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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study

Auditorium is the part of a theatre, concert hall etc. where the audience sits (Oxford
Dictionary, 2009). According to answer.com, an auditorium is a large room where an audience
sits to view plays, concerts, sports contests, conventions, and other events. Sometimes the term is
used to refer to a whole building used for public events. According to audioenglish.net,
auditorium is the area of a theatre or concert hall where the audience sits. Auditorium is basically
a place where people come to see a theatre or to see a play or to gather for a function.
Auditorium really needs to be constructed perfectly so that the show will not be ruined.
From the audience point of view, the auditorium must be a very beautiful place or in other
words, high in aesthetic value. While from the contractor point of view, auditorium need detail
construction to be functioned to the fullest. It is important to make sure that the audiovisual of
the auditorium is working perfectly by giving the full attention to the audiovisual system.

1.2 Objective

The objectives of the case study are:
- To know the construction of an auditorium
- To identify the material used to complete the construction of the auditorium particularly
the interior of the auditorium.
- To know how to maintain the auditorium.
- To know the typical design layout of lighting and sound system in an auditorium.
- To know how the management of an auditorium.

1.3 Scope of Study
Our scope of study is about the auditorium design layout, management, construction,
material used and maintenance.
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In the auditorium, it mainly has its own special design layout that makes the audience
please to see the play on the stage. It is basically about the sound that will be produce from the
play and to the hearing of the audiences. This is to make sure that the play is successfully
delivered to the audiences.
Because of the auditorium is a special room, it needs a special management so that all of
the equipment will well functioned. Auditorium also has a special construction to support the
special function of an auditorium. The construction and the materials used is closely related to
each other. This is to make sure that the auditorium will be a successful one. The maintenance is
also need to be done regularly so that there will be no failure.

2.0 THEORETICAL PARTS
2.1 Introduction
Most building that we use has any kind of function, such as the shopping malls have its
own function is to give a space to selling a product. But different building use different interior
envelope. For building that use for working such as factory it just using painting finishing to its
wall, same as the shopping mall complex it just using the painting to its finishing. The wall also
made to reflect the sound in order to spread the sound to outer space. This is because to attract
the attraction of people to come in to that building. Some building dint need to insulate the sound
because of the some reason, but such as auditorium that use for theater or for loudness sound, the
space need to be an acoustic room, that can resist the sound from spread out of the building. The
interior wall that use in such building are made from material that can absorb the sound wave,
because to prevent the sound from in to spread to outside of building. The lighting in auditorium
also different compare to other building because the auditorium usually use for theater
performance or a big event that need a large space and high sound loudness. In auditorium, the
lighting using is more to the top down method and direct luminaries types. At stage lighting, its
using high intensity spotlight that direct transmit to the stage. The audio that use in this building
also different compare to shopping complex audio system because auditorium more to sound
surrounding distribution.


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2.2 Room Acoustics
The term acoustics can be used to describe the study of sound in general but the subject of
room acoustics is concerned with the control of sound within an enclosed space. The general aim
is to provide the best conditions for the production and the reception of desirable sounds.
Acoustic quality of sound in a room can affect the way that people judge noise levels. The sound
quality of a large auditorium, such as concert hall, can be difficult to perfect and acoustic s has
sometimes been described as an art rather than science. But, as with thermal and visual
comfort, there are technical properties which do affect our perception and these make the best
starting point for designing or improving the environment. (Randall McMullan, 1992).
2.3 General Principles
2.3.1 Factors influence good acoustic room
The detailed acoustic requirements for a particular room depend upon the nature and the
purpose of the space. According to (Ibrahim, 1991), acoustic design strategies are:
a. Achieve optimal resonance
b. Reduce noise and vibration
c. Avoid acoustic defects
According to (Owen, 1985), there are some requirements need to be considered in room
acoustics:
1. An adequate amount of sound must reach all parts of the room. Most attention in this
respect needs to be given to those seats furthest from the source.
2. An even distribution of sound should be achieved throughout the room, irrespective of
distance from the source.
3. Acoustical defects to be avoided include:
a. Long delayed echoes
b. Sound shadows
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2.4 Reflectors And Absorbents
2.4.1 Types of sound movement
According to (Acoustics Basic Room Acoustic Treatments, 2012), there are 3 types of sound
movement:
a. Reflected sound
Reflected sound waves, good and bad, affect the sound you hear, where it comes from,
and the quality of the sound when it gets to you. The bad news when it comes to reflected
sound is standing waves. These waves are created when sound is reflected back and forth
between any two parallel surfaces in your room, ceiling and floor or wall to wall.
Standing waves can distort noises 300Hz and down. These noises include the lower mid
frequency and bass ranges. Standing waves tend to collect near the walls and in corners
of a room, these collecting standing waves are called room resonance modes.
b. Absorbed sound
The sound that humans hear is actually a form of acoustic energy. Different materials
absorb different amounts of this energy at different frequencies. When considering room
acoustics, there should be a good mix of high frequency absorbing materials and low
frequency absorbing materials. A table including information on how different common
household absorb sound can be found
c. Diffused sound
Using devices that diffuse sound is a fairly new way of increasing acoustic performance
in a room. It is a means to create sound that appears to be "live". They can replace echo-
like reflections without absorbing too much sound.
Some ways of determining where diffusive items should be placed were :
1. If you have carpet or drapes already in your room, use diffusion to control side wall
reflections.
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2. A bookcase filled with odd-sized books makes an effective diffuser.
3. Use absorptive material on room surfaces between your listening position and your front
speakers, and treat the back wall with diffusive material to re-distribute the reflections.

Figure: types of sound movement
2.4.2 Types of reflector
According to (Lawrence, 1970), sound reflectors are often required to direct sound in
preferred directions in auditoriums, the necessary properties of sound reflectors are considered.
Sound absorbent materials are used to control undesirable reflections and excessive reverberation
in auditoriums as well as for noise reduction.
The errors are often caused by the focusing effects of concave shapes which may produce places
with very loud sounds or dead spots. It is generally unwise to have concave surfaces in a hall
unless the focus is well outside. Convex surfaces can be useful in providing a diffusing surface in
order to reflect the sound evenly in the hall. (Owen, 1985).
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Figure : Sound waves can be concentrated and disbursed much the same as light waves from
convex and concave surfaces.
2.4.3 Types of Absorber
According to (Leading Edge Solutions for Noise Control, 2012), there are three basic
categories of sound absorbers: porous materials commonly formed of matted or spun fibers;
panel (membrane) absorbers having an impervious surface mounted over an airspace; and
resonators created by holes or slots connected to an enclosed volume of trapped air. The
absorptive of each type of sound absorber is dramatically (in some cases) influenced by the
mounting method employed.
1. Porous absorbers: Common porous absorbers include carpet, draperies, spray-applied
cellulose, aerated plaster, fibrous mineral wool and glass fiber, open-cell foam, and felted
or cast porous ceiling tile. Generally, all of these materials allow air to flow into a cellular
structure where sound energy is converted to heat. Porous absorbers are the most
commonly used sound absorbing materials. Thickness plays an important role in sound
absorption by porous materials. Fabric applied directly to a hard, massive substrate such
as plaster or gypsum board does not make an efficient sound absorber due to the very thin
layer of fiber. Thicker materials generally provide more bass sound absorption or
damping.
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Figure: example of porous sound absorber
(sources: http://www.acousticsbydesign.com/acoustics)
2. Panel Absorbers: Typically, panel absorbers are non-rigid, non-porous materials which
are placed over an airspace that vibrates in a flexural mode in response to sound pressure
exerted by adjacent air molecules. Common panel (membrane) absorbers include thin
wood paneling over framing, lightweight impervious ceilings and floors, glazing and
other large surfaces capable of resonating in response to sound. Panel absorbers are
usually most efficient at absorbing low frequencies. This fact has been learned repeatedly
on orchestra platforms where thin wood paneling traps most of the bass sound, robbing
the room of "warmth."

Figure: example of panel absorber
(sources: http://www.soundstopcube.de.htm)
3. Cavity Resonators: Resonators typically act to absorb sound in a narrow frequency range.
Resonators include some perforated materials and materials that have openings (holes
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and slots). The classic example of a resonator is the Helmholtz resonator, which has the
shape of a bottle. The resonant frequency is governed by the size of the opening, the
length of the neck and the volume of air trapped in the chamber. Typically, perforated
materials only absorb the mid-frequency range unless special care is taken in designing
the facing to be as acoustically transparent as possible. Slots usually have a similar
acoustic response.

Figure: example of cavity resonator

2.4.4 Audio visual equipments
According to (AudioVisual Guide, 1930), the podium has a microphone, light and cable
for connecting a laptop to the LCD projector. There is also a pull out shelf that extends out the
right side of the podium. There are some equipment used in auditorium for audio visual:-
a. computer projection
b. video projection
c. slide
d. microphones and audi
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2.5 REVERBERATION
According to (comPADRE, 2012), a reverberation is perceived when the reflected sound
wave reaches your ear in less than 0.1 second after the original sound wave. Since the original
sound wave is still held in memory, there is no time delay between the perception of the reflected
sound wave and the original sound wave. The two sound waves tend to combine as one very
prolonged sound wave. If you have ever sung in the shower (and we know that you have), then
you have probably experienced a reverberation. The Pavarotti-like sound which you hear is the
result of the reflection of the sounds you create combining with the original sounds. Because the
shower walls are typically less than 17 meters away, these reflected sound waves combine with
your original sound waves to create a prolonged sound.

Figure : reverberation
(sources: http://www.acousticalsurfaces.com/acoustic_IOI/101_6.htm)





Figure :Diffuse late reflections to raise reverberation level. Absorb late reflections to reduce
reverberation level. Right: Reverberation is residual sound that has lost all sense of direction
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2.6 ACOUSTIC CRITERIA
2.6.1 Objective Criteria For Music And Speech
According to (Lawrence, 1970), It is well known that in many auditoria seats in some
areas are regarded as having good listening conditions and others in the same auditorium are
poor-thus it is necessary to obtain objective measurements of sufficient precision to differentiate
between such areas.
Loudness the volume of the auditorium should be related to the number of instruments
normally used if the volume cannot be limited for economical reasons then consideration
should be given to the installation of electroacoustic reinforcement.
Reverberation one solution to the problem of varying reverberation time is by the use of an
electroaustic system.
Definition, clarity as the speed of sound in air is about 344 m/sec (1130 ft/sec) the criteria of 30
and 50 m/sec may be translated into path-length differences between the direct and reflected
sounds of 10 and 17m (35 and 55 ft) respectively.
Volume it may be measured using directional microphones in the completed building. the
design of diffusing surfaces is generally carried out on a more or less empirical basis.
Musician criteria the rooms response may be measured on the platform area in the same way
as the listeners criteria.
2.7 ACOUSTIC MATERIAL
Todays lifestyle is a loud one. Our entertainment, modes of travel, timesaving
conveniences and sophisticated machinery give off a tremendous amount of sound. Much of this
is unwanted sound or, as it is more commonly known, noise. Noise must be controlled to
maintain a degree of comfort. This is especially true in living and working quarters, be it at
home, apartment, motel, hotel or office. That means keeping the noise from travelling from one
area through a barrier (walls, floors, ceilings) into another. The goal of all acoustically
efficient systems is to create a living or working environment that is comfortable and free from
distraction or unwanted external noise. While the ideal acoustical environment has yet to be
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created, several construction designs for commercial and residential installations do exist that
promote an enhanced acoustical environment. Acoustic material is divided into five category that
is:
Acoustic Wall Panel
Acoustic Window
Acoustic Door
Acoustic Ceiling
Acoustic Partition

2.6.2 Acoustic Wall Panel
Sound is a form of energy transmitted through air and perceived by human ear, it cannot
be destroyed but can be converted to heat energy through sound absorption process. Sound is
described as 'sound pressure level' which is measured by decibels dB, and its sound frequency is
measured in Hz.Sound absorption measure a given material's ability to absorb sound energy at
various frequency normally measured at 1/3 octave band centre frequency. The human ear can
typically hear sound from 0-120 dB and can detect sound from 20-20000 Hz, but not equally
sensitive across these range.


Figure 2.6: Detail of Construction Wall Panel
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Acoustical wall panels can be constructed of many different materials and finishes. There are
four types of acoustic wall panel material that is:

Materials Advantages
Fabric


quality control during pre-fabrication
panels are interchangeable, configured
easily by simply detach and reattach
tounge and groove fixed system. Do it
yourself concept
replacement of any damaged panels is
cheap and easy

Timber Perforated


variety of colours and sizes
with log the same machined performance
and can be nailed, cut, dig, drilled.
easy to install, no need complex
construction process and save the time
and cost

Gypsum Perforated


fast installation
effective sound absorption
lightweight
attractive finish



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2.6.3 Acoustic Window
Windows are designed into structures to provide viewing, to transfer light and outside air,
and for aesthetic value. When a window must also provide significant acoustical isolation, the
design, construction and installation of window assemblies must be carefully controlled for a
successful result. Glass panes (and typical residential and commercial windows) are not
inherently good acoustical barriers. Such windows provide various levels of acoustical isolation
depending on the specific construction of the assembly. When "typical" assemblies do not
provide adequate isolation, acoustical windows can be considered. Acoustical windows are
typical windows that have been acoustically upgraded by increasing the thickness (weight) and
number of glass panels, the air space between the glass, improving the glazing system for the
glass, and improving the sealing system between the glass frame, window frame and structure.


Figure: Method of Construction Windows

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Glazing options:

Laminated safety glass
One-way vision mirror
Bullet resistant
Polycarbonate
Non-reflective, heat resistant
Strong, durable metal frames (aluminium or stainless/galvanised steel) with proven,
reliable acoustic seals
Outstanding laboratory-tested acoustic performance
Factory assembled for rapid, simple installation
Available in almost any size/shape
Designed to fit any wall thickness
Will integrate with any construction system, including drywall/stud partitions, concrete
and masonry




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2.6.4 Acoustic Door
In a situation where there can be leaks around a door, through which sound can pass,
there will be reduced sound attenuation. Therefore, not only does the fabrication period of
acoustic door is carried out in great care, but also the installation process is meticulously done to
ensure high performance and quality. The importance of good sealing method can never be
underestimated. A door with a reduction factor of 40dB with a leakage factor of only 1% will
have a true reduction of 20dB.
Acoustic doors come in two different types; steel and timber. They are designed to have a
combination of superb acoustic performance with attractive finishes and easy installation. The
doors consist of door leaves that contain an acoustic infill, selected to provide high damping and
minimum acoustic coupling to ensure high transmission loss. The outer and inner skins are of
two different thicknesses to control the resonance effect. For steel doors, high gauge steel is used
in constructing the door frame to rigidly support the door leaves. Due to the heavy weight of the
door leaves, a special designed adjustable ball bearing hinges are use to ease the opening and
closing of the door. For timber doors, high quality veneer finishes are used to ensure best
performance and aesthetically satisfying.

Figure : Dimension of acoustic door ( metal & timber)



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2.6.5 Acoustic Ceiling

Figure 2.16: Timber ceiling

Figure 2.17: Metal ceiling

Figure 2.18: Gypsum Perforated ceiling
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2.6.7 LIGHTING
2.6.7.1 Types of lights used in auditorium
Lighting system for an auditorium is important to have effect and give luminance to the
places. According to (Davis, 2012), there are some lights used in auditorium:-
1. House lighting
House lighting is incandescent lighting, usually at low levels, frequently decorative, controlled
on dimmers, and is intended to show the room to its best advantage. House lighting can be
expensive to run and maintain. To save money the use of house lighting is strictly limited to
times when the audience is present. To achieve the best results we limit house lighting to the
seats and do not light the walls at all. Or we strictly limit the downlights to the seats and light
other surfaces with a separate set of very dim lights optimized for those surfaces.
2. Work lighting
Work lighting is a bright, cheap, and efficient system intended for cleaning and maintaining the
room. Technical areas such as catwalks require separately switched white and blue work
lighting.
3. Exit lighting
Exit lighting is the red or green exit signs above egress doors. Exit signs near the stage are very
objectionable. The only good solution is to not locate exit doors anywhere near the stage.
4. StageLighting
About a quarter of all stage lighting is located in the auditorium. Usually we look for 8 lighting
positions: near box booms left and right, far box booms left and right, near catwalk over the
apron, mid catwalk with the lenses about 45 degrees to the actors nose, far catwalk at the ideal
follow spot angle, and a low-angle position for projection and effects.


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3.0 CASE STUDY
SIRIM Berhad is a wholly-owned company of the Malaysian Government under the
Ministry of Finance Incorporated. With over forty years of experience and expertise, SIRIM has
been the government's mandated machinery for research and technology development, and the
national champion of quality.
SIRIM has always played a major role in the development of the country's private sector. It focus
on discovering and developing new technologies to help businesses compete better through
quality and innovation. By tapping into our expertise and knowledge base, small and medium
businesses collaborate with our scientists everyday in their quest for improvement in the
manufacturing, technology and services sectors.
SIRIM business methodologies are engineered to ensure fast, affordable and quality delivery
across all of our services. SIRIM possess the necessary know-how and experience to help you
see your idea through from inception to commercialization.











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Figure 3.1: Location of SIRIM Berhad
Sources: http://www.sirim.my/contact-us/state-offices

SIRIM Berhad located at Persiaran Dato Menteri, seksyen 2, 40700 Shah Alam Selangor. It is
easy to find the location because the building nears the main road. The SIRIM Berhad consists of
24 blocks and the auditorium in the block 18 beside the road. The auditorium place at the first
floor combines with office building. The ground floor is lobby and the office building at floor
two until floor eleven.
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4.0 LOBBY OF THE AUDITORIUM

The lobby is located outside from the auditorium with an area of 149.45m. It is an open space
which allowed the audience to gather before entering the auditorium. The lobby also consists of
male toilet and female toilet. Across the lobby, also located a foyer which consists of two
elevator and a spiral stairs to the lobby at the ground floor. There also a VIP room and a dining
area located on the first floor.

Figure 4.1: VIP room

Figure 4.2: Dining room
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5.0 DESIGN LAYOUT OF THE AUDITORIUM
i. Auditorium Layout
The auditorium is located on the first floor of the main office administration of SIRIM Berhad. A
speech and presentation auditorium is used for conferences and training. The auditorium as a
wide fan shaped, 542.8m in area with four double door entries are on both sides of the room. A
front stage with podium and large rear projection screen. The floors are raked seating which
provides good view of the stage. A sloped ceiling is design to give lighting effect of the
auditorium space. The auditorium can be accommodating with 450 people at one time. It consists
of 450 raked seats facing towards the stage.












Figure 5.1: layout of auditorium

Stage
Auditorium
seat
Control room
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Figure 5.2: The raked seats from stage point of view

ii. Stage
The stage located at the front of the auditorium which at the middle space. The location of stage
will enable the audience to see clearly and will get a clear sound reflection. The area of the stage
is about 54.81m. The stage is provided with an audio visual system. The stage is divided into
two separate spaces, the front and the back. The front stage is used for any speech conference or
training while the back stage is used as a storage area.
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Figure 5.3: Front stage of the auditorium

Figure 5.4: The backstage of the auditorium



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iii. Control Room
The auditorium also consist a control room which control the whole operation in the auditorium
such as the lighting and the audio-visual system. The control room located at the back of
auditorium which the controller can monitor everything from the control room. The audio visual
being control through a laptop which used a software where it can control the volume, the echoes
and other setting of the audio visual.

Figure 5.5: The control room from outside view
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Figure 5.6: Lights and audio visual control in the control room

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6.0 THE TYPES OF LIGHTING IN THE AUDITORIUM
There are various type of lighting used in the auditorium. Each lamps been designed
according to its task and suitability to be used in an auditorium. For the SIRIM auditorium, type
of lighting suitable to be used for are ambient lighting, task lighting and display lighting, where
ambient lighting is to radiates a comfortable level of brightness without glare, task lighting is
used to perform a task that requires more light and display lighting is used to create visual
interest.

Figure 6.1: The lighting design of the auditorium
i. Accent Lights
Accent lighting used several types of lamp which each lamp is used according to its task.
This auditorium use false ceiling lights which is one of the types for accent lighting. It gives a
visual effect which is suitable for an auditorium. The false ceiling lights are used to lighten the
whole space of the auditorium. Recessed lights are also one type for accent lighting which it is
built onto the ceiling. It gives more brightness where it lightens up the space directly. Another
accent lighting is the spotlight which are located on the stage for any presentation or audio visual
purposes. There different colors of spotlight that give dramatic effect to any performance on the
stage.
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Figure 6.2: The false ceiling lights

Figure 6: Recessed lights

Figure 6.4: Spotlight
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ii. Ambient Lights
Ambient lights are commonly mounted on the ceiling or wall. For the auditorium, the accent
lighting is the wall mounted lights which located at the door, columns and each corner of the
room. The wall mounted lights is used to identify the location of doors and columns to prevent
the audience from colliding and for them to find a way out when other lights are off. Other
ambient lights used are stair lights that being used to prevent audience from falling when the
lights are off.

Figure 6.5: Wall mounted lights

Figure 6.6: Stair lights
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iii. Task Lights
Task lighting is used for specific tasks which require more lights than ambient lights can provide.
There is only one type of task lighting used for this auditorium which is the fluorescent lights.
This type of light is used at the backstage to provide more brightness.

Figure 6.7: Fluorescent lights









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7.0 THE MATERIALS USED IN AUDITORIUM
From the observation we found that there are several materials used in auditorium at
SIRIM Berhad. The materials used for ceiling, flooring, curtain fabric, wall, and also the
auditorium seat have an effect on acoustical environment which during event are performed.
They have to choose the suitable material to make an event more successful. When there is
organization doing live presentation, speaker will present smoothly and audience will be able
relax and receive the information provided. In our case study, we survey and observe about the
material are used in the auditorium and to determine the type of material that have good
absorption to the space.

Figure 7.1: Perforated wood panel soundproof
The wood panel soundproof is used to control the transmission and absorption of sound
inside the auditorium. This auditorium used perforated wood that used for absorption. There are
used three layer of wall, the inner layer is perforated wood panel in the middle is span porost and
the outer layer is curtain porost. The typical application is suitable for auditorium because the
material has good absorption and there are have aesthetic looks for the wall.
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Figure 7.2: Wood fire rated door
The function of fire resistant door constructed to prevent the spread of fire and smoke. The doors
not designed to be completely fireproof and it is made of combustible materials. They will
resistant high level of heat and flames to slow the fire for a specified period of time. But at the
end they will burn in a fire. Fire doors may allow the occupants to safely exit the building during
an emergency.
In our observation the auditorium is used wood fire rated door. It is because the thicker wooden
can be soundproof inside the space. Noise from the lobby area can be disruptive. So, the
openings such as doorways are must be properly sealed.

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Figure 7.3: Fabric curtain

The curtain in this category is lightweight and lighter duty that has more decorative qualities to
the design. The type of material use is velvet curtain fabric from the thicker product. They are
suitable for the auditorium, museum, and also home theater. The materials have good sound
absorption and have esthetic value to the auditorium stage.


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Figure 7.4: Lennox auditorium seat
For the auditorium seat they used lennox seat. The seats cover from high quality fabric.
Moreover the seat design is more comfortable and also durable. The form used high density of
sponge, durable shape and soft seat. The seat inside the auditorium is for the 450 audience. The
seating area will provide absorption, thereby reducing the reverberation time. Besides that, to
control the sound performance and the sound will transmitted to the audience without any
disruption inside the space.

Figure 7.5: Floor carpet
The majority of the auditorium floor is finishes with carpet. The carpet helps to muffle the sound
of footsteps, as well as to absorb sound that spread into the floor. The thickness of carpet is 3mm
and the size of auditorium is 542.8m. The carpet has excellent sound absorption properties. It
can be reduce the transmission of impact noise and decreases both the noise level and the
reverberation time (sound duration).

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Figure 7.6: Fixed frame screen and timber flooring stage

The dimension for fixed frame screen is 80x20 mm (width x depth). The type of material used is
aluminum frame well-finished. By using the projector the movie or video will appear at screen
from the reflected of projector. The screen also has sound insulation to prevent the space from
echoes. They used the wall soundproof panel for back screen wall.
Moreover, they used timber flooring for the stage. The surface finish material is one of the
impact sound insulation for the stage. The top of flooring is used carpet, they can increase
structure borne sound transference and it is one option to improving the impact sound insulation
of floors.
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Figure 7.7: False Ceilings
This auditorium is used false ceiling. The false ceiling used to conceal service lines such as air
conditioning systems, electrical wiring and sprinkler. They used to give good thermal insulation
and sound absorbing for the auditorium space. The ceilings provide hidden lighting effect. The
gypsum board is used for false ceiling are tough, versatile and economical. The material is fire
resistant, waterproof and soundproof. The shape of gypsum board is quite flexible and design for
this auditorium is drop design. The gypsum board on a metal grid forms a strong ceiling design
and has high impact resistance. It can suspend a load up to 15kg from the ceiling without any
difficulty. The ceiling can be easily decorated with pain or wallpaper within 24 hours after it is
constructed.






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8.0 AUDIO VISUAL PERFORMANCE
The audio visual is being tested whether the sound could be heard outside from the
auditorium. From our observation, the sound from inside cant be heard from outside. The sound
can be heard clearly from every corner of the room where audience can experience good sound
reflection. The sound been reflected from the source located from stage to the audience. The
echo of the room can be controlled by reducing the echo of the microphone at the control room.

Figure 8.1: The sound controller
The building is located near to the main road which causes the noise from automobiles. When
sitting in the auditorium, the outside noise cant be heard where the sound material used for
absorber panels is the best way to improve sound quality of an auditorium.
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Figure 8.2: The building near to main road


Figure 8.3: Panel absorber



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9.0 MAINTENANCE
9.1 Introduction
The maintenance that need to done for make sure the audio and lighting performance is at
the best performance and can functional well. The maintenance especially audio will be done by
schedule. Some requirement that must be check while the maintenance such as the part that need
to be maintenance, time when the maintenance should be done, cost incurred while maintenance
and much more.

9.2 Basic requirement for the acoustically good halls
1) The sound heard must be sufficiently loud in every part of the hall and no echoes should
be present.
2) The total quality of the speech and music must be unchanged i.e., the relative intensities
of the several components of a complex sound must be maintained.
3) For the sake of clarity, the successive syllables spoken must be clear and distinct i.e.,
there must be no confusion due to overlapping of syllables.
4) The reverberation should be quite proper i.e., neither too large nor too small. The
reverberation time should be 1 to 2 seconds for music and 0.5 to 1 second for speech.
5) There should be no concentration of sound in any part of the hall.
6) The boundaries should be sufficiently sound proof to exclude extraneous noise.
7) There should be no Echelon effect.
8) There should be resonance within the building.
So that to get good auditorium hall, basic requirement should be maintain to make sure it can
functional well. Such as doing maintenance to audio system and lighting system in auditorium
hall.


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9.3 Acoustic requirements for good sound:
1) There should be adequate loudness in every part of the auditorium, especially in remote
seats.
2) The sound energy should be uniformly distributed within the room.
3) Optimum reverberation characteristics should be provided in the auditorium to facilitate
whatever function is required.
4) The room should be free from acoustical defects (distinct echoes, flutter echoes, picket
fence echo, sound shadowing, room resonance, sound concentrations and excessive
reverberation).
5) Background noise and vibration should be sufficiently excluded in order not to interfere
in any way with the function of the enclosure.
9.4 Item need to be maintained:
1. Audio system
For audio the maintenance will be done every 6 month that mean 2 times in one year.
But, every after the auditorium is used, audio system will be maintain to make sure it in
good condition. Usually, before auditorium functioned, the audio system will be maintain
in 3 day before to make sure if have any problem and I can be repair early. In audio
system the maintenance will be made at the computerized amplifier monitoring, extended
bass subwoofer, foldback loudspeaker, dynamic supercardioid vocal mic and many more.

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For the cost it depend on problem of audio that need to be change or repair, but usually
cost in range of RM15,000 to RM20,000. This auditorium use Yamaha brand of PA
system. Usually testing will carry out on speaker, sound system and microphone to make
sure can functional well and it carry out before using the auditorium.


2. Lighting system
For lighting system will be maintenance every month, because to make sure there dint not
has any broken equipment especially for stage lighting system. In lighting system the
maintenance will be made at stage lighting consule, 12 channel stages lighting dimmer,
high intensity spotlight with color charnger, high intensity zoom profile spotlight, follow
spotlight and many more. Cost for maintain the lighting system usually RM15,000 but if
included maintain the cabling system for lighting the cost increase to RM20,000. Cabling
system maybe maintain for the long term only.

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3. Finishes of the auditorium (Acoustic Material)
Todays lifestyle is a loud one. Our entertainment, modes of travel, timesaving
conveniences and sophisticated machinery give off a tremendous amount of sound. Much
of this is unwanted sound or, as it is more commonly known, noise. Noise must be
controlled to maintain a degree of comfort. This is especially true in living and working
quarters, be it at home, apartment, motel, hotel or office. That means keeping the noise
from travelling from one area through a barrier (walls, floors, ceilings) into another. The
goal of all acoustically efficient systems is to create a living or working environment
that is comfortable and free from distraction or unwanted external noise. While the
ideal acoustical environment has yet to be created, several construction designs for
commercial and residential installations do exist that promote an enhanced acoustical
environment. Acoustic material is divided into five categories that is:
- Acoustic Wall Panel
- Acoustic Window
- Acoustic Door
- Acoustic Ceiling
- Acoustic Partition


i. Wall
Normally the auditorium wall use absorber type, this is because to absorb the noise
and reduce the reflection of sound, which to get the best sound. Three layer of wall,
the inner layer is perforated wood panel in the middle is span porost and the outer
layer is curtain porost. It will be maintain if have any crack on the wall curtain.
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ii. Floor
Use carpet type and about 3centimetre thick. Every month it will be maintain by clear
the dirt and dust on the carpet.



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9.5 Normal problem of equipment in auditorium:
I. Wireless microphone on stage does not function- it should be solve by change the battery
of microphone and check the wireless cable to make sure can functional well.
II. Cabling of microphone damage- prepare the spare cable to replace the broken cable.
III. Fuse on mixer broken or burning because of high voltage- this problem occur because of
very high voltage received. So that the spare fuse and bulb sound be ready to replace.


Cabling system in stage to microphone

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10 CONCLUSION
From the case study that has been made we found that the auditorium building has
different equipment be use compare to others than normal building. Most of equipment is
specially design for those auditorium purposes. For audio system this auditorium has two
location main that transmitted the sound through. The wall of the auditorium was envelope by
the laying groove acoustic panel that can reflect sound back and can absorb sound from go
through outside. The audio visual system using computerized amplifier monitoring for monitor
the audio that will be using in every event and be support by the extended bass subwoofer. The
use of down light being use in this auditorium, to make the auditorium condition more
comfortable and also have stage light that transmit the light direct to the stage. At the back of the
auditorium there has pair of follow spotlight for the entrance of the guest or to show where the
location of master of ceremonies. Usually all this system is most important part in auditorium.
Without this component the auditorium just like normal building that been using normally. By
this system and the acoustic room the building become different purpose.

11 REFERENCES
I. Office SIRIM berhad,(2013) SIRIM Berhad location map, retrieved on 6 Mei
2013, from website http://www.sirim.my/contact-us/state-offices
II. Oxford Dictionary, 2009