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c&pfc&pfc&pfc&pf,mef,mef,mef,mefomoem. ord kif;
omoem. ord kif;omoem. ord kif;
omoem. ord kif;
c&pf,mef omoem ord kif;onfc&pfawmfESif h ol @wynf hawmf12 yg;. omomemjyKr_/ acwf+ydKif *d k%f;
uG Jrsm;rSc&pf,meftoif;awmfrsm;ESif hc&pf,mefbmomw&m;wd k @ ,SufEG,fv#uf&S dayonf? c&pf,mef
omoemonftmjAm[H. omoemwpfckjzpfonf? ‚onftjcm;bmomrsm;ESif huG Jjym;r_rSm
c&pf,mefwd k @u c&pfawmfonfxm0&bk&m;/ om;awmf
xm0&bk&m;/ om;awmfxm0&bk&m;/ om;awmf
xm0&bk&m;/ om;awmf[lI jzpfa=umif; t,lxm;r_yif? c&pf,mef
trsm;pku }wdum, crnf;awmf
crnf;awmfcrnf;awmf
crnf;awmf/ om;awmfom;awmfom;awmfom;awmfESif hoef @&Sif;aom 0dnm^fawmf
oef @&Sif;aom 0dnm^fawmfoef @&Sif;aom 0dnm^fawmf
oef @&Sif;aom 0dnm^fawmf[lI oH k;yg;wpfql
0g'ud k,H k=unf=uayonf? c&pf,mefrsm; t=um;Y jrif hjrwfjcif;/ a,&_. vlom; obm0ESif h bk&m;
ocif. }wdum, obm0rsm;ESif hywfoufI ,H k=unfr_oDtd k&Drsm; uG Jjym;v#uf&S dayonf? TuG Jjym;r_
rsm;onf,ae@xdyifjzpfayonf?
rsm;pGmaom c&pf,mef*k d%f;rsm;u toif;awmfqd konfud kvlom;wd k @tm; u,fwif&ef bH k&dyfom[k
em;vnfoabmaygufxm;=uayonf? Tod k @ vufcHxm;r_rSm umod kvpfESif hy&d kwufpwif htoif;
awmfESpfckvH k;rSm ud kufnDr_&S dI olwd k @u toif;awmfwGif;Y c&pfawmfonfoef @&Sif;aom 0dnm^f
awmftm;jzif hqufvufaexd kifonf[kem;vnfxm;ayonf? umod kvpf&d k;&mwGiftoif;awmfonf
c&pfawmf. ud k,fcE<mjzpf+yD;/ y&d kwufpfwif htoif;awmfurlc&pf,mefbmom0iftm;vH k;onf
c&pfawmf. ud k,fcE<m jzpfonf[ka,bk,s tjrif&S d=uayonf? tcsdK@aom y&d kwufpfwif hbmoma&;
okawoDrsm;u ‚ud ktoif;awmf}uD;[kac:I a,bk,stm;jzif h ,H k=unfolrsm;ESif hc&pfawmfwd k @.
yk*~v qufqHa&;ay: tav;ay;aom toif;awmfi,f*d k%f;rsm;ESif hzDvmv#uf&S dayonf? od k @aomf
tjcm;aom c&pf,mefrsm;u “toif;awmf[lonftm;vH k;twGufr[kwfacs? trSeftm;jzif h‚
onf,H k=unfolrsm;. yk*~vdu pkqH k&m Xmeom jzpf./ acwfwd kif; a'owd kif;rS ,H k=unfolrsm;. aemuf
qH k; pGefqH kqnf;&mrSm aumifuif; bH kom jzpf./ xd k@a=umif htoif;awmf. ord kif;a=umif;onfbH kwd k @.
ord kif;a=umif; r[kwfonf htjyif,H k=unfolrsm; t=um; avmuESif humv. t"du tjzpftysuf}uD;.
ta=umif;t&m (urBmhed*H k;) vnf; r[kwfacs/” [kqd k=u.?
c&pf,mefomoemonfat'D 1 &mpkwGifa*s&kqvifrSpwifcJ honf? at'D301 od k @r[kwf314 wGif
tmar;eD;,m;Ed kifiH. Ed kifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmcJ honf? at'D325 wGiftDoD,d kyD;,m;. Ed kifiHawmf
bmom/ at'D 337 wGif a*smf*sD,m. Ed kifiHawmfbmom/ ESif hat'D 380 wGif a&mrtifyg,m. Ed kifiH
awmfbmomjzpfvmcJ honf? jzmxGufumv (at'D15 &mpkESif h17 &mpk) wGifwurBmvH k; jyef@ES H @ oGm;+yD;
urB mht}uD;qH k; bmomjzpfvmcJ honf?
‚. ordkif;wav#mufbmomw&m;wGif*k d%f;uG Jrsm;ESif h bmoma&; oDtd k&Djiif;cH kr_rsm; ºu,f0vS
aoma=umif h toif;awmfaygif;rsm;pGm jzmxGufvmcJ hayonf? &d krefumod kvpf/ ta&S @yd kif; atmfod ka'gh
toif;awmfESif hy&d kwufpfwif hwd k@rSm t}uD;qH k; tud kif;cG Jrsm; jzpfayonf?
rmwdumrmwdumrmwdum
rmwdum----
•
(1) a,&_. b0wm (bDpD6-4 rSat'D29- 36)
•
(2) tapmyd kif; c&pf,mef(at'D33- 325)
o
(2-1) wynf hawmfrsm; toif;awmf
2-1 (u) a,&_tm; qnf;uyfud k;uG,fjcif;
2-1 (2) tqH k;rowfaom *sL;omoem
2-1 (3) toif;awmfud k,fxnf(wynf hawmfrsm;acwf)
(2-2) wynf hawmfrsm;vGefacwftoif;awmf
2-2 (1) Ed kifiHawmfES dyfuGyfr_
2-2 (2) toif;awmfud k,fxnf(wynf hawmfrsm;vGefacwf)
2-2 (3) tapmyd kif; c&pf,mefvufa&; rSwfwrf;rsm;
2-2 (4) a&S;OD; yk*~ dKvfa&;tr$ef;wifr_rsm;
2-2 (5) tapmyd kif; tjyeftvSefykwfcyfpGyfpG Jr_rsm;
2-2 (6) orRmusrf;pm jyXmef;pmtkyf
•
(3) a&mrtifyg,m toif;awmf(313-476)
o
(3-1) c&pf,mefomoemtm; w&m;0ifjyXmef;jcif;
o
(3-2) uGefpwefwdef; onf*&dwf
o
(3-3) oif;tkyfq&mawmfyd kife,f
o
(3-4) ykyf&[ef;rif;ae&mESif hxdyfqH k;taetxm;
o
(3-5) toif;awmfaygif;pH koHCm,em
o
(3-6) Ed kufpfeD;ESif hEd kufpfeD;acwfvGefzm;omrsm;
o
(3-7) pD&ifpkig;ck
o
(3-8) bkef;}uD;&[ef; 0g'
•
(4) ta&S @taemufwif;rmr_jyif;xefvmjcif;
•
(5) tv,facwftapmyd kif;umv toif;awmf(476-800)
o
(5-1) jrpf&d k;wpfav#mufa'ocHvlrsdK;rsm;. ajymif;vJr_
5-1 (1) td kif,mvefESif htd kif;&pfomoemjyK tzG J @rsm;
5-1 (2) t*Fvd k-qufcfqif;rsm; (t*Fvdyf)
5-1- (3) a[mfvefrsm;
5-1 (4) e,fomvefESif ha[mvefr[kwfonf h*smref
5-1 (5) puif'DaeAD;,m;
o
(5-2) tv,facwftapmyd kif; ykyf&[ef;cH,lr_rsm;
o
(5-3) wpfausmhjyefum&d kvif*D,ef
•
(6) tv,facwfjrif hjrwfaom toif;awmf(at'D800-1499)
o
(6-1)ta&S @yd kif;/awmifyd kif; qvmAf hrsm;. ajymif;vjr_
6-1 (1) *&dwfrd k&mAD;,m; od k @ omoemjyK tzG J @
6-1 (2) qmhAfESif hbla*;&D;,ef;wd k @. ajymif;vJr_
6-1 (3) &mhpfrsm;. ajymif;vJr_
o
(6-2) trsm;}udKufvd kufav#m qifajcrSm;tm; &_ Hcsonf h0g'
o
(6-3) bkef;}uD;&[ef; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; v_yf&Sm;r_
o
(6-4) zkef;awmif;,mpum *d k%f;
o
(6-5) bdodufay;jcif;qd kif&m tjiif;yGm;r_
o
(6-6) olaumif;jyKjcif; (od'< dwifay;jcif;)
o
(6-7) omoemjyK ppfyG Jrsm; (u&l;qdwf)
o
(6-8) tv,facwfykyf&[ef;rif;rsm;qd kif&m jrif hrm;r_
o
(6-9) tv,facwf0dedpP,rsm;
o
(6-10) wuUod kvfausmif;rsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;
•
(7) yd kwD,ef*d k%f;uG Jjcif;
•
(8) ta&S @-taemuf*d k%f;uG Jjcif;
•
(9) a[pDcsufyÉdyuQ
•
(10) tusOf;cHacwf
o
(10-1) taemufwd kif;rSm ypfyg,fjcif;
o
(10-2) atmfwd kriftifyg,m vufatmufbmomw&m; tcGif hta&;
o
(10-3) cspm;r_rsm;
o
(10-4) 'J hAf&S Drm;
Devshirmeh
•
(11) taemudwd kif; *d k%f;
•
(12) wpfausmhjyeftoif;awmfESif htDwvD(at'D1399- 1599)
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•
(13) y&d kwufpfwif hjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; (at'D1521-1579)
o
(13-1) rmwifvlom
o
(13-2) =o&pfZGif*vD
Ulrich Zwingli
o
(13-3) *|efuJvfAif
John Calvin
o
(13-4) t*FvdyfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
•
(14) wefjyefjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
o
(14-1) x&if hwfoHCm,em
•
(15) &SmazGawG @&S dr_acwf(at'D1492-1769)
o
(15-1) c&pf,mefomoemjyK tzG J @rsm;
15-1 (1)uufovpfruf&Sifrsm;
15-1 (2) y&d kwufpfwif hud kvd keDjyKjcif;
•
(16) toif;awmfESif h^m%fpOfawmf(at'D1580- 1800)
o
(16-1) *,fvDvD,d k. tr_
o
(16-2) jyifopfawmfvSefa&;
•
(17) jyefvnfEd k;ºuvmjcif; (at'D1720-1906)
o
(17-1) Ed k;=um;r_}uD;rsm;
o
(17-2) rlvvufa[mif; jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; 0g'D
•
(18) acwf+ydKiford kif; (at'D1848 rS,ckxd)
o
(18-1) &k&Sm; tifyg,mtwGif; &k&Sm;-atmfod ka'ghtoif;awmf
o
(18-2) qd kAD,uf,leD,HtwGif; &k&Sm;-atmfod ka'ghtoifawmf
o
(18-3) zufqpf0g'
18-3 (1) emZD0g'
18-3 (2) tDwvDzufqpf
18-3 (3) pydefjynfwGif;ppf
18-3 (4) =opwD;,m;rS'd k;vfzwfpf
o
(18-4) taemufEd kifiHrsm;od k @ ajymif;a&$ @vmolrsm;
•
(19) c&pf,mefoDtd k&DrSacwfopfOD;wnfcsuf
o
(19-1) acwfopf0g'DESif ho[Zmw0g'Dc&pf,mef
o
(19-2) tajccH0g'D
o
(19-3) 'kwd,t}udrfbmwDuefoHCm,em
o
(19-4) toif;awmfaygif;pH knD!Gwfa&;rl
19-4 (1) uufpfovpftoif;awmfaygif;pH knD!Gwfa&;rl
19-4 (2) y&d kwufpfwif htoif;awmfwGif; nD!Gwfa&;rl
•
(20) Ed kifiHwum c&pf,mef0g'ESif htem*gwfwd k;wufzG H @+zdK;r_
a,&_. b0wma,&_. b0wma,&_. b0wm
a,&_. b0wm ((((bDpD6bDpD6bDpD6
bDpD6----4 rSat'D294 rSat'D294 rSat'D29
4 rSat'D29----36)36)36)36)
bDpD 6-4 ckESpfwGif*sL;vlrsdK;rdcifrm&drS arG;bGm;cJ hI emZ&ufESif h *vdvJa'owGif}uD;jyif;cJ honf? tD*spf
wGifumvtenf;i,faexd kifcJ hbG,f&S dayonf? okawoDrsm;u olonftoufoH k;q,f0ef;usifcef@rS
pwifI omomemjyKjcif;ESif h ol @tm; tH hbG,frsm;ud kjyKvkyfEd kifonf/ (wefcd k;jzif h) aq;ukay;Edkifonfod k @
r[kwfbk&m;&Sif. om;awmf[kowfrSwfaom wynf hawmfrsm;ud kpnf;&H k;jcif;rsm;ud kpwifcJ honf
[k,H k=unf=uayonf? at'D33 ckESpfwGif,k'D, tyd kifa&mr+rdK@awmf0efydvwfrif;}uD;. trdef@jzif h
a*s&kqvifY um;pifwifI uGyfrsufcHcJ h&ayonf? ol @tm; um;pifwifuGyfrsuf+yD;aemuftkwf*lwpfck
wGif*loGif; o+*õ K[fcJ hayonf?
c&pf,mefrsm;u c&pfawmfonfaoqH k;+yD; oH k;&ufaemufwGifcE<mawmftm;jzif hjyefvnf&SifjyefoGm;cJ h
onf[k,H k=unf=uI tkwf*la[mif;avmif; (
empty tomb
) ord kif;onford kif;qd kif&m tcsuftvuf
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