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=
0.75
H
0.5
Q
0.2108N
s
N
Where: Ns = specific speed , dimensionless
N = Revolutionary speed of pump , rpm
Q = Pump discharge , L /min
H = discharge pressure head , m
Fig. Impeller shape &maximum efficiency as
function of Ns
Ns varies from 500 (centrifugal pump) to
10, 000 (propeller pump).
The Ns of a pump is closely related to the maximum
operating efficiency of the pump.
Operating efficiency : ratio of the power imparted by
the impeller to the water compared to the power
supplied to the pump by the motor.
The performance curve indicates that careful attention
must be given to the discharge requirements of the
pump , which determine the specific speed, so the
most suitable pump may be selected.
Classification of pumps
1. Reciprocating positive displacement pumps
use back and forth movement of mechanical parts
Water is for most practical purposes incompressible.
Consequently, if a close fitting piston is drawn through
a pipe full of water, it will displace water along the
pipe.
Similarly, raising a piston in a submersed pipe will
draw water up behind it to fill the vacuum which would
otherwise occurs.
Basic relationships between the output or
discharge rate (Q), piston diameter (d), stroke or
length of piston travel (S), number of strokes per
minute (n), and the volumetric efficiency, which is
the percentage of the swept volume that is
actually pumped per stroke ( vol )
Swept area of the piston is A =
The swept volume per stroke will be V= AS
The discharge per stroke will be q = V
vol
The pumping rate (per minute) is Q = nq
4
2
d
2. Rotary positive displacement pumps
These are group of devices which utilizes the
displacement principle for lifting or moving
water, but which achieve this by using a
rotating form of displacer (gears, vanes, lobes
or screws).
use gears and vanes to move discrete part of
water.
These generally produce a continuous, or
sometimes a slightly pulsed, water output
these pumps tend themselves readily to
mechanization and to high speed operation
than reciprocal displacement pumps.
3. Rotodynamic (centrifugal) pumps
use the centrifugal force of rotating
devices (called impellers) to increase the
kinetic and pressure energy of the water.
Depends on propelling water using a
spinning impeller of rotor.
There are two main types of rotodynamic
pumps (centrifugal pumps), i.e.
Volute centrifugal pumps
Turbine centrifugal pumps
Reciprocating and rotary pumps are called
positive displacement pumps, while
centrifugal pumps are called variable
displacement pumps in which the
delivery head varies with the quantity of
water pumped.
Axial flow pump
Radial flow (Centrifugal pumps)
Typical mixed flow pump
PUMPING THEORY-CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
In centrifugal pumps the energy is imparted to the
water by a unit of rotating vanes called an impeller,
which are located in a stationary body called the
casing.
CASING
Water is pushed into the center or eye of the impeller by
atmospheric or water pressure and set into a rotary
motion by the impeller.
-The rotating movement causes a centrifugal force to act
upon the water, which drives the water outward,
between the vanes of the impeller, into the
surrounding casing from where it moves to the pump
outlet.
-Different types of casing: a)Single volute, (b) Double
volute, and (c). Diffuser turbine casing.
IMPELLERS
Impellers can be classified according to the direction
of flow through the impeller in relation to the axis of
rotation as (a) radial, (b) axial or (c) mixed flow.
Where high flows at low heads are required (which is
common with irrigation pumps), the most efficient
impeller is an axial flow one.
Impellers can also be classified according to their
design into (a) open (consist only vanes attached to
the hub with out shroud/side-wall), (b) semi-open
(have one shroud) and (c) enclosed (have shrouds
(sidewalls) enclosing the waterways between vanes)
impellers as shown in figure.
Impellers
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PERFORMANCE
Pumping capacity, pumping head, power, efficiency
and net positive suction head are the main
parameters, which describe the performance of a
pump.
1.Pump capacity:
The capacity of a pump is the volume of water (Q) which
the pump can deliver per unit of time, e.g. in litters per
second (lt/s) or cubic meters per hour.
2. Pumping Head
The actual pumping head imposed on a pump, gross
working head, will be somewhat greater than the
actual vertical distance, or static head, water has to be
raised.
The pumping head (H) is the net work done on a unit
of water by the pump. It is expressed by the
Bernoullis equation.
H = (p/(g) + V
2
/(2g) + Z)
d
- (p/(pg) + V
2
/(2g) + Z)
s
P = Water pressure in (kpa or meters water column)
= density of the fluid in (kg/m
3
)
g = acceleration due to gravity in (m/S
2
)
V = Water velocity in (m/s)
Z = Elevation head in meters relative to a reference level or
datum.
g = =specific weight of the fluid (kN/m
3
)
Power
The amount of energy (in joule) applied per
unit of time (seconds) is the power imparted to
the water in joule/ second = Watt.
P
hydr
= g H Q =
P
hydr
= hydraulic or water power in Watt.
Q = pumped volume in m
3
/s.
Pumping at a rate of 180m
3
/ h at a head of
120 meters require:
P
hydr
= 1000 x 9.81 x 120 x 180/3600 = 4, 905 watt = 4.9
kw
HQ
Pump Efficiency
The actual power and energy needs are always greater
than the hydraulic energy needed
Therefore, the pump efficiency (q
pump
) is the percent of
power input by a motor (in kw) to the pump shaft (the
so-called brake power) which is transferred to the
water:
q
hydr
= (P
hydr
/ P
motor
)x 100
q
hydr
= pump efficiency
P
hydr
= water power (kw, hp)
P
motor
= break power (kw, hp)
Pump Power Requirements
The power added to water as it moves through a
pump can be calculated with the following formula:
WHP = Q x TDH
3960
where: WHP = Water Horse Power
Q = Flow rate in gallons per minute (GPM)
TDH = Total Dynamic Head (feet)
Break Horse power
BHP = WHP
Pump Eff. x Drive Eff.
BHP -- Brake Horsepower (continuous horsepower rating of the
power unit).
Pump Eff. -- Efficiency of the pump usually read from a pump
curve and having a value between 0 and 1.
Drive Eff. -- Efficiency of the drive unit between the power source
and the pump. For direct connection this value is 1, for right
angle drives the value is 0.95 and for belt drives it can
vary from 0.7 to 0.85.
Net Positive Suction Head- NPSH
The net positive section head (NPSH) is the amount
of energy required to prevent the formation of vapor
filled cavities within the eye of the single and fires
stage impellers.
This cavities which form when pressure within the
eye drop below the vapor pressure of water collapse
within higher-pressure areas of the pump.
The formation and subsequent collapse of these
vapor filled cavities is called cavitation.
When cavities collapse occur violently at interior
surfaces of the pump they produce ring-shaped
indentations in the surface called pits. Continued
pitting severely damage pumps, and must be
avoided
The NPSH required to prevent cavitation is a function
of pump design and is usually determined
experimentally for each pump.
Cavitation is prevented when heads (available NPSH)
within the eye of single and first impeller exceeds the
NPSH, value published by the manufacturers.
The available NPSH is a function of the
atmospheric pressure, vapor pressure, friction
loss, suction head and should always exceed
the NPSH specified by the pump manufacturer
with at least 0.5 to 1.0 meters of head.
NPSH = Ha - Hs - H
f
H
vp
Ha = atmospheric pressure on the surface of the water
(in m)
Hs = elevation of the water above or below the impeller
eye while pumping (in m) (if the level is above the eye,
Hs is positive, if the level is below the eye, Hs is
negative)
H
f
= friction-head losses in the suction piping (in m)
H
vp
= Vapor pressure of the water at the pumping
temperature (in m).
The vapor pockets, which form when pressures within
the eye of the impeller drop below the vapor pressure
of the water, subsequently collapse violently within
the high pressure areas of the pump.
This collapse is called cavitation and can cause
severe damage to the pump. Operate the pump with
in its design capacity.
PERFORMANCE CURVES
Head versus pump capacity.
Efficiency versus pump capacity.
Brake power versus pump
capacity.
NPSH versus pump capacity.
AFFINITY LAWS
The performance of a pump varies with the speed at
which the impeller rotates. Theoretically, varying
the pump speed will result in changes in flow rate,
TDH and BHP according to the following formulas:
For a constant Diameter
Q
2
= Q
1
x (N
2
/N
1
)
H
2
= H
1
x (N
2
/N
1
)
2
BP
2
= BP
1
x (N
2
/N
1
)
3
NPSH
2
= NPSH
1
x (N
2
/N
1
)
2
Affinity Laws
For constant N ( Rotation per minute)
Q
2
= Q
1
x (D
2
/D
1
)
H
2
= H
1
x (D
2
/D
1
)
2
BP
2
= BP
1
x (D
2
/D
1
)
3
NPSH
2
= NPSH
1
x (D
2
/D
1
)
2
where
Q = discharge
N=number of Revolution per minute
BP = Break power
NPSH = Net positive suction head
D = diameter
H = Available head
Pump performance curves
Q
H
Typical Pump performance curve
Pump operation point
A centrifugal pump operates at combinations of
head and discharge according to its H-Q
characteristic performance curve. The
particular combination of H-Q at which a pump
is operating is the pumps operating point.
Power requirement, efficiency and NPSH for the
pump can be determined once the operating
point is known.
The specific operating point depends on the
head and water volume requirements of the
irrigation system. A system curve describes
the HQ performance of the irrigation system.
The system curve is then combined with the H-
Q characteristic curve of the pump to determine
the operating point.
.Pump operation point
Operating points can be altered by
changing either the H-Q curve for the
pump or for irrigation system. Pump can
be altered by changing the pump speed or
the impeller diameter (see the Affinity
Laws).
Shifting pump operation point
Pump curve for 2000rpm
Pump curve for 1800 rpm
Q
H
Pump operation point
This is the point where the H-Q requirements of the irrigation system
are equal to the H-Q produced by the pump.
The system curve is constructed by calculating the system
head Hs required by the irrigation to deliver varying
volumes of water per unit of time.
The system head Hs is calculated with the formula
Hs = S
L
+ D
L
+ D
D
+ H
1
+ M
1
+H
O
+ V
H
Where:
H
S
= System head (m)
S
L
= Suction lift from static water level (m)
D
L
= discharge lift from pump to highest discharge point
(m)
D
D
= draw down in water source (m)
H
1
= head loss in delivery pipes (m)
M
1
= minor losses in fittings (m)
H
o
= operating head (m)
V
H
= velocity head (m)
Total Dynamic Head
The total dynamic head of a pump is the sum of the
total static head, the pressure head, the friction head,
and the velocity head.
TDH =Z +H
s
+ h
v
+ h
f
Total Static Head
The total static head is the total vertical distance the pump must
lift the water. When pumping from a well, it would be the
distance from the pumping water level in the well to the ground
surface plus the vertical distance the water is lifted from the
ground surface to the discharge point. When pumping from an
open water surface it would be the total vertical distance from
the water surface to the discharge point.
Static Head
Water Horse Power (WHP)
WHP = Q H
WHP = the energy pump produces to move the water
BHP = Input power to the pump given by the motor
= out put of the motor
Input power for the motor is from electricity.
P = Q H S
g
4634 E
Where:
P = power , metric horse power
Q = Pump discharge, L/min
H= Discharge pressure head, m
Sg =specific gravity of fluid, dimensionless
E = pump efficiency , fraction
P = Q H Sg
278.04 E
P = Q H Sg
0.102 E
Where Q = m
3
/hr
Where P = power , KW
Q = discharge , m
3
/s
P = Q x TDH Sg
3960 E
Where P = power, brake horse power
(bhp)
Q = pump discharge , (gpm)
TDH or H = Discharge pressure head
, ft
Water Horse Power (WHP)
WHP = Q H
WHP = the energy pump produces to move the water
BHP = Input power to the pump given by the motor
= out put of the motor
Input power for the motor is from electricity.