvdkyg// AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ruG,fvGefrDS wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmf wGif
t"dy`g,fzGifhjycJonfu ydkIt"dy`g,fav;eufygonf//
(Vassal State)qdkwmu wynfhu|efEdkifiHvdkoabmrsdK;bJ u|efqdk
ayrJhv@dk udkvedk D(Colony)vnf; r[kwfbl;/ ol@bmomol/ ol@rif;ESifhol@csif;ESifh/
ol@tpdk;&ESifhbJ tjyifbrf;tm;jzifhawmh vGwfvyfw,f// odk@aomfvnf;
EdkifiH}uD;wEdkifiH&J@ =oZmv$rf;rdk;rSK/ csKyfcs,frSKudk txl;wvnf;cHae&wJh
EdkifiHjzpfvdk@ (Vassal State)vdk@ ac:w,f//
ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'ESifhymqufEdkifiH[al om pum;rsm;udk u|efawmf
u (wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfnDvmcH rSwfwrf;/ pmwGJ 1/ tpnf;ta0;rSwf
4/ pmrsufESm 77-wGif&SK) wrifxGifvdkuo
f nf[k u|efawmfhrdwfaqGrsm;u
qdk=uonf// trSefrSm Tpum;vHk;rsm;udk u|efawmfu xGifvdkuo
f nf
r[kwfyg// jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf. (10)ESpfausmf b0rSaygufzGm;vm
aom pum;vHk;rsm;om jzpfygonf//
381

Armrsm;twGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,f/ oD;jcm;tpdk;&/ oD;jcm;Oya'

jyKtzGJ@[lI oD;jcm;rxm;jcif;ESifhywfoufI OD;csefxGef;uyif Armacgif;
aqmifrsm;. udk,fpm;wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif &Sif;vif;jycJhygonf//
Armjynfr}uD;u tifrwef}uD;+yD; yg0ifrnfhjynfe,fawG[m
tifrweftus,ft0ef;rSm i,faewmudk awG@&ygw,f// Armjynfrtus,f
t0ef;[m &Srf;jynfe,f/ ucsifjynfe,f/ u&ifeDjynfe,fonf jynfe,f
oHk;jynfaygif;v#ifawmifrS ArmjynfrSm usefwJhe,fawG&J@ tus,ft0ef;eJ@
qdkv#if oHk;yHkwyHk/ av;yHkwyHkavmufbJ &Sdw,f// vlOD;a&tm;jzifhqdkv#ifom+yD;
uGmjcm;ao;w,f// vlOD;a&;(17) oef;&Sdwt
Jh euf Armjynfru (15)oef;
&Sdw,f// &Srf;jynf/ ucsifjynf/ u&ifeDjynfu &Sdv#if (2)oef; avmufbJ
&Sdw,f//
+yD;awmh
bma&;udpPtajctaerSmvnf;
,ckvuf&Sd
tajctaeudk =unfhrnfqdkv#if &Srf;jynfrSm tawmftoifh&Sdaomfvnf;
ucsifjynfe,fqdkv#if bma&;tajctaerSm trsm;}uD;csdK@wJhaeygw,f/
Edik fiHa&;A[kokwudk =unfhjyefawmhvnf; tawmfbJuGmjcm;aewm&Sdw,f
[lI OD;csefxGef;u ArmjynfrESifhjynfe,frsm; uGmjcm;rSKudk &Sif;jy+yD;/
tu,fI ArmjynfrtwGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,fxm;&v#if Oya'jyKrSKtwGuf
trwfrsm;/ tkyfcsKyfrSKtwGuf trSKxrf;rsm;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;twGuf w&m;ol
}uD;rsm;/ trsm;tjym;vdkrnfjzpfonfhtwGuf vlrvHkavmufa=umif;
A[dkjynfaxmifpkESifh ArmjynfrtwGufudk (3)XmecGJxm;&v#if bma&;
ESpfqydkI ukefusrnfjzpfa=umif; qufvuf&Sif;jyonf//
xdk@a=umifh usefonfhjynfe,fawGrSmvdk@ ArmjynfytwGufudk
oD;oef@jynfe,fwcktjzpf rxm;bJESifhA[dt
k pdk;&u A[dkOya'jyktzGJ@uae
+yD;awmh tkyfcsKyfwJhA[dktpdk;&ESifhaygif;xm;wJh waygif;wpnf;wnf; EdkifiH
jynfrjzpf&rnf[k OD;csefxGef;u &Sif;vif;cJhygonf//
[dpk Ofu u|efawmfvnf; [kwEf dk;oa,mifa,mif vufcHcJhygonf//
Armrsm; wu,ftepfemcHyguvm;[k txif;}uD;cJhygonf// eufeufeJeJ
382

ezl;ay:vufwif pOf;pm;=unfhrS jynfe,frsm; arsmufavmif;jzpfukefonfudk

awG@jrif&ygonf//
trSefrSm Armrsm;twGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,fzGJ@pnf;+yD; Armjynfe,f/
&Srf;jynfe,f/ ucsifjynfe,f/ u&ifjynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,fponfh jynfe,f
rsm;yl;aygif;um jynfaxmifpkzGJ@ygrS wu,fhjynfaxmifpk. t*FgESifhnD!Gwfay
rnf// ,ckrlum; Armjynfe,f[I
l ryg&SdonfhtwGuf u|efawmfwdk@. tajccH
Oya'onf toGiftm;jzifhyif t*FgrpHk wjcrf;yJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;jzpfaeav
onf//
Tum; yxrOD;pGm awG@&Sd&onfh csdK@,Gif;csuf}uD; jzpfygonf//

wdk@ygvDref
u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpkygvDrefzGJ@pnf;yHkrSmvnf; obm0rusay/
tjcm;jynfaxmifpkygvDrefrsm;wGif v$wfawmf(2)&yfxm;&Sdjcif;rSm atmuf
v$wfawmfonf 'Drdkua&pDoabmt& tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfol
vlxkxHrS qif;ouf&rnfqdkonft
h wdkif; jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tm; udk,fpm;
jyK&efjzpf+yD; txufv$wfawmfrSm jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;t& jynfe,f
rsm;tm;udk,fpm; jyK&ef jzpfayonf//
jynfe,f}uD;u jynfe,fi,frsm;tm; tEdkifusifhrSKr&Sdap&ef txuf
v$wfawmfodk@ udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& tnDtr#apv$wf=uonf// v$wfawmf
w&yf&yfonf tm%mudk tvGeftuJtoHk;rjyKEdkif&eftwGuf v$wfawmf
w&yfu tjcm;v$wfawmfw&yftm; xdef;uGyfEdkif&ef tcGifhtm%mwl
ay;xm;=uonf//
u|efawmfwdk@. txufv$wfawmfodk@ jynfe,frsm;onf trwfOD;a&
tnDtr# apv$wfEdkifcGifh r&Sd=uyg// Armjynfe,f[lI oD;jcm;r&Sdjcif;onfyif
jynfaxmifpktxufv$wfawmfzGJ@pnf;rSKudk }uD;pGm&kyfqif;ysufapavonf//
383

wjynfe,fv#if trwfOD;a& tb,fr#pD apv$wf&rnf[k tajccH Oya'wGif

jyXmef;vdkufv#if Armjynfe,fr&SdI jynfaxmifpktxufv$wfawmfwGif
Armudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifEdkifawmhrnf r[kwfacs//
u|efawmfwdk@. txufv$wfawmfonf atmufv$wfawmftm;
xdef;uGyfEdkifaom tm%mvnf;r&Sd/ jynfe,frsm;tusdK;udk umuG,fEdkifpGrf;
vnf;r&Sd jzpfaeav&m/ ,cktwdkif;omqdkv#if EdkifiHawmforRwuJhodk@
wefqmqifxm;&Hkom &Sdaeayrnf// Tum; 'kwd,csdK@,Gif;csufwnf;//

tm%mESifh tcGifhta&;
jynfaxmifpkppfppfEdkifiHrsm;wGif A[kjd ynfaxmifpktm; trsm;ESifh
qdkifaom tcGifhtm%mrsm;omay;+yD; useftm%mrsm;udk jynfe,frsm;u
odrf;ydkufxm;=uonf// uae'gjynfaxmifpkwGifom A[dkjynfaxmifpk
tm;vnf; tm%muef@owfay;+yD; useftm%mrsm;tm;vHk;udk A[du
k
odrf;ydkufxm;onf//
u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpktajccHOya'wGif jynfaxmifpkOya'
jyKpm&if;/ jynfe,fOya'jyK pm&if;[lI cGJjcm;+yD; useftm%mrsm;tm;vHk;udk
A[dkjynfaxmifpktpdk;&odk@ ay;tyfxm;&m uae'g jynfaxmifpkESifhtm%m
cGJa0enf;wGif twlwlyif jzpfonf// tajccHOya'rlESifhywfoufI &Sif;jypOf
OD;csefxGef;u uae'gjynfaxmifpkvrf;pOfudk vdkufxm;a=umif; 0efcHcJhav
onf//
xdkvrf;pOfudk rvdkufIvnf; rjzpfay/ Armjynfe,f[I
l oD;jcm;
zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;r&Sd jzpfav&m/ jynfaxmifpkppfppfrltwdkif; A[dkudk tm%m
vHk;0uef@owfay;vdkuf+yD; useftm%mrsm;tm;vHk;udk jynfe,frsm;tm;
ay;vdkufv#if ArmjynfytwGuf tkyfcsKyfI jzpfEdkifawmhrnf r[kwfacs//
384

Tum; u|efawmfwdk@ tajccHOya'. wwd,c|wf,Gif;csufyif

jzpfayonf//

u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&
u|efawmfwdk@
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@rsdK;udk
tjcm;rnfonfh
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwGifrSmrS rawG@&yg//
jynfaxmifpkppfppfjzpfonfh tar&duef/ qGpfZmvef/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H/
=opa=w;vD;,m;wdk@wGifif;/ jynfaxmifpktaysmhpm;jzpfonfh uae'gwGifif;
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@wGif u|efawmfwdk@tpdk;&tzGJ@uJho@dk jynfe,f0ef}uD;
Xmersm;yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;jcif; r&Sd=uyg//
u|efawmfwdk@ jynfe,fOuUrsm;onf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@wGif
jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpf yg0ifae=uonf// u|efawmfwdk@jynfaxmifpkwGif
EdkifiHawmforRwonf jy&kyfr#omjzpf+yD; tm%mt&SdqHk;yk*~dKvfrSm EdkifiHawmf
0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfonf//
yk'fr56(2)t& EdkifiHawmforRwonf 0ef}uD;csKyfu trnfwifoGif;
aom yk*~dKvfwdk@udk jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@0if tjcm;0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpf
cef@xm;&rnf//
yk'fr 56 (3)t& EdkifiHawmforRwonf 0ef}uD;csKyf. t}uHay;csuf
t& jynfaxmifpktpdk;&0ef}uD;wOD;OD;. &mxl;ESKwfxGufpmudk vufcH&rnf//
odk@wnf;r[kwf &mxl;rS &yfpJap&rnf//
u|efawmfwdk@. t&pum;qdkv#if 0ef}uD;csKyfu }udKufESpfoufI
a&G;cs,folrsm;om 0ef}uD;rsm;jzpf&+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfu tvdkr&Sdonfw
h ae@wGif
0ef}uD;&mxl;rS ESKwfxGufay;&rnf// u|efawmfwdk@ jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;vnf;
0ef}uD;csKyfu oabmwlrS 0ef}uD;jzpfEdkifonf// 0ef}uD;csKyfu oabmrwl
385

onfhtcg 0ef}uD;rjzpfEdkifacs// xdk@a=umifh jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;onf

0ef}uD;csKyf. oabmqENtwdkif; aqmif&Guf=u&onf// jynfe,ftpdk;&
rsm;onf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;&SdI jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf jynfe,ftwGif;
a&;rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifhr&Sd[kqdkaomfvnf; jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;.
t}uD;tuJjzpfol jynfe,fOuUrsm;rSm 0ef}uD;csKyf. qENESifhqef@usifaom
udpPrsm;bmrS rvkyfEdkifjzpf=u&m jynfe,frsm;. udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;rSm
t"dy`g,fuif;rJh aeayonf//
wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk0ef}uD;csKyfonf jynfe,ftwGif;a&;
udpPrsm;udk wdkuf&dkuf0ifa&muf pGufzufp&mrvdk/ rdrdwdk@tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif
yg0ifaeaom
jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;rSwqifh
=oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkifavonf//
oG,f0dkuaf omenf;jzifh 0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkifavonf//
Tonfyif wjynfaxmifpHepfudk xif&Sm;pGm az:jyaeavonf//
xdk@a=umifh OD;csefxGef;u vufawG@wGif wjynfaxmifpHepf(Unitary)
jzpfaeygonf[k ygarmuQwifhumtm; ajymjycJhayonf//
Tum; u|efawmfwdk@ tajccHOya'. pwkwcsdK@,Gif;csuf jzpfonf//
jynfaxmifpkbma&;
tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;cGJa0enf;uJho@dk yif bma&;cGJa0rSKonfvnf;
jynfe,frsm;tm; jynfe,ftcGefawmfpm&if;[lI cGJa0uef@owfay;xm;+yD;
useftm;vHk;udk A[du
k ,lxm;vdkufavonf// Armjynfe,f[I
l oD;jcm;
zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;r&SdbJ jynfaxmifpk[I
l a&maxG;zGJ@pnf;xm;av&m A[dkXme
rsm;[lI oef@oef@cGJjcm;&ef cufcJayonf// xdk@a=umifh A[dkjynfaxmifpkESifh
oufqdkifaom tcGefawmf0ifaiGrsm;udk b,fodk@cGJa0I A[dkjynfaxmifpk
ESifhoufqdkifaom Xmersm;twGuf b,fodk@uscH&rnfudk wdwdusus
owfrSwf&ef rvG,fawmhay//
386

tajccHOya'yk'fr (96) cGif;csufwGifom jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf

axmufyHh&efvdktyfonf[k qHk;jzwfowfrSwfaom taxmuftyHhaiG
rsm;udk jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;tm; ay;Edkifonf[k az:jyxm;onf//
if;jyXmef;csuft& &&SdaomtaxmuftyHhaiGrsm;jzifhom jynfe,f
rsm;touf&SKae=u&onf// TtaxmuftyHhaiGrsm;udk A[dktpdk;&u
ay;vdkuay;Edkifonf/ ray;bJ aevdkuvnf; aeEdkifonf// Tenf;jzifh
A[dktpdk;&onf jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;. toufaoG;a=umudk xdef;csKyfxm;
vdkufonf// Tonfudk axmuf&SKIvnf; OD;csefxGef;u vufawG@wGif
wjynfaxmifpHepfjzpfonf[k ajym[efwlavonf//
jynfe,frsm; txl;ojzifh u|efawmfwdk@&Srf;jynf. rauseyfcsuf
rsm;onf bmcGJa0rSKtay:wGif jrpfzsm;cHcJhonf//
tjcm;jynfaxmifpktajccHOya'rsm;wGif
bma&;cGJa0rSKESifh
ywfoufI twdtus jyXmef;xm; jcif;r&Sd=uacs// jrefrmjynfaxmifpk
tajccHOya'wGifom twdtusjyXmef;xm;+yD; twdtus vdkufemae=u
onf/
Tum; tajccHOya'. yrcsdK@,Gif;csufjzpfonf//
jynfaxmifpkbma&;ESifhywfoufIif;/ jynfaxmifpkESifhjynfe,f
bma&;cGJa0rSKESifhywfoufIif; oD;oef@aqmif;yg;a&;ygOD;rnf//

tajccHOya'jyif=updk@
&Srf;jynfe,f. epfemcsuf/ rauseyfcsufrsm;ajyvnfap&ef vuf&Sd
tajccHOya'udk jynfvnfpDppfI jyifqif=u&ayrnf// ,if;odk@ jyifqifonfh
tcg txufwGif u|efawmfavhvmqef;ppfxm;aom csdK@,Gif;csuf}uD;
(5)csufudk OD;wnf+yD; jyifqif=u&ayvdrfhrnf//
387

,if;csdK@,Gif;csuf(5)csufwGif t}uHK;0ifaom tc%f;ursm;/

yk'frrsm;/ Z,mrsm;tm;vHk;udk jyifqifjcif;/ jznfhpGufjcif;/ ESKwfy,fjcif;rsm;
jyK&ygvdrfhrnf//
qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpk. (1848)ckESpf/ tajccHOya'udk (1874)
ckESpfwGif tajctaet& jyefvnfjyifqifouJhodk@yif jzpfayvdrfhrnf//
,if;uJho@dk jyifqifjznfhpGuf/ ESKwfy,fvdkuv
f #if u|efawmfwdk@
vdkvm;aomjynfaxmifpk}uD;onf t=urf;tm;jzifh atmufyg yHkomef
twdkif; ay:vGifvmygvdrfhrnf//
aemufqHk;OD;xGef;jrifhwifjyaom pmwef;rSm u|efawmfwdk@vdkvm;aom
jynfaxmifpkyifjzpfonf// ,if;pmwef;wGif jynfaxmifpkYyg0ifaom jynfe,f
rsm;/ jynfol@v$wfawmfESifhvlrsdK;pkv$wfawmf/ wef;wl&nfwl tnDtr#
jy\em/ jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif oD;jcm;tajccHOya'/ oD;jcm;Oya'jyKtzGJ@/
oD;jcm;tpdk;&xm;&Sda&;/
jynfaxmifpkvkyfydkifcGifhESifhjynfe,frsm;vkyfydkifcGifh
wdwdyy cGJjcm;a&;wdk@yif jzpfonf//

u|efawmfwdk@ vdkvm;aom jynfaxmifpk

(1)

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif 1//
jrefrmjynfe,f/
2//
&Srf;jynfe,f/
3//
ucsifjynfe,f/
4//
u&ifjynfe,f/
5//
u,m;jynfe,f/
6//
csif;jynfe,f/
388

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

7//
&cdkifjynfe,f/
8//
rGefjynfe,f rsm;yg0if=urnf//
Tjynfe,frsm;onf wef;wl&nfwljzpf=u+yD; A[dk
jynfaxmifpkodk@ v$Jtyfxm;aom tm%mrsm;rSty
vHk;0tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkiforRwEdkifiHrsm; jzpf=u
rnf// (qGpfZmvefESifhtar&duef jynfaxmifpkrsm;
uJho@dk )
jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif
oD;jcm;tajccHOya'rsm;/
oD;jcm;Oya'jyKtzGJ@rsm;/ oD;jcm;tpdk;&tzGJ@rsm; &Sd=u
rnf//
jynfaxmifpkygvDrefwGif jynfol@v$wfawmfESifh vlrsdK;
pkv$wfawmf[I
l v$wfawmf(2)&yfyg0ifrnf// jynfol@
v$wfawmfudk vlOD;a&;tvdkuf a&G;aumufwif
ajrSmufI vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfodk@ jynfe,frsm;onf
udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&tnDtr#
apv$wf=urnf//
v$wfawmf(2)&yfpvHk; wef;wltm%m&Sd=urnf//
v$wfawmf(2)&yfyl;wGJusif;yaom tpnf;ta0;rS
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@ESifhEdkifiH
awmforRwudk
a&G;aumufwifajrSmufrnf//
tpdk;&tzGJ@yHkpHrSm
qGpfZmveftpdk;& ESifh cyfqifqifjzpfrnf// odk@aomf
jrefrmjynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@onf
ygvDrefudk
wm0efcH&rnf/
tpdk;&tzGJ@0ef}uD;rsm;onf
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atmufygXmersm;udk
jynfaxmifpkXmersm;tjzpf
owfrSwfxm;rnf//
389

1//
EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;/
2//
umuG,fa&;/
3//
aiGpuULESifh aiG'*Fg;xkwfvkyfa&;/
4//
pmwdkufESifh a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;/
5//
rD;&xm;ESifh ava=umif;qufoG,fa&;/
6//
qdyfurf;cGefaumufcHa&;/
7//
jynfaxmifpkbma&;/
8//
jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifa&;/
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@onf jynfaxmifpkppfppftpdk;&tzGJ@jzpfav&m
jynfe,f0ef}uD;Xmersm; yg0ifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay//
(7) jynfe,frsm;tm;vHk;onf (Complete Autonomy)
vHk;0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
&Sd=urnf//
jynfe,f
tcsif;csif;uaomfif;/
jynfaxmifpkuaomfif;
jynfe,f twGif;a&;udpPwGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkifcGifh
r&Sdacs//
jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;t}uD;trSL;rsm;udk
jynfe,forRwrsm;[k ac:wGifaprnf//
(8) jynfe,fwdkif;onf jynfaxmifpkrS cGJxGuEf dkifaom
tcGifhta&;&Sd=urnf//
(9) qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpkrSmuJho@dk jynfaxmifpkt+rJ
wef;ppfwyfxm;&Sda&;r&Sda&;udk jynfaxmifpkygvDref
u tav;teufpOf;pm;rnf//

390

Tum; u|efawmfwdk@ jyifqifvdkaom jynfaxmifpkyHkpHt=urf;

jzpfygonf// ygvDreftrwfrsm;ESifh Oya'ynm&Sif}uD;rsm;u tacsmudkif+yD;
&kyfvHk;az:ay;=uvdrfhrnf[k u|efawmftxl;ar#mfvifhygonf//
wef;wlnDr#I wajy;nDpGmwdk;wufaom jynfaxmifpk}uD; tjref
ay:aygufygapownf;//
(1)

391

OD;xGef;jrifh (pm)

tcef; (18)
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. zGJ@pnf;yHk
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toHtaqmuftOD;wGif usif;yaom jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcHY xdkpOfu
(r'nw)acgif;aqmif 0d"l&ocifcspfarmifwifoGif;aom tem*gwfzGJ@pnf ;yHk
a&;qGJa&;pmwef;rSm pdwf0ifwpm;avhvmoifhaom pmwef;wapmifvnf;
jzpfayonf//

tb,fha=umifh tar&duefyHkpHrsdK; ESpfouf&ovJ

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qef;. tajymtqdk/ tjyKtrlESifh tvkyftudkifudk=unfhI rdrdwdk@b0twGuf
,Hk=unf=uonf// ,if;odk@ ,Hk=unf&mwGifvnf; taxmuftxm;/ txdef;
todrf;rsm;jzifh ,Hk=unf=ujcif; jzpfavonf// taxmuftxm;rsm;wGif
yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdkpOfwGifif;/ ocifEktm; v$wfawmfOuUcef@tyf&mwGif
anmifa&$apmfbGm;}uD;
ajym=um;csufrsm;onfif;/
awmifwef;a'o
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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
vlrsdK;pkrsm;qdkif&mtajccHrlESifhvrf;!$efcsufrsm;/
&Sif;vif;csufrsm;t&if; vlrsdK;pkrsm;u wckcsif;pD*&kjyKI vufcHcJhjcif;yif
jzpfavonf//
odk@jzpfI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udka&;qGJ&ef
pwifaomtcg OD;jrifhodef;wdk@/ OD;csefxGef;wdk@ESifh !SdESdKif;pDpOfI tcef;(10)yg
cGJxGufvu
dk
cGJxGuyf dkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf[al om yk'frrsm;yg&Sdvmjcif;yif
jzpfavonf// xdkpOfu vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
392

tyxm;I usefArmacgif;aqmifrsm;udk ,Hk=unf&efrSm rcdkifvSHKaom

ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh rsm;pGmcufcJvSayonf// odk@jzpfI olwdk@.
tod^m%fESifhpdwful;xJwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHkrsdK;udk tvdk&Sd
a=umif; vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;u xkwfaz:ajymqdkjcif;yif jzpfavonf//
eHygwfwpfu
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ zGJ@pnf;yHkudk =unfhI 0d"l&ocifcspfarmifu
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ tajccHOya'[m/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;
ppfyGJ}uD;u aygufzGm;ay;chJonf// xdkppfyGJ}uD;(1)rwdkifrDS +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@
wdk@atmufrSm +Adwdo#udkvedk Djynfe,frsm;tjzpfeJ@ ol@&mZ0ifjzpfpOfeJ@
oloD;jcm;wnf&SdcJhw,f// ol@bk&ifeJ@/ ol@Oya'jyKv$wfawmfeJ@ oD;jcm;wnf
&SdcJhygw,f// (1776)ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv(4)&ufae@ trsdK;om;v$wfajrSmufa&;
ppfyGJa=unmpmwrf;}uD; xkwfjyefwJhtcgrSm ppfa=unmydkifcGifh/ +idrf;csrf;a&;
pmcsKyf csKyfqdkEdkifcGifh/ rdrd}udKufESpfoufovdk r[mrdwfzGJ@pnf;ydkifcGifhpwJh
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk vHk;0ydkifwJh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif jynfe,fEdkifiHrsm;
tjzpfeJ@a=unm+yD; v$wfajrSmufa&;ppfyGJ}uD; E$JcJh=ujcif; jzpfygw,f//
eHygwf ESpfu
(1777)ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv(15)&ufae@rSm (Article of Confederation)
vdk@ac:wJh jynfe,faygif;csKyfpnf;rsOf;Oya'w&yfudk a&;qGJjyXmef;=u+yD;
(13)jynfe,f[m jynfe,ftvdkuf oD;jcm;vufcHtwnf jyKcJhw,f// (1871)
ckESpf/ rwfv(1)&ufae@rSm ar&Dvefjynfe,fu aemufqHk;vufcH twnfjyK
w,f// tJ'DtajccHpnf;rsOf; yxryk'froHk;ckrSmbJ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
}uD;[m uGefzD'a&;&Sif;jzpfwJhta=umif; jynfe,fwdkif;tcsKyftjcmtm%m
ESifh vHk;0vGwfvyfcGifh&Sda=umif;/ bHk&efoludk pkaygif;wdkufcdkufa&;twGuf
393

cdkifrmaom r[mrdwfzGJ@pnf;rSK (Afirm League of Friendship) tjzpfeJ@/

yk'fr(3)t& zGJ@pnf;a=umif;ponfjzifh txift&Sm;yg&Sdw,f//
eHygwfoHk;u
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk[m uGefzD'a&;&Sif;u pa=umif;txif t&Sm;
jyw,f// aemufrS (1787)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(21)&ufae@ uGef*&ufusrS
uGefzD'a&;&Sif;zGJ@pnf;yHkr#ESifh jynfaxmifpktiftm;[m rvHkavmufa=umif;
jyefvnfjyifqif&efxdkufa=umif; a=unmcJhw,f// 'geJ@(1787)ckESpf/ arv(25)
&ufae@rSm a*smh0g&Sifwefudk OuUwif+yD; uGefAif;&Sif;}uD;wckvkyf+yD;/ zGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'topfudk a&;qGJcJh=uw,f// xdkOya'opfudk jynfe,f
tvdkuf toD;oD;u jyefvnfvufcHtwnfjyK=u+yD;/ (1789)ckESpf/ rwfv
(4)&ufae@up+yD; toufoGif;cJh=uw,f//
0d"l&ocifcspfarmif aemufqHk;wifoGif;aom ol.pmwef;wGif
tem*gwfjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHzGJ@pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jyifqifa&;
qGJa&;pmwef;Y atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;jyefavonf//
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&mZ0ifu bmoifcef;pmrsm;ay;ygovJ
qdkv#if (1) rlvuxJu tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifjynfe,frsm;tjzpf pwifcJh
w,f// (2) xdk@aemuf uGefzD'a&;&Sif;zGJ@cJhw,f// (3) odk@aomfvnf; xdkb0ESifh
rvHkavmuf rudkufnDwJhtcgrSm wqifhav#mh+yD; zuf'a&;&Sif;qdkwm zGJ@cJh&
w,f// (4) &mZ0ifjzpfpOftwGif;rSmbJ 'Dpifx&,fvdkuaf Z;&Sif;u
pifx&,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;udk (a&mh&JaomA[dkcsKyfudkifrSKrS wif;=uyfaom
A[dkcsKyfudkifrSKodk@) wajz;ajz;OD;wnfvmwmudk awG@&r,f// (5) tm%mydkif
orRwpepf[m tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ A[dak cgif;aqmifrSKeJ@nD!Gwfa&;
pkpnf;csuf jzpfvmw,f// jynfaxmifpkwdkif;rSm A[dak cgif;aqmifrSKeJ@
394

nD!Gwfa&;pkpnf;csuftwGuf wpHkwckaom trmcHtESpfom&[m wyfqifh

yg&Sd&p+rJqdkwm tav;teuf vufcH,Hk=unfbdk@ vdkygvdrfhr,f//
xdkpOfu tar&duefzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJol EdkifiHa&;acgif;
aqmifrsm;onf ESdKif;,SOfI ajymrnfqdkygu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uJho@dk yif
&dk;om;=uonf// uwdopPmwnf=unf=uonf// (1787) ckESpf/ arv(25)&uf/
a*smh0g&Sifwefudk OuUwif+yD; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'a&;qGJ&mwGif twlwuG vufwJGyg0ifcJhaom aomrwfpf*sufzgqif
(wwd,ajrmuforw)vdk todynm&Sif/ twwfynm&Sifyk*~dKvfrsdK;uyif
oltygt0if tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk olwdk@a&;qGJ
Edkifjcif;onf olwdk@. t&nftcsif;xuf wefcdk;&Sifrsm;. ulnDyHkydk;rSK
ryg0ifv#if rjzpfEdkifa=umif; ol.twKy`wWdpmtkyfwGif a&;om;xm;avonf//
wdkif;jynfwjynfudk wnfaqmuf&mwGifif;/ wdkif;jynf. zGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'udk
a&;qGJ&mwGifif;
xdkyk*~dKvfrsm;onf
tod^m%f
xufoefyHkr#jzifh rvHkavmufygacs// &dk;om;&efESifhopPmuwd wnf=unf&efyg
(1)
vdktyfvSayonf//
(tem*gwfzGJ@pnf; ykHa&;qGJa&; ] 0d"l&ocifcspfarmif)
U.N.L.D

ESifh N.L.D awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJ rSwfwrf;

(1947)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(12)&ufae@rSm csif;/ ucsif/
&Srf;wdkif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@ Armtpdk;&tzGJ@
udk,fpm;(2)vS,f usr&J@ zcifwdk@pmcsKyfwck csKyfqdkcJh
ygw,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ yifvHk+rdK@rSm csKyfqdkcJhwt
Jh wGuf
yifvHkpmcsKyfvdk@xif&Sm;cJhwJh 'DpmcsKyfu &Srf;/ ucsifeJ@
csif;wdkif;&if;om;awG[m ,m,DArmtpdk;&eJ@ tjref
yl;aygif; vdkufjcif;jzifh vGwfvyfa&;[m tv#it
f jref
395

&r,fqdkwm udk ,Hk=unfaew,fvdk@ az:jyaeygw,f//

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH[m EdkifiHwGif;rSm rSDwif;aexdkifae=uwJh
wdkif;&if;om;jynfoltm;vHk;u vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiH twGif;rSm pkpnf;
nD!GwfpGmeJ@ aexdkif=ur,fvdk@ rdrdwdk@oabmqENtav#muf qHk;jzwf
xm;wJhtay:rSm tajccHxm;w,fqdk wm 'DpmcsKyfu oufaojyaeygw,f//
'ga=umifhvnf;yJ azaz:0g&Dv(12)&ufae@udk jynfaxmifpkae@vdk@ owfrSwf
xm;wm jzpfygw,f//
(2)

jrefrmjynfu vmwJh(pm) ] a':atmifqef;pk=unf

tvSnfhusobmywd EdkifaiGodrf;(rGef)u tzGifhtrSmpum;ajym

=um;onf// (1)
u|efawmfwdk@ 'Dae@trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfeJ@ jynfaxmifpk
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwdk@&J@ aqG;aEG;yGJ[m tvGefta&;
}uD;wJh ordkif;rSwfwidk fwckudk twnfjyKr,fh aqG;aEG;yGJv@dk u|efawmfcH,l
ygw,f// 'DaqG;aEG;yGJ[m tem*wfrSmjzpfay:vmr,fh jynfaxmifpk}uD;udk
b,fvdkyHkpHeJ@
az:aqmif=urvJqdkwmu
tav;ay;aqG;aEG;&r,fvdk@
xifygw,f// u|efawmfuawmh 'DumvrSm tzGJ@csKyf&J@ tvSnfhus obmywd
jzpfwJhtwGuf tzGJ@csKyf&J@wm0efay;csuft& wifjyp&m&Sdwmudk wifjyrSm
jzpfygw,f// u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pD
tzGJ@csKyf&J@ &nf&G,fcsuf vkyfief;pOft=urf;udk yxrqHk;wifjyygr,f//
tJ'Dvkyfief;pOfrSm ta&;t}uD;qHk;u bmvJqdkawmh 'Drdkua&pDeJ@
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;udk 'Drdkua&pDwdkuyf GJrSm
wygwnf;az:aqmifoGm;zdk@vdkw,fv@dk cH,lygw,f// 'DcH,lcsufuawmh xl;jcm;
wJch H,lcsufawmh r[kwfygbl;// bmvdk@vJqdkawmh 'D[m [m aiG'*Fg; wjym;&J@
acgif;eJ@yef;vdkyJvdk@ ,Hk=unfw,f// trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;AdkvfcsKyfatmif
396

qef;[mvnf; vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGw
J dkufwt
Jh cgrSmvnf; 'DvdkyJ wdkif;&if;om;
wef;wla&;eJ@ wef;wla&;tay: tajccHwJh pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;r&rD (1947)
ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (12)&ufae@ yifvHknDvmcHrSm twnfjyKcJhygw,f//
'ga=umifh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;rS vlrsdK;awG&J@ wef;wla&;udk vkyfay;cJhwJh
oabmr[kwfygbl;// vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vkyfaewJh wqufwnf; wdkif;&if;
om;vlrsdK;awG&J@ pnf;&Hk;a&;/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;&J@ wef;wla&;udk vkyfaewm
xif&Sm;ygw,f// 'gayr,fh u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;tygt0if
jynfolw&yfvHk;[m acgif;aqmif}uD;AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk txl;ojzifh
u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;[m rdrdwkd@&J@ uH=urRmudk zefwD;Edkif
w,fvdk@ yHktyfcJhygw,f// 'gayr,fh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqHk;+yD;wJh aemufydkif;
rSm u|efawmfwdk@&J@ uH=urRm[m oleJ@twl usqHk;oGmw,fvdk@ ,Hk=unf=uyg
w,f//
bmjzpfvdk@vJqdk&if (1947)ckESpf/ yifvHknv
D mcHt& wdkif;&if;om;
pnf;vHk;rSKudk wnfaqmufwm[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&SdpOf (1947)ckESpf/
arv(10)&ufrS (31)&ufae@txd=umwJh yifvHk+rdK@rSm usif;ywJh jynfvHk;u|wf
nDvmcH/ jynfvHk;u|wf nDvmcHyJ ac:rvm;/ (1947)ckESpf/ ( Convention)wck
ac:+yD; oludk,w
f dkifa&;qGJwJh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk wifoGif;cJh
ygw,f// 'gudk (zqyv)tzGJ@csKyfuvnf; vufcHw,f//
Oya'=urf;taeeJ@ vufcHcJhygw,f// 'gayr,fh olusqHk;oGm;+yD;wJh
aemufydkif;rSm 'DOya'=urf;[m b,fvdkyHkpHeJ@ jzpfoGm;ovJqdkwm eJeJawmh
&Sif;jycsifygw,f//
olusqHk;oGm;+yD;wJh aemufydkif;rSm (1947)ckESpf/ pufbmv(24)
&ufae@rSm ac:,lwJh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku zGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHkudk twnfjyKzdk@ wifjyvmygw,f// tJ'DwifwJhtay:rSm a0zefcsuf
&Sdw,f// t"dy`g,fuawmh Armvdka&;xm;wm &SmrawG@vdk@yg/ b,fvdka&;xm;
ovJqdkawmh
397

Mr President, I like to make the constitution of the Union of Burma

as a mended and to be adopted.

t"dy`g,fu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;a&;qGJ+yD; v$wfawmfrSm wifoGif;wJh

zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkudk jyifvdkuf+yD;awmh (Approved)vkyfay;yg// tJ'Dvdk awmif;wJh
twGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u wnfaqmufaewJh jynfaxmifpk[m +ydKuGJ
oGm;ygw,f// 'g u|efawmf ordkif;a=umif;udk ajymwmyg// tjypfusL;vGefwJh
oludk tjypfzdk@csifvdk@ ajymwm r[kwfygbl;// tJ'Dvdk awG@}uHKcJh&ygw,f//
'Dae@qdk&if u|efawmfwdk@wawG[m trsdK;om;a&;vSKyf&Sm;rSKvkyfwJh
ae&mrSm tvGefowdxm;+yD;awmh vkyf&r,f// yk*~dKvfwa,mufudk csOf;uyf+yD;
u|efawmfwdk@&J@ uH=urRmudk yHktyfvdku&f if 'Dyk*~dKvfr&Sdv@dk &Sd&if ysufpD;oGm;r,f//
oleJ@wyg;wnf; ysufpD;oGm;wmyJvdk@ jrifw,f// 'ga=umifhrdk@ 'Dae@vkyfwJh
tcgrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vufxufu vlrsdK;wef;wla&;udk vkyfwJhae&mrSm
yk*~dKvfwOD;wa,mufudk ay;tyfwJhae&mrSm tawmfpOf;pm;wm &Sdygw,f//
'Dyk*~dKvfudk r,Hkv@dk r[kwyf gbl;//
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om;om;vkyfay;cJhygw,f// olr&Sdawmh ysufoGm;w,f// 'Dae@ vkyfvdk@&Sd&ifawmh
u|efawmfwdk@wawG[m 'D[mudk oifcef;pm,l+yD;awmh ArmjynfrSm&SdwJh
EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDwdkuyf GJ0ifaewJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@
u|efawmfwdk@[m 'Drdkua&pDwdkuyf GJ0if&if; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;&J@ wef;wl
tcGifhta&;udk b,fvdkyHkomef az:aqmif&rvJqdkwm !SdESdKif;xm;zdk@
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vdrfhr,fvdk@ cH,lygw,f//
'kwd,csufudk u|efawmf wdkwydk Jajymyghr,f// wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
rsm;wef;wla&;eJ@ywfouf +yD;awmh u|efawmfwdk@cH,lcsuf b,fvdk&SdovJ
qdk&if ArmjynfrSm&SdwJh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'[m vlrsdK;rsm;wef;wla&;udk
398

jiif;y,fygw,f// 'gudk u|efawmf wdwdvif;vif; ajymygw,f// bma=umifhvJ

qdk&if (1947)ckESpf/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'udk wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfudk
wifwJhtcgrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfuvnf; (Amend)vkyfwJh[mudk ajymif;cGifhjyKygvdk@
wifcJhw,f// jyifqifxm;wmudk twnfjyKay;ygvkd@vnf; jyifw,f// ol@&J@
Oya't}uHay; OD;csefxGef;uvnf; ra&r&mwJh tajzawGay;ygw,f//
wdwdusus axmufjy&ifawmh &ygw,f// 'gayr,fh oabmavmufyJ ajymygh
r,f//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;a&;qGJoGm;wJhyHkpHeJ@ oGm;vdk@&Sd&if ydkufqHawG
trsm;}uD;ukefr,f/ vlawGtrsm;}uD;oHk;&r,f/ tJ'ga=umifh Armjynfrudk
jynfe,frzGJ@bJ A[dek J@aygif;vdkuf&if p&dwfvnf; oufomr,f/ aiGvnf;
oufomr,f/ 'gtaumif;qHk;yJqdk+yD; olu tJ'DyHkpHeJ@ oGm;ygw,f// 'DOpPm
olu ajymawmh uae'geJ@qifqifwlygw,fvdk@ ajymygw,f// 'gayr,fh aemuf
(10)ESpfavmuf=umwJh tcgusawmh (Hugh Tanker)eJ@ awG@wJhtcg (Hugh
Tanker)u ar;w,f// Armjynfu zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk cifAsm;a&;qGJcJhwm
b,fvdkvJqdkawmh yHkpHuawmh (Union)ygyJ/ jynfaxmifpkpepfygyJ// 'gayr,fh
tESpfom&tm;jzifh wjynfaxmifygyJvdk@ ajAmif0efcHygw,f// 'g[m bmac:
rvJqdk&if yxrajymwm wrsdK;/ aemufajymwmwrsdK;jzpfwJhyHkpHu [dw
k kef;u
olvkyfrdwm 0efcHwmvm;/ wrifoufoufvkyfwmvm; rodbl;//
tJ'Dvdk jzpfwJhtcgusawmh (1947)ckESpf/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHt&
ay:vmwJh jynfaxmifpk }uD;[m jynfru A[dktm%mudk ,lxm;w,f//
usefwJhjynfe,fawGu ol@vufatmufcHe,fajrawG jzpfvmw,f// AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;pum;eJ@ajym&&if (Vassal State)jzpfoGm;w,f//
tJ'ga=umifhrdk@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk+yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm jynfe,fawGeJ@
trsm;}uD;rajyrvnf jzpfvmw,f// tJ'Dvdk rajyrvnfjzpfvmwmudk
awG@&awmh aemifvmr,fh tem*wf&J@ jynfaxmifpkyHkomef[m wef;wl
a&;udkrSDwJh yHkomefudk oGm;apcsifygw,f//
399

b,fvdkoGm;&rvJqdkv@dk &Sd&if jynfe,ftaetxm;t& (7)jynfe,f

&Sdw,f// Armjynfyudkvnf; (As an Unit) 'g &Sif;&Sif;ajymvdk@&Sd&if olvnf;
jynfe,fwck jzpfxdkufw,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@cH,lygw,f// 'g u|efawmfwdk@
qENudk ajymwmyg// 'DawmhrSom jynfe,f(8)ckrSm &SdwJh[mawGu olwdk@&J@
(Sovereignty)udk (Central Government)udk !Sd+yD;awmh tcsdK;us bmawG
tyfrvJqdkwm qHk;jzwfzdk@vdkygvdrfhr,f// (Residue Power)qdkwJh uGif;usefwJh
tm%mawGudkvnf; udk,fh&J@jynfe,fawGrSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfaqmif
vdk@&zdk@vdkr,fvdk@ xifygw,f// 'grS wef;wlwJhoabmudk oufa&mufygw,f//
odk@r[kwfvdk@&Sd&if olwdk@u (1947)ckESpf/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkt&qdk&if Armjynf
[m bmac:rvJ/ (Supranationalism)usifho;Hk wJh oabmudk oufa&mufw,f
vdk@ 'DvdkyJ cH,lygw,f//
'DvdkcH,lwmvnf; rqef;ygbl;// 'Dae@txd ArmvlrsdK;awGrSm
&SdwJhtpGJawG[m trsm;}uD;&Sdygao;w,f// ordkif;udk jyef=unfh&if taemf
&xmacwf/
bk&ifhaemifacwf/
tavmif;bk&m;acwf
vufeufeJ@
xlaxmif+yD;awmh wdkif;jynfpnf;vHk;a&;udk vkyfygw,fvdk@ ordkif;udk jyKpk+yD;
jrefrmhordkif;rSm a&;xm;ygw,f// 'g[m ArmawGtwGuf az:jycsuf rSefcsifrS
rSefygvdrfhr,f// u|efawmfwd@k wdkif;&if;om;awGtwGufuawmh vufrcHwJh
oabm&Sdygw,f// bma=umihfvJqdkawmh t&ifwkef;uqdk&if txufjrefrm
jynf&J@ o&uf+rdK@txufrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdw,f// o&uf+rdK@atmufu
&mrnwdkif;/ rGefEdkifiH&Sdygw,f// taemufbufjcrf;rSmqdk&if &cdkifjynfe,f/
&cdkifEdkifiH&Sdw,f// tJ'g olwdk@pnf;&Hk; w,fqdkwmu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vkyfwJh
awGJ@qHk!ESd SdKif;+yD;awmh pnf;&Hk;wJhyHkpHrsdK; r[kwfbJeJ@ (Unity by Annexation)
wdkufcdkuford f;ydkufwJhenf;eJ@ pnf;&Hk;a&;vkyfw,f// vufeufEdkifiHwnfaxmif
wJhtwGuf 'D[mawG[m r+rJygbl;// aemufqHk;usawmh t*Fvdyf0ifvmwJh
aemufydkif;usawmh ArmjynfrSm&SdwJh vlrsdK;awG Armbk&ifudk awmfvSefrSK[m
&yfoGm;ygw,f// r&yfoGm;&ifvnf; qufjzpfOD;rSmyJ// taemf&xmacwf
[mvnf; usqHk;oGm;ygw,f// bk&ifhaemifcwf[mvnf; usqHk;oGm;ygw,f//
400

u|efawmfwdk@ rGefawG/ &cdkifawG/ &Srf;awG tif;0bufudk wdkufw,f qdkv@dk &Sd&if

ArmawGu ajymw,f// rGefawG/ &cdkifawG/ &Srf;awGu usL;ausmfvmw,f//
,ckvdkayghAsm/ ajym&vdk@&Sd&if/ olwdk@u w&m;wJh ppfwdkufw,fayghAsm//
u|efawmfwdk@u udk,v
fh Gwfvyfa&;twGuf wdkufwmudk rw&m;wJhppfvdk@
owfrSwfw,f// u|efawmf wdk@uvnf; udk,v
fh lrsdK;wnfwHha&;/ u|efawmfwdk@&J@
(Kingdom)jzpfwJh ya'om&mZftifyg,mudk cdkif+rJzdk@twGuf u|efawmfwdk@
bk&ifawGu wdkuf=uwmvnf; w&m;aomppfygyJ// 'gayr,fh ordkif;rsm;
a&;xm;wmu olwdk@w&m;wJh ppf/ tJovdkyJ owfrSwfxm;w,f//
tJ'Dtcg b,fvdkjzpfvmovJqdkawmh ,ae@txd ya'o&mZf
acwfu tpGJtvrf;awG rukefao;wJhtwGuf Armjynfudk t*Fvdyfu
wdkufcdkuford f;ydkufawmh tukefvHk; u|efjzpfw,f// vGwfvyfa&;&w,f//
vGwfvyfa&;ay;wJhtcgusawmh [dyk a'o&mZfacwfuvdkyJ usefwJhvrl sdK;awG
udk igwdk@tkyfcsKyfEdkifw,f xif=uw,f/ xif&Hkrubl; ,lvnf;,lqw,f//
'DvdkyJ ouf0if,Hk=unf=uw,f//
'ga=umifh tcsdK@EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;awGu vlawGajymwm[m
(Federal State)qdkwm (Sovereign State)awGvdkaygif;rS zGJ@vdk@&w,fqdkwm
ajymvmao;w,f// 'grSefw,fvdk@ ajymw,f/ 'Dawmh u|efawmfwdk@u
ajymwmaygh/ 'gjzifh&if vGwfvyfa&;&wm u|efawmfwdk@ rGefawG/ &cdkifawG
tjcm;wdkif;&if; om;awGrygbl;vm;vdk@ cifAsm;wdk@yJ vGwfvyfa&;&w,f//
cifAsm;wdk@atmufrSm usKyfwdk@ckxd u|eftjzpfeJ@ qufae&w,fvdk@ ,lq
ovm;vdk@ wnfhwnfhyJ ar;r,f//
'g u|efawmfwdk@u &Sif;&Sif;yJ ar;ygr,f// cifAsm;wdk@ tJ'DtpGJawGudk
wenf;tm;jzifh vlrsdK;}uD;tpGJ/ vlrsdK;a&;tpGJawGudk razsmufvdk@&Sd&if wdkif;&if;
om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;[m cufygw,f// Oyrm jynfe,f(8)ckvdk@ajym&if
Armjynfe,fzGJ@wm olwdk@u }udKufcsifrS}udKufr,f// u|efawmfwdk@uawmh
401

}udKufonfjzpfap/ r}udKufonfjzpfap u|efwmfwdk@&J@ ,Hk=unfcsuf/ cH,l

csufudk wifjyw,f//
u|efawmfwdk@awG[m wef;wla&;udk awmif;wdkif;awmif;wdkif; tcuf
tcJtrsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f// (1961)ckESpf/ awmif}uD;nDvmcHrSm jynfe,frsm;
nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@u awmif;wJhawmif;qdkcsufqdkwm cGJxGufzdk@ ryg ygbl;//
(Federal)rlqdkwmu &dk;&dk;av;yg/ pmtkyfpm;wrf;awGrSm &Sdygw,f// jyaevdk@
&Sd&if AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifvdk jzpfoGm;rSmpdk;vdk@ u|efawmfrjyawmhygbl;//
tJ'DrSm u|efawmfwdk@[m jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk[m
csdK@,Gif;aew,f/ oHk;pGJzdk@ roifhawmfawmhvdk@ jyifqifzdk@vdkw,fqdk+yD; tqdkudk
wifygw,f// 'Dtqdkudk axmufcHwm u|efawmfudk,w
f dkifygyJ//
'gayr,fh tm%mvdkcsifwJh olawGu 'D[mudk awmif;wm cGJxGuf
a&;ygqdk+yD; (Federal)udk t*Fvdyfvdkrwwfvdk@vm;/ b,fvdka=umifhvJ rodbl;//
(Federal)qdkwm cGJxGufa&;ygvdk@ olwdk@u atmf=uw,f// u|efawmfwdk@u
ajymygw,f// (Federal) qdkwm aygif;pyfa&;yJ ac:ygw,fvdk@//
tJ'Dvdkaygh/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;u (Federal)awmif;wm cGJxGuzf dk@
awmif;w,f/ ArmawGudk qef@usifzdk@ vkyfw,fqdkwJh t"dy`g,faygufygw,f//
ckeuvdk auG;a=umfwJhtwGuf tifrwef 0rf;enf;zG,faumif;wJh tjzpf
tysufay:vmw,f// vlrsdK;a&;rkef;wD;rSKawG/ rjzpfoifh rjzpfxdkufbJeJ@ jzpfvm
w,f// ,ae@txd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;[m rdrdwdk@&J@ tzdESdyfcH&rSKudk
'Drdkua&pDppfppft& rumuG,fEdkifwJhtwGuf vufeufudkifb0a&mufoGm;
&ygw,f// 'g vuf&Sdyg//
'ga=umifhrdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ ,ae@ &ifqdkifae&wJh 'Drdkua&pDwdkuyf GJrSm
wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmufzdk@twGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmif
qef;vkyfoGm;wJhtwdkif; vkyfzdk@vdkw,fv@dk jrifygw,f// tJ'DvdkvkyfrSvnf;
nD!Gwfvmr,f// wdkif;&if;om;rsm; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfvmvdk@&Sd&if ppfrSefwJh
jynfaxmifpkudk wnfaxmifEdkifr,f// wqufwnf;rSmyJ nD!GwfonfESifhtr#
402

+idrf;csrf;a&;[mvnf; &vmEdkifr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfw,f// +idrf;csrf;a&;&wJhtwGuf

jynfaxmifpk}uD;&J@ tcsKyftjcmtm%m[mvnf; wnf+rJaer,f//
,ae@ u|efawmfwdk@ udkifpGJaewJh jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf&J@ trsdK;om;wm0ef[m 'Drdkua&pDeJ@wyg;wnf; wdkif;&if;
om;vlrsdK;rsm;wefwla&;udkyg wqufwnf;vkyf&r,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@
ouf0if,Hk=unfygw,f// 'DvdkyJ qufvkyfaeygw,f// 'Dvdk vkyfaewJhae&mrSm
'Drdkua&pDwdkuyf GJrSm
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;wefwla&;[m
ta&S@u
roGm;oifhbl;qdkwm em;vnf;ygw,f// u|efawmfwdk@ ajymwm[m wquf
wnf;oGm;&r,fvdk@ ajymwmyg// u|efawmfwdk@ EGm;a&S@xGefrusL;ygbl;//
udk,faqmif&Gufr,fhtcef;udk em;vnf;ygw,f// 'Drdkua&pDwdkuyf GJ wdkufwhJ
umvrSm u|efawmfwdk@wawG[m wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk
&atmif/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;&J@ wef;wla&;udkyg AdkvfcsKyfcsrSwfcJhwJh
yHkpHtwdkif; qufvkyfzd@k vdkr,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@,Hk=unfvdk@ 'Dwm0efudk
csrSwfcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f//
aemufwcsufu
wdkif;&if;om;EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;awG[m
vGefcJhwv
Jh u rEWav;rSm tzGJ@(13)zGJ@ awG@qHk!ESd SdKif;rSKawG vkyfcJhygw,f//
&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;eJ@ ucsifjynfe,fu tzGJ@awGvnf; yg ygw,f// tJ'DrSm
t=urf;tm;jzifh oabmwlnDcsuf(3)csufudk csrSwfEdkifcJhygw,f// yxru
awmh u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk cdkifcef@atmif
vkyf&r,f// 'Dvdkvkyf+yD;wJh wqufwnf;rSmyJ aemiftem*wfzGJ@pnf;r,fh
jynfaxmifpk&J@ (Framework)ayghav/ ykHomeft=urf;a&;qGJr,f/ +yD;vdk@&Sd&if
atmufwdkbmvavmufrSm jzpfEdkif&if u|efawmfwdk@qDrSmygwJh wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm;ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;omrubJ rygao;wJh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
rsm;&J@ ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkyg !SdESdKif;r,f// !SdESdKif;vdk@ oabmwlnDcsuf
&+yD;qdk&if Edk0ifbm/ 'DZifbmvavmufrSm u|efawmfwdk@u ArmjynfrSm &SdwJh
EdkifiHa&;ygwD/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk zdwfac:+yD; 'gudk wifjyr,f/
403

!SdESdKif;r,f/ !SdESdKif;+yD;awmh oabmwlnDcsufudk ,lr,f// 'Dvdk u|efawmfwdk@u

qHk;jzwfxm;w,f//
'DyHkomefeJ@ oGm;zdk@&Sd&if u|efawmfwdk@wawG[m aemifvmr,fh
tem*wfjynfaxmifpk}uD;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymovdkayghav
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;(135)avmuf &Sdygw,f// 'gudk cifAsm;wdk@ b,fvdk
vyf=urvJ 'g[m ol@wm0ef r[kwfygbl;/ u|efawmfwdk@&J@ wm0efyg//
u|efawmfwdk@u pk+yD;awmh u|efawmfwdk@ vkyf&r,fhwm0efawGudk vkyfaeyg
w,f// 'Dwm0efudk xrf;aqmif+yD;awmh/ pkpnf; nD!GwfrSKudk &,l+yD;awmh
'Drdkua&pDwdkuyf GJudk t&Sdeft[kefjrifhrm;pGmeJ@ yDyDjyifjyif atmifjrifatmif
vkyfEdkifr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f//
'guawmh u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;&J@ cH,lcsuf/
vrf;pOfoabmxm;jzpfygw,f// 'gt=urf;tm;jzifh wifjyjcif;yg// ajym&r,f
qdk&ifawmh t&Snf}uD;yg/ rl0g'oabmt& wifjyjcif; jzpfygw,f//
tJ'Dvdk u|efawmfwdk@&J@ oabmxm;/ cH,lcsuf/ ,lqcsufawGudk
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyfrSm vmwJhyk*~dKvfrsm;eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfu
rSm;w,f/ rSefw,f axmufjy+yD;awmh 'Drdkua&pD bufawmfom;yDyDayghav/
jyKjyifp&m&Sd&ifvnf;
jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifzdk@/
qufvufvkyfaqmifr,f
qdk&ifvnf; qufvufvkyfaqmifoGm;zdk@twGuf aqG;aEG;apvdkygw,f//
u|efawmfwdk@ jy\ewckjzpfcJhzl;ygw,f// 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf (Joint
Action)vkyfwJhtcg trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfeJ@vkyfovdk tjcm;wyfaygif;pk
awG/ ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@vnf; vkyfygw,f// 'DvdkvkyfwJhae&mrSm a=unm
csufwckrSm bmjzpfovJqdkawmh tJ'DrSm jynfaxmifpka&;eJ@ wdkif;&if;om;
wef;wla&;qdkwJh tcsufwcsufyg ygw,f// tJ'DtcsuftwGuf u|efawmf
wdk@u ay;xm;wJh udk,fpm;vS,fudk ajymygw,f// 'g u|efawmfwdk@rSm
wm0ef&Sdygw,f/ wm0ef&Sdv@dk b,fvdkajymovJqdkawmh tJ'DtcsufygwJh
404

twGuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk u|efawmfwdk@u b,fvdkoabmeJ@rS

udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ra&G;cJhwm r[kwfygbl;//
'Drdkua&pDeJ@ywfoufvdk@uawmh vkyfydkifcGifhqdkwm ay;xm;+yD; jzpfyg
w,f// wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wla&;udk oufqdkif&mum,uH&Sif/
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJtaeeJ@ aqG;aEG;&vdk@&Sd&if
'D[meJ@ywfouf+yD;awmh u|efawmfwdk@ tm%mtjynfht0ay;vdkufvdk@
rawmfwqrsm; cH,lcsufcsif;rwlvdk@&Sd&if (e0w)u rac:vdk@aygh/ ac:cJhv@dk &Sd&if
aqG;aEG;csuf vGJrSm;oGm;&if u|efawmfwdk@rSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f// wm0ef&SdwJh
twGuf u|efawmfwdk@u vufrSwfrxdk; cGif;csefxm;cJhygw,f//
aemufydkif;rSm aqG;aEG;=u+yD; trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftaeeJ@
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;wefwla&;udk b,fvdkoabmxm;&SdovJqdkwm !SdESdKif;
zdk@vdkr,fvdk@ qHk;jzwf+yD; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;udk }udK;yrf; cJhygw,f// u|efawmf
ajymcsifwmuawmh 'DavmufygyJcifAsm;//
(1)

405

(U.N.L.DrS Edik faiGodrf;)

tcef; (19)
Adkvfatmifausmfvrf; yl;wGJa=unmcsuf
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. trsdK;om;'Drdku&pDtzGJ@csKyf ESifhwidk f;&if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (U.N.L.D)wdk@. awG@qHk;aqG;aEG;yGJwGif a':pkrS
tenf;i,fajym=um;+yD; EdkifaiGodrf;rS wifjyajymqdk+yD; aemufwGif ESpfzGJ@
aygif;I Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;yl;wGJa=unmcsufudk xkwfjyefavonf//
Adkvfatmifausmfvrf; yl;wGJa=unmcsuf. tESpfom&rSm (1961)ckESpf/
awmif}uD;+rdK@/ jynfe,faygif;pHka=unmcsuf. Tpdwftydkif;wckyif jzpfav
onf//

Adkvfatmifausmfvrf; yl;wJGa=unmcsuf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. vufiif;EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwdk@. oabmxm;a=unmcsuf

1//

1352-ckESpf/ awmfovif;vqef;(10)&uf
1990-ck jynfhESpf/ =o*kwfv(19)&uf
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxG;axG;a&G;aumufyGJ usif;ya&;aumfr
&SifwGif w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwif zGJ@pnf;xm;aom(1) wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;ygwD(21)ygwD/ (aemufqufwGJ pm&if;&SK)wdk@ pkpnf;xlaxmifxm;onfh jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;
406

2//

3//

4//

vlrsdK;rsm;EdkifiHa&;rsm;. vlrsdK;pka&;&m rl0g'aumfrwDESifh

trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf A[dktvkyftrSKaqmiftzGJ@.
udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@onf/ (1990)jynfhESpf/ Zlvdkifv(5)&uf
ae@wGif &efukef+rdK@ ausmufwHwm;+rdK@e,f/ Adkvfatmifausmf
vrf;&Sd jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
(XmecsKyf)&Hk;Y r%mr!SdESdKif;aqG;aEG;yGJ usif;ycJh=uonf//
,if;y%mr !SdESdKif;aqG;aEG;yGJrS oabmwlnDcsuft&
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;Edik fiHa&;ygwDrsm;. vlrsdK;pk
a&;&mrl0g'aumfrwDESifh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/ A[dk
tvkyftrSKaqmiftzGJ@. yxrqHk;t}udrf pHknDtpnf;ta0;
udk (1990)jynfhESpf/ Zlvdkifv(12)&ufae@wGif &efukef+rdK@/
a&$*Hkwdkifvrf;&Sd trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (XmecsKyf)&Hk;Y
usif;ycJhygonf//
,if;pHknDaqG;aEG;yGJrS oabmwlcsuft& jynfaxmifpk
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfqufoG,f !SEd SdKif;
a&;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@/ tzGJ@csKyf. vlrsdK;pkqdkif&mzGJ@onf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf.
vufiif;EdkifiHa&;jy\em
rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I yHkrSefaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk (3)}udrfqufvuf
usif;ycJhygonf//
,if;yHkrSefaqG;aEG;yGJrS
!SdESdKif;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;teuf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf. avmavmq,fESifh a&&Snf
tusdK;pD;yGm;wdk@udk a&S@&SKv#uf ESpfOD;ESpfbufwlnDaom
oabmxm;rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; yl;wGJa=unmtyfy g
onf//
(u) (199)jynfhESpf/ ZGefv(29)&ufrS Zlvdkifv(1)&ufae@txd
&efukef+rdK@/ r[mAE<Kvvrf;&Sd/ 0dkiftrfbDatcef;rwGif
407

usif;ycJhaom 'kwd,t}udrf pHknDtpnf;ta0;ESifh wdkif;&if;

om;vlrsdK;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDaygif;pHk 'kwd,t}udrf tpnf;ta0;rS
vufiif;&ifqdkifae&aom EdkifiHa&;jy\emqdkif&m qHk;jzwf
csufrsm;ESifh (1990)jynfhESpf/ Zlvdkifv(28)&ufESifh (29)&uf
ae@u &efukef+rdK@/ Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;/ *E<Dcef;raqmifwGif
usif;ycJhaom trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/ A[dOk D;pDtzGJ@ESifh
tzGJ@csKyf jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,pf m;vS,frsm;. yxrt}udrf
y%mr!SdESdKif;tpnf;ta0;rS wnDw!Gwfwnf; twnfjyKcJh
onfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf woabmwnf;&Sda=umif;
xkwfaz:=uygonf//
if;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm
(1) usif;y+yD;cJhaom ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJt+yD;
jynfol@v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJOya'tcef;(2)/ yk'fr(3)t&
jynfol@v$wfawmfudk (1990)jynfhESpf/ pufwifbmvtwGif;
ac:,lzGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfyd+yD;rSKwnfaqmuf
a&;tzGJ@odk@ awmif;qdka=umif;/
(2) ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;
trsm;pktEdkif&&SdcJhaom
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf.
tm%mydkifudk,pf m;vS,ftzGJ@ESifh(e0w)tm%mydkif udk,fpm;
vS,ftzGJ@wdk@ tjrefqHk; awG@qHk!ESd SdKif;a&;twGuf wdkufwGef;
a=umif;/
(3) jrefrmEdkifiH. avmavmq,ftusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh a&&Snftem*gwf
tusdK;pD;yGm;udk a&S@&SKI trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyfOuU
OD;wifOD;/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh
wuG EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk; vGwfajrmufa&;udk
408

aqmifv#ifpGm aqmif&Gufay;&ef EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfyDjym;rSK

wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@odk@ wdkufwGef;a=umif;/
(4)
'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sda&;ESifh jynfol@vGwfvGyfcGifh uef@
owfxm;rSKrsm;udk &kyfodrf;ay;a&;twGuf EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yf
ydjym;rSKwnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@odk@ awmif;qdka=umif;/
txufyg qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk tjrefqHk;taumiftxnfaz:&ef/
EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;rSKwnfaqmufa&;zGJ@odk@
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwdk@u xyfavmif;
wdkufwGef;onf//
(c)
jynfol@v$wfawmfay:aygufvm+yD;v#if jynfol@v$wfawmfu
wifajrSmufaom tpdk;&tzGJ@pnf;+yD;/ tvsifjrefqHk;aom
umvtwGif;/ jynfol@v$wfawmf. OD;aqmifrSKjzifh wdkif;&if;
om;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifhyg0ifoifh yg0ifxdkufaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
vlyk*~dKvfrsm;yg0ifonfh trsdK;om;!SdESdKif;rSKnDvmcH}uD;w&yf
usif;yI jynfaxmifpkxlaxmifa&;twGuf vrf;!$efrSKrsm;
csrSwfrnf// ,if;vrf;!$efrSKrsm;ESifhtnD/ jynfol@v$wfawmf
u a&&SnfwnfwHhcdkif+rJrnfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'
opfw&yfudk a&;qGJ@jyXmef;twnfjyK&rnf[k jynfaxmifpk
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifhtrsdK;om;'Drdku
a&pDtzGJ@csKyfwdk@uwnDw!Gwfwnf; oabmwl=uonf//
(*) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;onf vlrsdK;a&;wef;wlrSK/ EdkifiHa&;wef;
wlrSKESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtjynfht0&Sdap&rnfhtjyif 'Drdku
a&pDESifhvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmrcHcsuf&Sdaom jynfaxmifpk
udk wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; aoG;pnf;nD!GwfpGm xlaxmif&ef
vdktyfa=umif;/
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdku
409

a&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwdk@ wnD

w!Gwfwnf; oabmwl=uonf//
5//
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwdk@onf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrm
EdkifiH. vufiif;EdkifiHa&;jy\emESifhpyfvsOf;I !SdESdKif;aqG;
aEG;yGJrsm;ESifhvnf; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf qufvuf
aqmif&GufoGm;&ef oabmwl=uonf//
6//
Tyl;wGJa=unmcsufudk &efukef+rdK@/ ausmufwHwm;+rdK@e,f/
Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;/ trSwf(393)&Sd/ jynfaxmifpkwdkif;
&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;vufrSwf
a&;xdk;I yl;wGJxkwfjyef a=unmvdkufonf//
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
(1) (Adkvfatmifausmfvrf; yl;wGJa=unmcsuf)

tESpf(50)jynfh jynfaxmifpkae@tcrf;tem;
ESpf(50)jynfh/ jynfaxmifpkae@tcrf;tem;wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf
onf ordkif;0ifrdef@cGef;w&yfudk ajym=um;cJhavonf// zcifjzpfol AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESifhjynfe,facgif;aqmifrs;/ vlrsdK;pkacgif; aqmifrsm;yg0ifcsKyfqdk
aom yifvHkpmcsKyfESifhtwl/ xdkpOfu rJoa&mxESD;aESmyGJwGif oabmwl
nDcsuf pmwef;udkyg xnfhoGif;I av;eufpGm ajym=um;cJhavonf//
,if;wdk@rSm

410

tESpf(50)jynfh jynfaxmifpkae@tcrf;tem;
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;. rdef@cGef;
tck 'DudkuGa&mufvmwJh y&dowfudka&m usrwdk@&J@ jynfaxmif
pkae@udk ao;odrfapatmifvdk@ jynfolvlxku vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh
a&G;aumufyGJuae+yD;awmh EdkifiH&J@tem*wfOD;aqmifzdk@ rJay;cJhwJh EdkifiHa&;
tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ vkyfaqmifrSKudk ao;odrfatmifvdk@vkyfwJh tcuftcJawG
=um;xJuae+yD;awmh ta0;uae+yD;axmufcHwJh usrwdk@&J@ jynfolvlxk
tm;vHk;udk aus;Zl;wifav;pm;a=umif; usrajymcsifygw,f//
'Dae@qdk&if yifvHkpmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkcJhaom tESpf(50)wif;wif;
jynfhyg+yD;/ 'DpmcsKyfudk oabmwl+yD; csKyfqdkcJhwJh usrwdk@acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;/
wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;&J@ pmcsKyf[m puULay:rSm a&;xdk;xm;wJh
pmcsKyfr#om r[kwfygbl;// jynfaxmifpkudk vdkvm;,Hk=unfwJh jrefrmEdkifiHol
EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;u aoG;pnf;nD!GwfrSKudk ,Hk=unfygw,fqdk+yD;awmh
ESvHk;om;ay:rSm xdk;xm;wJh uwdu0wf jzpfygw,f// jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiH[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiHtaeeJ@ &yfwnfEdkifcJhwm[m
tckqdk&if &mpkESpf0ufcef@ jzpfyg+yD// 'gayr,fh ppfrSefwJh wdkif;&if;om;
nD!GwfrSKudk usrwdk@ rpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhao;wma=umifhrdk@vdk@ 'D[mudk
jynfaxmifpktppfvdk@ac:&rSm tifrwefrS cufaeygw,f//
usrwdk@ ppfrSefwJh aoG;pnf;nD!GwfrSK&&Sdzdk@qdkwm bmvdkvJqdkawmh
usrwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; tm;vHk;[m rdrdwdk@&J@ ar#mfrSef;csufawG/
&nfrSef;csufawG/ pdk;&drfcsufawG/ em=unf;csufawG/ rauseyfrSKawGudk
yGifhyGifhvif;vif; tEW&m,fr&SdbJeJ@ wifjyay;EdkifwJh pepfwck&Sdzdk@ vdkygw,f//
'Dpepfwck&SdrSmomv#if usrwdk@=um;xJrSm &SdaewJhem;vnf;rSK
vGJrSm;aewmawG/ rauseyfwmawGudk uG,faysmufoGm;atmif vkyfEdkifrSm
411

jzpfygw,f// usrwdk@ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftaeeJ@ uawmh

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;=um; jynfh0wJh ,Hk=unfrSK
jzpfay:vmEkdifatifvdk@ apwemoef@oef@eJ@ }udK;pm;oGm; r,fqdkwm usrawmh
uwdu0wfjyKygw,f//
wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;taeeJ@vnf; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@udk tcktESpf
(50)ajrSmuf jynfaxmifpkae@tcgor,rSm usrav;av;eufeuf zdwfac:
vdkufygw,f//
Zefem0g&Dv(7)&ufae@uae+yD;awmh (14)&ufae@txd rJoa&mxrSm
usif;ycJhwJh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tzGJ@tpnf;(15)zGJ@eJ@ tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;udk,fpm;vS,fawGyg0ifwJh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;u a=unmcsufpmwrf;
wck xkwfjyefcJhygw,f//
tJh'D a=unmpmwrf;xJrSm bmygvJqdkawmh
jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD;aemuf yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif az:jyxm;onfh
EdkifiHom;wdkif; vlrsdK;a&;omwlnDr# &Sd&rnf[laomtcsufudk tm%m
vufudkifxm;ol tqufqufum r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'udk vufudkifx m;+yD;
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;tm; &ufpufpGm ppfqifwdkufcJhjcif;rsm;a=umifh
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;taejzifh ordkif;wGif r}uHKpzl;atmif twd'kuQa&mufcJh
&a=umif; qdk+yD;awmh yg ygw,f//
'Dvdk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;&J@ cg;oD;vSwJh cHpm;rSKawGa=umifh usrwdk@
jynfaxmifpktay:rSm t,Hkt=unf uif;rJhvmw,fqdkwm tifrwefrS
0rf;enf;p&mudpPwck jzpfygw,f// 'Dtwdwfu trSm;awGudk jyef+yD;jyKjyifzdk@
qdkwm[muvnf; usrwdk@tm;vHk;&J@ wm0efjzpfygw,f// wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm;&J@ ar#mfrSef;csufawGudk usrwdk@ =unfh&r,f//
'Dar#mfrSef;csufawG[m bmvJqdkv@dk &Sd&if rJoa&mxESD;aESmyGJu
oabmwlnDcsufpmwrf;xJrSm ygwmuawmh
412

(u)
(c)
(*)
(C)

ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;+yd; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;wnf

aqmuf&ef/
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;pepf usifho;Hk &ef//
vlrsdK;wdkif; wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tcGifhta&;
&&Sd&ef/
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk}uD;wnfaqmuf&ef - wdk@jzpfygw,f//

oabmxm;qdk+yD;awmh pmwrf;wckvnf; xGufygw,f// ck'Doabm

xm;pmwrf;t&qdk&ifvnf; usrwdk@EdkifiHtwGuf t"duvdktyfcsufawG
uawmh
(1) 'Drdkua&pDESifhwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;EdkifiHa&;/ wef;wl&nfwl
tcGifhta&;&&Sda&;/
(2) wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;/
(3) ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepfwnfaqmufa&;/
(4) jynfe,ftoD;oD;
tcsdK;nDpGmjzifh
zGJ@+zdK@;wdk;wuf+yD;
jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;acwfrSDw;dk wufonfh EdkifiHjzpfvma&;/
(5) tm%m&Sifpepf[o
l r# csKyf+idrf;a&;/
(6) jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;/
'Dpmwrf;awGrSm ygwJhoabmw&m;awGudk =unfhvu
dk fr,fqdkv@dk &Sd&if
tm%m&SifpepfcsKyf+idrf;a&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm;tm;vHk;&J@ wef;wlnDwla&;wdk@[m cdkifrmwnfwhHwJ@ jynfaxmifpk
413

wcktwGuf rjzpfraevdktyfwJh tkwfjrpfawGjzpfygw,f// tajccHvdktyf

csufawGudk az:xkwfzdk@ qdkwm[m usrwdk@twlvufwJG+yD; vkyf&rSmyg//
'Dtcsufudkvnf; wdkif;&if;om;nDtudkarmifESrrsm;[m &dyfrdw,f
qdkwmuawmh jiif;zG,f&m r&Sdygbl;// bmjzpfvJqdkawmh
ajray:EdkifiHa&;tajccH&Sdolrsm;/ w&m;0if&yfwnfcGifh&Sdaom ygwDtzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;ESifh vufeufudkif+idrf;csrf;a&;,lxm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;.
aqG;aEG;!SdESdKif;rSKrsm;rSwqifh nD!Gwfa&;wnfaqmuf&ef }udK;yrf;oifhonf//
xdko@dk rvkyfEkdifygu wjznf;jznf;ESifhtm;vHk; vHk;yg;yg;+yD; t=uyftwnf;
yifv,fa0um xdcdkufzsufqD;oGm;vdrfhrnf// xdk@a=umifh vufvSrf;rD&mwdk@udk
pkpnf;Edkifor#pkpnf;+yD; taxGaxG t=uyftwnf;rS vGwfajrSmuf&ef
}udK;yrf;=uygpdk@[k wdkufwGef;ESdK;aqmfvkduyf gonf vdk@ yg ygw,f//
rJoa&mxESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ&J@ oabmwlnDcsufrSmvnf; b,fvdka&;
xm;ovJqdkawmh
a':atmifqef;pk=unfOD;aqmifaom
'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh
wef;wl&nfwlvufwGJI trsdK;om;tcGifhta&;twGufif;/ 'Drdkua&pD
tcGifhta&;twGufif; w+ydKifeufwnf; pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm wdkufyGJ0if
oGm;=u&efudkvnf;
u|Efkyfwdk@wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;u
wnD w!Gwfwnf; oabmwlvdkufygw,f//
+cHKiHk+yD;ajym&r,fqdkv@dk &Sd&if
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;tm;vHk;wdk@&J@
wef;wla&;udk tajccHwJh/ ppfrSefwJh jynfaxmifpkwck/ EdkifiHawmfwck
ay:aygufzdk@&m 'Drdkua&pDESifhvl@tcGifhta&;twGuf }udK;yrf;aewJh usrwdk@
tiftm;pkawGeJ@ wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk; cdkifcdkifrmrm/ uspfuspf
vpfvpfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@vdkw,fqdkwm xif&Sm;ygw,f// tck tESpf(50)
ajrSmuf jynfaxmifpkae@txdrf; trSwfw&yftaeeJ@ tem*wfrSm az:xkwf
&rJh yifvHkpdwf"gwfudk jyefvnf&Sifoefap+yD; jynfolvlxkudk trSefwu,f
414

udk,fpm;jyKr,fh nDvmcH}uD;&Jt}udK ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwcktaeeJ@ usrwdk@

trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftaeeJ@ twlaqmif&Guf=uzdk@ wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ ajray:EdkifiHa&; tajccH&Sdolrsm;/ w&m;0if&yfwnf
cGifh&SdwJh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;eJ@ vufeufudkif+idrf;csrf;a&;,lxm;wJh tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk 'Dae&muae zdwfac:vdkufygw,f//
wu,fhudk jynfolvlxktm;vHk;udk udk,fpm;jyKrJh nDvmcH}uD;&J@t}udK
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJtaeeJ@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pktm;vHk; usrwdk@&J@ vm+yD;awmh
aqG;aEG;yGJwck usif;y=uygvdk@ usr av;av;eufeuf zdwfac:vdkufygw,f//
- yifvHkpdwf"gwf &SifoefEdkifygap//
- ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpk}uD; tjrefqHk;ay:xGef;Edkifygap//
- ta&;awmfyHk atmif&rnf//
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
trSwf(97c)taemufa&$*Hkwidk fvrf;
A[ef;+rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@

(1)

(ESpf(50)jynfh/ jynfaxmifpkae@)

415

(yrydkif;)

416

tcef; (20)
jynfaxmifpkudk b,fvdkwnfaqmufrvJ
jrefrmjynfolrsm;ESifhvlrsdK;pkjynfolrsm;
(1) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;(zqyv)y%mrnDvmcHESifhyxrt}udrf
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif wifoGif;cJhonhf vlrsdK;pkrsm;
qdkif&m ydkifqdkifcGifhESifhjynfaxmifpkudk b,fvdkzGJ@pnf;&rnf
qdkonfh pmwef;rsm;/
(2) awmif}uD;/
jynfe,faygif;pHknDvmcHwGif
OD;xGef;jrifh
(awmif}uD;)wifoGif;cJhonfh rdrdwdk@tvdk&Sdaom jynfaxmifpk
pmwef;/
(3) &efukef+rdK@/ toHvGifh&HkwGif 'kwd,t}udrfusif;ycJhonfh
jynfe,faygifpHk;nDvmcHY 0d"l&ocifcspfarmifwifoGif;cJhaom
tem*gwfzGJ@pnf;yHka&;qGJa&;pmwef;/
(4) (U.N.L.D)ESifh (N.L.D)awG@qHkyGJwGif obmywd(EdkifaiGodrf;).
pmwef;ESifhESpf(50)jynfh/ jynfaxmifpkae@wGif a':atmifqef;
pk=unfajym=um;csufrsm;udk toD;oD;az:jycJh+yD; jzpfonf//
,ckyrydkif;wGif (U.N.L.D.L.A)twGif;a&;rSL; qvdkif;vsef
zkef;. jynfaxmifpkrltajccHpmwef;ESifh tjcm;ta&;}uD;
aom pmwef;rsm;udk qufvufwifjyoGm;ygrnf//
cGefrmudkbef;(u,m;)trwf/
qvdkif;vsefzkef;/
EdkifxGef;a0ESifh
u|efawmfwdk@onf &efukef+rdK@(Adkvfatmifausmf) vrf;rSmuxJu qHkcJh=u
olrsm; jzpf=uonf// ,ck awmwGif;a&mufI (U.N.L.D. L.A) zGJ@pnf;aom
417

tcgwGifvnf; jyefvnfqHkqnf; =ujcif;jzpfonf// txl;ojzifh u|efawmf

(ref;!Gef@armif)/ pdkif;wifaz/ cGefrmudkbef;wdk@onf (1961)ckESpf/ awmif}uD;
nDvmcHwGif wufa&mufcJholrsm;vnf; jzpf=uayonf//
jynfaxmifpkudk pwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu tajccHaom jynfaxmifpkpepf.
tajccHvrf;!GefrSKrsm;
yifvHkpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh
wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfopfwckudk twlwuG
xlaxmif&ef oabmwlpmcsKyf csKyfcJhpOfu tajccHaom jynfaxmifpkrl
rsm;udk qef;ppfygu tajccHtm;jzifh tcsuf}uD;(10)csuf&Sda=umif; awG@&SdEdki f
rnf jzpfygonf// ,if;wdk@rSm -

apm[efnGef@/ qvdki;f vsefrkef;/ Edkif[Hom/ apmpdki;f armf(ef)

418

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

Sovereign State

(vGwfvyfI tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifqdkif

aom EdkifiHawmf)
- vGwfvyfI tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifqdkifaom EdkifiHawmfudk
xlaxmif&rnfjzpf+yD; EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcm(1)tm%m
[lor#wdk@onf jynfolvlxkxHrSom qif;oufvmap&
rnf//
Voluntary Association (vGwfvyfaom qENoabmESifh
tnD yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;)
- wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wdkif;onf rdrdwdk@.vGwfvyfaom
oabmqENESifhtnD jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if trsdK;om;
jynfe,frsm;tjzpf yg0ifcGifh &Sdap&rnf/
Equality (wef;wla&;)
- wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wkdif;onf EdkifiHa&;t&jzpfap/ vlrsdK;a&;
t&jzpfap wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&; &Sd&rnf//
Self-determination (udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh)
- wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wdkif;onf EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlrSK
a&;ESifh,Ofaus;rSKponfh utoD;oD;wGif udk,fydkif
jyXmef;cGifh tjynfht0 &Sdap&rnf//
Federal Principles (zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkppfppfrl)
- jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfwGif tm%mwl v$wfawmfESpf&yf
xm;&Sda&;tygt0if udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtjynfht0&Sdaom
jynfe,frsm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkudk zGJ@pnf;&rnf//

419

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

Minority

Rights

(vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk

umuG,fjcif;)
- jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if jynfe,frsm;twGif; aexdkif=uaom
wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;.
tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf
vHkavmufaom tumtuG,frsm; jyXmef;ay;&rnf//
Democracy and Fundamental Rights ('Drdkua&pDESifh
tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;)
- jynfaxmifpktwGif; rSDwif;aexdkifaom EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf
vlrsdK;ra&G;/ bmomra&G;/ vdifcGJjcm;rSKr&SdapbJ 'Drdkua&pD
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjynfht0cHpm;ydkifcGifh &Sdap&rnf//
Multi-party Democracy System (ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf)
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usifhoHk;
ap&rnf//
Secular State (bmoma&;udk tajcrcHaom EdkifiHawmf)
- EdkifiHa&;ESifhbmoma&;a&mpyfjcif; r&SdapbJ/ bmoma&;udk
tajcrcHaom EdkifiHawmf jzpfap&rnf/./
Secession Right (cGJxGuc
f Gifh)
- wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wdkif;onf rdrdwdk@. vGwfvyfaom
oabmqENESifhtnD jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0iftjzpfrS cGJxGuf
vdku cGJxGufydkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf[al om tcsufrsm;jzpf
a=umif; awG@&SdEdkifygonf//

420

Tvrf;n$eftajccHrlrsm;. tESpfom&rSm yifvHkpmcsKyft& topf

zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifrnfh EdkifiHawmfopfonf tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifaom
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHjzpf&rnfjzpf+yD;/ if;jynfaxmifpkxJwGif tzGJ@0iftjzpf
ygcsifaom jynfaxmifrsm;(0g) jynfe,frsm;onf rdrdwdk@. vGwfvyfaom
qENoabmESifhtnD jynfaxmifpkxJodk@ yl;aygif;yg0ifvm=u&rnf jzpfygonf//
xdko@dk rdrdwdk@qEN oabmxm;ESifhtnD yg0ifyl;aygif;=uaom jynfaxmifpk
tzGJ@0iftrsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;onf EdkifiHa&;t&aomfif;/ vlrsdK;a&;t&
aomfif; wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sdxm;=u&rnfhtjyif/ udk,fydkif
jyXmef;cGifhtm%mrsm;vnf; tjynfht0&&Sdxm;=urnf jzpfygonf// xdko@dk
wef;wlI udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tm%mtjynfht0&Sdaom jynfaxmifrsm;(0g)
jynfe,frsm;jzifh EdkifiHawmfwckudk twlwuG xlaxmif&ef wckwnf;aom
enf;vrf;rSm jynfaxmifpkpepfomv#if jzpfygonf//
xdk@jyif jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if jynfe,frsm;twGif; aexdkif=uaom
wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;udk tjynfht0umuG,fjyXmef;
ay;&rnfhtjyif EdkifiHawmftwGif; rSDwif;aexdkif=uaom EdkifiHom;wdkif;.
tcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHawmfOya'tjzpf umuG,fjyXmef;ay;&rnf//
EdkifiHawmf tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf (0g) tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&;pepfwGif ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD
pepfudk usifho;Hk &rnfjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHom;wdkif;. vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,f
,Hk=unfrSKudk av;pm;vdkufemaomtm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;udk bmoma&;wGif;if;/
bmoma&;udk EdkifiHa&;wGifif; a&mpyfxm;jcif;r&SdapbJ bmoma&;udk
tajccHaomEdkifiHawmf (Secular State)udk xlaxmifoGm;=u&rnf jzpfyg
onf//
EdkifiHawmfonf txufyg vrf;!GeftajccHrlrsm;rS aoGzDoGm;onf[k
,lqyguaomfif;/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u txufyg vrf;!GeftajccHrlrsm;udk
vdkufemapmifha&Smufjcif;r&SdbJ jynfe,fwdkif;&if; om;vlrsdK;rsm;. tcGifhta&;
udk csdK;azgufvmyguaomfif; jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0iftrsdK;om;jynfe,f
421

rsm;onf jynfaxmifpkxJrS vGwfvyfpGm rdrdwdk@ qENoabmESihftnD cGJxGuf

ydkifcGifh &Sdap&rnf[al om tcsufrsm;yif jzpfygonf//
xdktESpfom& ydkrdkay:vGifvmap&ef tajccHvrf;!Gefrl(10)csufudk
ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;ESifh atmufygtwdkif; qufvuf&Sif;vif;wifjy
oGm;ygrnf//
( 1 ) Sovereign State (vGwfvyfItcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifaom EdkifiHawmf)
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkwef;wl&nfwl
yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;aom
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf}uD;onf vGwfvyfI tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifqdkif
aom EdkifiHawmfjzpfap&rnfjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%m
[lor#wdk@onf jynfolvlxkxHrS qif;oufvmap&rnfh jynfaxmifpk
EdkifiHawmfopf}uD;udk xlaxmif&rnf// Tvrf;!Gefrl. qdkv&dk if;rSm (u) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfopf}uD;udk
twlwuGxlaxmif&ef
yifvHkpmcsKyfudk oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uaom
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;onf oD;jcm;pDjzifh vGwfvyfa&;&,lI
oD;jcm;pDjzifh vGwfvyfI tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdifqdkifaom
trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmfrsm;udk xlaxmifjcif;rjyKbJ/ rdr dydkifqdkif
xm;aom
tcsKyftjcmtm%mrsm;udk
pkaygif;I
jynfaxifpkEdkifiHwmfudk twlwuG xlaxmif=u&rnf
[laom tcsufyifjzpfygonf//
(c) 'kwd,tcsufrSm xdktcsKyftjcmtm%monf vlrsdK;wrsdK;
xHrSaomfif;/ jynfe,fwckwnf;xHrSaomfif; qif;oufjcif;
r&SdapbJ/ jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;twGif; wdkif;&if;om;jynfol
vlxx
k HrS qif;oufvmap&rnf[laom tcsufyif jzpfyg
onf// EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfaxmifpk
422

w0Srf;vHk;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk/ jynfolvlxkw&yf

vHk;rS qif;oufvmonf jzpfaoma=umifh Tjynfaxmifpkudk
vlrsdK;wrsdK;/ jynfe,fwckwnf;uom ydkifqdkifxm;jcif;
r[kwfbJ/ jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifjynfe,ftm;vHk;/ jynfaxmif
pktwGif;&Sd vlrsdK;tm;vHk;ESifhjynfolvlxk&yfvHk;u pkaygif;
ydkifqdkifxm;aom jynfaxmifpkjzpfygonf//
(*) EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfolvlxkxrH S
qif;oufvmap&rnf[al om tajccHrl. wwd,&nf&G,f
csufrSm - wdkif;jynfwGif r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'ESifhtrsdK;rsdK;aom
tm%m&Sifpepfrsm; ray:xGef;vmapa&;twGuf tum
tuG,f,l&ef vdktyfonf[al om &nf&G,fcsufvnf; yg0if
aeygonf//
tu,fI EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfolvlxkxHrS
qif;oufvmap&rnf[al om (Popular Sovereignty)udk vufrcHbJ/ jyifopf
awmfvSefa&;t+yD; (1791)ckESpfwGif a&;qGJjyXmef;cJhaom jyifopfzGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'tpOftvmt& jzpfay:usifho;Hk vmcJhonfh EdkifiHwmftcsKyf
tjcmtm%monf wdkif;jynfwGif &Sdonf (Sovereignty belongs to the
Nation)[laom tawG;tac:onf vufcHcJhrdygu/ xdkwi
dk f;jynf&Sdt}uD;qHk;
vlrsdK;rsm;xHwGif EdkifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%m&Sdonf[k ,Hk=unfEdkif&Hkom
ru xdkvlrsdK;twGif; r[mvlrsdK;0g'xGef;um;atmif EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'u wGef;ydk@ay;Edkifygonf//
Oyrm jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHonf trnfemrtm;jzifh wdkif;jynf
twGif;&Sd vlOD;a&trsm;qHk;aom jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;udktajccHI rSnfhac:aeonf
jzpfaoma=umifh/ tu,fI EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%monf
wdkif;jynfwGif&Sdonf[k cH,lrdygu/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH. tcsKyf
423

tjcmtm%monf jrefrm(0g)ArmvlrsdK;rsm;xHwGif &Sdaeonf[k t"dy`g,f

zGifhqdk&rnf jzpfygonf//
xdk@jyif +AdwdefEdkifiHwGif usifho;Hk onfhtpOftvmtwdkif; EdkifiHawmf.
tcsKyftjcmtm%monf EdkifiHawmf. ygvDref(0g)v$wfawmfwGif &Sdaeap
&rnf (Sovereignty resides in Perliament )[laom t,ltqudk vufcH
usifhoHk;rdygu jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfudk xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifonfh jrefrm
(0g)ArmvlrsdK;rsm;vufxJwGif EdkifiHawmftm%mudk oG,f0dkufaom enf;vrf;
jzifh tyfESif;xm;&m=uaeayrnf//
EdkifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfolvlxkxHrS qif;oufvm
ap&rnf[laom tajccHrludk vufcHxm;jcif;a=umifh/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u
aomfif;/ vlrsdK;wrsdK;uaomfif;/ vltkyfpkwtkyfpkuaomfif;/ EdkifiHa&;
ygwDwckuaomfif;/ yk*~dKvfwOD;wa,mufuaomfif; EdkifiHawmftm%mudk
tv$Jo;Hk pm;rjyKEdkifatmif xdef;csKyfxm;ygonf// jynfolvlxkonf EdkifiHawmf
. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk ydkifqdkifolrsm;jzpfaoma=umifh jynfolvlxku
tpdk;&xHwGif tyfESif;jcif;r&Sdaom tm%mrsm;jzpfonfh ( Initiative and
Referendum Power)rsm;&Sdaeaoma=umifh wdkif;jynfwGif tm%mtv$Jo;Hk
pm;rSKr&Sdapa&;/ tm%m&SifpepfrxGef;um;Edkifa&;/ r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'ESifh
usOf;ajrmif;aom trsdK;om;0g'ray:xGef;Edkifa&;twGuf [ef@wm;umuG,f
Edkifrnf jzpfygonf//

(2)

Voluntary

Association

(vGwfvyfaom qENoabmESifhtnD

yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;)
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk pwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu usifho;Hk cJhaom
vrf;!GeftajccHrlrsm;teuf ta&;t}uD;qHk;aom tajccHrlwckrSm
(Voluntary Association)[kac:onfh wdik f;&if;om;vlrsdK;toD;oD;u rdrdwdk@.
424

vGwfvyfaom
qENoabmxm;ESifhtnD
topfzGJ@pnf;xlaxmifrnfh
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. tzGJ@0ifjynfaxmifrsm;tjzpf yg0ifap&rnf
[laomtcsufyif jzpfygonf// ,if;tcsufonf jynfaxmifpkpepfxl
axmif&mwGif r&SdrjzpftajccH&rnfh rlwckjzpfaom ( Coming together)
twlwuGyl;aygif;yg0ifvmjcif;[laomtajccHrlESifhtxl;udkufnaD eygonf/
jynfaxmifpkpepfonf vGwfvyfaomjynfaxmifrsm;(0g)vGwf
vyfI tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifaom jynfaxmifrsm;udk oD;jcm;xlaxmif
cGifh&Sdaom jynfaxmifrsm;pkaygif;IzGJ@pnf;onfhjynfaxmifrsm;udk aygif;pnf;
xm;onfhjynfaxifpkpepfyif jzpfygonf// xdka=umifh yifvHkpmcsKyfudk
vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uaom vlrsdK;rsm;ESifhjynfaxmifrsm;udk avhvmqef;ppf
=unfhygu udkvdkeDacwfrwdkifcifu oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaomvlrsdK;rsm;/ wdkif;jynf
rsm;/ jynfaxmifrsm;jzpfa=umif;udk awG@&Sdrnf jzpfygonf// +Adwdo#udkvedk D
tpdk;&uvnf; ,ae@jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
rsm;udk wdkif;jynfwck/ vlrsdK;wrsdK;tjzpf w}udrfwcgwnf;wGif twlwuG
odrf;ydkufcJhjcif; r[kwfay// oD;jcm;vlrsdK;oD;jcm;wdkif;jynftjzpf oD;jcm;tcsdef
rsm;wGif oD;jcm;pD odrf;ydkufcJhjcif;om jzpfygonf// Oyrm Arm (0g)jrefrmrif;
wdk@. aemufqHk;aejynfawmf rEWav;udk wwd,t*Fvdyf jrefrmppfyGJt+yD;
(1885)ckESpfwGif oD;jcm;odrf;ydkufcJhjcif; jzpfygonf// xdka=umifh udkvedk Dacwf
wav#mufvvHk;wGif xdkvlrsdK;udk oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rsm;jzifh
oD;jcm;pDtkyfcsKyfcJhygonf//
'kwd,urBmppft+yD;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;& (txl;ojzifhavbmygwD)u
if;. udkvedk De,frsm;udk vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef pOf;pm;vmaomtcg udkvedk D
rwdkifcifu oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom vlrsdK;rsm;ESifhuv
dk dkeDacwfwav#mufvHk;
oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkrsm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhaom vlrsdK;rsm;udk oD;jcm;pDjzifh
vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef ordkif;uawmif;qdkvmcJhygonf// odk@&mwGif xdkvlrsdK;
rsm;ESifhjynfaxmifrsm; oD;jcm;pDjzifh vGwfvyfa&;r,lyJ/ twlwuG yl;aygif;I
425

jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfopfudk
xlaxmif&eftwGuf
vGwfvyfa&;udkyg
twlwuG&,l&ef yifvHknv
D mcHwGif oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uyg
onf// xdka=umifh yifvHkpmcsKyf. ed'gef;wGif
Believing that freedom will be more speedily achieved by the Shans,
the Kachins and the Chins by their immediate co-operation with the Interim
Burmese Government[k a&;om;cJhygonf//

yifvHkpmcsKyf. tESpfom&udk aocsmpGmavhvmqef;ppf=unfhygu

(1894)ckESpfwGif a&;qGJ jyXmef;cJhaom ucsifawmifwef;a'ozGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf;Oya' (1894 Kachin Hills Regulation) jzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhaom
ucsifjynfaxmif/ (1896)ckESpfwGif a&;qGJjyXmef;cJaom csif;awmifwef;
zGJ@pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf; (1896 Chin Hills Regulation)jzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhaom
csif;jynfaxmif/ (1922)ckESpfwGif jyifqifjyXmef;cJhonfh zuf'&,f&Srf;jynf
axmifzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf;Oya' (1922 Federated Shan Stat Act)jzifh
tkyfcsKyfcJhaom zuf'&,f&Srf;jynfe,f/ (1935)ckESpfwgif a&;qGJjyXmef;+yD;
(1937)ckESpfwGif pwifusifho;Hk onfh ArmjynftufOya' ( 1935 Burma
Act)jzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhonfh Armjynfaxmif ( Burma Proper or Ministerial
Burma)wdk@ yg0ifa=umif; awG@&rnfjzpfonf// xdka=umifh jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHudk pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhpOfu oD;jcm;vGwfvyfI oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'rsm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhaom jynfaxmifpkav;jynfaxmifjzifh pwifzGJ@
pnf;cJha=umif; awG@&rnfjzpfygonf// yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD; aemufydkif;wGif
+Adwdo#tpdk;&ESifhrif;wkef;rif;wdk@. (1875)ckESpf/ oabmwlnDcsufjzifh
vGwfvyfaomjynfaxmiftjzpf todtrSwfjyKjcif;cHcJh&aom u&ifeD(0g)
u,m;jynfaxmifonfvnf; jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if jzpfvmcJhygonf//
xdka=umifh yifvHkpmcsKyfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom Arm
(0g) jrefrmwdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm; ucsif;/ ucsif/ &Srf;vlrsdK;rsm;udk ppfa&;jzifh
wdkufcdkuford f;,l+yD; vufeufcstnHhcHapaom tEdkift&SHK;pmcsKyfr[kwaf y//
jynfaxmifav;jynf axmifwef;wl&nfwlyl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf
426

opfwckudk twlwuGxlaxmif&ef csKyfqdkcJhaom pmcsKyfr#omjzpfygonf//

xdka=umifh yifvHkpmcsKyfu rD;armif;xdk;jyxm;aom tcsufrSm jynfaxmif
pktzGJ@0if jynfaxmifrsm;(0g)trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;onf rdrdwdk@. vGwfvyf
aomqENoabmESifhtnD topfzGJ@pnf;xlaxmifrnfh jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH
awmf. tzGJ@0ifjynfaxmifrsm;tjzpf yg0ifap&rnf [laom tcsufyif
jzpfygonf//
xdktcsufudk
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwkid fu
wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
v$wfawmfwGif atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; wifjycJhygonf// tJonfawmh onfudpPESifhywfoufvdk@ u|efawmfwnfhwnfh
vif;vif; &Sif;csifwmuawmh Armjynfaxmifpkvdk@ ac:wGifbdk@qdk+yD;awmh
onftqdkxJrSm wifjyxm;ayrnfh onfjynfaxmifpk EdkifiHxJrSm b,fe,f
awGygvdk@ b,fe,fawGyg&rnfvdk@ owfrSwfxm;jcif; r&Sdao;ygbl;//
onfawmh awmifwef;a'ouae+yD;awmh wufa&mufvm=uwJh udk,fpm;
vS,fawG[m bmr# onfudpPESifhywfouf+yD; pdk;&drfp&mtvsOf;r&Sdygbl;//
onfjynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfxJrSm udk,fygcsifrS udk,efh ,fqdkif&mrSm ae+yD;
awmh ygcsifrS ygEdkifwmbJ// onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfrzGJ@pnf;rDtcgrSm
wdkif;jynfjyK zGJ@pnf;&eftvdk@iSg u|efawmfwdk@ oabmwlnDcsufawG pmcsKyf
trsdK;rsdK; csKyfwJhtcgwkef;u awmifwef;a'ou udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh
u|efawmfwdk@csKyfqdkwJh
pmcsKyft&qdkvdk@&Sdv#ifjzpfap/
aemuf+yD;awmh
awmifwef;a'oqdkif&m pHkprf;a&;tzGJ@tpD&ifcHpmrS axmufcHcsufrsm;udk
u|efawmfwdk@ vufcHvmcJhonfh twdkif;jzpfap tJonfvdk vufcHxm;wJh
onfpmoabmwGifrubJ (Note only the letter of agreement)onf
pmoabmudk u|efawmfwdk@oabmwlnDvmcJhwJh wu,fht&if;cHoabm
w&m;udk vufcH+yD;awmh/ onftwdkif;bJ onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm
vkyfrSmygbJqdkwm awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wnfhwnfh
vif;vif;em; vnfapcsifygw,f// u|efawmfwdk@ ay;+yD;om;uwd/ em;vnf
427

+yD;om; oabmwlnDcsufawGudk e,fcsJ@orm;vdk u|efawmfwdk@ azgufzsuf

jcif;rvkyfygbl;// tJonfvdk ay;+yD;om; uwdESifhem;vnf+yD;om; oabm
wlnDcsufawGudk azgufzsufrnfvm;vdk@ oHo,&SdwJh vlawG[m OuUrif;
cGifhjyKcsuft& ajym&v#if u|efawmfwdk@&J@ (Sense of honour, Sense of selfrespect, Sense of pride)wdk@udk apmfum;w,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ ,lqygw,f//
tJonfawmh u|efawmfwdk@ ay;+yD;om;uwd/ em;vnf+yD;om;
oabmwlnDcsufwdk@udk awmif;wef;e,fu udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m wdkif;jynf
jyKv$wfawmfxJ a&mufvmwJhtcg aoaocsmcsm em;vnfapcsifwmu
b,fenf;ESifhr# u|efawmfwdk@ ArmvlrsdK;pkjzpfwJh vlawG[m cifAsm;wdk@udk
twif;tm;jzifh u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpkxJrSm roGif;ygbl;// oabmrwlbJ
raeEdkifwJh tajctaersdK;udk vufwvHk;jcm; vdrfwJhenf;eJ@vnf; u|efawmfwdk@
rvkyfygbl;qdkwmudk twnfhtvif;em;vnf apcsifygw,f//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u qufvufajym=um;&mY
tJonfawmh
awmifwef;e,fqdkif&mudpPESifhywfouf+yD;awmh
u|efawmfwdk@&J@ apwem[m tifrwef &Sif;&Sif;xm;ygw,f// u|efawmfwdk@
wifoGif;wJhtqdk+yD;wJhaemuf qufvuf+yD;awmhum jynfaxmifpkzGJ @pnf;wJh
ae&mrSm jynfaxmifpkxJygcsifwJh jynfe,fawG[m b,fvdktcsuf
tvufawG/ b,fvdktcGifhta&;awG/ b,fvdktajccHawG/ tJonfvdk
tcsuftvufawGt& pkaygif;oifhw,f qdkwu
Jh dpPawG aqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSm
u|efawmfwdk@ wifoGif;wJhtqdkawG u|efawmfwdk@ wif;oGif;wJht}uH ^m%fawG/
'gawGudk oabmrusvdk@&Sd&if oabmruswJhtwdkif; awmifwef;e,fbuf
qdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m oabm&Sd ArmjynfESifhraygif;bJ aecsifae
Edkifw,f// 'g u|efawmf ,ae@onf wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfxJrSm onfp um;
udk ajymjcif;bJ/ u|efawmfwdk@ apwemudk b,favmufxdatmif
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
jywfjywfom;om;xm;w,fqdkwmudk
odapcsifvdk@
ajymqdkjcif;jzpfygw,f// aemuf+yD;awmhwcsuf onfvdkcifAsm;wdk@ oabmrwl
428

vdk@&Sdv#if rygcsifaevdk@ajymwJh ae&mrSmvnf; e,fcsJ@orm;awGudk wbuf

uae+yD;awmhum rygcsifaeyguGmqdk+yD;awmh/ rygbl;vdk@xifwJh tcgusawmh
wbufu0if+yD;awmh r&SKwfbl;
tJonfawmh onfvdku|efawmfwdk@onf em;vnfxm;wJhtwdkif;
u|efawmfwdk@ESifhtwlwlyg+yD; rvkyfcsifbl;qdkv#if u|efawmfwdk@ twif;rwdkuf
wGef;ygbl;// tJonfvdk ryg ygatmifqdk+yD;awmhum 'guawmh Armpum;
r[kwfbl;xifw,f// u|efawmfem;vnfoavmufawmh u&ifpum;bJvdk@
xifw,f// twif;eom;yg;,m;vkyfwJh enf;rsdK;vnf; u|efawmfwdk@ rvkyfyg
bl;// tJ'gudk wnfhwnfh vif;vif; awmifwef;e,fbufu u|efawmfhrdwfaqG
rsm;udk u|efawmfem;vnfapcsifygw,f//
xdk@tjyif (Voluntary Association)ESifhywfoufI tJonfawmh
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfrSm b,fe,fawG yg&rnfqdkwm u|efawmfwdk@
onftxJrSm xnfhxm;wmvJ r&Sdao;ygbl;/ ygcsifwJhval wG yg=uyg[lI
&Sif;&Sif;ESifhbGif;bGif;}uD; ajym=um;cJhygonf//
xdka=umifh jynfaxmifpkudk pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhpOfu tajccHaom tajccH
vrf;!Gefrlrsm;teuf (Voluntary Association)onf tvGefta&;}uD;aom
vrf;!GeftajccH rljzpfa=umif;udk +Adwdo#udk vdkeDacwfrwdkifrD ordkif;
a=umif;rsm;omru yifvHkpmcsKyfESifhAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wf
awmfwGif rGufqdkoGm;cJhonfh rdef@cGef;rsm;u tcdkiftrmxkwfjy oufaoxlae
ygonf//
(3)

Equality (wef;wla&;)

udkvedk Db0rSvGwfajrmuf&ef pdkif;jyif;aecJhaom csif;/ ucsifESifh&Srf;

paom wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;u vGwfvyfa&;&,l+yD; rdrdwdk@oD;jcm;pDjzifh
trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmfudk xlaxmif=urnfavm/ odk@wnf;r[kwf Armvlr sdK;
429

rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;I vGwfvyfa&;udk twlwuG&,l+yd; jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH

awmfopfudk twlwuG xlaxmif=urnfavm/ tqHk;tjzwfay;&ef pOf;pm;cJh
=upOfu t"duxm; awG;ac:cJhaomtcsufrSm - tu,fI ArmvlrsdK;
rsm;ESifhvGwv
f yfa&;twl &,lygu ArmvlrsdK;rsm;&&Sd cHpm;aom tcGifhta&;
udk rdrdwdk@vnf; wef;wlcHpm;cGifh&ap&rnf [laom tcsufyif jzpfygonf//
,if;tcsufudk yifvHknv
D mcHodk@ wufa&mufvm=uaom csif;/
ucsifESifh&Srf;acgif;aqmifrsm;u (1947)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(7)&ufae@ oabm
wlnDcsufwGif 'Drdkua&pDt& Armrsm;ESifhwef;wl tcGifhta&;ay;&ef[k
twdtvif; az:jycJhygonf// xdktcsufrsm;udk yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif twdtvif;
az:jycJh+yD;/ Rees Williams OD;aqmifaom awmifwef;a'opHkprf;a&;
aumfr&Sif (F.A.C.E). tpD&if cHpmwGifvnf; twdtvif; az:jycJhygonf//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG tjcm;aomArmacgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf;
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; jynfaxmifpkxJwGif yl;aygif;yg0if&ef pnf;&Hk;cJh&mY
ArmvlrsdK;rsm;cHpm;&&Sdaom tcGifhta&;tm;vHk;udk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
rsm;udkvnf; cHpm;cGifh&&Sdap&rnf[k uwdjyK ajym=um;oGm;cJhygonf//
,if;tcsufrsm;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. rdef@cGef;rsm;wGif xyfcgwvJvJ
wifjycJha=umif; awG@&SdEdkif ygonf// (1)
EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wlrSK[kqdk&mY rnfonfhvlrsdK;udkr# txl;tcGifh
ta&;ray;a&;ESifh rnfonfh vlrsdK;rsm;. tcGifhta&;udkr# ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;
r&Sdapa&;[laomtcsufonf tc&myif jzpfygonf// xdka=umifh EdkifiHa&;t&
wef;wlcGifh (Political Equality)udk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk&mY vlwOD;csif;tvdkuf
cHpm;cGifh&Sdonfh woD;yk*~vtcGifhta&;(Individual Rights)xuf vlrsdK;
tvdkufcHpm;cGifh&Sdonfh pkaygif;tcGifhta&;(Collective Rghts)udk !Gef;qdkae
a=umif; awG@&rnfjzpfygonf//
vlrsdK;wdkif; EdkifiHa&;wef;wlcGifh&Sdap&rnf[q
k dk&mY xdkvlrsdK;rsm;onf
EdkifiHa&;tm%mydkifqdkifrSKomru xdkEdkifiHa&;tm%mrsm;udk Oya't&
430

usifhoHk;&mwGifvnf; wef;wltcGifhta&;&Sdap&rnf[k qdkvdkjcif;yif jzpfyg

onf// EdkifiHa&;tm%m[kqdk&mYvnf; Oya'jyKtm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&;
tm%mESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrsm;udkqdkvjdk cif;yif jzpfygonf// xdka=umifh
vlrsdK;wdkif; EdkifiHa&;t& tcGifhta&;wef;wl&nfwl&Sdap&rnf[q
k dk&mY
xdkvlrsdK;rsm;xHwGif Oya'jyKtm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;
tm%mrsm;
tjynfht0&Sdap&rnf[q
k dkvadk ejcif;yif
jzpfygonf//
xdkEdkifiHa&;tm%mrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm usifho;Hk Edkif&eftwGuf EdkifiHa&;
taqmuftOD;rsm;(Political Institutions)rsm;vnf; vGwfvyfpGm xlaxmif
ydkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf// xdka=umifh Oya'jyKtm%mudk vGwfvyfpGm usifho;Hk Edkifrnfh
Oya'jyKv$wfawmfrsm;udk jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,fwdkif;wGif
xm;&Sdap&rnfjzpfygonf// xdkjynfe,frsm;wGif vGwfvyfpGm w&m;pD&if
Edkif&eftwGuf w&m;&Hk;rsm;udkvnf; xlaxmifcGifh&Sdap&rnf// xdk@tjyif
Oya'jyKv$wfawmfu jyXmef;xm;aom w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD tkyfcsKyfI
w&m;pD&ifEdkif&eftwGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhw&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;
tm%mtjynfht0&Sdaom vlrsdK;rsm;omv#if EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwl
&Sdaom vlrsdK;rsm; (0g) jynfe,f (0g) jynfaxmifrsm;[k ac:qdkEdkifrnfjzpfyg
onf// Oyrm vlrsdK;wrsdK;xHwGif if;EdkifiHa&;tm%m(3)&yfpvHk;udk tyfESif;
+yD;/ tjcm;vlrsdK;wGif tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mwckwnf;udkom tyfESif;rnfqdkygu
if;vlrsdK; (2)rsdK; wef;wljzpfonf[k ac:qdkI &rnfr[kwfay//
xdka=umifh EkdifiHa&;wef;wla&;[kqdk&mY jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if
trsdK;om;jynfe,ftm;vHk;udk Oya'jyKtm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mESifh
tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrsm;udk tyfESif;ap&rnfhtjyif/ if;tm%m(3)&yfpvHk;udk
vGwfvyfpGm usifho;Hk taumiftxnfaz:Edkif&eftwGuf EdkifiHa&;taqmuf
tOD;rsm;jzpfonfh jynfe,fv$wfawmf/ jynfe,fw&m;&Hk;csKyfESifh jynfe,f
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm xlaxmifcGifhay;xm;&rnfjzpfygonf//
odk@rSom jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if jynfe,frsm;tm;vHk; EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl
tcGifhta&;&&SdEdkifonf[k ac:qdkEdkifrnf jzpfygonf// xdk@tjyif if;EdkifiHa&;
431

tm%m(3)&yfpvHk;udk Oya'ESifhtnD usifho;Hk Edkifa&;twGuf jynfe,fzGJ@pnf;

tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'rsm;udkvnf; oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGmjzifh jynfe,fwdkif;wGif
a&;qGJjyXmef;ydkifcGifh &Sdap&rnf jzpfygonf//
(1)

Oyrm (1947)ckESpf/ =o*kwfv(19)&ufae@wGif rGuf=um;cJhaom

aeol&deftpnf;ta0;wGifif;/ (1947) ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv (18)&uf (zqyv)nDvmcHwGif
wifoGif;cJhonfh tqdkjyKcsuf eHygwf(6)/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. vrf;!Gefrl(7)&ufESifh
wdki;f jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif &Sif;vif;csufrsm;//
//

jynfaxmifpkpepfwGif
EdkifiHa&;wef;wlcGifhudk
enf;ESpfenf;jzifh
vufawG@taumiftxnf az:avh&Sdygonf// yxrenf;rSm EdkifiHa&;t&
tcGifhta&;&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;zGJ@pnf;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ 'kwd,enf;rSm EdkifiHa&;
t& wef;wlaom jynfe,frsm;pkaygif;I jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk zGJ@pnf;aom
tcg jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmf. txufv$wfawmf/ atmufv$wfawmfwGif
jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;u OD;a&wlaom jynfol@v$wf
awmfudk,pf m;vS,frsm;udk apv$wfjcif;yif jzpfygonf// Todk@jzifh trsdK;om;
jynfe,frsm;wef;wl&nfwlyl;aygif;aom jynfaxmifpkpepfudk az:aqmifavh
&Sdygonf//
(4)

Self-determination (udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh)

EdkifiHa&;wef;wlcGifhESifhoabmw&m;jcif;twleD;pyfI
xyfwlta&;}uD;aom jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'. tjcm;vrf;!Gef
rlw&yfrSm trsdK;om;rsm;. udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh (National Selfdetermination)yif jzpfygonf// trsdK;om;rsm;udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhonf vlrsdK;
tvdkufcHpm;&&Sdrnfh pkaygif;tcGifhta&;rsm; (Collective Rights)xJwGif
432

ta&;}uD;qHk;ESifh txGwftxdyfxm;&rnfh tcGifhta&; jzpfygonf//

ta=umif;rSm udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhonf EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fomru
bmoma&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rSKe,fy,f/ vlrSKa&;e,fy,fESifhpD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fudkyg
v$rf;+cHKxm;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf//
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh[laom EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:onf jyifopf
awmfvSef a&;aemufydkif;wGif qef;opfvmcJhaom EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;
w&yfyif jzpfygonf// ,if;tawG;tac:t& - vlrsdK;wdkif;wGif
rdrdwdk@uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk@udk,fwidk fvGwfvyfpGm zefwD;cGifh&Sdap&rnfjzpf+yD;
rdrdwdk@. uH=urRmudk vGwfvyfpGm zefwD;cGifh&Sdaom vlrsdK;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@
wdkif;jynfudk rdrdwdk@. qENtwdkif; vGwfvyfpGm xlaxmifydkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf
jzpfygonf// xdka=umifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk vGwfvyfI tcsKyftjcm
tm%mydkifaom trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmfudk xlaxmifjcif;[lI t"dy`g,fzGifh
qdkcJh=uygonf// udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh[laom tawG;tac:onf jyifopf
awmfvSefa&;t+yD; aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif aygufzGm;cJh=uonfh Oa&my
wdkuftwGif;&Sd trsdK;om;EdkifiHrsm;xlaxmif&mwGif t"dutusqHk; EdkifiHa&;
tawG;tac:w&yf jzpfvmcJhygonf//
yxrurBmppft+yD;wGif EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;}uD; ( League of
Nations)udk xlaxmifaomtcg udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGif
h [laom tawG;tac:
jyefvnfI
wacwfqef;vmcJhygonf//
xdktcsdefwGifrl
ud,
k fydkif
jyXmef;cGifh[laom
tawG;tac:onf
trsdK;om;EdkifiHtopfrsm;
xlaxmifa&;xuf udkvedk Db0wGif u|efcHae&aom vlrsdK;rsm;/ udkvedk Db0rS
vGwfvyfa&;&,lI rdrdwdk@trsdK;om;EdkifiHrsm;udk jyefvnfxlaxmif=u&rnf
[laom EdkifiHa&;armif;ESiftm;wck jzpfcJhygonf// xdka=umifh ud,
k fydkif
jyXmef;cGifhonf udkvedk Db0rS &kef;xGufI vGwfvyfaom trsdK;om;
EdkifiHawmfrsm;udk jyefvnfxlaxmifcJh=uonfh tm&S/ tmz&duESifh
433

vufwiftar&durS
vGwfvyfpwdkif;jynfrsm;twGuf
toufaoG;
a=umozG,f ta&;}uD;aom EdkifiHa&;armif;ESiftm;wck jzpfcJhygonf//
odk@&mwGif ud,
k fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk&mYaomfif;/
vufawG@usifho;Hk taumif txnfaz:&mYaomfif; jyifopfawmfvSefa&;
tpOftmvt& jzpfay:vmcJhaom vlrsdK;wrsdK;/ EdkifiHawmfwckqdkonfh
tajccHrlwGif zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifv#uf&SdonfhtrsdK;om;EdkifiH[lonfh wjynf
axmifpepfwGif usifho;Hk yHkusifho;Hk enf;ESifh tar&duefawmfvSefa&;tpOf
tvmt& jzpfay:cJhaom vlrsdK;aygif;pHka&maESmI jynfaxmifrsm;udk
pkaygif;xm;onfh
jynfaxmifpkpepfwGif
usifhoHk;yHkusifhoHk;enf;ESifh
t"dy`g,fjcif;rwl=uay// wenf;tm;jzifhqdkygu vGwfvyfI tcsKyftjcm
tm%mydkifqdkifcGifh&Sdaom
vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh
jynfaxmifrsm;yl;aygif;I
jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfwckudk twlwuG xlaxmifvm=uaomtcg
ud,
k fydkifjyXmef;cGifh[laom
t"dy`g,fonf
trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmf
xlaxmifjcif;jzifh tqHk;owfI r&awmhay//
(1776)ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkudk xlaxmif;+yD;/ (1789)
ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh
topfwzef
rGrf;rHjyifqifjyXmef;aomtcg
ud,
k fydkifjyXmef;cGifhESifh
if;.vdk&if; tESpfcsKyfjzpfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mrsm;. t"dy`g,fudk
wenf;tm;jzifh zGifhqdkvmcJh=uygonf// tar&duef jynfaxmifpkonf
vGwfvyfI tcsKyftm%mydkifqdkifcGifh&Sdaom udkvedk De,f(13)e,f yl;aygif;I
zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifcJhaom jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHjzpfygonf// tqdkyg udkvedk D
(13)e,fwdk@onf +Adwdo#tpdk;&xHrS vGwfvyfa&;&,l+yD; oD;jcm;pDjzifh
rdrdwkd@.
trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmfrsm;udk
xlaxmifcGifh&Sif=uaomfvnf;
xdko@dk oD;jcm;pDjzifh vGwfvyfaom trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmf rsm;xlaxmifjcif;rjyKyJ
yl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwckudk twlwuG xlaxmif&ef oabmwlcJh
=uygonf// xdka=umifh if;udkvedk De,frsm;onf rdrdwdk@. tcsKyftjcmtm%m
434

udk rdrdwdk@ oD;jcm;pDjzifh rusifho;Hk yJ/ yl;aygif;I usifhoHk;&ef oabmwlcJh

=uygonf// wenf;tm;jzifhqdkygu rdrdwdk@ arG;&myg ydkifqdkifxm;aom
ud,
k fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk twdkif;twmwcktxd pGef@v$wfI tjcm;wzuf
wGifvnf; udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk twdkif;twm wcktxd qufvuf
qkyfudkifxm;aom pepfjzpfygonf// olwdk@ pGef@v$wfvkdufaom (0g) trsm;ESifh
yl;aygif; usifho;Hk &ef pGef@vSLoGm;aom udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhrSm vGwfvyfI
tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifaom trsdK;om;EdkifiH[lonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%m
(Sovereignty
Power)jzpfI/
tjcm;wzufwGif
rdrdwdk@vufxJY
qkyfudkifxm;aom udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhrSm EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlrSKa&;ESifh
,Ofaus;rSKqdkonfh e,fy,frsm;wGif vGwfvyfpGm tkyfcsKyfcGifh/ pDrHcef@cGJcGifhESifh
vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm;yif jzpfygonf//
xdka=umifh tar&duefawmfvSefa&;tpOftvmt& jynfaxmifpk
pepfwGif usifho;Hk onfh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh (Self-determination)udk EdkifiHa&;
ody`Hynm&Sifrsm;u t=urf;tm;jzifh ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;jzifh t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk
vm=uygonf// yxrrsdK;rSm (External Self-determinaton)[kac:I
tjcm;wrsdK;rSm (Internal Self-determination)[k ac:wGifapygonf// (External
Self-determination)rSmrl
tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk
jynfaxmifpkxHwGif
tyfESif;+yD;rS jynfe,frsm;wGif usifho;Hk cGifh&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;tm%mrsm;/
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;/ ,Ofaus;rSKESifhvlrSKa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
tmrcHcsufay;onfh udk,fydkif jyXmef;cGifhudk qdkvydk gonf// wenf;tm;jzifh
(Internal Self-determination)onf tcsKyftjcmtm%mrS tyjzpfaom
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtm;vHk;udk qdkvjdk cif;jzpfygonf//
xdka=umifh
jynfaxmifpkwcktwGif;&Sd
jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if
trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh ay;&rnf [kqdk&mY t"du
qdkv&dk if;rSm - if;trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlrSKa&;ESifh
,Ofaus;rSKtm%mrsm;udk tjynfht0tyfESif;xm;&rnf[k qdkvjdk cif;om
435

jzpfygonf// udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdaom trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk Oya'jyK

tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mESifhtkyfcsKyf a&;tm%mrsm;udk tyfESif;
xm;&rnfhtjyif vlrsdK;wdkif;wGif ,Ofaus;rSKqdkif&mtcGifhta&;ESifhpD;yGm; &SmazG
Edkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjynfht0tmrcHcsuf ay;&rnfjzpfygonf//
xdk@tjyif EdkifiHa&;tm%mrsm;udk w&m;enf;vrf;ESifhtnD usifho;Hk
aqmif&Guftaumiftxnf az:Edkif&eftwGuf EdkifiHa&;taqmuftOD;rsm;
(Political Institutions)rsm;udkvnf; vGwfvyfpGm zefwD;xlaxmifcGifhay;&rnf
jzpfygonf//
xdka=umifh ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfwGif jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if
trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk EdkifiHa&;tm%mwef;wl &nfwlay;tyfonfhtjyif/
xdktrsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;u rdrdwdk@. trsdK;om;uH=urRmudk vGwfvyfpGm
jyXmef;Edkif&eftwGuf jynfe,fzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm
a&;qGJjyXmef;cGifh/ jynfe,fv$wfawmfrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmxlaxmifcGifh/
jynfe,fv$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk Oya'ESifhtnD vGwfvyfpGm
a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufcGifh/ jynfe,fw&m;&Hk; csKyfrsm;zGifhvSpf+yD;/ jynfe,ftwGif;
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;(The rule of law)&Sdap&ef w&m;pD&ifjcif;rsm;udk vGwfvyf
pGm vkyfaqmifEdkifap&rnf jzpfygonf// xdk@tjyif jynfe,ftwGif;udkvnf;
tqifhqifha&G;cs,fwifajrSmuf wm0efay;tyfEdkifap&rnf jzpfygonf//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG yifvHkpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh
=uaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk
tav;teufawG;I jynfaxmifpk. tajccHvrf;nGefrlxJwGif csrSwfjyXmef;
cJh=uygonf// jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfw&yfudk twlwuG xlaxmifEdkif&ef
tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk jynfaxmifpkxHtyfESif;xm;&ef[k oabmwlcJh
=uaomfvnf; tjcm;wzufwGif if;wdk@. trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;twGif;
vGwfvyfpGm pDrHtkyfcsKyfydkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf[al om udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk
pGJ+rJpGmqkyfudkifxm;cJh=uygonf// Todk@tm;jzifh tcsKyftjcmtm%m
436

(Sovereignty Power)ESifh pyfqdkifaom udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk jynfaxmifpkxHrS

v$Jtyfxm;+yD; jynfe,frsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm pDrHtkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhqdkif&m
ud,
k fydkifjyXmef;cGifh (0g) udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhudk rdrdwdk@zgom vGwfvyfpGm
usifhoHk;&ef oabmwlcJh=uygonf//
(5)

Federal Principles (zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkrl)

jynfaxmifpkudk pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhpOfu tajccHaom txufaz:jyyg

vrf;!Gef rl (4)&yfudk pkaygif;v$rf;+cHKI taumiftxnfaz:aqmif
ay;aom tjcm;vrf;!GefrSKw&yfrSm (Federal Principles) [kac:onfh
zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkrlyifjzpfygonf// wenf;tm;jzifhqdkygu/ (Voluntary
Association) jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm; rdrdwdk@qEN
oabmESifhtnD jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0iftjzpf yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;/ ( Equality)
wdik f;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;EdkifiHa&;t&aomfif;/ vlrsdK;a&;t&aomfif; wef;wl
&nfwltcGifhta&;ay;xm;jcif;ESifh(Self-determination) ud,
k fydkifjyXmef;cGifh
wdk@udk jynfaxmifpkpepfrSty tjcm;aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'jzifh jyXmef;
taumiftxnfaz:I r&Edkifay// qdkvo
dk nfrSm (Voluntary Association)ESifh
(Self-determination)wdk@udk wpfjynfaxmifpepfjzifh jyXmef;taumif
txnfaz:I r&ay// jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifhom taumiftxnfaz: jyXmef;
Edkifygonf//
trSefpifppf jynfaxmifpkpwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonfh tajccHonf pwkw
rljzpfaom (Federal Principles) onf EdkifiHawmfzGJ@ pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESihf
wdkuf&dkufoufqdkifaom tajccHrlyif jzpfygonf// wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
aygif;pHka&maESmaexdkifaom
EdkifiHawmfopfudk
xlaxmifaomtcg
wjynfaxmifpepfjzifh xlaxmifrnfavm/ odk@r[kwf jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh
xlaxmifrnfavm [laom ar;cGef;ESifhoufqdkif aeygonf// xdkar;cGef;udk
437

pwifar;jref;+yD; tajzrSefudk ay;cJholrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yif jzpfygonf//

olu
When we build our new Burma, shall we build it as a Union or as a
Unitary State? In my opinion it will not be feasible to set up a Unitary State.
We must set up a Union with properly regulated provisions to safeguard the
(1)
rights of the national minorities.
(1)

Aung San, Burma's Challenge (Rangoon, 1947), reprinted in Josef

Silverstein, The Political Legacy of Aung San (New York: Cornell University
Press, 1993),

xdk@jyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u topfzGJ@pnf;rnfh EdkifiHawmfudk

jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh zGJ@pnf;Edkif&ef EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
(rl=urf;)w&yfudk (1947)ckESpf/ arvwGif usif;ycJhonfh (zqyv) jyifqifrSK
y%mrnDvmcH}uD;wGif wifoGif;cJh+yD; nDvmcHtwnfjyKcsufudk &,lEdkifcJh
ygonf// xdkrSwqifh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'a&;qGJ&mwGif tajccH&rnfh vrf;!Gefrl(7)csufudkvnf;
wifoGif;twnfjyKcsufudk &,lEdkifcJhygonf//
(1947)ckESpf/
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
ta=umif;udk yg&*lbGJ@twGuf usrf;wapmifa&;om;cJhaom a'gufwm
armifarmif.tqdkt&/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm
jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwl
tcGifhta&; ay;tyfapjcif;iSg/ if;trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;twGuf jynfe,f
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'rsm;oD;jcm;pDjzifh a&;qGJjyXmef;jcif;/ jynfe,fOya'
jyKv$wfawmf/ jynfe,fw&m;pD&ifa&;ESifh jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;udk pDrHcef@cGJrnfh
jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;udk oD;pjcm;pDjzifh zGJ@pnf;wm0ef ay;tyfap&rnfjzpfonf
jzpfa=umif; atmufyg twdkif;a&;om;cJhygonf//
438

The original idea was that the Union States should have their own
separate Constitutions, their own organs of State, Parliament, Government and
Judiciary (1)

xdk@tjyif trsdK;om;jyne,frsm; (0g) jynfaxmifrsm; wef;wl&nf

wlyl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfwckudk twlwuG xlaxmifa=umif;
ay:vGifxif&Sm;ap&ef jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfwGif v$wfawmf(2)&yfxm;
&Sd&rnfjzpf+yD; txufv$wfawmfwGif jynfe,f}uD;onf ao;onfr[l
OD;a&wlnDaom v$wfawmfudk,pf m;vS,frsm;udk tnDtr#apv$wf=uap
&rnf jzpfygonf// ,if;tcsufudk ordkif;ynm&Sif Silver Steinu atmufyg
twdkif; a&;om;cJhygonf//
At the Panglong Conference in 1947, the Chin, Kachin, Shan and
other non-Burma nationalities were promised the right to exercise political
authority of (administrative, judiciary, and legislative powers in their own
autonomous national states) and to preserve and protect their language,
culture, and religion in exchange for voluntarily joining the Burma in forming
a political union and giving their loyalty to a new state. (2)

xdka=umifh yifvHkpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uaom AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;ESifh
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
acgif;aqmifrsm;ar#mfrSef;cJhaom
jynfaxmifpepf (0g) jynfaxmifpkrludk aocsmpGm avhvmqef;ppfaom
tcg t"dutcsuf}uD;(2)csufyg0ifa=umif; awG@&rnfjzpfygonf//
yxrtcsufrSm jynfaxmifpkudk udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtm%m
tjynfht0&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;udk tajccHI zGJ@pnf;a&;yif jzpfygonf//
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;[kqdk&mY jynfaxmifpk tzGJ@0if
jynfe,frsm;tm;vHk;udk Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh w&m;pD&if
a&;tm%mrsm; tjynfht0tyfESif;xm;&rnf[k qdkvjdk cif;jzpfygonf//
'kwd,tcsufrSm udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtjynfht0&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;
wef;wl&nfwlyl;aygif;I jynfaxmifudk zGJ@pnf;aomtcg jynfaxmifpk
439

v$wfawmfY tm%mwlv$wfawmfESpf&yfxm;&Sd&rnfjzpf+yD;/ txufv$wf

awmfwGif jynfe,frsm;u OD;a&wlnDaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk apv$wf=u
&rnf jzpfyg onf//
(1)

U Maung Maung, Burmese Nationalist Movements. 1940-1948

(1989), p,170.
(2)

Josef Silverstein, "Minority Problems in Burma Since 1962", in

Lehman (ed.,), Military Rule in Burma Since 1962 (Singapore, 1981), p. 51.

tcsKyftm;jzifhqdkygu yxrtcsufonf jynfe,fzGJ@pnf;a&;ESifh

pyfvsOf;I/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm jynfe,frsm;ESifh jynfaxmifqufqHa&;ESifh
tm%mcGJa0a&; (State-Federal Relations, and Devision of Power between
States and Federal Governments)udk &nf!Gef;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf//
(6) Minority Right (vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;udk tumtuG,f
ay;jcif;)
jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh EdkifiHawmfwckudk xlaxmif&mY tajccH&
rnfhtcsufrSm jynfaxmifrsm;(0g) jynfe,frsm; yifjzpfygonf// wenf;
tm;jzifhqdkygu jynfaxmifrsm;udk pkpnf;aygif;pyfI zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh
jynfaxmifpkpepfyif jzpfygonf// xdka=umifh jynfaxmifpkudk pwifzGJ@pnf;
cJhpOfu udkvedk DacwfwGif zGJ@pnf;jyXmef;cJhaom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya't& zGJ@pnf;cJhaom jynfaxmif rsm;ESifh(1947)ckESpf/ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya't& jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifjzpfvmcJhaom u&ifeDjynfe,frsm;udk
rdKifjyKI jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk pwifxlaxmifcJha=umif; wifjycJh
+yD; jzpfygonf//
xdkjynfaxmifrsm;udk jyefvnfqef;ppf=unfhygu rnfol@jynfaxmifr#
vlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;jzifh xlaxmifcJhaom jynfaxmifrsm;r[kwfcJh=uay// Oyrm (1935 Burma Act)t& zGJ@pnf;cJhonfh (Burma Proper or Ministerial
440

Burma)wGif

ArmvlrsdK;rsm;omru u&if/ rGefESifh&cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;onf tusHK;0if

apcJhygonf// (1896)ckESpfwGif a&;qGJjyXmef;cJhaom (Chin Hills Regulation)
onfvnf; csif;vlrsdK;rsm;omru ,ae@ tdENd,ESifhjrefrmEdkifiHwGif jyef@usJpGm
aexdkif=uaom em*vlrsdK;rsm; ,ae@wGif tdENd,EdkifiH/ r%dyljynfe,frS
vlrsdK;rsm;ESifhracvdkif;jynfe,f (&Sdavmif+rdK@. jrLeDpDy,frSty) wckvHk;&Sd
vlrsdK;rsm;udkvnf; tusHK;0ifapcJhygonf// xdk@jyif jynfaxmifpk &Srf;jynfe,f
(Federated Shan State)udk =unfhyguvnf; &Srf;vlrsdK;omru ytdk0f;/ yavmif/
0/ vm;[lpaom vlrsdK;rsm;tygt0if &Srf;jynfwGif a&maESmaexdkifa=umif;udk
awG@&rnfjzpfygonf//
xdka=umifh
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwckudk
xlaxmif&mwGif
jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,fwcktwGif;&Sd vlrsdK;rsm;ESifhvlenf;pk
rsm;.ta&;udk txl;wvnf pOf;pm;&ef vkdtyfygonf// xdkvlenf;pkr sm;.
tcGifhta&;udk enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh w&m;Oaya'ESifhtnD tumtuG,f jyXmef;
ay;&ef vkdtyfaeygonf//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tqdkjyKcsuft& if;jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if jynfe,f
rsm;twGif;&Sd vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf
umuG,fay;Edkif&eftwGuf if;vlenf;pkrsm;aexdkif&ma'oudk udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfcGifh&e,fajrrsm; (Autonomous Regions)/ trsdK;om;e,fajrrsm;
(National Areas)owfrSwfay;&rnf[k AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkifa&;qGJI (1947)ckESpf/
arvwGif usif;ycJhaom (zqyv) nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;twnfjyKcsuf
&,lcJhonfhEdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'(rl=urf;)wGif twdtvif;xnfhoGif;
jyXmef;cJhygonf// (1)
(1)

,if;tqdkonf
qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif
usifhoHk;cJhaomrlpepfESifh
txl;eD;pyfcJha=umif;udk awG@&rnfjzpfygonf// trSefpifppf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
ol.jynfaxmifpkrlESifh jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHkOya'(rl=urf;)rsm;udk a&;om;jyKpkcJh pOfu
(1933)ckESpf/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk tenf;ESifhtrsm;
tudk;tum; jyKcJha=umif; awG@&SdEdkifygonf// 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;aom wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif
441

udk,fydkit
f kyfcsKyf& e,fajrESifhtrsdK;om; e,fy,frsm;udk oD;jcm;owfrSwf&rnfhtpm;
a'oEW&tpdk;&(Local Government)rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;jcif;tm;jzifh if;vlenf;pkrsm;
tcGit
fh a&;udk umuG,fjyXmef;ay;avh&Sdygonf//

(7)

Democracy and Fundamental Rights

(8)

Multi-Party Democracy System (ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf)

('Drdkua&pDtcGifh ta&;

tygt0if tjcm;tajccH tcGifhta&;rsm;)

jynfaxmifpkpwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu tajccHcJhaom tjcm;vrf;!GefrSK
w&yfrSm - vlrsdK;ra&G;/ bmomra&G;/ usm;rra&G;/ qif;&Jcsrf;omra&G;
jynfaxmifpktwGif; rSDwif;aexdkif=uaom wdkif;&if;om;jynfol vlxkw&yf
vHk; 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjynfht0
cHpm;Edkifap&ef EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'jzifh jyXmef;umuG,fay;&rnf
[laom tcsufyif jzpfygonf//
'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;[kqdk&mY - vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdka&;om;cGifh/
vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,f,=Hk unfcGifhESifhvGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif;rsm;pnf;&Hk;
zGJ@pnf;cGifhrsm;tygt0if vGwfvyfpGm ynm&SmrSD;ydkifcGifh/ pD;yGm;OpPm&SmrSD;ydkifcGifh/
t&G,fa&mufolwdkif; vGwfvyfpGm qENrJay;ydkif;cGifh/ ta&G;cHydkifcGifhpaom
woD;yk*~vtcGifhta&;(Individual Rights)rsm; yg0ifaeygonf//
xdk@jyif jynfaxmifpktwGif;&Sd EdkifiHom;tm;vHk; Zmwdra&G;/
udk;uG,f&mbmomra&G;/ a,musFm; rdef;rra&G;/ vlrsdK;ra&G; w&m;Oya'
t&mwGif wef;wlnDr#rSK&Sdap&rnfjzpfygonf// ,if;onf - vlom;csif;
wOD;pDtvdkuf cHpm;cGifh&Sdonfh wef;wlnDr#rSKtcGifhta&;yif jzpfygonf//

jynfaxmifpkudk pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhpOfu tajccHaom vrf;!GeftajccHrl

rsm;teuf ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfonf tvGefta&;}uD;aom tajccHrl
442

w&yfjzpfygonf// yifvHkpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uaom wdkif;&if;om;

acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rStygt0if trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif
toD;oD;u xdktcsufudk aumif;pGmoabmaygufvufcHcJh=uaomfvnf;
tcsKdKacgif;aqmifrsm;u ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk em;vnfoabmaygufrSK
tm;enf;cJh=uygonf//
xdkpOftcgu ArmEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftrsm;pkonf vuf0J0g'
v$rf;rdk;rSKudk tenf;ESifhtrsm;cHaecJh=uygonf// xdka=umifh uGefjrLepf
ygwDESifhtjcm;aom qdk&S,fvpfygwDrsm;&Sd tpGef;a&mufvuf0J 0g'Drsm;onf
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk }udKufESpfoufjcif; r&Sd=uay// tjcm;tpGef;wzuf
wGifvnf; zufqpf*syefESifhemZD*smr%Dtm%m&Sifpepfudk oabmuscJhaom
vuf,mpGef;a&muf0g'Drsm;vnf; &SdcJh=uygonf//
xdk@jyif csif;/ ucsif/ &Srf;ESifhtjcm;aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;onf
ya'o&mZfpepfjzpfaom &Srf;jynfwGif apmfbGm;pepf/ u&ifESifhu&ifeD
jynfe,frsm;wGif apmfuJESifhapmzsmpepf/ ucsifjynfwGif 'l0gpepfESifh
csif;jynfwGif &rftkyfpepfrsm;udk usifhoHk;aeqJjzpfI ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk
oabmaygufem;vnfol enf;yg; ygao;onf//
odk@&mwGif vGwfvyfa&;zcif}uD; AdkcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwidk f;&if;om;
vlrsdK;acgif;aqmifrsm;. tar#mftjrif}uD;rm;rSKa=umifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;
rsm;udk topfzGJ@pnf;xlaxmifrnfh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf. zGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'udk twdtvif;jyXmef;EdkifcJhjcif;jzpf+yD; ygwDpHkpepfudkvnf;
vGwfvyfpGm wdkif;jynfwGif usifho;Hk EdkifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf// odk@aomf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk (12)ESpfr#om usifho;Hk
EdkifcJh+yD;/ vuf0Jvuf,mtpGef;a&muf EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh r[mvlrsdK;
}uD;0g'udk pGJuidk fI wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydwfyifcsif
aom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;ESifh if;.taygif;tygppf0g'Drsm;u ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD
pepfudk zsufodrf;+yD;/ wygwDtm%m&Sif pepfESifhppftm%m&Sifpepfudk
443

xlaxmifoGm;cJh=uygonf// xdka=umifh u|Efkyfwdk@ wdkif;jynfwGif 'Drdkua&pD

tcGifhta&;rsm;qHk;&SHK;jcif;/ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;csdK;azgufjcif;ESifh tESpfig;q,f
ausmf jynfwGif;ppf tygt0if trsdK;rsdK;aom EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlrSK a&;
jy\emrsm;udk cg;oD;pGm cHpm;ae&jcif; jzpfyg onf//
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'. tajccH
vrf;!Gefrltjzpf usifho;Hk &mY t"dutcsuf(2) csufyg0ifaeygonf//
yxrtcsufrSm 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'u tmrcHcsufay;&rnf[k qdkvjdk cif;jzpfygonf// 'Drdkua&pD
tcGifhta&;[kqdk&mYvnf; vGwfvyfpGma&;om; ajymqdka[majymcGifh/
vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,f,Hk=unfcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm qENrJay;ydkifcGifh/ ta&G;cJydkifcGifh/
vGwfvyfpGm ynm&SmrSD;ydkifcGifhpaom woD;yk*~v tcGifhta&;rsm; yg0ifae
ygonf//
'kwd,tcsufrSm topfzGJ@pnf;xlaxmifrnfh EdkifiHawmfwGifh
usifhoHk;rnfh EdkifiHa&;pepfonf ygwDpepf jzpfapwnf;[laom tcsufyif
jzpfygonf// ygwDpepfonf 'Drdkua&pDpepfatmufwGifom xGef;um;
Edkifaoma=umifh ygwDpHkpepfESifh'Drdkua&pDpepfudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; rjyKyJ/
yl;wGJI oHk;pGJjcif; jzpfonf// xdktajccHvrf;!Gef;rl. qdkv&dk if;onf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHudk vlwpk/ 0g'wck/ tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf (0g) ygwDwckESifh
vlrsdK;wrsdK;xJuom xm0&tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyf/ v$rf;rdk;jcif;r&SdapyJ/ vlrsdK;aygif;pHk/
0g'aygif;pHk/ ygwDaygif;pHk +idrf;csrf;pGm ,SOfwGJaexdkif Edkifa&;twGufaomfif;/
trsm;aumif;usdK;udk &nfpl;I wdkif;jynfudk w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD +idrf;csrf;pGm
pDrHtkyfcsKyf Edkif&eftwGufaomfif; ygwDaygif;pHkrS w&m;r#wI vGwfvyfaom
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKif ta&G;cHum vlxkqENESifhtnD
owfrSwfxm;aom oufwrf;umvtwGif; tvSnfhus pDrHtkyfcsKyfcGifh&Sdap
&rnf[al om EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;yif jzpfygonf//
444

(9)

Secular State (bmoma&;udk

tajcrcHaom EdkifiHawmfjzpfap&rnf)
yifvHkpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;I jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwckudk
twlwuGxlaxmif&ef oabmwlnDcJh=uaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk
avhvmoHk;oyf=unfhygu vlrsdK;aygif;pHk/ bmompum;aygif;pHk/ ,Ofaus;rSK
aygif;pHkESifhu;dk uG,f,Hk=unfrSK bmoma&;aygif;pHkrS vm=uonfudk awG@&rnf
jzpfygonf// xdk@a=umifh xdkuo
Jh dk@ vlrsdK;aygif;pHk/ udk;uG,frSKbmomaygif;pHk
a&maESmaexdkifaom wdkif;jynfwGif rnfonfhbmomudkr# EdkifiHawmf
bmomtjzpf rjyXmef;oifhay// xdkenf;wl bmoma&;udk tajccHaom
EdkifiHa&;pepfudkvnf; tvsOf;r# rwnfaqmufoifhay//
odk@aomf vGwfvyfa&;t}udKumvwGif vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdaomtcg
Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jyXmef;oifah =umif; tqdkjyKcsufrsm;
ay:cJhygonf// Oyrm 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdKu Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmf
bmomtjzpf rjyXmef;Edkifygu vGwfvyfa&;onf tESpfom&uif;rJhaom
twkta,mifvGwfvyfa&;r#om jzpfoGm;rnf jzpfa=umif; xkwfaz:ajym
qdkcJhbl;ygonf// odk@&mwGif vGwfvyfa&;zcif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
xdktqdkudk vHk;0y,fcsufcJhonft
h jyif bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ra&m
oifha=umif; atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;cJhygonf// Religion is

matter of individual conscience, while politics is social

science. We must see to it that the individual enjoys his rights, including the
right to freedom of religious belief and worship. We must draw clear lines
between politics and religion because the twe are not the same thing, If we
mix religion with politics, then we offend the spirit of religion itself.

xdk@tjyif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkifa&;qGJ+yD;
(1947)ckESpf/
arvwGif usif;ycJhaom (zqyv) nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;cJhonfh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@
pnf;tkyfcsKyftajccHOya'(rl=urf;)wGif atmufygtwdkif; jyXmef;az:jycJh
ygonf//
445

14 (1). The abuse of the church or of religion for political purposes is

forbidden.
14 (2). The state shall observe neutrality in religious matters.
14 (3). Religion communities whose teaching is not contrary to the
Constitution are free in practice and exercise of their religion and religious
ceremonies and are also free to have schools for the education of priests: but
schools shall, however, be under the general supervision of the State.

odk@&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqHk;oGm;+yD;aemuf (1947)ckESpf/

pufwifbmv(24)&ufae@wGif jyXmef;twnfjyKcJhaom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya' - yk'fr21/ (21)wGif Ak'<bmomomoemawmfonf EdkifiH
awmf. EdkifiHom;trsm;qHk; udk;uG,f&mjzpfaom *k%fxl;0daooESifh
jynfhpHkonfh bmom}uD;jzpfonf[k jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfu todtrSwf
jyKonf[k AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. rl&if;yk'frudk ajymif;vJcJhygonf// ,if;onf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif bmoma&;udk tajccHaom EdkifiHa&;ydyuQrsm;
jzpfay:vmap&ef vrf;a=umif;zGifhcJhaom rSm;,Gif;rSK}uD;yif jzpfygonf//
wenf;tm;jzifh rlvvrf;!GeftajccHrlESifh aoGzDoGm;cJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfay:vm
aom EdkifiHa&;jy\emwckyif jzpfygonf//
(10)

Right of Secession (cGJxGuc

f Gifh)

jynfaxmifpkpwifzGJ@pnf;cJhpOfu csrSwfcJhaom tajccHvrf;!Gef

csufrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf=unhfygu vrf;!Gefrl (1)rS (6)txdonf EdkifiH
awmfzGJ@pnf;rSKykHomef(State Structure)ESifhoufqdkifI eHygwf(7)rS (9)txd
onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;rSKyHkomef(Government structure)ESifh EdkifiHom;
wdk@. tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmrcHcsufay;onfhtcsufrsm;jzpfa=umif;
awG@&rnfjzpfygonf// xdkvrf;!Gefrl(9)&yfpvHk;/ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk omefESifh
tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;rSKyHkomefrsm;udk jyefvnfcsKyfudkifay;aom vrf;!Gefrl tacgif
446

tcsKyfw&yfrSm jynfaxmifpkxHrS rdrdwdk@qENtwdkif; cGJxGufvdku cGJxGuf

cGifh&Sdap& rnf[laom cGJxGufcGifhyif jzpfygonf//
xdka=umifh cGJxGucf Gifh(The Right of Secession). tESpfom&udk
jyefvnfqef;ppf=unfhygu topfzGJ@pnf;rnfhEdkifiHawmfonf jynfaxmifpk
pepfjzifh zGJ@pnf;aomEdkifiHawmfjzpfap&rnf// xdkjynfaxmifpk. tzGJ@0if
trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;onf jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0iftjzpf rdrdwdk@. vGwfvyf
aom qENoabmxm;ESifhtnD vGwfvyfpGm qHk;jzwfI jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if
jynfe,ftjzpf yg0ifap&rnf// xdkodk@ rdrdwdk@. vGwfvyfaom qENoabm
xm;ESifhtnD jynfaxmifpk. tzGJ@0ifjynfe,frsm;tjzpf yg0ifvm=uaom
trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;onf EdkifiHa&;t&aomfif;/ vlrsdK;a&;t&aomfif;
wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&; &Sdap&rnf// jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifjynfe,frsm;onf
EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwltcGifhta&; &&Sd&Hkomru xdktrsdK;om;
jynfe,frsm;onf EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlrSKa&;ESifh,Ofaus;rSK e,fy,frsm;wGif
rdrdwdk@uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk@vGwfvyfpGm jyXmef;Edkif&eftwGuf udk,fydkif
jyXmef;cGifh(Self-determination) tjynfht0&&Sdap&rnf// qdkvo
dk nfrSm
jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;
tm%mESifhw&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mrsm;udk tjynfht0tyfESif;ay;tyfxm;&
rnfhtjyif
trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;wef;wl&nfyl;aygif;I
jynfaxmifpk
v$wfawmfudk zGJ@pnf;aomtcg jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmf. txufv$wf
awmfwGif jynfe,frsm;rS OD;a&wlnDaom v$wfawmfudk,pf m;vS,frsm;udk
apv$wf=uap&rnf// odk@rSom wef;wlI udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdaom
trsdK;om;jynfe,f rsm;jzifh yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;onfh jynfaxmifpkpepf[laom
tESpfom& ay:vGifxif&Sm;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf//
xdk@jyif jynfe,frsm;twGif;&Sd vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'jzifh umuG,fjyXmef;ay;&rnfhtjyif
EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;.arG;&myg
'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udkyg
Oya'jzifh
447

umuG,fjyXmef;ay;&rnfhtjyif ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk EdkifiHawmfwGif

usifhoHk;oGm;rnf// EdkifiHa&;ESifhbmoma&;a&mpyfjcif; r&Sdap&// xdk@tjyif
EdkifiHawmfonf bmoma&;udk tajcrcHaom ( Secular State)jzpfap&rnf//
Todk@jzifh jynfaxmifpktwGif; r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'ESifh usOf;ajrmif;aom
trsdK;;om;a&;0g'rsm; ray:aygufapEdkifa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;rSK
yHkomef(State Structure) omru/ tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;rSKyHkomef(Government
Structure)udkyg EdkifiHawmfOya'ESifhtnD jyXmef;ay;ap&rnf//
xdko@dk EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;rSKyHkomef(State Structure)ESift
h pdk;&zGJ@pnf;rSK
yHkomef(Government Structure)wGif rdrdwdk@oabmwlnDxm;aom oabm
wlnDcsutwdkif; usifho;Hk jcif;r&Sdyguaomfif;/ txufay:jyyg vrf;!Gefrl
rsm;rS aoGzGJoGm;onf[k ,lqyguaomfif; jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if jynfe,f
rsm;onf jynfaxmifpkxJrS vGwfvyfpGm cGJxGufEdkifonf [k (1947)ckESpf
wGif a&;qGJjyXmef;cJhaom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'tcef;(10)/ yk'fr
(201)ESifh (102)rsm;wGif twdtvif; jyXmef;cJhygonf//
txufaz:jyyg vrf;!GefrltajccH(10)csufonf jynfaxmifpk
pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhpOfu tajccHcJhaom jynfaxmifpk. toufaoG;a=umrsm;yif
jzpfygonf// xdkvrf;!Gefrlrsm;om r&SdcJhygu jynfaxmifpkudk rnfonfh
enf;ESifhr# xlaxmifEdkifvdrfh rnfr[kwfay// xdka=umifh vrf;!GeftajccHrlrsm;
onf jynfaxmifpkjyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;twGufvnf; tenf;ESifhtrsm;
taxmuftuljyK Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifh,=Hk unfygonf//

448

vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD;aemuf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepf zGJ@pnf;Edkifa&;twGuf

}udK;yrf;rSKrsm;

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk wef;wla&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh

udk,fykdifjyXmef;cGifh tjynfht0&&Sda&;ponfh tajccHrlrsm;wGif pwifzGJ@pnf;
xlaxmifcJhaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;zcif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vkyf}uHcH&+yD;
aemufydkif;wGif zGJ@pnf;jyXmef;cJhaom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf
yifvHkpdwf"gwfrS aoGzDI txufwGif az:jyxm;aom jynfaxmifpk.
tajccHvrf;!Gefrlrsm;udk wckcsif;opPmazgufoGm;cJhavonf// xdka=umifh
u|Efkyfwdk@wdkif;jynfwGif tESpfig;q,fausmfjynfwGif; ppfESifh&ifqdkifae&+yD;
'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;ESifhvl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azgufjcif;rsm;udk ae@pOfESifhtr#
wdkif;&if;om;jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;u r#a0cHpm;ae=u&ygonf// xdka=umifh
Adv
k fcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;acgif;aqmifrsm;yifvHkwiG f ar#mfrSef;
cJh=uaom jynfaxmifpepfrsdK;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufEdkif&ef rdrdwdk@
,ae@txd &kef;uefwdkuyf GJ0ifae&jcif;yif jzpfygonf//
449

vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD;onfhaemuf (1948)rS (1988)ckESpft=um;

ppfrSefaomzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh EdkifiHawmfudk jynfvnfzGJ@pnf;
xlaxmif&ef rnfodk@rnfyHk }udK;yrf;cJha=umif; raz:jyrD (1947)ckESpf/ EdkifiH
awmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya't& jynfaxmifpkrnfodk@rnfyHk vrf;v$JcJha=umif;udk
yxrOD;pGm az:jyvdkygonf//
jynfaxmifpkpepf. tajccHvrf;!Gefrlrsm;vrf;v$JcJhaom (1947)ckESpf/
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'. t"dutm;enf;csuf(3)csuf &SdcJhygonf//
yxrtm;enf;csufrSm jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,f
rsm;udk udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh EdkifiHa&;tm%mrsm; tjynfht0tyfESif;jcif; r&Sd
aom tcsufyifjzpfygonf// AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. vrf;!Gefrlt& jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;onf rdrdwdk@. jynfe,fv$wf
awmf/ jynfe,ftpdk;&/ jynfe,fw&m;&Hk;rsm;udk xlaxmifcGifh&Sdap&rnfhtjyif/
Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifw
h &m;pD&ifa&;tm%mrsm;udk vGwf
vyfpGm usifhoHk;jyXmef;cGifh&&Sdap&eftwGuf jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif rdrdwdk@.
jynfe,fzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;udk oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGmjzifh a&;qGJjyXmef;
ydkifcGifh&Sdap&rnfjzpfonf// odk@&mwGif (1947)ckESpf/ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccH
Oya't& jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0iftrsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/
EdkifiHa&;tm%mrsm;tyfESif;jcif; rjyK&Hkrsm;ru/ jynfe,fzGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'rsm;udkvnf; oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;jyXmef;jcif; rjyKyJ/
jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'. tpdyftydkif;tjzpf wif;=uyfpGm yl;wGJ
jyXmef;oGm;cJhygonf// Todk@jzifh jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if jynfe,frsm;onf
rdrduH=urRm rdrdvGwfvyfpGm jyXmef;cGifhrqdkxm;bd rdrdwdk@. jynfe,fa&;&m
rsm;udkyif vGwfvyfpGm pDrHcef@cGJEdkifcGihf &SHK;qHk;oGm;cJh=uygonf//
'kwd,tm;enf;csufrSm jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfxJrS vlrsdK;pk
v$wfawmfac: txufv$wfawmfwGif trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;u v$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& tnDtr#apv$wf&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; atmufv$wfawmf
450

uJho@dk vlOD;a&;tcsdK;tpm;udk tajccHI a&G;cs,fapv$wfcJhaoma=umifh

wef;wla&;[laom tESpfom&uif;rJhcJh+yD; vlOD;a&ydkrdkrsm;aom Arm(0g)
jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;u txufv$wfawmfwGifa&m atmufv$wfawmfwGifyg
EdkifiHa&;t& v$rf;rdk;xdef;csKyfEdkifcJhygonf// Todk@jzifh jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;.
EdkifiHawmftm%m&yfrsm;pkpnf;&m A[kdjzpfaom jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfudk
vlrsdK;wrsdK;. vufxJo@dk xdk;tyfouJho@dk jzpfoGm;cJhygonf//
xdkxufydkIqdk;0g;aom wwd,tm;enf;csufrSm jynfaxmifpk
pepft& trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;u rdrdwdk@jynfe,f tpdk;&rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;+yD;/
xdkuo
Jh dk@ jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm zGJ@pnf;ydkifcGifh&Sdaom trsdK;om;
jynfe,frsm;yl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk zGJ@pnf;ap&rnfjzpfaomf vnf;/
Arm(0g)jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf jynfe,foD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;jfcif; rjyKyJ/ jynfaxmif
pktpdk;&. tm%mwckvHk;udk xdkvlrsdK;rsm;tm; vHk;0O\Hk xdef;csKyfcGifhay;
xm;cJhjcif;yif jzpfygonf//
(1947)ckESpf
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf
txufyg
tcsuf(3)csufa=umifh jynfaxmifpkpepfrS vrf;v$JoGm;cJhygonf// xdktcsuf
rsm;udk jyifqifI jynfaxmifpkpepfudk ppfrSefaom zuf'&,fpepfjzifh
jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;jyXmef;&ef/ (1961)ckESpf/ ZGefvwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk
wufa&mufaom awmif;}uD;nDvmcHudk ac:,lusif;ycJhygonf// (1961)ckESpf
awmif}uD;nDvmcH. &nf&G,fcsufrSm
(1) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHudk yifvHknv
D mcH}uD;wGif ar#mfrSef;cJhonfh
twdkif; ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;Edkif&ef
twGuf EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk jyifqifjyXmef;&ef/
(2) jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk udk,fydkifjyXmef;
cGifhtjynfht0tyfESif;&ef/ qdkvdkonfrSm jynfe,frsm;tm;
Oya'jyKtm%m/w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m
rsm; tjynfht0tyfESif;&ef//
451

(3) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhay;tyfonfhtae

jzifh xdkpOfu&SdcJhonfh jynfe,frsm;tjyif csif;jynfe,f/ &cdkifjynf
e,fESifhrGefjynfe,frsm;udk wdk;csJ@zGJ@pnf;oGm;&ef/
(4) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wl&nfwlyl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpkudk
twlwuG xlaxmifjcif; jzpfa=umif;udk oufaojyonfh tae
jzifh Armwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf oD;jcm; jynfe,fzGJ@
pnf;oGm;ap&ef/
xdk@jyif
Armwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;u
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpdk;rdk;rSKudk &yfwef;u
&qdkif;oGm;&ap&eftwGuf jynfaxmifpktm%mESifh Armjynf
e,f. vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mudk Oya'ESifhtnD ydkif;jcm;xm;&ef
[laom tcsufrsm; yg0ifcJhygonf//
EkdifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh
jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;udpPudk
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkpnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGufjynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@udkawmif}uD;
nDvmcHwGif
zGJ@pnf;cJhygonf//
if;jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@u
jynfaxmifpkppfppfrludk EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;EkxHodk@ (1962)ckESpf/
azaz:0g&Dv(24)&ufae@wGif w&m;0ifwifoGif;cJhygonf// jynfe,frsm;
nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@u wifoGif;aom jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlt& EdkifiHawmf
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk atmufygtwdkif; jyifqifa&;qGJjyXmef;&ef wifjycJh=u
ygonf// if;wdk@rSm
(1) jynfrudk jynfe,fwe,ftjzpf zGJ@pnf;a&;/
(2) v$wfawmf(2)&yf tm%mwlay;a&;/
(3) vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfodk@ jynfe,fwdkif;/ jynfe,fwdkif;u wlnDaom
udk,fpm;vS,fapv$wfa&;/
452

(4) jynfe,frsm;u rdrdqENtav#muf v$Jtyfaomtm%mrsm;udk

jynfaxmifpkA[kdtpdk;&odk@ uef@owfI useftm%mrsm;udk
jynfe,frsm;wGif xm;&Sda&;[laom tcsufrsm;yif jzpfygonf//
odk@&mwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wl&nfwltcGifh
ta&;ay;a&;udk rvdkvm;r&SK pdrfhEdkifcJhaom r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'D AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if;ESifhif;. taygif;tygrsm;u jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@u wifoGif;
aom jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlonf jynfaxmifpk+zdKcGJa&;vrf;pOf jzpfonf
[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh (1962)ckESpf/ rwfv(2)&ufae@wGif EdkifiHawmf
tm%mudk ppfwyfrS odrf;,lcJhyg onf//
EdkifiHawmftm%mudk odrf;,l+yD;aemuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu
0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek OD;aqmifaom jynfwGif;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@udk (1968)
ckESpfwGif zGJ@pnf;+yD;/ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk topfwzef
a&;qGJjyXmef;Edkif&ef t}uH^m%frsm;udk wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;xHrS awmif;cHcJh
ygonf// xdka=umifh csif;/ ucsifESifh &Srf;acgif;aqmifrsm;u zuf'&,fpepf
jzifh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJjyXmef;oifha=umif; wifjycJh
ygonf// odk@aomf Adkvfae0if;ESifhawmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifrsm;onf zuf'&,f
pepfjzifh jynfaxmifpkjyefvnf zGJ@pnf;a&;udk vufrcH&Hkomru xdko@dk
zuf'&,fpepfjzifh EdkifiHawmfjynfvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;tqdkudk wifoGif;cJh=uaom
csif;acgif;aqmif(8)ausmf/ ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh &Srf;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
zrf;qD;+yD; ESpf&Snfvrsm;axmifcscJhygonf//
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtm%modrf;+yD;aemuf ocifcspfESifhocifZifwdk@
acgif;aqmifaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepf ygwD(Auy)u EdkifiHawmfudk jynfaxmif
pkpepfjzifh jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;Edkifa&;twGuf wdik f;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; rdrdwdk@
qENt& yl;aygif;vdku yl;aygif;cGifhESifhrdrdqENt& cGJxGuv
f dku cGJxGufcGifh
tygt0if udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tjynfht0&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;udk tajccHI
jynfaxmifpkudk zGJ@pnf;oifha=umif;xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygonf//
453

(1975)ckESpfwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;

tiftm;pkrsm;u jynfaxmifpkudk udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtjynfht0&Sdaom
jynfe,frsm;udk tajccHI jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;Edkifa&;[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh
jynfe,faygif;pHk zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpktrsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk
(yr'w)udk zGJ@pnf;cJhygonf// (1976)ckESpfwGif (yr'w)udk trsdK;om;
'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk (r'w)tjzpf jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;aomtcgvnf; rlv&nf
&G,fcsufrsm;udk e*dktwdkif; qkyfudkifxm;cJhygonf// trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD
wyfaygif;pk}uD;. EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsufonf ArmvlrsdK; tygt0if &Srf;/ ucsif/
u&if/ u&ifeD/ &cdkif/ rGef/ csif;/ ytdk0f;/ yavmif/ 0/ vm;[lpaom
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;. vGwfvyfa&;/ wef;wla&;b0jzpfay:wdk;wuf
a&;/ trsdK;om;wef;wla&;ESifhu,
dk fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk tajccHonfh ppfrSefaom
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;jzpfa=umif; twdtvif;a=unmcJhyg
onf//
(1)

(U.N.L.D.L.A 'kwd,t}udrf qvdki;f vsefzkef;)

454

tcef; (21)
jynfaxmifpkqdkif&m taxGaxGwifjycsuf

orRw}uD;OD;odef;pdef/
OuUa':atmifqef;pk=unf/
jrefrmjynfolrsm;ESifhvlrsdK;pkjynfolrsm;/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ OD;xGef;jrifh(awmif}uD;)ESifhqvdkif;vsefrkef;wdk@onf
wnfaqmufoifhaom jynfaxmifpk. tajccHrlrsm;udk toD;oD;wifjycJh
=uayonf/ ,ck qufvufwifjyvdkonfrSm jynfaxmifpkESifhwdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pkrsm;ESifhqdkif&mwOD;csif;pD. todtjrifrsm;ESifh tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk
wifjytyfygonf//

tem*gwfjynfaxmifpktwGuf
txufArmjynf/ aejynfawmf/ rEWav;+rdK@udk (1885)ckESpfrSm
e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfwdk@ odrf;,l+yD; bk&ifoDaygrif;udk ac:,loGm;ygw,f// Armjynf
tvHk;pHkudk odrf;ydkuf+yD;a=umif;udk (1886)ckESpf/ Zefem0g&Dv(1)&ufae@rSm
a=unmcsuf xkyfygw,f// (1)
(1896)ckESpfrSm e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfwdk@u csif;awmfwef;a'o( Chin
Hills)udk odrf;,lcJhovdk ta&S@bufawmifwef;rSm&SdwJh &Srf;jynfeJu&ifeDjynf
udkawmh (1887)ckESpf/ Zefem0g&Dv(3)&ufrSm t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@ppfwyfu
ppftiftm;(310)eJ@ aoewf/ tajrmufvufeufrsm;wyfqif+yD; &Srf;jynfeJ@
455

Armjynfe,fpyf/ vSdKif;wuf(Lang Sat)a'orSm jzwfausmf+yD; usL;ausmf

0ifa&mufygw,f// e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfppfwyfudk jyif;jyif;xefxefckcHwJhtaeeJ@
rdk;+AJapmfbGm;eJ@&yfapmufapmfbGm;e,fwdk@u
wdkufcdkufwGef;vSef=uygw,f//
u&ifeDjynfrSmawmh apmvaz: apmfbGm;u tjyif;txefckcHygw,f// &Srf;jynf
taeeJ@ t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@vufatmuf u|efb0eJ@aevm&mu (1922) ckESpfrSm
apmfbGm;e,frsm;pkaygif;+yD; (Federated Shan States)qdk+yD; aumifpDzGJ@
tkyfcsKyfygw,f// 'guoD;jcm;vlrsdK;/ oD;jcm;wdkif;jynfawGudk oD;jcm;tcsdef
awGrSm odrf;,lcJhwmjzpfw,f//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; xyfrHawG@&Sd&wmuawmh (1879)ckESpf/ t*Fvdyf
tpdk;&wdk@ESifhbk&ifrif;wkef;rif;wdk@oabmwlnDcsufeJ@vufrSwfx;dk +yD; vGwfvyf
aomaom jynfaxmifjzpfaewJh u&ifeDjynf (0g) u,m;jynf//
(1894)ckESpfrSm a&;qGJjyXmef;cJhwJh ucsifawmifwef;a'ozGJ@pnf;tkyf
csKyfyHk pnf;rsOf;Oya'/ (1894 - Kachin Hill Regulation)jzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhwJh
ucsifjynfaxmif//
(1896)ckESpfrSm a&;qGJjyXmef;cJhwJh csif;awmifwef;zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
pnf;rsOf;/ (1896 Chin Hills Regulations)jzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhwJh csif;jynfaxmif//
(1922)ckESpfrSm jyifqifjyXmef;cJhwJh zuf'&,f&Srf;jynfaxmifzGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHk pnf;rsOf;Oya'/ (1922 Federated Shan States Act)jzifh
tkyfcsKyfaom &Srf;jynfaxmif/ 'Dvdko;D jcm; zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;jzifh
tkyfcsKyfaewJhjynfaxmifav;jynfaxmifudk awG@&jyefygw,f//
'gudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u (1935)ckESpfrSm a&;qGJjyXmef;+yD; / (1937)
ckESpfrSm usifho;Hk wJh ArmjynftufOya' (1935 Burma Act)jzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhwJh
ArmjynfaxmifESifhpkaygif;+yD; jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;
ygw,f//
(1947)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(12)&ufae@rSm &Srf;jynf/ yifvHk+rdK@rSm
awmifwef;a'o acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh !SdESdKif;wdkifyif+yD; tmrcHcsuftjynfh
t0eJ@ yifvHkpmcsKyf/ awmifwef;jynfryl;aygif;a&;pmcsKyfudk atmifjrifpGm
456

csKyfqdk EdkifcJhygw,f// pmcsKyfoabm wlnDcsufrSm u&ifeDjynfyg0ifcsKyfqdkjcif;

rjyKcJhayr,fh (1947)ckESpf/ jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkt+yD; vGwfvyfa&;
&,lawmh r,fhtcsdefrSm u&ifeDyg0ifvmcJhygw,f// 'ga=umifh AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;u ZGJebJ}uD;pGmeJ@tmrcHcsufpmcsKyf tmrcHwJhuwd
pum;awGeJ@cufcufcJcJvkyfaqmifvdk@&vmwJh
jynfaxmifig;jynfaxmif
wdk@[m wef;wl&nfwlyl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHopfwckudk &&Sdvdkufygw,f//
'Dvdk &&Sdvu
dk fEdkifatmifvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u wdk;jyKjynfjyK
v$wfawmfrSm tmrcHcsufuwdpum;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ajymcJhygw,f//
tJ'DvdkvufcHxm;wJh 'DpmoabmawGrubJ ( Not only the letters
of a agreement) usaemfwdk@ tzdk@rSmqdkvdk@&Sd&if (The spirit of agreement)
oabmwlnDvmcJhwJh wu,fht&if;cHoabmxm;udk vufcH+yD;awmh
'Dtwdkif;bJ 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm vkyfrSmbJqdkwm awmifwef;
e,fqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wnfhwnfhvif;vif;em;vnfapcsifygw,f//
usaemfwdk@
ay;+yD;omuwd/
em;vnf+yD;om;oabmwlnDcsufawGudk
e,fcsJ@orm;vdk usaemfwdk@azgufzsuf+yD; rvkyfygbl;// tJ'Dvdk ay;+yD;om;
uwdeJ@ em;vnf+yD;om; oabmwlnDcsufawGudk azgufzsufrnfvm;vdk@
oHo,&SdwJh vlawG[m OuUrif;cGif;jyK csuft& ajym&v#if usaemfwdk@&J@
(Sense of honour, Sense of Self respect, Sense of pride)wdk@udk
apmfum;w,fvdk@
usaemfwdk@,lqygw,f//
tJ'Dawmh
usaemfwdk@
ay;+yD;om;uwd? em;vnf+yD;om;oabmwlnDcsufwdk@udk awmifwef;e,f
udk,fpm;vS,fawGu wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfxJa&mufaomtcg aoao
csmcsm em;vnf;apcsifwmu b,fenf;eJ@r# usaemfwdk@ ArmvlrsdK;pk
jzpfwJhval wG[m cifAsm;wdk@udk twif;tm;jzifh usaemfwdk@ jynfaxmifpkxJrSm
roGif;ygbl;// oabmrwlbJ raeEdkifwJh tajctaersdK;udk vufwvHk;jcm;
vdrf;wJhenf;vnf; usaemfwdk@ rvkyfygbl;qdkwm twdtvif;em;vnfap
csifygw,f//
457

yifvHkpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfx;dk I jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwckudk twlwuG

xlaxmif&ef oabmwlnDcJh=uaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk avhvm
oHk;oyfygu vlrsdK;aygif;pHk/ bmomaygif;pHk/ ,Ofaus;rSK aygif;pHkESifhu;dk uG,f
,Hk=unfrSK bmomaygif;pHrS vm=uonfudk awG@&rnfjzpfonf// xdka=umifh
wdkif;jynfwGif rnfonfhbmomudkr# EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf rjyXmef;oifhay//
xdkenf;wl bmomtajccHaom EdkifiHa&;pepfudkvnf; tvsOf;rwnf
aqmufoifhay[k qHk;jzwftwnfjyKxm;cJhygonf//
xdkpOf
'D;'kwfOD;bcsdKu
Ak'<bmomudk
EdkifiHawmfbmom
tjzpfjyXmef;&ef ta&;qdkvmaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u 'Dwdkif;jynfrSm
vlrsdK;aygif;pHk/ bmomaygif;pHk/ ,Ofaus;rSKaygif;pHk&Sdaoma=umifh wa=umif;/
wdkif;jynf
vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0if
toufpGef@vkyfaqmif&mrSmvnf;
Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;om wdkufyGJ0ifcJh&wmr[kwf/ c&pf,mef/ [dENL/ tpPmvrf/
ewfudk;uG,folrsm;yg pkaygif;I taocHpGef@pm;+yD; wdkufvmcJh+yD;rS atmifyGJ&
vmawmh Ak'<bmomu tusdK;tjrwf,lwm[m w&m;enf;vrf;rus
a=umif;/ 'Drw&m;wJhvkyfaqmifcsufudk toufudk taocHI uef@uGuf
oGm;r,fvdk@ wHk@jyef+yD; vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f// 'gayr,fh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
usqHk;+yD; OD;Ek0ef}uD;csKyf wm0efeJ@vkyfaqmif&mrSm EdkifiHawmfbmom
owfrSwf&mrSm bmomjcm;trsm;pkjzpfwJh csif;/ ucsifwdkif;&if;om;
acgif;aqmifwdk@&J@ uef@uGufa0zefrSK=um;u Ak'<bmomudk EdkifiHawmf
bmomtjzpf jyKvkyf&mrSm toufudktaocHI jyKvkyfoGm;r,fvdk@ajym+yD;
vkyfaqmifoGm;cJhygw,f//
jynfaxmifpkpepf. tajccHvrf;!GefrSKrsm; vrf;v$JapcJhaom (1947)
ckESpf/ EdkifiHawmfzGJpnf;yHk tajccHOya'. t"dutm;enf;csuf(3)csuf &SdcJhyg
onf//
yxrtm;enf;csufrSm
AdkvfcsKyfaqmifqef;vrf;!GefrSKt&
jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;onf rdrdwdk@.
jynfe,fv$wfawmf/ jynfe,ftpdk;&/ jynfe,fw&m;&Hk;rsm;
458

xlaxmifcGifh&Sdap&rnfhtjyif Oya'jyKtm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&;

tm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm usifho;Hk
jyXmef; cGifh&&Sdap&eftwGuf jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif rdrdwdk@
jynfe,fzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;udk oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGmjzifh
a&;qGJjyXmef;cGifh&Sdap&rnf// odk@&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
usqHk;+yD;aomtcg (1947)ckESpf/ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya't& jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0iftrsdK;om; jynfe,frsm;onf
oD;jcm;&ydkifcGifhrsm;aysmufqHk;+yD; jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'. tpdyftydkif;tjzpf wif;=uyfpGm yl;aygif;jyXmef;oGm;cJh
ygonf//
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;qufvuf+yD; uwdpum;ajymwJhtxJrSm pkaygif;
oifhw,fqdkwu
Jh dpPawG aqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSm usaemfwdk@ wifoGif;wJhtqdkawG
usaemfwdk@ wifoGif;wJht}uH^m%fawG/ 'gawGudk oabmrusvdk@&Sd&if
oabmruswJhtwdkif; awmifwef;e,fbufqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m
oabm&Sd/ ArmjynfeJ@raygif;bJ aecsifaeEdkifw,f// 'gusaemf ,ae@
'Dwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfxJrSm 'Dpum;udk ajymqdkjcif;bJ/ usaemfwdk@
apewmudk b,favmufxdatmif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jywfjywfom;om;
xm;w,fqdkwmudk odapcsifvdk@ ajymqdkjcif; jzpfygw,f//
aemufAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@wuG tjcm;aomArmacgif;aqmif (OD;Ek
tygt0if)rsm;uvnf; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;jynfaxmifpkxJwGif yl;aygif;
yg0if&ef pnf;&Hk;cJh&mY ArmvlrsdK;rsm;cHpm;&&Sdaom tcGifhta&;tm;vHk;udk
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udkvnf; cHpm;cGifh&&Sdap&rnf[k uwdjyKajym=um;cJh
ygw,f// ,if;tcsufrsm;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. rdef@cGef;rsm;xJwGif xyfcg
wvJvJ wifjycJha=umif; awG@&ygonf//
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aygif;pHk a&maESmaexdkifaom EdkifiHawmfopfudk
xlaxmifaomtcg wjynfaxmifpepfjzifh xlaxmifrnfavm/ odk@r[kwf
jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh xlaxmifrnfavm[laom ar;cGef;udk tajzrSefay;cJh
459

olrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yif jzpfygonf// (When

we build our new Burma,

shall we build on as Union or a Unitary State? In my opinion it will not be
possible to set up a Unitary State. We must set up a Union with properly
requalated provision to safe-guard the right to the national minority. )

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u topfzGJ@pnf;rnfhEdkifiHawmfudk jynfaxmifpk

pepfjzifh zGJ@pnf;&ef EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'(rl=urf;)w&yfudk (1947)
ckESpf/ arvwGif usif;yonfh (zqyv) jyifqifrSKy%mrnDvmcH}uD;wGif
wifoGif;twnfjyKcJhonf// wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif jynfaxmifpk jrefrm
EdkifiHzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif
tajccH&rnfhvrf;!GefrSK(7)csufudk
vnf; wifoGif;twnf jyK&,lcJhonf//
tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm usifho;Hk jyXmef;cGifh&&Sdap&ef
twGuf jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif rdrdwdk@ jynfe,fzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;udk
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGmjzifh a&;qGJjyXmef;cGifh&Sdap&rnf// odk@&mwGif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;usqHk;+yD;aomtcg (1947)ckESpf/ EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
t& jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0iftrsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;onf oD;jcm;&ydkifcGifhrsm;
aysmufqHk;+yD; jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'. tpdyftydkif;tjzpf
wif;=uyfpGm yl;aygif;jyXmef;oGm;cJhygonf//
- 'kwd,tm;enf;csufrSm jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfxJrS vlrsdK;pk
v$wfawmfac:wJh txufv$wfawmfwGif trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;u
v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&tnDtr# apv$wf&rnfjzpfaomf
vnf; atmufv$wfawmfuJhok@d vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;udk tajccHI
a&G;cs,fapv$wf&wma=umifh wef;wla&;[laom tESpfom&
uif;rJh+yD; vlOD;a&ydkrsm;aom ArmvlrsdK;u txufv$wfawmfa&m
atmufv$wfawmfyg EdkifiHa&;t& v$$rf;rdk;xdef;csKyfoGm;cJhygonf//
- wwd,tm;enf;csufrSm jynfaxmifpkpepft& trsdK;om;
jynfe,frsm;u rdrdwdk@ tpdk;& jynfe,frsm;udk zGJ@pnf;+yD;/ xdkuo
Jh dk@
jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm zGJ@pnf;ydkifcGifh&Sdaom trsdK;om;
460

jynfe,frsm;pkaygif;I jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk zGJ@pnf;&rnfjzpfaomf

vnf; ArmvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf jynfe,foD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;jcif;rjyKbJ/
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&. tm%mwckvHk;udk ArmvlrsdK;rsm;u vHk;0
O\kH xdef;csKyfvdkufjcif; jzpfygonf//
pmwrf;&J@yxrydkif;tm;vHk;udk +cHKIoHk;oyfygu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
vGwfvyfa&;r&rSDumv }udK;yrf;cJh&yHk uwdpum;/ yifvHknDvmcHuwdpum;/
aeol&defnDvmcHuwdpum;/ wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm twnfjyKowfrSwf
ay;xm;wJh oabmwlnDcsuf tajccHvrf;!Gefrl(7)csuf/ jynfaxmifpktjzpf
yl;aygif;ygu Armrsm;tusdK;cHpm;&ovdk wef;wl&nfwl tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&
r,fvdk@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wifru Armacgif;aqmifrsm;ajym=um;cJhwJh pum;
awG[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@twla&m ygoGm;+yD;/ OD;Ekacgif;aqmif+yD;
vkyfaqmifvmwJh Armacgif;aqmifawG[m tJ'Day;xm;+yD;wJh uwdpum;awG
udk arhaysmuf/ rodaus;u|efjyK+yD; opPmazgufoGm;=uygw,f//
(1) (tem*gwfjynfaxmifpktwGuf pdkif;wifaz (pdk;aqtGef) &Srf;jynf/)

yifvHkpmcsKyfESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;
EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wla&;ESifhu,
dk fydkifqHk;jzwfzefwD;ydkifcGifh (1)
ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf atmifqef;-twWvDpmcsKyf csKyfqdkEdkif
&ef qufoG,fawGY qHka&;(Lobby)vkyfay;cJholrSm &cdkifOya'ynm&Sif
OD;aratmif.orD;/ ArmtrsdK;orD;rsm;tzGJ@csKyfudk pwifwnfaxmifay;cJhol
a':jrpdefyifjzpfonf// ,if;tcsdefu &cdkifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwWvDtpdk;&
awG@qHka&;udk yxrqufoG,fxm;aomfvnf; &cdkifta&;xuf &cdkifjynf
461

yg0ifaeaom Armjynfta&;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh &cdkifta&;yg0if+yD;

jzpfonfqdk+yD;/ (zqyv)Armacgif;aqmifrsm;u wifjyojzifh &cdkifacgif;
aqmifrsm;oD;jcm;awG@qHka&;udk rvkyfcJh=u[k OD;atmifZHa0. armifuHxl;
rSwfwrf;wGif avhvmrdonf// ,if;tjyif yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdk&mwGifvnf;
(zqyv)udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf OD;atmifZHa0tm; AdkvfcsKyfu ac:oGm;pOf
AdkvfcsKyftm; &cdkifjynfta&;pOf;pm;ay;zdk@ awmif;qdkcJhaomf vnf; (zqyv)
ygwD0ifOD;atmifZHa0. awmif;qdkcsufxuf &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;awmifwef;
a'ota&;u ydkta&;}uD;aeojzifh OD;atmifZHa0u em;vnfrSKay;cJh&onf//
,ae@ jzpfay:aeaom 'kwd,yifvHk (odk@r[kw)f (21)&mpkyifvHk[k
EdkifiHa&;a&S@ajy; auG;a=umfoHwck acwfESifhtnDay:xGef;vmonfrSm ESpfaygif;
(64)ESpfwdkifwdkif zrf;csKyfcH(odk@r[kwf) jyefay;qGJcHae&aom yifvHkpmcsKyfudk
tjrefqHk;jyefv$wfay;&ef jynfolw&yfvHk;u awmif;qdk=uzdk@ wdkif;&if;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm;/ Armh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifrsm;u jyefvnfrD;armif;xdk;jy
vmjcif; jzpfonf//
(21)&mpkyifvHk[kac:qdkjcif;udkum; oifhawmfonf[k vufcHEdkifyg
onf// odk@aomf 'kwd,yifvHk[k ac:qdkjcif;udkum; u|efawmfwdk@taejzifh
EdkifiHa&;ordkif;jzpfpOfudk taotcsmqufcHrnfh oabmxm;&Sd=uv#if jyefjyif
oifhonf[k t}uHjyKvdkygonf// tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf
(1) yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD; (5)vtwGif;rSm yifvHkpmcsKyfudk
tkwfjrpfcscJhaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhuwfbdeuftzGJ@0if
rsm;vkyf}uHcHcJh&onf// ( TEdkifiHa&;vkyf}uHrSK}uD;onf Arm
EdkifiHa&;txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ta&;udk }uD;rm;pGm
ajymif;vJapcJhonf//)
(2) yifvHkpmcsKyfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqHk;+yD; qufcHvmaom
(zqyv)acgif;aqmifOD;Eku Ek-twfwvDpm csKyf csKyfovdk
TyifvHkpmcsKyfudkvnf; qufvufwm0efcHcJhonf//
462

(3)

(4)
(5)

(6)
(7)

odk@aomf 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek OD;pD;aom (zqyv)tpdk;&u yifvHk

pmcsKyfudk tajcrcHbJ ab;z,fxm;vdkuf+yD; wjynfaxmif
pepfzGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'udk
a&;qGJusifho;Hk cJh&mu
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;pwif&SKyfaxG;cJh&onf//
odk@aomf wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;enf;jzifh
ygvDrefwGif jyKjyif&ef t}udrf}udrf }udK;yrf;cJh=uonf//
(1958)ckESpfwGif yifvHkpmcsKyft& pmcsKyf0ifjynfe,fwcsdK@
onf cGJxGucf Gifh&Sdaomfvnf; rcGJxGub
f J jyKjyifajymif;vJ
&efudkom a&G;cs,fcJh=uonf// odk@aomf (1958-1961)ckESpf
twGif; (zqyv)tpdk;&twGif; Twdkif;&if;om;ta&;
a=umifh t&SKyftaxG;rsm;pGm jzpfcJh&onf// (yxp)oef@&Sif;
[lI uGJ+yJcJh&onf// tdrfapmifhtpdk;&[lI Adkvfae0if;
OD;aqmifaom Armhwyfrawmfu wm0ef,lcJh&onf//
TtcsdefwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh ArmhEdkifiHa&;orm;
rsm;u jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk jyifqif&ef
awmif}uD;nDvmcHudk usif;ycJh=uonf//
TnDvmcHonf &Srf;/ csif;/ ucsif/ u&if/ u&ifeD/ rGef/ &cdkifESifh
Armwdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHkwufa&mufaom nDvmcHjzpfojzifh
ydkrdkjynfhpHkaom 'kwd,yifvHknv
D mcH jzpfcJhonf// odk@jzpfI
,ae@ uav;+rdK@/ a=ujimcsufonf wwd,yifvHk[k a=ujim
oifhayonf//

yifvHkpmcsKyf. tESpfom&ESifhawmif}uD;nDvmcH. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk

jyefoHk;oyf&v#if Arm/ csif;/ ucsif/ &Srf;acgif;aqmifwdk@onf yifvHkpmcsKyf rcsKyfqdkrD
rdrdwdk@jynfESifh trsdK;om;wdk@twGuf tmrcHcsufudk &&Sdatmif }udK;pm;cJh
463

=uonf// (1947)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(6)&uf/ rGef;vGJ(2) em&DtcsdefwGif yifvHk

+rdK@Y usif;yaom&Srf;ESifhucsif aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;. qHk;jzwfcsuf(5)
csufudk tcdkiftrmcsrSwfxm;=uonf//
yxrtcsufrSm jrefrmwdk@ESifhtqifhtwef;/ tcGifhta&;wef;wl
&ydkifcGifh&Sda&;/ wef;wl'Drdkua&pDusus cHpm;cGifh&Sda&;/ yrtcsufrSm vGwv
f yfa&;&&Sd+yD;onfaemuf jrefrmjynfaxmifpkrS u|Efkyfwdk@ tcsdefra&G;
cGJxGufcGifh&Sd&rnfqdkonfhtcsufwdk@udk tmrcHcsuf&atmif }udK;yrf;cJhonf//
azaz:0g&Dv(7)&ufae@/ eHeuf(9)em&DtcsdefwGif yifvHk+rdK@Y usif;y
aom csif;/ ucsif/ &Srf;yl;wGJ aumfrwD. qHk;jzwfcsufudk =unfhv#if 1// (*)
&Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifaom awmifwef;om;rsm;pnf;vHk;
nD!Gwfa&;trSKaqmifaumfrwDw&yfudk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif&rnf// if;trSK
aqmifaumfrwDrSm awmifwef;om;rsm;wdk@ESifhjrefrmjynftpdk;&wdk@t=um;rS
ay:aygufor#aom ay:vpDqdkif&m udpPtm;vHk;ESifhpyfvsOf;I tqHk;tjzwfay;
Edkifaom tm%mtjynfhtpHk&Sd&rnf//
(&JabmfvSrsdK;/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif;0if
pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;(1968)ck/ ESm 247/ 248/ 249)//

,if;aemuf Armudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhawmifwef;om;rsm;pnf;vHk;
nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@(wpnz)wdk@ azaz:0g&Dv (12)&ufae@rSm yifvHkpmcsKyfudk
csKyfqdkcJh=uonf// ,if;pmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD;rSom csif;/ ucsif/ &Srf;wdk@u Armh
vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkcsufudk axmufcHcJh=uonf// odk@aomfvnf; txuf
az:jyyg qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;u wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh( Selfidentity) udk tcdkiftrm az:xkwfjyo tmrcHxm;cJhonf//
aemuf u,m;jynfuvJ olwdk@udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rSm twdtus az:xkwfxm;
onf// u&iftrsdK;om;wdk@qdkv#if (1948)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(5/ 6/ 7)&ufrSm
464

nDvmcHboif}uD;usif;y+yD; u&ifudk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifudk r&&SdonfhtwGuf EktwWvDpmcsKyfudk uef@uGuf+yD; u&ifjynfe,fudk awmif;qdkcJh=uonf//

u&ifwusyfom;/ Armwusyfom;vdk@ awmif;qdk=uonf// rwwfom
tqHk; (1949)ckESpfrSm u&iftrsdK;om;umuG,fa&;wyfzGJ@ (Karen National
Defence Organiztion K.N.D.O)u awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhonf// ,if;a=umifh
(10/ 5/ 51)ae@rSm aumfol;avjynfe,fay:vmonf//
(1)

(N.U.P.A, A.N.C)rS a'gufwmcifarmif/

(1961)ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(25)&ufae@/ &Srf;jynf/ awmif}uD;+rdK@wGif

jynfvHk;u|wfnDvmcHu twnfjyKcsuft&(1) &Srf;jynfu wifoGif;aom
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jyifqifa&;pmwrf; xGuf
ay:vmonf// zuf'&,frlvdk@ ac:wGifcJhonf// vuf&Sdjynfaxmifpk. zGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'rSm jynfe,fESifhvlrsdK;pkwdkif; wef;wlnDr#rSKtwGuf
vHkavmufpGm jyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Sdojzifh jynfe,fESifhvlrsdK;pkwef;wlnDr#
ap&eftwGuf tajccHOya'udk jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlESifh jyefvnfjyKjyifa&;qGJzdk@
Tzuf'&,frludk wifjyvm&onf// ,if;rlrSm 1//
2//
3//
4//

Armjynfe,fzGJ@pnf;a&;/
jynfaxmifpkygvDrefv$wfawmf(2)ckudk tm%mwlay;a&;/
vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfwdk@ jynfe,fwdkif;u nDr#aomudk,fpm;
vS,fv$wfa&;/
A[kdjynfaxmifpktm; atmufygXmersm;udk v$Jtyf+yD; usef&Sd
onfhtm%mrsm;ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jynfe,frsm;odk@
v$Jtyf&ef/
(u) EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;/
(c) jynfaxmifpkumuG,fa&;/
(*) jynfaxmifpkbma&;/
465

(C)
(i)
(p)
(q)
(Z)
(ps)

aiG'*Fg;ESifh aiGpuULxkwv
f kyfa&;/
pmwdkufESifha=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;/
rD;&xm;vrf;/ a&vrf;a=umif;qufoG,fEdkifa&;/
jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifa&;/
yifv,fqdyfurf;tcGefaumufa&;/
jynfaxmifpkbmawmfudk r#wpGm cGJa0a&;wdk@jzpf
onf//
Tawmif}uD;nDvmcHodk@ &cdkifjynfrS OD;armifOD;ausmf/ OD;omxGef;OD;/
udkomausmf(AHkayguf)polwdk@ wufcJh=uonf//
,if;&Srf;rl(0g) jynfaxmifpkppfppfrludk wifjyvdkufonfhtcg vlrsdK;}uD;
0g'&Sdaom ArmEdkifiHa&;orm;wdkif;/ Armjynfe,fjzpf&rnfudk vufrcH=u//
wef;wltcGifhta&;ay;&rnfh jynfaxmifpkppfppfrludk vHk;0raxmufcHEdkifcJh=u//
vlrsdK;}uD;acsmifAef0g'udk udkifpGJxm;aom Armhwyfrawmfqdkv#if vHk;0rcHEdkif
jzpfcJh&onf// ,if;a=umifh &Srf;rludk ta=umif;jyK+yD; (1962)ckESpf/ rwfv(2)
&ufae@/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;acgif;aqmifaom Armhwyfrawmfu tm%modrf;ydkuf
cJhonf// &Srf;acgif;aqmiftm;vHk;udkvnf; zrf;csKyfvdkuo
f nf// &cdkif0ef}uD;
OD;b+rdKifudkvnf; zrf;csKyfvdkufonf// ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfudk zsufodrf;+yD;
Armhppftm%m&Sifpepfudk tpm;xdk;vmonf// Armhvl@tzGJ@tpnf; twGif;rSm
vJ 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfcGifhrsm; wajz;ajz;csKyf+idrf; qdwfokOf;cJh&onf//
olwyg;udk zdESdyfu|efjyKvdkonfhvlrsdK;wGif rdrdudk,Ef SdKufuvnf;
vGwfvyfa&;qHk;&SHK;&onfqdkonfh
EdkifiHa&;ody`Hynm&Sifrsm;tqdktrdef@
twdkif; Armhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfcGifhrsm; qHk;&SHK;cJh&onf//
odk@jzpfI (1962)ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv(7)&ufae@/ &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;
oydwfup cJhaom 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJonf (1974) ckESpf/ OD;oef@ta&;tcif;/
oabFmusif;tvkyform;ta&;tcif;/ (1988)ck ta&;tcif;/ a&$0ga&mif
awmfvSef;pojzifh vlxk/ &[ef;xkvSKyf&Sm;rSKrsm; ,ae@xd qufwdkuf
jzpfay:ae&jcif;. t&if;cHta=umif;w&m;rSm yifvHkpmcsKyf tajccHwdkif;&if;
466

om; vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;t& wef;wla&;/ udk,=fh urRmudk qHk;jzwfzefwD;

ydkifcGifh&&Sda&;udk twif;t"rRcsKyfudkif xm;vdkonfh r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'
a=umifhjzpfonfudk tm;vHk;/ txl;ojzifh ArmhrsdK;qufopfrsm; oabmayguf
=u+yD; jzpfonf[k ,Hk=unfonf//
r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'a=umifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;wef;wl
rSKESifh udk,u
fh H=urRm udk,fqHk;jzwfzefwD;ydkifcGifhrsm;udk ydwfyifqkyfudkifxm;&mrS
usOf;ajrmif;aom trsdK;om;a&;0g'ay:vm&onf// T0g'ES pf&yfa=umifh
ppftm%m&Sifpepfay:vmcJhonf// ,ae@xd oufqdk;&Snfae&onf// odk@jzpfI
TvlrsdK;}uD;0g'a=umifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;txJwGif&SdcJhaom usOf;ajrmif;
aom trsdK;om;a&;0g'udk pGef@y,f+yD; vlrsdK;pHkwef;wla&;/ cspf=unfa&;/
+idrf;csrf;pGm,SOfwGJaexdkifa&;
vrf;a=umif;ay:odk@
wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;rsm;
av#mufvSrf;ae=uonfhtcsdefwGif
ArmEdkifiHa&;rsdK;qufopfrsm;taejzifh
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a&;/ cspf=unfa&;/ +idfrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJaexdkifa&;/ zuf'&,fEdkifiHawmf
opfqDodk@ csDwufoGm;&ef t"duvdktyfaeonf// AdkvfcsKyfajymcJhonfh
pum;twdkif; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;rcGJxGucf sifatmif w&m;r#waom/ vl@om;
csif;pmemaom/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;t&wef;wlcGifhESifh udk,fydkifjy
Xmef;cGifhtwGuf wdkufyGJ0ifzdk@ (21)&mpk rsdK;qufopfrsm;pdwf"gwf/ (21)&mpk
yifvHkpdwf"gwfudk vufawG@az:aqmif=uygpdk@[k av;pm;pGm wdkufweG f;,if;tzdESdyfcHwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;tm;vHk;/
tzdESdyfcHArmjynfolrsm;
tm;vHk; ppftm%m&Sifpepf atmufrS tjrefqHk;vGwfajrmuf=uygap//
av;pm;pGmjzifh
(1)
cifarmif (a'gufwmcifarmif)
OuU/ &cdkifjynftrsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;wyfOD;(N.U.P.A)
'kwd,OuU(1)/&cdkifjynftrsdK;om;aumifpD(A.N.A)
&cdkifjynf/
467

yifvHkrS vGwfvyfa&;odk@
(*gr%D)

(1947)ckESpf/ yifvHknv
D mcH&J@ yifrtESpfom&u ArmeJ@&Srf;/ ucsif/
csif;e,fajrawG twlwuG vGwfvyfa&;,lzdk@eJ@(1) &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;e,fajr
(3)ckudk udkyfydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tjynhft0ay;zdk@ jzpfcJygw,f// tJ'Dtajctae
uae wdk;csJ@+yD;aemifrSm e,fajr(3)ckwifru wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;udk udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfa&;/ wefwltcGifhta&;ay;zdk@yg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u &nf&G,fcJh
wmyg// 'gayrJh uHraumif;ta=umif; rvSpGmbJ yxrydkif;jzpfwJh twlwuG
vGwfvyfa&;,lzdk@om taumiftxnfaz:cJh+yD; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tjynfh
t0ay;a&;u ysufjy,foGm;cJhygw,f//
t"dujy\emu yifvHk;pmcsKyfoabmwlnDcsuf[m yifvHkOya'
(Law)tqifhudk a&mufrvmcJhwm jzpfygw,f// (1947)ckESpf/ tajccHOya'
a&;qGJ&mrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;r&SdawmhwJhaemufydkif; uvdrfuuspfvkyfol
wcsdK@a=umifh yifvHkoabmwlpmcsKyfuae tajccHOya'tjzpf a&mufrvm
cJhwmyg// 'ga=umifhvnf; jrefrmjynfrSm wdkif;&if;om;jy\em[m jynfwGif;
ppfrD;txd }uD;xGm;aygufuGJcJh&ygw,f//
'gayrJh tifrwef}uD;us,fxif&Sm;wJh yifvHkpmcsKyfudk vHk;0vufvGwf
py,f ys,fzsufzdk@ rvG,fwJhtwGuf vGwfvyfa&;&wJh (1948)ckESpfuae/
(1958)ckESpfavmuftxdawmh &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;e,fajrawGudk udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyf a&;tjynfht0r[kwfawmif tawmf}uD;ay;cJhw,fvdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f//
wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;qdkif&m Oya'jzpfrvmwJhtwGuf usefwJhwidk f;&if;om;
tm;vHk;uvnf; yifvHkt&omrcHpm;cJh&ygbl;// 'ga=umifh (1948-49)
ckESpfupvdk@ yifvHkpmcsKyfyg udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ uif;vGwfcJhwJh u&if/
u&ifeD/ rGef/ &cdkif/ ytdk0f;wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;awG ay:xGuf
vmcJh+yD; &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif; wdkif;&if;om;awGuawmh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk
twdkif;twm }uD;}uD;rm;rm; cHpm;ae&vdk@ olykefrxcJhygbl;//
468

'gayrJh
yifvHkpmcsKyf-yifvHkpdwf"gwf[m
yifvHkOya'tjzpf
tcdkiftcef@rjzpfcJhwt
Jh wGuf tm%m&vlrsdK;}uD;0g'awG[m wpwpeJ@
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;awGudk vSdKufpm;+zdKzsufvmEdkifcJhygw,f// 'ga=umifh (1958)
ckESpfrSm &Srf;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;/ (1961)ckESpfrSm ucsifvufeufudkif
awmfvSefa&;/ (1964)ckESpfrSm csif;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ay:vm&Hkru
(1961)ckESpfrSmyJ zuf'&,frlawmif;qdkwJh awmif}uD;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkuGefz&ifh
usif;y&wJh tajcqdkufcJhygw,f//
(1947)ckESpf/ yifvHkpmcsKyf[m jynfr/ &Srf;jynf/ ucsifeJ@csif;awmif
wef;a'oawG&J@ tm%mydkifawGt=um; oabmwlcsKyfqdkwmjzpfvdk@ Oya'
rjzpfao;ayr,fh tm%moufa&mufrSKwpHkw&m &SdcJhygw,f// 'ga=umifh
tckw}udrf (2011)ckESpfrSmvnf; tm%moufa&mufrSK&Sdzdk@qdk&if tm%m&Sd
olawG=um;rSm aqG;aEG;oabmwl nDrSKcsrSwfzdk@ vkdygw,f// tm%mr&SdolawG
aqG;aEG;oabmwlcsrSwf&ifawmh yifvHkpmcsKyftqifhra&mufbJ 'kwd,
ajrmuf/ Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;/ a=unmcsufom jzpfoGm;ygvdrfhr,f//

(Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;/ a=unmcsufudk N.L.DeJ@

ckESpfrSm ESpfzufoabmwl xkwfjyefcJhzl;w,f//)

U.N.L.Dwdk@u

1990-

e,fpyfrSm vkyfcJhwJh
rme,fyavm/ r,foa&mxeJ@olrGJuvd;k
pmcsKyfawGvdk rSdefaysmuf
oGm;zdk@vnf; rsm;ygw,f// a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk,fwkid fuvnf; (1989)
ckESpfrSm yifvHkeJ@ywfoufvdk@ ajymcJh&mrS vlxkuESif;tyfwJh tm%m&xm;wJh
tpdk;&uyJ vkyfEdkifwJh nDvmcHvdk@ ajymcJhzl;ygw,f//
(20)&mpkwkef;u vkyfcJhwJh yifvHkpmcsKyf[m (21)&mpkrSm jyifqifzdk@
vdkae+yD;vm;/ wdkif;&if;om;a&;&meJ@ywfoufvdk@ (21)&mpkeJ@ (20)&mpk
bmawGuGmovJqdkwmvnf; qifjcifoHk;oyfzdk@ vdkygw,f// (1947)ckESpf/
yifvHkpmcsKyfyg tcsufrsm;teuf twlwuG vGwfvyfa&;,la&;qdkwJh
tcsufudkawmh twlwuG tm%m&Sifpepfz,f&Sm;a&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDpepf
xlaxmifa&;vdk@ tck(21)&mpkrSm tpm;xdk; jyifqifzdk@vdkwmuvGJ+yD; 'kwd,
yifrtcsufjzpfwJh tjynfht0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ay;a&;uawmh bmrS
469

jyifqifp&m/ av#mhayghp&m/ jznfhpGufp&mawGrvdkbJ pmcsKyf tqifhuae

trsm;qdkif&mOya'tqifh a&mufzdk@om t"duvdktyfaeygw,f// Oya'
tqifh a&mufzdk@qdkwmuvnf; tm%mjy\emu aomhcsufjzpfaeygw,f//
'ga=umifh (21)&mpk yifvHknv
D mcHvkyf&if (20)&mpkyifvHkpmcsKyfudk (21)&mpk
yifvHkOya'jzpfatmifvkyfzdk@u t"duvkyfief;wm 0efjzpfyg vdrfhr,f//
(20)&mpkyifvHknv
D mcHvkyfcsdef/ yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfcsdef[m e,fcsJ@pepf
atmufuae wdkif;jynfawG vGwfvyfa&;&vmwJh acwfjzpfcJhygw,f// tck
(21)&mpkyifvHknv
D mcHvkyfcsdefuawmh tm%m&SifpepfawG atmufuae
wdkif;jynfawG
vGwfvyfa&;&vmwJhacwfjzpfaeygw,f//
qdkAD,uf
jynfaxmifpk/ ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;/ qm;AD;,m;/ csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;/
tDoD,Adk D;,m;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;/ tD&wfeJ@ tck aemufqHk; ql'efEdkifiHawGxJu
wdkif;&if;om;awG udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhusifho;Hk vmwm[m (20)&mpkaESmif;ydkif;
eJ@ (21)&mpk&J@ xl;jcm;csufjzpfygw,f// (21)&mpkyifvHkvk@d emrnfcHxm;wJh
twGuf 'D(21)&mpk xl;jcm;csufudk todtrSwfrjyKvdk@ rjzpfygbl;//
(21)&mpkrSm wdkif;&if;om;jy\emajz&Sif;a&; vrf;ESpfoG,f&Sdaeyg
w,f// wcku (qdkAD,uf jynfaxmifpkxJu jynfe,fawGudk oabmxm;}uD;
}uD;eJ@ cGJxkwaf y;vdkufwJh &k&Sm;vlrsdK;}uD; acgif;aqmif)abm&pf,Jhvfqifvrf;/
aemufwcku (,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHxJu jynfe,fawG cGJrxGufatmif
&uf&ufpufpuf ppfqifwdkucf dkufwJh qm;AD;,m;vlrsdK;}uD;acgif;aqmif)
rDvdkqDApfvrf; jzpfygw,f// tajrmftjrif}uD;wJh abm&pf,Jhvfqifvrf;u
temtusifoufom+yD; aoG;ajrrus/ +idrf;csrf;wJh taumif;qHk;enf;
vrf;jzpfygw,f// yxrwckuawmh acgif;rmrdkuf&dkif;wJh r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'D
rDvdkqDApf&J@vrf;uawmh jrefrmjynfrSm t&ifuvnf; usifhoHk;cJhzl;/ tckvnf;
usifhoHk;aewJh aoG;acsmif;pD;/ aoa=uysufpD;wJhvrf; jzpfygw,f// jy\em
aygif;aomif;ajcmufaxmifudk zdwfac:wJh vrf;jzpfygw,f// ESpfaygif;&mcsD
ae+yDjzpfwJh jrefrmjynfwdkif;&if;om; jy\emajz&Sif;a&;twGuf ArmvlrsdK;}uD;
xJu ,Jhvfqifvdkvrl sdK;ay:vmzdk@ vdkaeyg+yD// rDvdkqDApfawG tvdkr&Sdyg//
470

abm&pf,Jhvq
f ifvrf;udk ra&mufEdkifao;cifrSm a&S@ajy; odk@r[kwf
=um;umvtqifhtjzpf tqiftajyqHk; ajz&Sif;enf;jzpfEdkifwmuawmh
w&kwfjynf&J@ a[mifaumif/ rumtdkyHkpH udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;jzpfygvdrfhr,f//
a[mifaumiftxl;a'o tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya't& a[mifaumif[m trnfcH
tm;jzifh w&kwfEdkifiHvufatmuf a&mufwmuvGJv@dk vufawG@rSm vGwfvyf
wJEh dkifiHwckeJ@rjcm; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhtjynfht0&xm;wm[m aemifjrefrm
jynf&J@ wdkif;&if;om;jynfe,frsm; avhvmtwk,lp&m jzpfaeygw,f//
w&kwfjynfu wdbuf/ pifusef;jynfe,fawGudk udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
ay;wJh Oya'a[mif;uawmh wdkif;&if;om;tcGifhta&;udk zdESdyfvGef;vdk@
wdbuf/ pifusef;/ twGif;rGef*dkvD;,m;wdk@rSm qef@usif tHkuGrSKawG rzHk;Edkif
rzdEdkifay:aewm tm;vHk;todygyJ// 'gayrJh a[mifaumiftxl;tkyfcsKyf
a&;a'o Oya'uawmh a[mifaumifom;awGudk zuf'&,fEdkifiHr[kwfwJh
w&kwfjynfxJrSm tar&duef/ qGpfZmvef/ *smr%Dwdk@u zuf'&,fjynf
e,fawGavmufeD;eD; tkyfcsKyfa&;/ Oya'jyKa&;/ w&m;pDF&ifa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
EdkifiHjcm;ukefoG,fa&;/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHa&;/ bma&;/ aiGa&;a=u;a&;/
vlrSKa&;/ vHk+cHKa&; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhawG (EdkifiHjcm;awGeJ@ umuG,fa&;u
vGJv@dk ) tHh=oavmufatmif ay;xm;ygw,f// a[mifaumifrSm w&kwf
uGefjrLepftpdk;&udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf qENjyvdk@&+yD;/ w&kwfwjynfvHk;udk
ydwfqdk@xm;wJh tifwmeufqifqmuif;vGwfe,fajrvnf; jzpfygw,f//
tm%m&Sifpepfqef@usifwJh tar&duef&J@vGwfvyfaom tm&StoH&Hk;zGifhcGifh/
xyfqifhv$ifhpcef;xm;&SdcGifh&xm;wJh e,fajr/ w&kwfjynfrrSm tvGeftrif;
zdESdyfcH&wJh zgvHka*gif;bmoma&;*dk%f; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vSKyf&Sm;vdk@&wJh
e,fajr jzpfygw,f// A[dktpdk;&vHk;0eD;eD; pGufzufcGifhr&SdwJh e,fajrjzpfygw,f//
'ga=umifhvnf;
ucsifvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@
(K.I.O)udk,fYu
a[mifaumifudk,yf dkiftkyfcsKyfa&;rsdK;udk
pdwf0ifpm;vdkvm;wJhta=umif;
ajymaeovdk (U.W.S.A)0wdkif;&if;om;awGuvnf; pdwf0ifpm;tm;us
aewJh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; jzpfygw,f//
471

(etz)uawmh (2003)ckESpf/ trsdK;om;nDvmcHrSm wdkif;&if;om;

(13)zGJ@u taysmhajymif;qHk; tqdkjyKxm;wJh wdkif;&if;om;tcGifhta&;udk
awmif vHk;0vufrcHcJhwm jzpfwJhtwGuf tcktqdkjyKxm;wJh (21)&mpk
yifvHkukd cGJxGucf Gifhygonfjzpfap/ cGx
J GufcGifhrygonfjzpfap vufcHrSm r[kwf
ygbl;// (2010 a&G;aumufyGJrSmawmif }uH@zGwfr[kwf&if ol@udk b,favmuf
zg;zg; ac:roHk;wmudk awG@cJh+yD;yg+yD// udk,b
fh ufu b,fvdkapwemxm;
aysmhajymif;onfjzpfap (etz)bufuawmh rvGJraoGxdyfwdkuf &ifqdkifvm
rSm jzpfygw,f//
'ga=umifh 'D(21)&mpkyifvHkukd taumiftxnfaz:&mrSm rdrdbufu
vlxkudk pnf;&Hk;+yD;/ tqifhjrifhudk wufvSrf;Edkifzdk@ jyifxm;oifhygw,f// wenf;
tm;jzifh ajym&&if (21)&mpkyifvHkeJ@ (90)a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fjy\emudk
tawG;&Sif;/ tjrif&Sif; vufawG@&Sif;zdk@ vkdygw,f// tm%mjy\em[m
t&if;cHjzpfw,f/ xdyfwef;OD;pm;ay; jzpfw,fqdkwm arhvdk@rjzpfyg//
'Dae@umvrSm vufiif;ta&;w}uD;vdktyfaewJh wdkif;&if;om;a&;
tusdK;jyKcsuftjzpf (21)&mpk yifvHkxufpm&if wdik f;&if;om;+idrf;tzGJ@awGeJ@
+idrf;r[kwfwJh wdkif;&if;om;awGtay: xdk;ppfqifaewJh (etz) wyfawG/
xdk;ppfqifr,fhwyfawG xdk;ppf&yfpJ aemufjyefqkwfatmif awmif;qdkzdtm;
ay;a&;/ ppftpdk;&&J@ e,fjcm;wyf0g;rsdK;a&;/ u|efZmwfoGif;a&;pDrHudef;udk
qef@usif&yfwnfaewJh 0wdkif;&if; om;acgif;aqmifawGudk tar&duefeJ@
tifwmydku 0&rf;xkwfxm;wm/ +idrf;tzGJ@awGtay: tar&duefeJ@ taemuf
EdkifiHawGu pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@ uef@owfxm;wmawG y,fzsufay;a&;
awmif;qdkaqmf=ovSKyf&Sm;wmu wdkif;&if;om;cspf=unfa&;/ nD!Gwfa&;eJ@
em;vnfrSK&&Sda&;awGtwGuf ydktusdK;&SdrSm jzpfygw,f//
(1)

472

(yifvHkrS vGwfvyfa&;odk@ - rpdr)

oDaygapmfbGm; p0f=umqdkif&J@ b0jzpfpOfrSwfwrf;wif&kyf&Si f

'DZifbm (26)//
// jrefrmEdkifiHrSm awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&wufwJhtcsdefu
zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cH&+yD; tcktcsdeftxd(1) b,fa&mufvdk@ b,faysmuf
oGm;rSef;rodwJh oDaygapmfbGm;p0f=umqdkif&J@ b0jzpfpOfudk tajccHvdk@ ol@&J@
r[ma'0D =op}wD;,m;ol&J@ ajymjycsufawGeJ@ rSwfwrf;&kyf&Sifum;wum;
&dkuful;jyocJhwt
Jh a=umif; &Srf;owif;at*sifpDrSm az:jyxm;ygw,f//
rSwfwrf;&kyf&kif[m (Bilderwerk)&kyf&Sifxkwfvkyfa&;u &kdufu;l cJhwJh
&kyf&Sifjzpf+yD; aemufqHk; r[ma'0Dvdk@ emrnfay;xm;w,fvdk@ od&ygw,f//
oDaygapmfbGm;p0f=umqdkifeJ@ywfoufvdk@ tcktcsdefrSm tar&duef EdkifiHom;
cH,lxm;wJh r[ma'0DrpPpftif*gqm;*ifhu (Twilight Over Burma)qdkwJh
pmtkyfwtkyfa&;cJhbl;+yD; tJ'Dpmtkyfudk jrefrmvdk rSKef&DrSdKif; wdkif;jrefrm
qdkwt
Jh rnfeJ@ bmomjyef xkwfa0cJhbl;wJhta=umif; od&ygw,f//
oDaygapmfbGm;p0f=umqdkif[m awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tm%mrodrf;
cif wpf&uftvdk (1962)ckESpf/ rwfv(1)&ufae@u awmif}uD;+rdK@uae
473

oDaygodk@ tjyefvrf;rSm aysmufqHk;oGm;jcif;jzpf+yD; r[ma'0Dudk olAxl;+rdK@rSm

a&muf&SdaewJhta=umif; pmwdkav;ESpfapmifay;ydk@cJh+yD; vludkawmh jyefawG@
&jcif;r&Sdbl;vdk@ qdkygw,f//
r[ma'0D[m
(1965)ckESpfcef@u
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuUAdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;/
=op}wD;,m;
EdkifiH/
AD,ifem+rdK@udk tvnfvmpOf wnf;cdkwJhae&mudkoGm;+yD; apmfbGm;}uD;udk
olwdk@b,fvdkvkyfcJh ovJqdkwmeJ@ywfoufvdk@ ar;zdk@pDpOfcJhwt
Jh a=umif;
(R.F.A)udk tckvdkajymjycJhygw,f// AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;[m r[ma'0Dudk
awG@wmeJ@
xGufajy;oGm;cJhwt
Jh a=umif;
jyefajymjycJhygw,f//
rSwfwrf;&kyf&SifrSm
p0f=umqdkifraysmufqHk;cif
(16)rDvDrDwmpufeJ@
&dkuful;xm;wJhrSwfwrf;awGudk =um;!SyfxnfhoGif; xm;+yD; tcktcsdefrSm
touf(68)ESpf&Sd +yDjzpfwJh r[ma'0D&J@ jyefvnfajymjycsufawGudk wifjyxm;
w,fvdk@ od&ygw,f//
(R.F.A (VOB 273, 31/ 12/ 2000)

(1)

(&Srf;owif;at*sifpD)

Tae&mwGif yxrt}udrf wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;Y

ocifEk(OD;Ek)tm; v$wfawmf OuUa&G;cs,f&mY anmifa&$apmfbGm;}uD;.
ajym=um;onfh rdef@cGef;udkif;/ w&m;v$wfawmfw&m; 0ef}uD;csKyf.
OD;jrifhodef;pmxJyg anmifa&$apmfbGm;}uD;uawmf r[ma'0DrS cGJxGufvu
dk
cGJxGufcGifh
ta=umif;
jywfjywfom;om;ajymqdkyHkudk if;
jyefvnfqifjcif=unfh=u&efyif jzpfavonf// anmifa&$ apmfbGm;}uD;ESifh
orRwa[mif; p0fa&$odkufonf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;xdef;odrf;xm;I axmifxJYyif
uG,fvGefcJh&&Smavonf//
AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tm%modrf;&mwGif
om;aovifqHk;jzpfcJh&&Smaom
anmifa&$
r[ma'0Donf
u|efawmf(yxr)t}udrf xdkif;EdkifiH/ befaumufwGif &SdaepOf xD;jzL
trnf&Sd (White Umbrella)pmtkyfudk xkwfa0cJhavonf//
474

,ck oDaygapmfbGm;}uD;uawmfr[ma'0D rpPpftif*gqm;*ifhuawmh

rSKef&DrSdKif;wdkif;jrefrm trnf&Sd (Twilight Over Burma) pmwtkyfESifh
&kyf&SifZmwfum;wum;udk a&;om;&dkuful;xkwfa0cJh avonf//

475

vlrsdK;rsm;. jzpfpOfESifh ed,mrw&m;

(armifpif=u,f)

vlom;rsdK;EG,fawGtygt0ifjzpffwJh ouf&SdowW0gawG[m rdrdwdk@&J@

touf&SifaeEdkifa&;eJ@ vHk+cHKa&;twGuf rsdK;wlpkcsif;aygif;pnf;aexdkif=u
wm[m ouf&SdowW0gawG&J@ ed,mryJ jzpfw,f// (1)
'DvdkrsdK;wlpkcsif; tusdK;wlaygif;pnf;aexdkif=u&wmu rsdK;rwlwJh
ouf&SdowW0gcsif;eJ@ vlom;csif;qef@usif wGef;uef=uwmvJ vlom;awGeJ@
owW0gawG&J@ ed,mrw&m;jzpfjyefygw,f//
rsdK;wlpkcsif;aygif;pnf;aexdkifrSKu rsdK;rwlwJholawGtay:rSm qef@usif
wdkufcdkufwmawG/ zdESdyfwmawGu tpjyK+yD; rsdK;uGJwpkeJ@wpk rsdK;jyKwfjypf
wmawGvJ vl@ordkif;jzpfpOfeJ@ owW0gawG&J@ qifhuJjzpfpOfawGrSm &SdcJh=u+yD;
jzpfygw,f// 'DvdkeJ@yJ tcsdK@owW0gawG[m rsdK;ygwHk;+yD; tcsdK@vlom;rsdK;EG,fawG
uawmh 'Dae@urBmrSm &m*%ef;/ axmif*%ef;avmufom uGif;usef&pfyg
awmhw,f//
ordkif;udk
tusOf;csKyfeJ@
t=urf;oabmoHk;oyf=ur,fqdk&if
([ufqruf)rif;qufawGeJ@ (&dkrmaemh)rif;qufawG[m Oa&mywcGifrSm
tjyeftvSefaoG;aESmzvS,frSKeJ@ rsdK;wlpkwpkaygif;pnf; xlaxmifzdk@ }udK;yrf;wJh
tcgrSm (a0v/ paumh/ aemref/ A&dwef)vlrsdK;awGavmufom (+Ad wdo#vlrsdK;)
476

wrsdK;tjzpf pkpnf;EdkifcJh+yD; teD;pyfqHk;jzpfwJh tdkif;&pfvlrsdK;awGudkawmh

aygif;pnf;Edkifjcif; r&Sdwt
Jh wGuf (1922)ckESpfrSm (tdkif,mveforRw)EdkifiHudk
xlaxmifcGifhay;cJh&wJhtjyif ajrmuftdkif,mvefrSmawmh (qifzdef;)tzGJ@u
ESpfw&mawmfvSefppfyGJudk qufvuf qifE$Jv@dk aumif;aewHk;jzpfygw,f//
'Dae&mrSm vl@ordkif;jzpfpOfawGtay:rSm tcsdK@aom ordkif;a&;
q&mawGu ,Of,Ofaus;aus;eJ@a&;om;xm;wm awG@&Sdygw,f// "etiftm;/
vltiftm;eJ@ppftiftm;jynfh+zdK;vmwJh trsdK;wlpkwpkxJu bkef;}uD;w,f
qdkwJh &Sifbk&if('grSr[kwf) vlpGrf;aumif;wOD;OD; ay:vmwJhtcgrsdK;rSm rdrdeJ@
rsdK;wlpkrjzpfwJh t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufwmudk olwdk@u t=urf;zufppfwdkuf
w,fvdk@ roHk;ESHK;bJ ordkif;ay;wm0eft& rsdK;wlpkwpkwnf;jzpfa&;twGuf
A[dku pkpnf;ay;w,fvdk@ ,Of,Ofaus;aus;eJ@ omomxdk;xdk; a&;om;
xm;wmawG &Sdygw,f// acwfa[mifEdkifiHawG&J@ ordkif;a=umif;awGrSm
'Dtwdkif; awG@=u&rSm jzpfygw,f//
trsdK;wlpkwpkpm tjcm;trsdK;rwlwJh tpkawGay:rSm ordkif;pOf
wav#mufxm;cJhwJh oabmxm;udk jyef+yD;oHk;oyf=unfh&if tm;vHk;[m
toHawGuGJayrJh ta=umif;tcsufawGeJ@ &nf&G,fcsufawGuawmh twlwlyJ
jzpfygw,f// rif;qufawGacwfrSm rsdK;wlpkwpktwGif; bkef;}uD;wJhbk&if
('grr[kwf) vlpGrf;aumif;wOD;OD; ay:aygufvmwJhtcg trsdK;rwlwJh trsdK;uGJ
wpktay: ppfa&;t& qef@usifwdkufcJh+yD; EdkifiHudkodrf;ydkufw,f// trsdK;uGJpkudk
vufatmufcHu|efvlrsdK;tjzpf odrf;oGif;w,f/ tJ'DtrsdK;uGJpkawG[m
vlrsdK;wrsdK;tjzpf emvefrxlEdkifatmif ajrvSefpepfeJ@ ,Ofaus;rSKtpkpkudk
rD;&SdK@zsufqD;wJhtxd usL;vGefwwf=uygw,f//
(rsufarSmufacwf aAmhpeD;,m;udk =unhfyg/)

'DvdkeJ@ukefonfacwf a&mufjyefwJhtcgrSmvJ tpkd;&}udK;udkifrSK

t&yf&yfeJ@ ukefonfawG[m urBmt&yf&yfrSm e,fopfy,fopfawG
&Sm=uazG=u/ ukef=urf;awGudk aps;ayghaygheJ@&,l=u/ ukefacsmawG aps;}uD;}uD;eJ@
477

jyef0,f&/ 'DvdkeJ@ taemufOa&myEdkifiHawG[m tifyg,mjynfh&SifawG

jzpfvm=uw,f// t*Fvefu|ef;EdkifiHuav;[m 'kwd,urBmppf rwdkifrSDtxd
aer0iftifyg,mjynfh&Sif}uD; jzpfcJhygw,f// vufatmufcHudkvked DEdkifiHeJ@
vlrsdK;awGrSmawmh bdk;bGm;ydkifa&ajrawGvJ vk,ufcH&/ rwefwq aps;eJ@
ukefacsmawGudk jyef0,foHk;&/ zdESdyfjcif;/ &ufpufjcif;/ '%fudkcHpm;&+yD;
vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; u|efoabmufb0udk usa&mufcJh=uygw,f//
'Dvdkya'o&mZfawmfvSefppfeJ@
udkvedk De,fvkppfawG
'kwd,
urBmppfrSm tqHk;owfcJh+yD;wJhaemuf tcsdK@a'oawGrSm xGef;opfptrsdK;om;
EdkifiHawG xlaxmifcGifh&cJhayrJh tcsdK@a'oeJ@ tcsdK@aomtrsdK ;wlpk awGuawmh
oabmw&m;u ysm;oumvdkcsdK/ vufawG@uawmh cg;wrmvdk cg;cg;oD;oD;
,kwf=urf;wJh uGefjrLepfwygwD pepfatmufudk usa&mufcJh&+yD; ppfat;
umv wav#mufvHk;rSm prf;oyfcHEdkifiHawGeJ@/ prf;oyfcHvlrsdK;awGb0eJ@
vl@tajccHtcGihfta&;t&yf&yf qHk;&SHK;cJh=u&ygw,f// tJ'Da'oeJ@ tJ'DvlrsdK;
awGuawmh qdkAD,uf,leD,H&J@ =oZmv$rf;rdk;jcif;udkcH&wJh ta&S@Oa&my
EdkifiHawGeJ@ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk e,fedrdwftwGif; usa&mufcJh&wJh
vufatmufcHEdkifiHawGeJ@ vlrsdK;awGyJ jzpf=uygw,f//
(1989-1990)ckESpf/ bmvifwHwidk f;}uD;vnf; +ydKvJ/ qdkAD,uf
jynfaxmifpkvnf; pwif+ydKuGJcsdefrSm qdkAD,uf,leD,H =oZmanmif;cJhwJh
ta&S@Oa&myEdkifiHawG[m tiftm;opfawGeJ@'Drdkua&pDudk a&S@&SKwJh xGef;opfp
trsdK;om;EdkifiHawGudk pwifxlaxmifcJh=uygw,f// 'Dajymif;vJrSKawG[m
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpktwGif; usa&mufaewJhtrnfcH orRwEdkifiHawGeJ@
trnfcHudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& jynfe,fawG&Sd rsdK;wlpkawGudk cGeftm;opf
awG&&Sdap+yD; tcsufay;c&mrSKwfvdkuo
f vdk wkefcgoGm;apygawmhw,f//
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpktwGif;u OD;OD;zsm;zsm;cGJxGucf Gifh&+yD; 'Dfrdkua&pDxGef;
opfp trsdK;om;EdkifiHawGtjzpf xlaxmifcGifh&cJhwJh abmvwpf(3) EdkifiHu
awmh vpfodkeD;,m;/ tuf(pf)wdk;eD;,m;eJ@ vwfAD,m;EdkifiHwdk@yJ jzpf=uyg
w,f//
478

'DvdkqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkeJ@ urBmhuGefjrLepf0g'+ydKuGJcsdefrSm qdkAD,uf

,leD,HvufatmufcH jynfe,fawG/ a'oawG/ trsdK;wlpkawG[m EdkifiHa&;/
vlrsdK;a&;vGwfvyfcGifheJ@twl bmoma&; vGwfvyfcGifhuydk g wygwnf;&&Sd
cJh=uygw,f// ESpfaygif;(70)ausmf qdkAD,uf,leD,H&J@ uGefjrLepfpepf atmufrSm
bmoma&;zdESdyfrSKeJ@ vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,f0wfjyKrSKudk ydwfqdk@jcif;cH&wJh
(atmfodk'dk;) c&pf,meftrsdK;qufrsm;pGm[m qdkAD,uf,leD,H+ydKuGJwmeJ@
aomhcwfxm;wJh bk&m;ausmif;awGqDukd ajy;oGm;+yD; bk&m;ausmif;aygif;
(3000)ausmf&J@ wHcg;awGudkzGifh+yD; bk&m;ausmif;twGif;rSm&SdwJh acgif;avmif;
tdk}uD;awGudk aumif;uifEkdifiHu =um;&avmufatmif wnDw!Gwfwnf;
wD;cwfvdkuf =uygawmhw,f//
qdkAD,uf,leD,H+ydKuGJ+yD; ppfat;vGefacwfudk a&mufvmwJhtcgrSm
trsdK;wlpkawGeJ@ trsdK;wlEG,fawG&J@ trsdK;om;a&; awmif;qdkoHawG[m ydkrdk+yD;
us,favmifvm+yD; a&S@wef;udk a&mufvmygw,f// abmvwpf(3) EkdifiH&J@
aemufrSm a*smf*sD,m/ ,lu&def;tygt0if &k&Sm;awmifydkif;u rGwfqvif
udk;uG,fwEJh dkifiHawGvJ 'Drdkua&pDudk a&S;&SKwJh xGef;opfptrsdK;om;EdkifiHawG
jzpfvm=umayrJh acscsifrSmawmh &k&Sm;vufatmufu vGwfajrmufbdk@
aoG;acsmif;pD;wdkufyGJawG qifE$Jae&qJjzpfygw,f// au|;+rDa[mif;qyfwJh
taeeJ@ u&dkif;rD;,m;a'oudk e,fESifydk@aqmifjcif;cHxm;&wJh wmwmvlrsdK;
awG&J@ a'oa[mif;udk jyefygapqdkwJh arwWm&yfcH/ yef=um;csufawGuawmh
tckwdkif urBm}uD;u =um;wcsuf r=um;wcsufyJ =um;ae=uygao;w,f//
EdkifiHwumvlxkqufoG,fa&; ,EW,m;(MASS MEDIA)&J@ aus;Zl;
a=umifh urBm}uD;uao;oGm;+yD;/ vlom;awG&J@ em;awG/ rsufaphawGvJ
tvif;a&mif&=u+yDjzpfwJhtjyif vlrsdK;wdkif;/ vlrsdK;wdkif;pm pum;vJajymwwf
+yD/ &k&Sm;awmifydkif;u rGwfqvifbmomwlpkeJ@ trsdK;wlpkawG&J@ 'Drdkua&pD
xGef;opfptrsdK;om;EdkifiHxlaxmifcGifheJ@ bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifhowif;[m
w&kwfjynf/ taemufawmifydkif; qifusefa'orSm&SdwJh w&kwfrGwfqvif
(yef;ao;)awGudk bmoma&;Edk;Edk;=um;=um; jzpfap+yD;wJhaemuf tcktcg
479

bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifhudk awmif;qdkae=u+yDjzpfygw,f// vlrsdK;a&;eJ@pD;yGm;a&;

avmbaZm tawmfrowfEdkifwJh w&kwfuGefjrLepftpdk;&[m w&kwfvl
rsdK;}uD;0g'tajccHeJ@ wdbufukef;jrifhudk ppfwyfeJ@wufa&mufodrf; ydkufwhJ
vkyf&yf[m ,Ofaus;wJh urBmhrsufESmpmrSm odyfudk tusOf;wef/ t&kyfqdk;wJh
jy,k*fwcktjzpfeJ@ wnf&SdaeqJ jzpfygw,f//
'Dae@urBm}uD;[m ppfat;vGefacwfudk a&muf+yD;wJhaemuf t,l0g'
a&;qef@usifrSKeJ@ vlwefpm; ydyuQrSKawG csKyf+idrf;oGm;wm rSefayrJh trsdK;wlpk
eJ@ trsdK;uGJpkawG=um;rSm vlrsdK;a&;qef@usifrSKawGeJ@ qef@usifwdkufcdkufrSKawG/
bmomuGJjym;rSKtay:rSm tajccHwJhqef@usifrSKawG urBmtESH@rSm qufvuf
ay:aygufaeqJ jzpfygw,f// ta&S@tv,fydkif;a'orSm tm&yfeJ@tpPa&;wdk@
EdkifiHa&;/ vlrsdK;a&;/ bmoma&;rqHk;EdkifwJh xdyfwdku&f ifqdkifrSK/ wl&uD/ tD&wf/
tD&ef(3)EdkifiHa'otwGif;rSm aexdkif=uwJh u'fvlrsdK;awGtay: vlrsdK;a&;
trsdK;jzKwfppfyGJ qifE$JrSK/ tmz&duwdkuf EdkifiHtcsdK@rSm jzpfyGm;aewJh tom;rJ
trsdK;uGJtkyfpkvdkuf owfjzwfrSK/ ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpka[mif;
wGifjzpfcJhwJh aAmhpeD;,m;. tqHk;rowfEdkifao;wJh vlrsdK;a&;owfjzwfrSK/
tdENd,wdkufi,ftwGif;rSm r+yD;qHk;ao;wJh [dENL/ rGwfqvifowfjzwfrSK eJ@
[dENLZmwfjrifh/ Zmwfedrfhqef@usifrSK/ oD&dvuFmrSm qif[m&DeJ@ wrD(vf)
vlrsdK;a&;qef@usifwdkufcdkufrSKt&yf&yfwdk@ wdk;jrSifhjzpfyGm;aeqJ tcsdefrSm
vlOD;a&oef;aygif;(300) ausmf&SdwJh Oa&mywdkufrSmawmh Oa&myjynfaxmifpk/
Oa&myygvDref/ Oa&mybHkaps;/ Oa&myvHk+cHKa&;/ Oa&myaiGa=u;pepf
pwmawGudk waygif;wpnf;wnf; aygif;pnf;aecsdef jzpfygw,f// Oa&myeJ@
tm&S/ tmz&duwdk@&J@ jcm;em;rSKuawmh zDvmqef@usif jzpfaeygw,f//
Oa&myu waygif;wpnf;wnf; aygif;pnf;a&;twGuf }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf
vkyfaqmifaecsdefrSm tm&SeJ@tmz&duuawmh trsdK;wlpkeJ@ trsdK;uGJpk/ wpkeJ@
wpk cGJcGga&;yJ jzpfaeygw,f//
rsufarSmufacwf EdkifiHa&;'\eynm&Sifrsm;[m Oa&myaygif;pnf;
a&;eJ@ tm&SeJ@tmz&duwdk@&J@ cGJcGga&;vrf;pOfudk jrifawG@vmwJhtcg
480

toD;oD;aom udk,fydkifoDtdk&DawGudkxkwf+yD; csOf;uyf=uygw,f// vlrsdK;pkawG

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&GH@pdwfa=umifhomjzpfw,f// &dk;&dk;omrefvlawG[m tm%mrufarmrSK
a=umifhif;/ csrf;om;uG,f0vdkaoma=umifhif; ppfyGJxJyg0ifjcif; r&Sd=uygbl;//
tJ'Denf;twdkif;bJ t,lonf;jcif;/ w,loefjzpfjcif;/ ('grSr[kwf)
bmoma&;t,l0g' w,loefjcif;a=umifh ppfyGJawG jzpf=uwmjzpfw,f//
tJ'Denf;wlbJ ppfwdkufjcif;[m tzdESdyfcH&rSm pdk;&drfa=umuf&GH@jcif;a=umifh
e,fedrdwfawG odrf;ydkufrcH vdkjcif;a=umifh ppfwdkuaf ejcif;om jzpfw,f// urBmh
twdkif;twm eJ@bmoma&;ppfyGJawG &yfpJoGm;jcif;[m bmoma&;
vGwfvyfcGifhawG &SdvmwJhtwGufjzpfw,f// 'Dvdkbmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifh
&wmeJ@ bmoma&;*dk%f;cGJtopfawG trsm;tjym;ay:vm+yD; bmoma&;
usifhxHk;topfawGvnf; ay:vmwJhtwGuf bmoma&;pdk;&drfa=umuf&GH@jcif;
jy\emudk ajz&Sif;ay;EdkifcJhw,f// trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;&J@ }uD;rm;aom
&nfrSef;csufu wjcm;wyg;aom vlrsdK;awG&J@ wdkif;EdkifiHrSm vlenf;pk
taetxm;rS vGwfajrSmuf&ef r[kwb
f J udk,w
fh dkif;jynf/ udk,Efh dkifiHxJrSm
todtrSwfjyKjcif;cH&aom vlenf;pktaetxm;&&Sd&efom jzpfw,f//
vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;wJh EdkifiHawGrSm rSDwif;aexdkif=uwJh vlenf;pk
trsdK;om;awGtwGuf EdkifiHawmf&J@zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk tumtuG,f
,ljcif;om taumif;qHk;bJ jzpfygw,f// cGJcGgjcif;xuf aygif;pnf;jcif;[m
rdrdwdk@&J@EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk rsuf0g;xifxifjrifawG@aewJh
twGuf Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;taeeJ@ wckwnf;om Oa&mytjzpf }udK;yrf;
tm;xkwfaejcif;jzpf+yD; cGJcGgjcif;&J@ aumif;usdK;qdk;jypfawGif;/ aygif;pnf;jcif;&J@
tusdK;&vm'fudkif; rcHpm;bl;ao;wJh tm&SEdkifiHrsm;eJ@ tmz&duEdkifiHrsm;[m
Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;&J@ rlvtp&J@tpudk jyefoGm;ae=ujcif; jzpfygw,f//
vlrsdK;pkawG cGJxGujf cif;/ rxGufjcif;xuf trsdK;wlpkrsm;twGuf
tmrcHcsufay;EdkifwJh a'orsm; zefwD;ay;jcif;u ydkrdk+yD; y"meusygw,f//
'DvdkcGJxGu+f yD; topfjzpfay:vmwJh trsdK;om;EdkifiHopfawGtwGuf ta&;}uHK
481

vmwJhtcg oufvHkraumif;EdkifwJt
h jyif vdktyfcsufawGudk qENjyKawmif;qdk
vmwJhtcgrSmvnf; ulnDaxmufyHhrSKxuf/ vpfv#L&SKrSKawGu toifhjzpfae
wwfwmudk awG@jrifae&ygw,f// 'Dae@tm&SrSm trsdK;wlpkawG&J@ awmif;qdkrSK
toHawGu cGJxGufa&;xuf vlrsdK;wrsdK;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKa&;eJ@ vlrsdK;
wrsdK;&J@ cHpm;oifhcHpm;xdkufwhJ tcGifhta&;awGudk qENjyKrSKu a&S@wef;udk
a&mufaewm awG@&SdEdkif=uygw,f//
armifpif=u,f
(1)

vlrsdK;rsm;. jzpfpOfESifhed,mrw&m;(armifpif=u,f)

482

ArmawG&J@ udk,fwGif; raumif;qdk;0g;rsm;

a'gufwmZmenf
jrefrmjynfvGwfajrmufa&;!Gef@aygif;tzGJ@ (Free Burma Coalition)
(atmufpzdk@'fwuUodkvw
f Gif {nfhokawoDynm&Sif)

jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;teufrS jynfwGif;jynfytygt0if ArmvlrsdK;rsm;.

tm;enf;csufrsm;udk a&;om;olynm&Sifrsm;ESifh pmaytEkynm&Sif[lI
enf;yg;vSayonf// ,if;odk@ enf;yg;onfhtxJwGif a'gufwmZmenfonf
wOD;jzpfavonf// odk@jzpfI a'gufwmZmenf.tjrifudk &SKjrifEdkif=uap&ef
tav;teufaz:jy&ayonf// (1)
tarhAdkufu xGufvmuwnf;u usKyfwdk@ArmawG[m rkom0g'udk
a&Smif=uOfzdk@ oGefoifqHk;rwm cHcJh&ygw,f//(1) toufav;enf;enf;&vm+yD;
bk&m;ausmif;uefaqmuf/ oHCmrsm;eJ@xdawG@ qufqHwJhtcgusawmhvnf;
rkom0g'ga0&mr%dqdk+yD; wwGwfwGwf&Gwfwwf=uw,f// 'gayr,fh
wu,fawmh ArmwrsdK;om;vHk;[m rkom0g'rSdKif;awGrd+yD; bdk;bGm;ydkif
wdkif;jynf}uD;qdk+yD; ZmwdaoG;/ ZmwdrmefawG wufuGaewmyg// a&xJu
ig;awG a&pdkwm rodovdkygbJ// rd&dk;zvm rsdK;cspf}uD;awG jzpfrSef;rodjzpfvdk@
EdkifiHa&;todr&SdwJh b0rSm tm;vHk;u trsdK;om;Zmwfysuf}uD;xJ
urBmra=uqdkwmeJ@ wufatmifxucJh/ xuae=uwmyg//
483

pOf;pm;=unfhavAsm/ usKyfwdk@tm;vHk;udk oGif;xm;wJh trsdK;om;

a&;ZmwfyGJ&J@ Zmwf!Gef;udk =unfhyg// ArmawG ayguUHjynf}uD;rSm udk,fhrif;
udk,cfh sif; wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;eJ@ cspfcspfcifcif OruGJou
dk frysufaecJh=uwm
a&S;ya0o%DFuwnf;u urBmwnfpuwnf;uqdkr,f// 'Da&$EdkifiH}uD;udk rdp>m
ukvm;jzLawG usL;ausmfe,fcsJ@vdk@ wdkif;Xmaetpdwfpdwf tr$mr$muGJ/
jynfolawGvnf;
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u|efoabmufb0a&mufcJh&w,fvdk@
trsdK;om;a&;Zmwfxkwfu qdkw,f//
ArmawG
vGwfvyfa&;&wmyJ
tESpf(60)avmuf&Sd+yDqdkawmh
usKyfwdk@awG ordkif;udk rsufrSefpdrf; jzKwf+yD; =unfhzdk@/ jyefvnfoHk;oyfzdk@vdk+yD//
usOf;ajrmif;wJh/ jyif;xefwJh trsdK;om;a&;ordkif;tjrifudk *syefacwfu
pum;eJ@qdk&ifawmh rsufrSefpdrf;/ ordkif;avmukwW&mpum;eJ@ ajym&&if
awmh
trsdK;om;a&;arm[vdk@ac:&r,f//
ukef;abmifacwfaESmif;
tcsKyfwef; q&maz&J@ pum;iSg;oHk;&ifawmh ArmawG&J@ cG(*G)aumifawG
acG;jzpfwJhordkif;vdk@rsm; qdk&rvm; rodyg//
ordkif;owWd&Sd=uyg/ usKyfwdk@jynfoltm;vHk;udk aus;awmfu|efawmf
vkyfcdkif;+yD; pD;yGm;a&; ukyfaoG;pkyf/ r,m;rSdKvdkaygufatmif ,l+yD;awmh
avmuDpnf;pdrf,pfrl;cJhwJh yg;pyfu bk&m;/ vufu um;,m; ya'o
&mZfqdkwJh vlawGudk=unfh/ ,dk;',m;udkodrf;/ &cdkifudk zsufqD;/ rGefawGudk
trsdK;jzKwf/ &Srf;awGudk ESdyfuGyf/ u&ifawGudk ay:wmqGJ &rf;csifwdkif;&rf;/
t"rRZmwfcif;+yD; vufeufEdkifiHawmf}uD;awG axmifcJhwmyJ// tJ'gudk &mZ0if
q&m}uD;/ q&mav;rsm;u vufckyf=obmay;/ udk,feJ@ twef;rwlwJh
bdvyfu t*FvdyfawGeJ@ [JAD;pdwfwef;0ifajrSmuf ay;=uawmh ukef;abmif
qufvJjyKwf/ a&$eef;awmf}uD;vJ xif;jzpf/ r,m;a=umufoDaygvnf;
t*FvdyfbGwfzdeyf pmxd/ ArmawGvnf; ukef;abmifu|efb0uae 0dwdk&d,
u|efb0 t&Sifvwfvwf b0ul;cJh&wmaygh//
usKyfwdk@ trsdK;om;a&;ordkif;tjrifrSmawmh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@awG qdk;0g;
tEdkifusifhw,fayghAsm// udk,b
fh k&ifocifu tjcm;vlrsdK;awGudk oGm;odrf;ydkuf
484

tEdkif,lwmusawmh yg;pyfu tjrSKyfawG xwJhtxd yDwdjzmw,f// ajymvdk@

*k%f,lvdk@rqHk;awmhbl;//
udk,v
fh lrsdK;toHk;rusvdk@
t*Fvdyfrif;rsm;u
ocif}uD;tjzpfvJa&mufa&m rw&m;bl; xatmfaygh/ 'gu npfyvD pdwfyg//
usKyfwdk@ ArmawGvdk@ odrf;usHK;+yD; &nf!Gef;vdkufjyefawmh wpfajr
wnf;ae/ wpfa&wnf;aomuf }uD;vmwJhnDaemif&if; vlyg;0vScsnf;vm;
qdk+yD; qJwmawG/ uavmfwkwfwmawG vmr,fqdkwm cef@rSef;rdygw,f//
Armqdkwm trsdK;om;a&;0g'D/ Armtm;vHk;udk &nf!Gef;ygw,f// t&yfom;/
ppfom;/ bk&m;om;/ tonfom;/ &Hk;om;/ om;aygif;pHkudk qdkvydk gw,f//
r&Sif;rSm pdk;vdk@yg//
vlpifppfu trsdK;om;a&; rsufrSefpdrf;wyfcHcJh&/ wyfcHae&qJ
usKyfwdk@&J@b0udk rcsdvdk@yg// 'DnpfyvD trsdK;om;a&;ordkif;udk rd&dk;zvm
tvm;/ udk,fydkifqifjcifwHkw&m;roHk;bJ vufqifhurf;vm vdkufwm (1948)
ckESpfu pygw,f// 'ga=umifh rsdK;quf(3)qufavmufawmh &Sdyg+yD/ vuf&Sd
ordkif; oif&dk;!Gef;wrf; awGqdkwmuvJ tJ'Dordkif;rsdK;tay:rSmyJ tajcpdkuf
xm;wmrsdK; jzpfygw,f//
aumif;wmrSefor# trsdK;om;,Ofaus;rSK&J@ tarGtESpftjzpf
ajymr,f// raumif;wm/ ysufwm/ azgufjyefwmrSefor# +Adwdo#ocif}uD;
rsm;vufusef/ udkvedk DtarGtESpfawGygqdk+yD; wm0efudk &Sefwdefvkyfxm;wJh
ordkif;yJ// rd&dk;zvmtrsdK;om;a&;0g'DawG&J@ ordkif;tjrifawGxJrSm rSefwmawG
u wpdwfav;avmufawmh ygrSmayghav// 'gayr,fh oHk;oyfcsuftrSm;/
ordkif;aumufcsuftrSm;eJ@xdefcsefrSKawGuvnf; wyHkwyifyg//
udk,rfh if;udk,cfh sif;b0uwnf;u usKyfwdk@[m u|efomomb0rSm
aecJh&w,f// rsufESmjzL ocif}uD;rsm; vufatmufa&mufawmhvnf; 'Hk;&if;
'Hk&if;ygyJ// 'Djynfoltrsm;&J@ olrom udk,from b0udk xdefcsefa&;wJ@
trsdK;om;a&;0g'D ordkif;&mZ0if u0d}uD;rsm;u usKyfwdk@&J@ twdwfqdk;/
twdwfykyfawGudk ar#mh}udK;vdk oabmxm;+yD; udk,fv&dk mqGJawG;/ qGJa&;cJh=u/
a&;aeqJjzpfw,f//
485

'ga=umifh jynfolawGcrsmvJ tpOftvmtrsdK;om;a&;/ vlrsdK;a&;

ordkif;tjrifxJrSmyJ w0JvnfvnfayghAsm// zGwfudk rdausmif;rSwf/ rjrifbl;
rl;jrpfxifqdkovdk udk,u
fh dk,fuo
dk em;vdkuf/ b0ifjrifhvu
dk feJ@ oHo&m
vnfaewJh ordkif;a&;qGJxJyJ ydwfqdk@ aygavmarsmaewmudk;//
bk&m;qkyef omoemjyK qifjzL/ EGm;jzLrsm;&Sif rif;=wm;}uD;rsm;&J@
vufxufu jynfolawG&J@ vlrSKpD;yGm;b0udk rsufrSefpdrf;c|wf+yD; jyef=unfh&
atmif// yg;pyfuawmh bk&m; bk&m;eJ@/ jynfoludk ausmom;&ifom;
rcGJjcm;bJ rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;eJ@tnD tkyfcsKyfygw,fqdkwJh {u&mZfawG[m
wu,fhvufawG@rSm wdkif;oljynfom;awGudk b,fvdkrsm; tkyfcsKyfcJhygovJ/
wd&dp>mefawGeJ@rjcm; }uD;Edkifi,f!SOf;orm;awGyJ// xD;jzLudkaqmif;/ yvifay:
wifysOfacGxdkif/ abmif;awmfpD;+yD; bk&m;xl;cH wmuvGJvdk@ t[dwo
f wW0g
rsm;eJ@ odyfruGmvSygbl;//
ukvm;jynfeJ@odyfruGmwJh vlwef;pm; ZmwfcGJjcm;rSK v$rf;rdk;wJh
vlrSKb0udk }uD;=uyfpDrHcJholawGyg// t0wftpm;ta&mif/ acgif;aygif;
yk0gup+yD; tdrfawmifqdk'fpHk jyXmef;csufawGrsm;pGm;eJ@ rvGwfvyfwJh
u|efvlaerSKpepf}uD;yg// usKyfwdk@awG udk,rfh if;udk,cfh sif;b0u b0&Sif rif;=wm;
}uD;qdkolrsm;[m bk&m;}uD;awGwnf/ eef;awmf}uD;awG wckck+yD; wckaqmuf/
olwdk@ eef;qufwnf+rJa&;qdkwJh pdwf"gwfeJ@ wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfcJhwmyJ//
usKyfwdk@&J@ ordkif;tpOftvm tppfudk r,Hk&if A'Hk(ac:)bdk;awmf{u&mZf
bk&m;wnf bk&m;}uD;udk oGm;=unfh=uyg// jynfolawG pm;p&mr&Sd/
iwfrGwfacgif;yg;wJhb0rSm bdk;awmfbk&ifu jynfolaoG;ac|;eJ@&if;vdk@&vmwJh
OpPmeJ@jynfol vkyftm;udk t"rRoHk;+yD; bk&m;wnfcJh wmyg//
bdk;awmfbk&m;wa,mufwnf; 'Dvdkusifh}uHcJhwm r[kwyf gbl;/
ya'o&mZfacwfuwnf;u usKyfwdk@Arm tm;vHk;tcuf}uHKcJhwmawG
tckacwfrSmvnf; *,uf&kdufwek f;ygyJvm;/ usKyfwdk@ bdk;bGm;bDbifawG
vufxufacwfqufqufu edrfhuswJh 'kwd,wef;pm;/ tjrwfxkwf/
486

vuf0g;}uD;tkyfoD;+yD; tkyfcsKyfoleJ@ rif;ajrSmifrsm;/ +rdK@}uD;om;vl@,Ofaus;

qdkolrsm;u pm;awmfac:=u/ EdkifiHxlaxmif=uwm jzpfygw,f//
ArmtkyfcsKyfol/ &Srf;tkyfcsKyfol/ &cdkiftkyfcsKyfol/ rGeftkyfcsKyfol
tp&Sdojzifh vlrsdK;awG/ vlwef;pm;awG/ acwfawGajymif;oGm;ayr,fh tusifh
t}uH/ tjyKtrlawGuawmh olromudk,fromawGyg// oufqdkif&m vlxk}uD;
awGudk *Hk;ydk;pD;+yD; edAmefudk jzwfvrf;u a&mufcsifolawGyg//
'Dvdk npfyvDordkif;qdk;awGeJ@ywfoufvm&if usKyfwdk@&J@ +cHayguf
trsdK;om;a&;0g'Drsm;tay: ordkif;u0d}uD;awGu owWd&Sd&Sd ynm&Sifusifh0wf
roHk;bJ trSefudk trSeftwdkif; "rR"dmefusus ra&;=uwJhtjyif if;wdk@
udk,w
f dkifu rsufrSefpdrf;}uD;awG qdk'fpHkwyf+yD; uavmifaoG;cJh=uwm ESpfw&m
ausmfawmif &Sdvm+yDyJ//
acwfrDArmhtrsdK;om;a&;pdwf"gwfrsm;
pwifoaE<wnfcJhw,fvdk@
qdk=uwJh (20)&mpkqef;up+yD; usKyfwdk@ +cHayguf&mZ0ifq&m}uD;rsm; zefwD;cJh
wJh ordkif;udk jyef=unfh=u&atmif//
OD;aratmifeJ@ tbd"mefq&m}uD; a'gufwmb[efutp aoG;tdkif
xJrS jrefrmHa'gif; t*Fvdyf-jrefrmqufqHa&; ordkif;(1753-1948)a&;ol
urBmausmf jrefrmyHkajymq&m}uD; a'gufwm xifatmiftv,f/ jrefm
trsdK;om;vSKyf&Sm;rSKordkif; (1940-1948)a&;ol AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmif
(uG,fvGef)eJ@ aemufqHk; ajc&maysmufrsm;udk &Sm=unfhjcif; yk*~vdu
ordkif;&SmyHkawmfa&;ola'gufwm oef@jrifhOD;txd tm;vHk;aom u0d}uD;
rsm;u ArmEdkifiHawmf}uD;udk A[kjd yKwifqufxm;wJh tkyfpdk;ol Arma&ay:
qDawG&J@ ordkif;udk romaygif'gzdk@wmrsdK; a&;om;=uwmyg//
'DnpfyvDtrsdK;om;a&;ordkif;t&qdk&if wdkif;jyKjynfjyK ArmrsdK;cspf}uD;
rsm;vkyfzdk@qdkwmuawmh jynfyeJ@vlrsdK;pkjynfe,frsm;aygif;pnf;a&;u t"du
ayghAsm// 'Drdkua&pDenf;eJ@yJ ac:&ac:&/ aoewftm;udk;eJ@ ezg;}udK;qGJ
ac:&ac:&qdkwmrsdK;yg// 'guawmh vkyfyHkvkyfenf;rSm vlvdrRmeJ@vlrdkufuGJjcm;rSK
avmufygyJ// &nf&G,fcsufuawmh Armudk tv,frSmxm;+yD; vlenf;pk
487

vlrsdK;pkawGu tpGeftzsm;uae &r,fh ArmA[djk yK jynfaxmifpk}uD;

xlaxmifzdk@yg//
wu,fawmh udkvedk Dacwfaemufydkif; jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ordkif;[mvJ
=oZmtm%mudk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;wJh ArmvlrsdK; +rdK@aevlwef;pm;
a,musFm;a&ay:qDawG&J@ ordkif;yg//
usKyfwdk@EdkifiH udkvedk DacwfrwdkifrDu npfyvDtwdwfb0udk udk,fh
trsdK;vdk@qdk+yD;
omomxdk;xkd;a&;cJhwJh
rsufrSefpdrf;ordkif;tjzpfudka&m/
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;acwf trsdK;om;pdwfr$ef;+yD; vkyfcJh=uwJh ordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;udkyg
owWd&Sd&Sd &ifqdkifzdk@ vdkygw,f//
(1948)ckESpf/ vGwfvyfa&;vGefumvrSm udk,rfh if;udk,cfh sif;qdk+yD;
EdkifiHawmfxlaxmifa&; trsdK;om;ordkif;u
wu,fawmh (zqyv)
EdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;rsm;eJ@ aemufydkif;umv wyfxJu acgif;aqmif}uD;/
acgif;aqmifvwfrsm;u ArmZmwdrmef ZmwdaoG;uG+yD; tm;enf;wJh
vlrsdK;pk0ifawGudk jynfwGif;jzpf udkvedk DvufopfpepfeJ@ tkyfcsKyfzdk@/
Adkvfuszdk@vkyfwJh acwfopfnpf yvDordkif;om jzpfygw,f// trsdK;om;
0g'DArmEdkifiHa&;orm;/ wyfrawmft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;/ a&ay:qDynmwwf
}uD;rsm;tygt0if txl;ojzifhawmh ig;awmif0wf EdkifiHrsufESmzHk;
*k%foa&r&Sd vl}uD;rsm;u usefwJhArmvlxk vlwef;pm;rsm;eJ@ vlrsdK;pki,f
rsm;tygt0if ukrRm&Drdef;r vl}uD;tm;vHk;xuf igwdk@ ig;awmif0wf
ArmtrsdK;om;a&;0g'Drsm;u wrl;om;w,fqdkwJh t"rRtjrifeJ@a&;cJhwJh
EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlrSKa&;ordkif;yJ jzpfygw,f//
(1994)ckESpf/ aqmif;&moDt0ifavmufrSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
tajcpdkuf ocifawmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifwOD;jzpfcJh+yD; Armhaoewfudkif
wyf&if;(3)&J@ wyfrSL;}uD;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;cspf+rdKif(t+idrf;pm;)udk usKyftifwmAsL;
vkyfcJhwm tvsOf;oifhv@dk wifjyyg&ap//
AdkvfrSL;}uD;cspf+rdKif[m uG,fvGefol(N.L.D)OD;=unfarmif (AdkvfrSL;}uD;
a[mif;eJ@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifa[mif;)eJ@twl oHr%dtzGJ@rSm ygcJh+yD;
488

e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;rSmygcJhol vlav;pm;cHcJh&wJh wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifa[mif;

wOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f//
oluawmh &dk;&dk;ajzmifhajzmifh owWd&SdwJh ppfom;a[mif;}uD;
rdk@vm;awmh rajymwwfbl;// usKyfwdk@ ArmtrsdK;om;a&;0g'Dacgif;aqmif}uD;
awG wjcm;vlrsdK;pkawGudk b,fvdkjzpfvdk@ vkyfw,fqdkwm bGif;bGif;yJ
ajymoGm;cJhwmu 'Dvdkyg//
(1950)ckESpf/ tapmydkif;uwnf;u Axl;wyf+rdK@ uGJqdk+yD;/ &Srf;jynfrSm
oGm;wnfwm &dk;&dk;om;om;rS r[kwfbJ/ &Srf;+rdK@awG (1958)ckESpfa&muf&if
cGJxGufrSmudk AsL[mt& [ef@wm;zdk@eJ@ ppfa&;t& ajccGif;zdk@ Axl;+rdK@udk
ppftajccHpcef;taeeJ@aqmuf+yD; ppfa&;jyifqifwmyg// (D.S.A) ppfwuUodkvf
}uD;&J@ arG;zGm;&mvdk@qdk&ifvnf; rrSm;ygbl;//
(zqyv)acwf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; Adkvfae0if;wdk@
AdkvfarmifarmifwdkeJ@ ESpfaygufwayguf&dkuf+yD; 'Dppfa&;jyifqifrSKawGudk
rodusdK;u|efjyK+yD; aecJh=uwmyg//
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;zcif}uD; OD;atmifqef;u ArmawGudk udk,fpm;
jyK+yD; todtrSwfjyKvufrSwf xd;k vufcHcJhwJh yifvHkpmcsKyf}uD;udk tdrfomoHk;
puULavmufawmif wefzdk;rxm;bl;qdkwJh oabma&mufygw,f// 'guawmh
ArmEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ ArmtrsdK;om;a&;ppf0g'DawG npfyvDnpfy
vpf vkyfcJh=uwJh ordkif;ykyfudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;yg//
usKyfwdk@ ArmtrsdK;om;a&;ppf0g'D EdkifiHa&;orm;awGeJ@ 'DAdkvfcsKyf}uD;
awGudk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkawGu wcgaozl;vdk@ jyifzdk@odae+yD; r,Hk=unfwm
b,fol@tjypfygvJ//
tckvJ typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDrSKawGudk a,musFm;
&ifhrm}uD;awGvkyf+yD; ckwrsdK;awmf=umwrsdK; arSmufcsDvSefcsDvkyfae=uawmh
+idrf;tzGJ@awGcAsm vifvkyfwJhb0udk a&mufrSef;rod a&mufaeawmh
wmaygh// rif;wdk@ArmawG npfyvDawGqdk+yD; ajym&ifvJ acgif;rdk;urvHkawmh
&Suf&Suf eJyJ acgif;iHk@cH&rSmyg// udk,v
fh lawGurS r&dk;om;=uwmudk;//
489

tJ'D (1947)ckESpfzGm;/ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk tm;remwrf;

a0zef&&ifawmh zuf'&,f(odk@) jynfaxmifpkqdkwm emrnfcHyg// wu,f=u
awmh ArmtrsdK;om;a&;0g'D aemifawmf}uD;rsm;u vlrsdK;pk0if nDi,fa wGudk
q&mvkyfAdkvfus vlyg;0zdk@udk Oya'eJ@nDwJhtoGifaqmifatmif vkyfxm;wJh
tajccHOya'om jzpfygw,f// &efukefu 0wfvHkawmf& OD;&JxGef;zcif}uD;jzpf
+yD; vGwfvyfaom jrefrmjynf&J@ yxrqHk;w&m;ol}uD;csKyf uG,fvGefol
OD;csefxGef; yGifhyGifhvif;vif; oHk;oyfoGm;wJh Oya'tjrifyg/ usKyf vH=uKwf
vkyf+yD;ajymwm r[kwfygbl;// xm;awmh wjcm;Armr[kwfbJ wdkif;&if;om;
awGbuf vSnfh=u&atmif//
ArmawG vlrsdK;}uD;ordkif;udk rsufrSefpdrf; uyf=unfh+yD; jynfaxmifpk
}uD;udk armifydkifpD;zdk@ vkyf+yDqdkawmh vlrsdKpktoD;oD;uvnf; tm;usrcHvl
ayghAsm//
olwkd@awGvJ rsufrSef0g/ pdrf;/ eD/ jymqdk'fpHkwyf udk,v
fh lrsdK;pkordkif;udk
aZmif;ay;a&;wmeJ@yJ vlrsdK;a&;aygif;pHk a&mifpHkrsufrSefwyfyGJ}uD;usif;ycJhwm
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;uwnf;u ckqdkESpf(60)ausmf vmcJh+yD//
acG;ao/ 0ufao aowJhol/ towfcH&whJol/ rk'def;usifhcH&wJhol/
uGJwo
Jh l/ +yJwJhol/ b0ysufwJh olrsm;vGef;vdk@ tokbm&if;udkifawGawmif
rsufjzLpdkufaewJh usKyfwdk@EdkifiH&J@ acwfopfEdkifiHa&;ordkif;/ vlrsdK;a&;
ZmwdaoG;/ Zmwdrmefqdkwm wefaq; vGefab;ayghAsm// 'DvlrsdK;a&;/ ppfa&;
aoG;uGwmawG rsm;vmawmh usKyfwdk@tm;vHk; bk&m;qkyefqdkwJh b0uae
t+rD;ayguf+yD; w&m;aysmufwJhb0/ vlxku pm;0wfaea&; &kef;uef&vdk@
ausmif;ynmeJ@ A[kokw aumif;aumif;r&SdEdkifwJh b0//
yg&*lbGJ@& u0d}uD;rsm;udk,fwdkifu rsufrSefta&mifpHkwyf+yD; &cdkifjynf
onf &cdkifrsm;twGufqdk+yD; aoG;pum;awGajym+yD; acwfaemufjyefpGJ npfyvD
ordkif;xJrSbJ ,ufuef,ufuef aygavmaygavm tqifhuae wufrvm
=uwmudk 0rf;enf;pGm jrif&=um;& zwf&ygw,f// Oyrmjy&&if {&m0wDrSm
ygoGm;wJh a'gufwmat;ausmf&J@ tifwmAsL;/ (K.N.U)ac: u&iftrsdK;om;
490

tzGJ@}uD;&J@ oif&dk;awGrSmvnf; ArmawGudk uavmfwkwfatmif aZmif;ay;a&;

xm;wm tm;vHk;u od=uygw,f// 'DvlrsdK;a&;tajccH aoG;apmfeHwJh
ordkif;tjrifeJ@ vlrSKEdkifiHa&;oabmxm; tusifht}uHawG[m usKyfwdk@
r[mArm awGeJ@ r[mvlenf;pk0ifawG=um;u jy\emwif r[kwyf gbl;//
ArmawGudk r[mArmawGqdk+yD; uavmfwkwf+yD; qef@usifaewJh &Srf;/
ucsif/ &cdkifpwJh r[mvlenf;pk0ifrsm;u if;wdk@xJrSm =um;nyfaewJh vlrsdK;pk
ti,f bkpkc&krSefor#udk r[mvlenf;pk0g'udkifpGJ+yD; npfus,fus,fvkyfjy
Adkvfusvkyfwm rjrifcsif r=um;csifvdk@ r&wJhtaetxm;/ aoG;udkyJ tajccHcH/
a'ot& toHxGuf uGJjym;wmudkyJ =unfh=unfh/ udk;uG,fwJhbk&m; rwlwm
bJ t"duxm;xm; usKyfwdk@tm;vHk; wrsdK;eJ@wrsdK;/ wzGJ@eJ@wzGJ@ vlrsdK;a&;/
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491

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492

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493

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494

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495

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21//

The Loyal Karens of Burma by Donald Mackenzie Smeaton.

Grandfather longlegs by Ian Morrison.
Karen History and Culture preservation society by Paul Keenan.
Burma by Martin Smith.
Lord of the Sunset by Maurige Collis.
The e-booklet by Paul Sztumpf -2011.

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496

22//
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497