Hoahoc

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
SCH HNG DN HC TP
HA HC I CNG
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2006

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

SCH HNG DN HC TP
HA HC I CNG

Bin son : Ths. T ANH PHONG
Bi 1: Mt s khi nim v nh lut c bn ca Ha hc

1
M U
Ha hc l mt trong nhng lnh vc khoa hc t nhin nghin cu v th gii vt cht
v s vn ng ca n, nhm tm ra cc quy lut vn ng vn dng vo cuc sng.
S vn ng ha hc ca vt cht l qu trnh bin i cht ny thnh cht khc. V
d nh s oxi ha kim loi bi oxi ca khng kh, s phn hy cc cht hu c bi cc vi
khun, s quang hp bin kh cacbonic v hi nc thnh cc hp cht gluxit, s t chy
nhin liu to ra nng lng dng trong i sng v sn xut.
Nhng s chuyn ha cc cht nh trn gi l hin tng ha hc hay phn ng ha
hc.
Cc phn ng ha hc xy ra thng km theo s bin i nng lng di cc dng
khc nhau (nhit, in, quang, c,...) c gi l nhng hin tng km theo phn ng ha
hc.
Kh nng phn ng ha hc ca cc cht ph thuc vo thnh phn, cu to phn t v
trng thi tn ti ca chng, iu kin thc hin phn ng, l tnh cht ha hc ca cc
cht.
Bi vy i tng ca ha hc c tm tt nh sau: Ha hc l khoa hc v cc cht,
n nghin cu thnh phn, cu to, tnh cht ca cc cht, s chuyn ha gia chng, cc
hin tng km theo s chuyn ha v cc quy lut chi phi chng.
Cc qu trnh ha hc khng ngng xy ra trn v tri t, trong lng t, trong khng
kh, trong nc, trong cc c th ng vt, thc vt,...
Nhiu ngnh khoa hc, kinh t lin quan cht ch vi ha hc: cng nghip ha hc,
luyn kim, a cht, sinh vt hc, nng nghip, y hc, dc hc, xy dng, giao thng vn
ti, ch to vt liu, cng nghip nh, cng nghip thc phm,... S d nh vy l v cc
ngnh u s dng cc cht l i tng; do cn phi bit bn cht ca chng.
S lin quan cht ch gia ha hc v cc ngnh khoa hc khc lm ny sinh cc
mn ha hc phc v cho tng ngnh: ha nng, ha hc t, ha hc trong xy dng, ha
hc nc, sinh ha, ha hc bo v thc vt, ha hc bo v mi trng, ha dc, ha thc
phm, ha luyn kim...

2
BI 1: MT S KHI NIM V NH LUT C BN CA
HA HC
1. Nguyn t
Nguyn t l ht nh nht cu to nn cc cht khng th chia nh hn na bng
phng php ha hc.
2. Nguyn t ha hc
Nguyn t ha hc l khi nim ch mt loi nguyn t. Mt nguyn t ha hc
c biu th bng k hiu ha hc. V d: nguyn t oxi O, canxi Ca, lu hunh S...
3. Phn t
Phn t c to thnh t cc nguyn t, l ht nh nht ca mt cht nhng vn mang
y tnh cht ca cht .
V d: Phn t nc H
2
O gm 2 nguyn t hidro v 1 nguyn t oxi, phn t Clo Cl
2

gm 2 nguyn t clo, phn t metan CH
4
gm 1 nguyn t cacbon v 4 nguyn t hidro...
4. Cht ha hc
Cht ha hc l khi nim ch mt loi phn t. Mt cht ha hc c biu th
bng cng thc ha hc. V d: mui n NaCl, nc H
2
O, nit N
2
, st Fe...
5. Khi lng nguyn t
l khi lng ca mt nguyn t ca nguyn t. Khi lng nguyn t c tnh
bng n v cacbon (vC). Mt vC bng 1/12 khi lng nguyn t cacbon (
12
C). V d:
khi lng nguyn t oxi 16 vC, Na = 23 vC...
6. Khi lng phn t
l khi lng ca mt phn t ca cht. Khi lng phn t cng c tnh bng
vC. V d: khi lng phn t ca N
2
= 28 vC, HCl = 36,5 vC...
7. Mol
l lng cht cha N = 6,02 .10
23
phn t vi m (phn t nguyn t, ion
electron...). N c gi l s Avogaro v n bng s nguyn t C c trong 12 gam
12
C.
8. Khi lng mol nguyn t, phn t, ion
l khi lng tnh bng gam ca 1 mol nguyn t (phn t hay ion...). V s tr n
ng bng tr s khi lng nguyn t (phn t hay ion). V d: khi lng mol nguyn t
ca hidro bng 1 gam, ca phn t nit bng 28 gam, ca H
2
SO
4
bng 98 gam...

3
9. Ha tr
Ha tr ca mt nguyn t l s lin kt ha hc m mt nguyn t ca nguyn t
to ra vi cc nguyn t khc trong phn t. Mi lin kt c biu th bng mt gch ni
hai nguyn t. Ha tr c biu th bng ch s La M.
Nu qui c ha tr ca hidro trong cc hp cht bng (I) th ha tr ca oxi trong H
2
O
bng (II), ca nit trong NH
3
bng (III)... Da vo ha tr (I) ca hidro v ha tr (II) ca oxi c
th bit c ha tr ca nhiu nguyn t khc.
V d: Ag, cc kim loi kim (ha tr I); Zn, cc kim loi kim th (II)
Al (III), cc kh tr (ha tr 0)
Fe (II, III); Cu (I, II); S (II, IV, VI)
10. S oxi-ha
S oxi-ha c qui c l in tch ca nguyn t trong phn t khi gi nh rng cp
electron dng lin kt vi nguyn t khc trong phn t chuyn hn v nguyn t c
in m ln hn.
tnh s oxi-ha ca mt nguyn t, cn lu :
S oxi-ha c th l s dng, m, bng 0 hay l s l;
S oxi-ha ca nguyn t trong n cht bng 0;
Mt s nguyn t c s oxi-ha khng i v bng in tch ion ca n
- H, cc kim loi kim c s oxi-ha +1 (trong NaH, H c s oxi-ha -1)
- Mg v cc kim loi kim th c s oxi-ha +2
- Al c s oxi-ha +3; Fe c hai s oxi-ha +2 v +3
- O c s oxi-ha -2 (trong H
2
O
2
O c s oxi-ha -1)
Tng i s s oxi-ha ca cc nguyn t trong phn t bng 0.
V d:
1
2 2
7
4
O
5 . 2
6 4 2
4
3 2
2 6 1
4 2
1 1
2
0 0
O H , KMn , O S Na , SO Na , SO K , Cl Na , Cl , Zn
+
+ + + +
+

4
2
3
2 3 2 4
2
0
3 4
2
1
5
2
2 4
2
O C H ), COOH CH ( O H C ), CHO CH ( O H C , OH H C , CO
+ +

Bi 2: Cu to nguyn t

4
BI 2: CU TO NGUYN T
Khi nim nguyn t "atom" (khng th phn chia) c cc nh trit hc c Hy
Lp a ra cch y hn hai nghn nm. Tuy nhin mi n th k 19 mi xut hin nhng
gi thuyt v nguyn t v phn t.
Nm 1861 thuyt nguyn t, phn t chnh thc c tha nhn ti Hi ngh ha
hc th gii hp Thy S.
Ch n cui th k 19 v u th k 20 vi nhng thnh tu ca vt l, cc thnh
phn cu to nn nguyn t ln lt c pht hin.
1. Thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t
V mt vt l, nguyn t khng phi l ht nh nht m c cu to phc tp, gm t
nht l ht nhn v cc electron. Trong ht nhn nguyn t c hai ht c bn: proton v
ntron.
Ht Khi lng (g) in tch (culong)
electron (e) 9,1 . 10
-28
-1,6 . 10
-19

proton (p) 1,673 . 10
-24
+1,6 . 10
-19

ntron (n) 1,675 . 10
-24
0

- Khi lng ca e 1/1840 khi lng p.
- in tch ca e l in tch nh nht v c ly lm n v in tch, ta ni electron
mang in tch -1, cn proton mang in tch dng +1.
- Nu trong ht nhn nguyn t ca mt nguyn t no c Z proton th in tch ht
nhn l +Z v nguyn t phi c Z electron, v nguyn t trung ha in.
- Trong bng tun hon, s th t ca cc nguyn t chnh l s in tch ht nhn hay
s proton trong ht nhn nguyn t ca nguyn t .
2. Nhng mu nguyn t c in
2.1. Mu Rzfo (Anh) 1911
T thc nghim Rzfo a ra mu nguyn t hnh tinh nh sau:
- Nguyn t gm mt ht nhn gia v cc electron quay xung quanh ging nh cc
hnh tinh quay xung quanh mt tri (hnh 1).
- Ht nhn mang in tch dng, c kch thc rt nh so vi kch thc ca nguyn
t nhng li chim hu nh ton b khi lng ca nguyn t.
Mu Rzfo cho php hnh dung mt cch n gin cu to nguyn t. Tuy nhin
khng gii thch c s tn ti ca nguyn t cng nh hin tng quang ph vch ca
nguyn t.
Bi 2: Cu to nguyn t

5

Hnh 1 Hnh 2
2.2. Mu Bo (an Mch), 1913
Da theo thuyt lng t ca Plng v nhng nh lut ca vt l c in, Bo a ra
hai nh :
- Trong nguyn t, electron quay trn nhng qu o trn xc nh (hnh 2). Bn knh
cc qu o c tnh theo cng thc:
r
n
= n
2
. 0,53 . 10
-8
cm = n
2
. 0,53
o
A (1)
n l cc s t nhin 1, 2, 3,..., n
Nh vy cc qu o th nht, th hai... ln lt c cc bn knh nh sau:
r
1
= 1
2
. 0,53
o
A = 0,53
o
A
r
2
= 2
2
. 0,53
o
A = 4. 0,53
o
A = 4r
1

- Trn mi qu o, electron c mt nng lng xc nh, c tnh theo cng thc:
E
n
= -
2
n
1
13,6 eV (2)
Khi quay trn qu o, nng lng ca electron c bo ton. N ch pht hay thu
nng lng khi b chuyn t mt qu o ny sang mt qu o khc. iu gii thch ti
sao li thu c quang ph vch khi kch thch nguyn t.
Thuyt Bo nh lng c cc qu o v nng lng ca electron trong nguyn t
ng thi gii thch c hin tng quang ph vch ca nguyn t hidro l nguyn t n
gin nht (ch c mt electron), tuy nhin vn khng gii thch c quang ph ca cc
nguyn t phc tp.
iu cho thy rng i vi nhng ht hay h ht vi m nh electron, nguyn t th
khng th p dng nhng nh lut ca c hc c in. Cc h ny c nhng c tnh khc
vi h v m v phi c nghin cu bng phng php mi, c gi l c hc lng t.
Bi 2: Cu to nguyn t

6
3. c tnh ca ht vi m hay nhng tin ca c hc lng t
3.1. Bn cht sng ca ht vi m (electron, nguyn t, phn t...)
Nm 1924, Bri (Php) trn c s thuyt sng - ht ca nh sng ra thuyt
sng - ht ca vt cht:
Mi ht vt cht chuyn ng u lin kt vi mt sng gi l sng vt cht hay sng
lin kt, c bc sng tnh theo h thc:
=
mv
h
(3)
h: hng s Planck
m: khi lng ca ht
v: tc chuyn ng ca ht
Nm 1924, ngi ta xc nh c khi lng ca electron, ngha l tha nhn
electron c bn cht ht.
Nm 1927, Davison v Gecme thc nghim cho thy hin tng nhiu x chm
electron. iu chng t bn cht sng ca electron.
Nh vy: Electron va c bn cht sng va c bn cht ht.
3.2. Nguyn l bt nh (Haixenbec - c), 1927
i vi ht vi m khng th xc nh chnh xc ng thi c tc v v tr.
x . v
m 2
h
(4)
x: bt nh v v tr
v: bt nh v tc
m: khi lng ht
Theo h thc ny th vic xc nh v tr cng chnh xc bao nhiu th xc nh tc
cng km chnh xc by nhiu.
4. Khi nim c bn v c hc lng t
4.1. Hm sng
Trng thi ca mt h v m s hon ton c xc nh nu bit qu o v tc
chuyn ng ca n. Trong khi i vi nhng h vi m nh electron, do bn cht sng -
ht v nguyn l bt nh, khng th v c cc qu o chuyn ng ca chng trong
nguyn t.
Thay cho cc qu o, c hc lng t m t th mi trng thi ca electron trong
nguyn t bng mt hm s gi l hm sng, k hiu l (pxi).
Bnh phng ca hm sng
2
c ngha vt l rt quan trng:
Bi 2: Cu to nguyn t

7
2
biu th xc sut c mt ca electron ti mt im nht nh trong vng khng gian
quanh ht nhn nguyn t.
Hm sng nhn c khi gii phng trnh sng i vi nguyn t.
4.2. Obitan nguyn t. My electron
Cc hm sng
1
,
2
,
3
... - nghim ca phng trnh sng, c gi l cc obitan
nguyn t (vit tt l AO) v k hiu ln lt l 1s, 2s, 2p... 3d... Trong cc con s dng
ch lp obitan, cn cc ch s, p, d dng ch cc phn lp. V d:
2s ch electron (hay AO) thuc lp 2, phn lp s
2p ch electron (hay AO) thuc lp 2, phn lp p
3d ch electron (hay AO) thuc lp 3, phn lp d
Nh vy:
Obitan nguyn t l nhng hm sng m t trng thi khc nhau ca electron trong
nguyn t.
Nu biu din s ph thuc ca hm
2
theo khong cch r, ta c ng cong phn
b xc sut c mt ca electron trng thi c bn.
V d: Khi biu din hm s n gin nht
1
(1s) m t trng thi c bn ca electron
(trng thi e c nng lng thp nht) trong nguyn t H, ta c hnh 3.

Hnh 3
Xc sut c mt ca electron gn ht nhn rt ln v n gim dn khi cng xa ht
nhn.
Mt cch hnh nh, ngi ta c th biu din s phn b xc sut c mt electron trong
nguyn t bng nhng du chm. Mt ca cc chm s ln gn ht nhn v tha dn khi
cng xa ht nhn. Khi obitan nguyn t ging nh mt m my, v vy gi l my
electron. d hnh dung, ngi ta thng coi:
My electron l vng khng gian chung quanh ht nhn, trong tp trung phn ln
xc sut c mt electron (khong 90 - 95% xc sut).
Nh vy, my electron c th coi l hnh nh khng gian ca obitan nguyn t.
4.3. Hnh dng ca cc my electron
Nu biu din cc hm sng (cc AO) trong khng gian, ta c hnh dng ca cc
obitan hay cc my electron (hnh 4).
My s c dng hnh cu.
90 - 95%
r
Bi 2: Cu to nguyn t

8
Cc my p c hnh s 8 ni hng theo 3 trc ta ox, oy, oz c k hiu l p
x
, p
y
,
p
z
.
Di y l hnh dng ca mt s AO:

Hnh 4

5. Qui lut phn b cc electron trong nguyn t
Trong nguyn t nhiu electron, cc electron c phn b vo cc AO tun theo mt
s nguyn l v qui lut nh sau:
5.1. Nguyn l ngn cm (Paoli - Thy S)
Theo nguyn l ny, trong mi AO ch c th c ti a hai electron c chiu t quay
(spin) khc nhau l +1/2 v -1/2.
V d:
Phn mc s c 1 AO (s), c ti a 2 electron
Phn mc p c 3 AO (p
x
, p
y
, p
z
), c ti a 6 electron
Phn mc d c 5 AO (d
xy
, d
yz
,
2 2 2
y x z
d , d

, d
zx
) c ti a 10 electron
Phn mc f c 7 AO, c ti a 14 electron
5.2. Nguyn l vng bn. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
Trong nguyn t, cc electron chim ln lt cc obitan c nng lng t thp n
cao.
Bng phng php quang ph nghim v tnh ton l thuyt, ngi ta xc nh c
th t tng dn nng lng ca cc AO theo dy sau y:
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p...
nh c th t bc thang nng lng ny, ta dng s sau:

Bi 2: Cu to nguyn t

9

7s 7p 7d 7f
6s 6p 6d 6f
5s 5p 5d 5f
4s 4p 4d 4f
3s 3p 3d
2s 2p
1s

Da vo nguyn l ngn cm v nguyn l vng bn, ngi ta c th biu din nguyn
t ca mt nguyn t bng cu hnh electron.
c cu hnh electron ca mt nguyn t, trc ht ta in dn cc electron vo bc
thang nng lng ca cc AO. Sau sp xp li theo tng lp AO. V d:
He (z = 2) 1s
2

Li (z = 3) 1s
2
2s
1

Cl (z = 17) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5

Sc (z = 21) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
1
4s
2

Ch : C mt s ngoi l
Cu (z = 29) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
1

Li (z = 24) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
1

Cu hnh 3d
10
4s
1
(trng thi vi bo ha) bn hn cu hnh 3d
9
4s
2

Cu hnh 3d
5
4s
1
(trng thi vi na bo ha) bn hn cu hnh 3d
4
4s
2

5.3. Qui tc Hun (Hun - c). Cu hnh electron dng lng t
Ngoi cch biu din cc AO di dng cng thc nh trn, ngi ta cn biu din
mi AO bng mt vung gi l lng t. Cc AO ca cng mt phn mc c biu
din bng nhng vung lin nhau. V d:

1s 2s 2p 3d

Trong mi lng t (mi AO) ch c th c 2 electron c spin ngc nhau c biu
din bng 2 mi tn ngc nhau .
Trn c s thc nghim, Hun a ra mt qui tc phn b cc electron vo cc
lng t nh sau:
Bi 2: Cu to nguyn t

10
Trong mt phn mc, cc electron c xu hng phn b u vo cc lng t sao
cho s electron c thn l ln nht.
V d:
N (z = 7) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3

Thng thng ch cn vit cu hnh electron i vi cc phn mc lp ngoi cng v
phn mc d hoc f lp st ngoi cng m cha bo ha.
Cn lu rng cu hnh ni trn l i vi cc nguyn t trng thi c bn. Khi b
kch thch electron c th nhy ln nhng phn mc cao hn trong cng mt mc.
C (z = 6) 2s 2p

trng thi c bn

C*

trng thi kch thch

Nh vy trng thi c bn C c hai electron c thn, cn trng thi kch thch n
c bn electron c thn. Chnh cc electron c thn ny l cc electron ha tr.
6. H thng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc
Nguyn tc sp xp v cu trc ca HTTH
- Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo th t tng dn ca in tch ht nhn. S in tch
ht nhn trng vi s th t ca nguyn t.
- Cc nguyn t c tnh cht ha hc ging nhau xp vo mt ct, gi l mt nhm.
Trong bng tun hon c 8 nhm chnh t IA n VIIIA v 8 nhm ph t IB n VIIIB.
- Mi hng (bng di) c gi l mt chu k. Mi chu k c bt u bng mt kim
loi kim, (tr chu k u, bt u bng hidro) v c kt thc bng mt kh tr. Trong
bng tun hon c 7 chu k: chu k 1, 2, 3 l chu k ngn; 4, 5, 6, 7 l cc chu k di.
Bi 2: Cu to nguyn t

11
Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t nhm A (nhm chnh) nguyn t s
v p
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
H
1s
1
He
1s
2

Li
2s
1

Be
2s
2

B
2s
2
2p
1

C
2s
2
2p
2

N
2s
2
2p
3

O
2s
2
2p
4

F
2s
2
2p
5

Ne
2s
2
2p
6

Na
3s
1

Mg
3s
2

Al
3s
2
3p
1

Si
3s
2
3p
2

P
3s
2
3p
3

S
3s
2
3p
4

Cl
3s
2
3p
5

Ar
3s
2
3p
6

K
4s
1

Ca
4s
2

Ga
4s
2
4p
1

Ge
4s
2
4p
2

As
4s
2
4p
3

Se
4s
2
4p
4

Br
4s
2
4p
5

Kr
4s
2
4p
6

Rb
5s
1

Sr
5s
2

In
5s
2
5p
1

Sn
5s
2
5p
2

Sb
5s
2
5p
3

Te
5s
2
5p
4

I
5s
2
5p
5

Xe
5s
2
5p
6

Cs
6s
1

Ba
6s
2

Tl
6s
2
6p
1

Pb
6s
2
6p
2

Bi
6s
2
6p
3

Po
6s
2
6p
4

At
6s
2
6p
5

Rn
6s
2
6p
6

Fr
7s
1

Ra
7s
2

Nhn xt: Tng s electron thuc lp ngoi cng (s + p) bng ch s nhm. S lp
electron bng ch s chu k.

Cu hnh electron lp ngoi v st ngoi ca cc nguyn t
nhm B (nhm ph) hay nguyn t d
IB IIB IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB
Cu
3d
10
4s
1

Z
3d
10
4s
2

Sc
3d
1
4s
2

Ti
3d
2
4s
2

V
3d
3
4s
2

Cr
3d
5
4s
1

Mn
3d
5
4s
2

Fe
3d
6
4s
2

Co
3d
7
4s
2

Ni
3d
8
4s
2

Ag
4d
10
5s
1

Cd
4d
10
5s
2

Y
4d
1
5s
2

Zr
4d
2
5s
2

Nb
4d
4
5s
1

Mo
4d
5
5s
1

Tc
4d
6
5s
1

Ru
4d
7
5s
1

Rh
4d
8
5s
1

Pd
4d
10

Au
5d
10
6s
1

Hg
5d
10
6s
2

La
5d
1
6s
2
Ac
6d
1
7s
2

Hf
5d
2
6s
2

Ta
5d
3
6s
2

W
5d
4
6s
2

Re
5d
5
6s
2

Os
5d
6
6s
2

Ir
5d
7
6s
2

Pt
5d
9
6s
1

Nhn xt: Tng s e ca phn lp (n -1)d v ns (nu <8) l ch s ca nhm.

12
H THNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC
VIIA VIIIA CK
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA 1
H
2
He
1
3
Li
4
Be
5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne
2
11
Na
12
Mg
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
3
19
K
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Ke
4
37
Rb
38
Sr
39
Y
40
Zr
41
Nb
42
Mo
43
Tc
44
Ru
45
Rh
46
Pd
47
Ag
48
Cd
49
In
50
Sn
51
Sb
52
Te
53
I
54
Xe
5
55
Cs
56
Ba
57
La
72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
77
Ir
78
Pt
79
Au
80
Hg
81
Tr
82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At
86
Rn
6
87
Fr
88
Ra
89
Ac
104
Ku
105

58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nr
61
Pm
62
Sm
63
Eu
64
Gd
65
Tb
66
Dy
67
Ho
68
Er
69
Tm
70
Yb
71
Lu

98
Cf
99
Es
100
Fm
101
Md
102
No
103
Lr

90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
93
Np
94
Pu
95
Am
96
Cm
97
Bk

Bi 2: Cu to nguyn t

13
Bit s th t ca mt nguyn t, ngi ta c th bit c cu hnh electron ca n.
T suy ra c v tr ca nguyn t trong HTTH.
V d: Bit s th t ca nguyn t ln lt l z = 9, 11, 18, 25, 34, ta c cu hnh
electron nh sau:
z = 9 1s
2
- 2s
2
- 2p
5
Chu k 2, nhm VII
A

z = 11 1s
2
- 2s
2
- 2p
6
- 3s
1
............ 3, ......... I
A

z = 18 1s
2
- 2s
2
- 2p
6
- 3s
2
- 3p
6
............ 3, ......... VIII
A

z = 25 1s
2
- 2s
2
- 2p
6
- 3s
2
- 3p
6
- 3d
5
- 4s
2
............ 4, ......... VII
B

z = 34 1s
2
- 2s
2
- 2p
6
- 3s
2
- 3p
6
- 3d
10
- 4s
2
- 4p
4
............ 4, ......... VI
A

Cu hi v bi tp:
1. Ni dung nguyn l bt nh v thuyt sng vt cht.
2. Hy cho bit khi nim v hm sng v ngha vt l ca
2
.
3. Obitan nguyn t l g? Th no l my electron?
4. Hy cho bit hnh dng ca m my electron 2s; 2p
x
v c im ca cc m my .
S khc nhau gia cc m my 1s v 2s; 2p
x
v 2p
y
, 2p
z
.
5. Hy cho bit ni dung ca nguyn l vng bn v ngha ca nguyn l ny. Vit dy
th t nng lng ca cc obitan trong nguyn t.
6. Pht biu qui tc Hund v nu ngha ca qui tc ny.
7. Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t c s th t z = 28; 36; 37; 42; 47; 53; 56;
80. Hy cho bit v tr ca nguyn t trong HTTH v tnh cht ha hc c trng.
8. Gii thch v sao
O (z = 8) c ha tr 2, cn S (z = 16) li c cc ha tr 2, 4, 6
N (z = 7) c ha tr 3, cn P (z = 15) li c cc ha tr 3, 5
F (z = 9) c ha tr 1, cn Cl (z = 17) li c cc ha tr 1, 3, 5, 7.
9. Vit cu hnh electron ca cc ion: Cu
+
, Cu
2+
.
10. Vit cu hnh electron ca Ar. Cation, anion no c cu hnh e ging Ar?
11. Trn c s cu trc nguyn t, c th phn cc nguyn t ha hc thnh my loi? Hy
nu c im cu to electron ca mi loi.
12. Nu c im cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t phn nhm chnh nhm I v tnh
cht ha hc c trng ca chng.
13. Nu c im cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t phn nhm chnh nhm VII v tnh
cht ha hc c trng ca chng.
Bi 3: Lin kt ha hc v cu to phn t

14
BI 3: LIN KT HA HC V CU TO PHN T
Tr mt s kh tr, cc nguyn t khng tn ti c lp m chng thng lin kt vi
nhau to nn cc phn t. Vy cc phn t c hnh thnh nh th no? Bn cht ca cc
lin kt l g?
1. Mt s i lng c lin quan n lin kt
1.1. in m ca nguyn t
in m l i lng cho bit kh nng nguyn t ca mt nguyn t ht electron
lin kt v pha n. cng ln th nguyn t cng d thu electron.
Trong lin kt gia 2 nguyn t A v B to ra phn t AB.
Nu
A
>
B
th electron linkt s lch hoc di chuyn v pha nguyn t B.
Ngi ta qui c ly in m ca Li l 1 th cc nguyn t khc s c in m
tng i nh sau:

Bng 1. in m ca nguyn t ca mt s nguyn t
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
H
2,20

He
-
Li
0,98
Be
1,57
B
2,04
C
2,55
N
3,04
O
3,44
F
3,98
Ne
-
Na
0,93
Mg
1,31
Al
1,61
Si
1,90
P
2,19
S
2,58
Cl
3,16
Ar
-
K
0,82
Ca
1,00
Ga
1,81
Ge
2,01
As
2,18
Se
2,55
Br
2,96
Kr
2,90
Rb
0,82
Sr
0,95
In
1,78
Sn
1,96
Sb
2,05
Te
2,10
I
2,66
Xe
2,6
Cs
0,79
Ba
0,89
Tl
2,04
Pb
2,33
Bi
2,02
Po
2,00
At
2,20
Rn

Fr
0,7
Ra
0,89

Nhn xt:
- Trong mt chu k, t tri sang phi in m ca cc nguyn t tng dn.

15
- Trong mt phn nhm chnh, t trn xung di in m gim dn.
- Cc nguyn t kim loi kim c < 1, Fr c nh nht.
- Cc nguyn t phi kim c > 2, F c ln nht.
1.2. Nng lng lin kt
l nng lng cn thit ph v mi lin kt v to ra cc nguyn t th kh.
Nng lng lin kt thng k hiu E v tnh bng Kcalo cho mt mol lin kt.
V d: E
H-H
= 104 Kcal/mol, E
O-H
trong H
2
O = 110 Kcal/mol
Nng lng lin kt cng ln th lin kt cng bn.
1.3. di lin kt
l khong cch gia hai nhn nguyn t khi hnh thnh lin kt. di lin kt
thng k hiu r
0
v tnh bng A (1A = 10
-8
cm).
di lin kt cng nh th lin kt cng bn vng.
Bng 2. di lin kt v nng lng lin kt ca mt s lin kt
Lin kt Phn t r
0
(A) E (Kcal/mol)
C - H CH
4
1,09 98,7
C - Cl CHCl
3
1,77 75,8
C - F CH
3
F 1,38 116,3
C - C C
6
H
6

C - C C
n
H
2n+2
1,54 79,3
C = C C
n
H
2n
1,34 140,5
C C C
n
H
2n-2
1,20 196,7
H - H H
2
0,74 104,0
O = O O
2
1,21 118,2
O - H H
2
O 0,96 109,4
S - H H
2
S 1,35 96,8
N - H NH
3
1,01 92,0

1.4. bi ca lin kt
S lin kt c hnh thnh gia hai nguyn t cho trc c gi l bi ca lin
kt v c k hiu l . V d bi ca lin kt gia cc nguyn t C trong etan, etilen,
axetilen ln lt l 1, 2, 3.
bi ca lin kt cng ln th lin kt cng bn, nng lng lin kt cng ln v
di lin kt cng nh (bng 2).

16
1.5. Gc lin kt (gc ha tr)
l gc to bi hai mi lin kt gia mt nguyn t vi hai nguyn t khc.
V d gc lin kt trong cc phn t H
2
O, CO
2
, C
2
H
4
nh sau:

1.6. phn cc ca lin kt. M men lng cc
Trong nhng lin kt gia hai nguyn t khc nhau, do c s chnh lch v in
m, electron lin kt b lch v pha nguyn t c in m ln hn, to ra y mt in
tch m no (thng k hiu -), cn nguyn t kia mang mt in tch +. Khi
ngi ta ni lin kt b phn cc.
+ - - 2+ -
H
-1
Cl O = C = O
phn cc ca lin kt c nh gi qua m men lng cc (muy). thng
c tnh bng n v gi l bai (D).
phn cc ca lin kt ph thuc vo in tch trn cc v di lin kt.
Bng 3. Gi tr m men lng cc ca mt s lin kt
Lin kt H-F H-Cl H-Br H-I N=O C=O
(D) 1,91 1,07 0,79 0,38 0,16 0,11

Nhn xt: Nguyn t ca hai nguyn t c chnh lch in m cng ln th lin
kt gia chng cng phn cc.
2. Nhng thuyt c in v lin kt
2.1. Qui tc bt t
Nhng thuyt kinh in v lin kt da trn qui tc bt t (octet). Xut pht t nhn xt
sau y:
- Tt c cc kh tr (tr Heli) u c 8 electron lp ngoi cng.
- Chng rt t hot ng ha hc: khng lin kt vi nhau v hu nh khng lin kt
vi nhng nguyn t khc to thnh phn t, tn ti trong t nhin di dng nguyn t
t do.
V vy cu trc 8 electron lp ngoi cng l mt cu trc c bit bn vng. Do cc
nguyn t c xu hng lin kt vi nhau t c cu trc electron bn vng ca cc kh
tr vi 8 (hoc 2 i vi heli) electron lp ngoi cng.
Da trn qui tc ny ngi ta a ra mt s thuyt v lin kt nh sau:
O
H 104,5
o
H
180
o
O = C = O
H 120
o
H
C = C 120
o
H 120
o
H

17
2.1. Lin kt ion (Kotxen - c), 1916
Lin kt ion c hnh thnh gia nhng nguyn t ca hai nguyn t c s chnh lch
nhiu v din m (thng > 2).
Khi hnh thnh lin kt, nguyn t ca nguyn t c nh nhng hn 1, 2 hay 3
electron cho nguyn t ca nguyn t c ln hn, khi n tr thnh cc ion dng v
nguyn t nhn electron tr thnh cc ion m c cu trc electron ging kh tr. Cc ion
dng v m ht nhau to ra phn t.
V d:
Na + Cl Na
+
+ Cl
-
NaCl
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
3s
2
3p
5
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

Nh vy bn cht ca lin kt ion l lc ht tnh in gia cc ion tri du.
Trong lin kt ion, ha tr ca nguyn t bng s in tch ca ion vi du tng ng.
Trong v d trn Na c ha tr +1, Clo c ha tr -1.
Lin kt ion l lin kt bn, nng lng lin kt kh ln (100 Kcal/mol).
Lc ht tnh in gia cc ion khng nh hng, mt ion dng c tc dng ht nhiu
ion m xung quanh n v ngc li. V vy ngi ta ni lin kt ion khng c nh hng.
Nhng hp cht ion thng dng tinh th bn vng v c nhit nng chy rt cao.
2.2. Lin kt cng ha tr (Liuyt - M), 1916
Thuyt lin kt ion khng gii thch c s hnh thnh phn t, v d H
2
, O
2
... (
= 0) hoc HCl, H
2
O... ( nh). V vy Liuyt a ra thuyt lin kt cng ha tr (cn gi
l lin kt ng ha tr).
Theo Liuyt, lin kt cng ha tr c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t ca cng mt
nguyn t ( = 0) hay gia nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c s chnh lch nh v in
m (thng < 2).
Trong lin kt cng cc nguyn t tham gia lin kt b ra 1, 2, 3 hay 4 electron dng
chung mi nguyn t t c cu trc 8 electron (hoc 2e) lp ngoi cng.
V d:
H
. .
H H : H H - H H
2

:
. .
O : :
. .
O : :
. .
O : :
. .
O : O = O O
2

:
. .
N : :
. .
N : :
. .
N : :
. .
N : NN N
2

:
. .
O : :C: :
. .
O : :
. .
O : :C: :
. .
O : O=C=O CO
2


18
Cc electron gp chung c gi l cc electron lin kt, mt cp electron gp chung
to ra mt lin kt v cng c biu din bng mt gch.
Trong hp cht cng, ha tr ca nguyn t bng s lin kt hnh thnh gia mt
nguyn t ca nguyn t vi cc nguyn t khc hoc bng s electron m nguyn t a
ra gp chung.
V d:
Trong phn t CO
2
ha tr ca O l 2 v ca C l 4, trong phn t NH
3
ha tr ca N l
3 ca H l 1.
Ngi ta phn bit hai loi lin kt cng:
- Lin kt cng khng phn cc hay lin kt cng thun ty. V d lin kt trong cc
phn t H
2
, O
2
, N
2
... ( = 0), lin kt C - H trong cc hp cht hu c. Trong cp
electron lin kt phn b u gia hai nguyn t.
- Lin kt cng phn cc. V d lin kt trong phn t HCl, HF lin kt O-H trong
phn t H
2
O, N-H trong NH
3
... Trong cp electron lin kt b lch v pha nguyn t c
in m ln hn.
H : Cl H : F H : O : H
. .
H: N: H
H

Lin kt cng tng i bn. Nng lng lin kt c hng chc Kcal/mol.
2.3. Lin kt cho nhn
Lin kt cho nhn cn gi l lin kt phi c th xem l mt dng c bit ca lin kt
cng. Trong lin kt ny cp electron dng chung ch do mt nguyn t a ra gi l cht
cho, cn nguyn t kia c mt obitan trng gi l cht nhn.
V d: S hnh thnh ion amoni t phn t amonic v ion hidro.
Nguyn t N trong NH
3
cn mt i electron cha lin kt (ng vai tr cht cho). Ion
H
+
c obitan trng do c th nhn i electron ca N.
H
. .
. .
N
H
: H : + H
+

+
H :
H
. .
. .
N
H
: H hay H
H
N
H
H

Nh vy iu kin hnh thnh lin kt cho nhn l cht cho phi c t nht mt i
electron cha lin kt v cht nhn phi c obitan trng.
Ngi ta thng dng du mi tn ch lin kt cho nhn. Tuy nhin trong thc t
cc lin kt ny hon ton ging lin kt cng thng thng.

19
2.4. Lin kt hidro
Lin kt hidro c hnh thnh nhng hp cht trong hidro lin kt vi nguyn t
ca nguyn t khc c in m ln v bn knh nh nh N, O, F. Cc lin kt ny b phn
cc v trn nguyn t H c mt phn in tch dng. Trong khi cc nguyn t N, O, F
mang mt phn in m v do ngoi lin kt cng n cn c th tng tc vi cc nguyn
t H ca phn t bn cnh hnh thnh mt lin kt yu gi l lin kt hidro. Cc lin kt ny
thng c biu din bng nhng du chm.
Lin kt hidro c th hnh thnh gia cc phn t. V d:
... H
+
- F
-
... H
+
- F
-
..., ... H - O
H
... H - O
H
, H - O
H
... H - O
R
hoc trong cng mt phn t gi l lin kt hidro ni phn t. V d:

Lin kt hidro l lin kt yu, nng lng lin kt nh v di lin kt ln. Tuy nhin
n c nh hng nhiu n tnh cht vt l v ha hc ca phn t. V d:
- Do c lin kt hidro, H
2
O c nhit si cao hn H
2
S c cu to tng t vi n.
- Cc phn t hu c mang nhm O - H c nhit si cao hn cc ng phn ca
chng khng cha lin kt ny: ancol so vi ete; axit so vi este...
- Ancol tan v hn trong nc l do to c lin kt hidro vi nc.
- Lin kt hidro to ra gia cc nhm -C = O v -NH ca axit amin trong cc chui
polypeptit duy tr c cu trc khng gian ca phn t protein.
Tm li, cc thuyt c in v lin kt cho php m t v phn loi mt cch n gin
lin kt ha hc, t gii thch c mt s tnh cht ca phn t. Tuy nhin cc thuyt
ny c mt s hn ch sau y:
- Nhiu hp cht hay ion khng tha mn qui tc bt t nhng vn tn ti mt cch bn
vng, v d: NO, NO
2
, Fe
2+
...
- Cha ni c bn cht ca lc lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t l g.
- Khng cho bit cu trc khng gian ca cc phn t.
Phn t l nhng h ht vi m, v vy l thuyt v lin kt v cu to phn t phi c
xy dng trn c s ca c hc lng t (CHLT).
Nm 1927 ra i hai thuyt CHLT v lin kt b sung cho nhau, l thuyt lin kt
ha tr (vit tt l VB - valence bond) v thuyt obitan phn t (vit tt l MO - molecular
obitan).
O - H

C = O
OH
axit salixilic
O - H

N = O
O
o. nitro phenol

20
Lun im ch yu ca cc thuyt ny l lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh do s t hp
cc AO ca cc nguyn t lin kt to ra mt h mi c nng lng nh hn h ban u
m chnh l phn t.
3. Thuyt lin kt ha tr
Thuyt lin kt ha tr (cn gi l thuyt cp electron lin kt) do Haile, Lnn (c)
xwngs nm 1927, sau c Poling v Slyt (M) pht trin.
3.1. S hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t H
2

Thuyt VB c ra trn c s nghin cu s hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t H
2
.
Mi nguyn t H c mt electron trng thi c bn 1s. Khi hai nguyn t H tin li
gn nhau s c hai kh nng xy ra.
- Nu hai electron c spin cng du, khi khong cch r gim, nng lng ca h tng
lin tc, l trng thi khng bn, khng to ra lin kt ha hc.
- Nu hai electron c spin khc du nhau, nng lng ca h gim dn, v ti khong
cch r
0
= 0,74A c gi tr cc tiu tng ng vi nng lng E
S
< 2E
0
, khi h trng thi
bn vng, trng thi hnh thnh lin kt (hnh 1).

Hnh 1
Nu lu rng mi obitan s (m my s) c bn knh 0,53A th khi tip xc nhau
khong cch gia hai ht nhn phi l 1,06A. Trong khi khong chc khi hnh thnh lin
kt ch cn 0,74A. iu chng t khi hnh thnh lin kt, hai obitan s c xen ph vo
nhau lm tng xc sut c mt electron vng gia hai ht nhn, mt in tch m tng
ln gy ra s ht hai ht nhn v lin kt chng vi nhau.
Nh vy lc lin kt ha hc cng c bn cht tnh in.
3.2. Nhng lun im c bn ca thuyt VB
T nghin cu ca Haile v Lnn v phn t H
2
, Poling v Slyt pht trin
thnh thuyt lin kt ha tr.
- Lin kt cng ha tr c hnh thnh do s ghp i hai electron c thn c spin
ngc du ca hai nguyn t lin kt, khi c s xen ph hai AO.
- Mc xen ph ca cc AO cng ln th lin kt cng bn, lin kt c thc hin
theo phng ti s xen ph l ln nht.

21
Nh vy, theo VB, khi hnh thnh phn t, cc nguyn t vn gi nguyn cu trc
electron, lin kt c hnh thnh ch do s t hp (xen ph) ca cc electron ha tr
(electron c thn).
Trong thuyt VB, ha tr ca nguyn t bng s e c thn ca nguyn t trng thi
c bn hay trng thi kch thch.
V d:
C

ha tr 2

C*

ha tr 4

N

ha tr 3

3.3. S nh hng lin kt. Lin kt (xch ma) v lin kt (pi)
Ty theo cch thc xen ph ca cc m my electron, ngi ta phn bit lin kt ,
lin kt ...
- Lin kt ha hc to ra do s xen ph cc m my electron trn trc ni hai nhn
ca nguyn t c gi l lin kt xch ma. Lin kt c th hnh thnh do s xen ph cc
m my s - s, s - p hay p - p (hnh 2).

Hnh 2
Nh vy, khi to ra lin kt th t c s xen ph ln nht, v vy lin kt xch ma
l lin kt bn. Nu gia hai nguyn t ch c mt lin kt th lin kt lun lun l lin kt
.
- Lin kt ha hc to ra do s xen ph cc m my electron hai bn ca trc ni
hai nhn nguyn t, c gi l lin kt pi. Lin kt c th hnh thnh do s xen ph cc
m my p - p (hnh 2), p - d...
So vi lin kt th lin kt bn hn v mc xen ph ln hn v vng xen ph
nm trn trc ni hai nhn nguyn t.

22
Khi gia hai nguyn t c t hai lin kt tr ln th ch c mt lin kt cn li l cc
lin kt .
V d: Trong phn t H
2
c 1 lin kt do s xen ph 2 m my s.
Phn t Cl
2
c mt lin kt do s xen ph 2 m my p.
Phn t HCl c mt lin kt do s xen ph m my s ca H v m my p
x
ca Cl.
Phn t O
2
c mt lin kt do s xen ph ma m my p
x
-p
x
v mt lin kt do s
xen ph 2 m my p
y
-p
y
ca 2 nguyn t oxi.
Tng t, phn t N
2
c mt lin kt v hai lin kt .
Trong cc trng hp trn lin kt hnh thnh do s xen ph cc m my thun khit
s-s hay p-p.
3.4. S lai ha cc AO trong lin kt
Ta hy xt s hnh thnh phn t CH
4
. Khi i vo lin kt nguyn t C trng thi
kch thch C*.
C*
2s
1
2p
3

+ 4H
1s
1

Nu khi hnh thnh phn t CH
4
nguyn t C s dng 4AO (1 my s v 3 my p) xen
ph vi 4 my s ca 4 nguyn t H (mt lin kt hnh thnh do s xen ph s-s v 3 lin kt
do s xen ph p-s). Nh vy l ra cc lin kt phi khc nhau, nhng trong thc t chng li
hon ton ging nhau. iu ny c Poling gii thch bng s lai ha cc AO.
Khi lin kt cc nguyn t c th khng s dng cc m my s, p... thun m chng
c th t hp vi nhau to thnh nhng obitan (my) mi ging nhau (gi l cc m my lai
ha L) v sau cc m my lai ny s tham gia lin kt. Nh vy:
Lai ha l s t hp cc m my khc loi to ra cc m my ging nhau v hnh
dng, kch thch v nng lng nhng c hng khc nhau.
Khi c n m my tham gia lai ha s to ra n m my lai ha. c s lai ha cc
m my phi c nng lng khc nhau khng ln. V d: 2s-2p; 3s-3p-3d...
Di y l mt s kiu lai ha v nhng c im ca cc m my lai:
* Lai ha sp
S t hp mt m my s vi mt m my p to ra 2 m my lai hng theo 2
hng trong khng gian. Trc ca 2 m my ny to ra gc 180
o
.

23

Hnh 3
* Lai ha sp
2

S t hp mt m my s vi hai m my p to ra 3 m my lai hng theo 3 nh
ca mt tam gic u. Trc ca 3 m my ny to ra gc 120
o
.

Hnh 4
* Lai ha sp
3

S t hp mt m my s vi ba m my p to ra 4 m my lai hng theo 4 nh
ca mt t din u. Trc ca cc AO ny to ra gc 109
o
28'. V d s lai ha ca m my
s vi 3 m my p trong nguyn t C khi hnh thnh phn t CH
4
.

Hnh 5

3.5. Hnh hc phn t ca mt s hp cht
Thuyt VB cho php hnh dung c cu trc khng gian ca phn t. V d: CH
4

Metan

24

Hnh 6

C c lai ha sp
3
. 4 obitan lai ha xen ph vi 4AO s ca H to 4 lin kt . Hnh hc
phn t c dng t din u. Gc lin kt 109
o
28'.
NH
3

Amoniac

Hnh 7

N c lai ha sp
3
phn t c dng chp. Gc lin kt l 107
o
18'.

H
2
O
Nc

Hnh 8
O c lai ha sp
3
phn t c dng gc. Gc lin kt l 104
o
30'.
3.6. Lin kt khng nh c
Phn t benzen c cu trc nh thy hnh 9. C 6 nguyn t C u c lai ha sp
2
.
Mi C to 2 lin kt vi 2 C bn cnh v 1 lin kt vi H. Cc obitan p thun cn li (c
trc vung gc vi mt phng ca cc lin kt ) xen ph vi nhau ti ra cc lin kt . Nh
vy cc electron c gii ta trn c 6 nguyn t C. Ngi ta gi cc lin kt l cc lin
kt khng nh c. Mt cch tng t cng thy cc phn t butadien (hnh 10). Cc lin
kt khng nh c c m t bng nhng du chm thay cho cc gch.


25
C
6
H
6

Benzen

Hnh 9
C
4
H
6

Butadien

Hnh 10
Cu hi v bi tp:
1. Theo qui tc bt t, hy biu din lin kt trong cc phn t v ion sau y: H
2
O; NH
3
;
NH
4
+
; CO
2
; SO
2
; SO
3
; HNO
2
; HNO
3
; H
2
SO
4
.
2. S phn loi cc lin kt da vo in m. Cho cc v d v nu cc iu kin, qu
trnh hnh thnh cc lin kt ion, lin kt cng, lin kt cho nhn.
3. iu kin hnh thnh lin kt hidro, so snh nng lng lin kt ion v lin kt cng.
Nu mt vi v d cho thy nh hng ca lin kt hidro n tnh cht vt l ca cc
cht.
4. Hy nu nhng lun im c bn ca thuyt lin kt ha tr (VB).
5. Cho v d, c im ca lin kt v lin kt . So snh v gii thch v bn ca
hai lin kt ny.
6. Lai ha l g? c im cc m my lai ha sp; sp
2
; sp
3
. Cho cc v d v nhng
nguyn t c s lai ha ny.
7. Hnh hc phn t v s xen ph cc m my electron trong cc phn t:
H
2
; O
2
; N
2
; HCl; CO
2

CH
4
; NH
3
; H
2
O
Trong cc phn t ( cu b) C; N; O; S c kiu lai ha g?

26
8. Hnh hc phn t ca cc phn t butadien, benzen.
Cho bit cch biu din chng bng cng thc:
CH
2
= CH - CH = CH
2
; c chnh xc khng? Ti sao?
Bi 4: ng ha hc

27
BI 4: NG HA HC
ng ha hc nghin cu v tc ca cc phn ng ha hc v cc yu t nh hng
n tc nh: nng cht phn ng, nhit , cc cht xc tc. Trn c s cho php
tm hiu v c ch ca cc phn ng.
1. Mt s khi nim
1.1. Tc phn ng
Nu ta c phn ng ha hc:
A B
tc trung bnh ca phn ng c xc nh bng bin thin nng ca cht tham gia hay
cht sn phm ca phn ng trong mt n v thi gian.

t
] A [
t
] B [
t t
] B [ ] B [
v
1 2
1 2
=
1.2. Phn ng n gin v phn ng phc tp
* Phn ng n gin: l phn ng ch din ra trong mt giai on (mt tng tc).
V d: CH
3
-N=N-CH
3
CH
3
-CH
3
+ N
2
(1)
H
2
+ I
2
2HI (2)
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
(3)
Mi phn ng trn c gi l mt phn ng c s.
* Phn ng phc tp: l phn ng bao gm nhiu phn ng c s nh cc phn ng
thun v nghch, phn ng ni tip...
xc nh c ch ca mt phn ng cn phi bit ton b cc phn ng c s trong
mt phn ng phc tp.
2. nh hng ca nng n tc phn ng
2.1. nh lut tc dng khi lng
Xut pht t quan im cho rng mun c phn ng xy ra th cc phn t hay nguyn
t phn ng phi va chm vo nhau, v vy nu s va chm cng ln th tc phn ng cng
ln m s va chm li ph thuc vo nng .
Vo nhng nm 1864 - 1867, Guynbec v Oag (Na Uy) nu ra mt nh lut c
ni dung nh sau:
" mt nhit khng i, tc phn ng t l thun vi tch s nng cc cht
tham gia phn ng vi nhng ly tha xc nh".
Nu c phn ng:
aA + bB pP
Bi 4: ng ha hc

28
th theo nh lut ta c:
v = k [A]
m
[B]
n
(1)
Cc ly tha m, n c xc nh bng con ng thc nghim. Trong trng hp phn
ng n gin, n trng vi h s ca A v B trong phng trnh phn ng.
V d:
i vi cc phn ng (1), (2), (3) trn, ta c:
v = k
1
[C
2
H
6
N
2
]
v = k
2
[H
2
] [I
2
]
v = k
3
[NO]
2
[O
2
]
Trong phng trnh ca nh lut tc dng khi lng (phng trnh 1):
[A], [B]: nng cht A v B tnh bng mol/l.
k: hng s tc phn ng. Nu [A] = 1, [B] = 1, khi v = k.
Nh vy k chnh l tc ca phn ng khi nng cc cht phn ng l 1 n v. V
vy k cn c gi l tc ring ca phn ng.
Gi tr ca k khng ph thuc vo nng , ch ph thuc vo nhit v bn cht ca
cc cht phn ng.
2.2. Bc v phn t s ca phn ng
Trong ng ha hc, cc phn ng c phn loi theo bc v phn t s.
* Bc phn ng:
Bc phn ng l tng cc s m ca nng vit trong biu thc ca nh lut tc
dng khi lng, tc l bng m + n.
V d: Cc phn ng (1), (2), (3) tng ng l cc phn ng bc 1, 2, 3.
Bc phn ng c th l s nguyn nhng cng c th l phn s (thng i vi phn
ng phc tp).
* Phn t s ca phn ng:
S phn loi phn ng theo phn t s lin quan trc tip vi c ch thc ca phn
ng. Phn t s l s tiu phn (phn t, nguyn t hay ion) ng thi tng tc vi nhau
trong mt phn ng n gin. V vy phn t s ch c th l s nguyn.
V d: Trong phn ng:
CH
3
-N=N-CH
3
CH
3
-CH
3
+ N
2

tham gia vo tng tc ch c mt phn t. V vy phn ng c phn t s l mt hay phn
ng n phn t.
Trong phn ng: H
2
+ I
2
= 2HI to thnh sn phm hai phn t H
2
v I
2
phi ng
thi tham gia vo mt tng tc, v vy phn ng c phn t s bng hai hay phn ng lng
phn t. Nhng phn ng c phn t s bng 3 hay cao hn thng t gp v xc sut
ng thi 3 phn t phn ng vi nhau rt nh.
Lu : Trong nhng phn ng n gin th bc phn ng thng trng vi phn t s.
Bi 4: ng ha hc

29
3. nh hng ca nhit n tc phn ng
Nghin cu nh hng ca nhit n tc phn ng cho php tm hiu bn cht
ca nhng tng tc ha hc ng thi tm c ch nhit ti u cho phn ng ha hc.
Nhit nh hng n tc phn ng theo nhng cch khc nhau.

Hnh 1 a, b

Dng ng cong (1a) l ph bin i vi phn ng ha hc.
Dng ng cong (1b) thng gp nhng phn ng c lin quan n cc hp cht
sinh hc nh cc protein enzym. Vi cc protein, trng thi t nhin, tc tng theo nhit
. Nhng khi t n mt nhit no chng b bin tnh, mt hiu qu xc tc v do
tc phn ng gim.
Nhng ni chung tc ca a s phn ng ha hc tng ln khi tng nhit . nh
hng ny tun theo mt s qui tc sau y.
3.1. Qui tc Van Hp
"Khi nhit ca phn ng tng ln 10
o
th hng s tc phn ng (cng l tc
phn ng) tng ln t 2 n 4 ln".
=
T
10 T
k
k
+
= 2 - 4 (2)
k
T+10
: hng s tc nhit T + 10
o

k
T
: hng s tc nhit T
: c gi l h s nhit ca phn ng
Trong trng hp tng qut, biu thc ca nh lut Van Hp c dng:

n
=
T
10 . n T
k
k
+
(3)
V d: Mt phn ng c h s nhit = 3. Hi tng nhit ln 40
o
th tc phn
ng tng ln bao nhiu ln.
Gii: Theo qui tc Van Hp, ta c:

T
10 . 4 T
k
k
+
= 3
4
= 81
Bi 4: ng ha hc

30
3.2. Biu thc Arniux
nh hng ca nhit n tc phn ng c biu th mt cch chnh xc hn v
p dng c trong mt khong nhit rng hn qua biu thc Arniux:
lnk = -
RT
E
+ B (4)
R : hng s kh, c gi tr bng 1,98 cal/mol.K
B : hng s
E : hng s i vi mt phn ng xc nh, ngha l n ph thuc vo bn cht ca
cc cht phn ng. E c gi l nng lng hot ha ca phn ng
T biu thc Arniux, ta thy khi nhit tng, tc phn ng tng. Mt khc, phn
ng c nng lng hot ha cng ln s din ra vi tc cng nh.
3.3. Thuyt va chm hot ng v nng lng hot ha
* Thuyt va chm
cc nguyn t hay phn t c th phn ng c vi nhau chng phi va chm vo
nhau. Do tc phn ng s tng ln khi s va chm (hay tn s va chm) tng.
Thuyt va chm khng gii thch c s khc bit rt ln gia kt qu tnh ton l
thuyt v cc kt qu thc nghim.
V d: Theo tnh ton khi nhit tng 10
o
, s va chm ch tng ~ 2% ngha l tc
ch c th tng ~ 2% nhng trong thc t theo qui tc Van Hp tc phn ng li tng t
nht l 200%. iu ny khng th gii thch c nu ch da vo s va chm n thun.
* Thuyt va chm hot ng (hay thuyt hot ha) v nng lng hot ha
Thuyt ny cho rng khng phi mi va chm m ch nhng va chm ca cc nguyn
t hay phn t hot ng (gi l cc va chm hot ng) mi dn n phn ng.
Cc nguyn t hay phn t hot ng l cc nguyn t hay phn t c mt nng lng
d ln so vi nng lng trung bnh ca chng.
Nng lng ti thiu m mt mol cht phn ng cn phi c chuyn cc phn t
ca chng t trng thi khng hot ng tr thnh hot ng gi l nng lng hot ha
ca phn ng.
Nh vy, theo thuyt hot ha phn ng: A + B
k
P c th hnh dung nh sau:
A + B A* + B*
' k
AB* P
Cc phn t A v B cn phi c hot ha thnh A* v B*, khi to thnh hp cht
trung gian hot ng AB* v cui cng phn hy to ra sn phm P.
Nh vy c th phn ng c vi nhau, phn t cc cht phn ng dng nh phi
vt qua mt hng ro nng lng. chnh l nng lng hot ha ca phn ng (hnh 2).
Nu nng lng hot ha cng nh th tc phn ng s cng ln. V vy khi xt kh nng
phn ng, ngi ta thng dng i lng ny so snh.
Bi 4: ng ha hc

31

Hnh 2
* Xc nh nng lng hot ha ca phn ng:
Bng thc nghim xc nh hng s tc ca phn ng t nht hai nhit khc
nhau T
1
, T
2
, khi ta c:

ln k
1
T
= -
1
RT
E
+ B v ln k
2
T
= -
2
RT
E
+ B t :
E =
1
2
T
T
1 2
2 1
k
k
ln
T T
T RT
(5)
V d: Xc nh nng lng hot ha ca mt phn ng bit rng trong khong nhit
t 17 n 27
o
C phn ng c h s nhit = 2,8.
Gii: T
1
= 17 + 273 = 290
o
K
T
2
= 27 + 273 = 300
o
K
E =
10
300 . 290 . 98 , 1
= 2,303 lg 2,8 = 17850 cal/mol
4. nh hng ca xc tc n tc phn ng
4.1. Mt s khi nim v xc tc
Xc tc l hin tng lm tng tc ca phn ng khi c mt nhng cht c bit,
gi l nhng cht xc tc, cc cht ny sau khi tham gia vo phn ng c hon tr li v
lng v cht.
Thng xc tc c chia thnh 3 loi:
* Xc tc ng th: cc cht phn ng v cht xc tc to thnh mt pha ng nht kh
hoc lng. V d:
SO
2
+ O
2

NO
= SO
3
ng pha kh
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
+
=
H
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH ng pha lng
Bi 4: ng ha hc

32
Trong xc tc ng th, phn ng xy ra trong ton b th tch ca h phn ng (trong
khng gian ba chiu), tc phn ng t l thun vi nng cht xc tc.
* Xc tc d th: Cc cht phn ng v cht xc tc to thnh mt h d th (khng
ng nht)
2H
2
O
2
(l)
Pt
= 2H
2
O + O
2
d th lng - rn
C
2
H
4
+ H
2

Ni
= C
2
H
6
d th kh - rn
Trong xc tc d th, phn ng din ra trn b mt cht xc tc (trong khng gian hai
chiu). Tc phn ng t l thun vi b mt cht xc tc.
* Xc tc enzym (xc tc men)
V d:
C
6
H
12
O
6

zimaza
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2

Enzym l cc cht xc tc sinh hc - cht xc tc ca c th sng, n c bn cht l
protein.

Hnh 3
4.2. C ch v vai tr ca xc tc
Phn ng c xc tc thng din ra qua nhiu giai on trung gian (to ra cc hp
cht trung gian).
V d phn ng gia hai cht A v B khi c mt cht xc tc K.
A + B
K
C + D
s din ra nh sau: Trc ht mt trong nhng cht phn ng s phn ng vi cht xc tc
to ra mt hp cht trung gian [AK]*, sau hp cht ny li phn ng tip vi cht phn
ng th hai to ra hp cht trung gian [ABK]*. Cui cng [ABK]* phn hy to ra sn phm
v hon tr li cht xc tc.
A + K [AK]*
[AK]* + B [ABK]*
[ABK]* C + D + K
Bi 4: ng ha hc

33
Cc hp cht trung gian (c du sao) thng c nng lng cao, khng bn, ch tn ti
trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn ca tin trnh phn ng xc tc.
Nh vy, s c mt ca cht xc tc lm cho phn ng din ra qua mt s phn ng
trung gian c nng lng hot ha thp hn so vi phn ng khng c xc tc (hnh 4) v do
lm tng tc phn ng.
Thng thng nng lng hot ha ca nhiu phn ng nm trong nhng gii hn sau:
Phn ng E (Kcal/mol)
Khng xc tc
Xc tc v c
Xc tc enzym
30 - 45
15 - 30
8 - 12

Cc phn ng xc tc bng enzym c nng lng hot ha thp hn nhiu so vi phn
ng khng c xc tc hoc c xc tc v c. Do n c th lm cho cc phn ng trong c
th din ra v cng nhanh chng.
V d phn ng phn hy hidro peoxit 2H
2
O
2
2H
2
O + O
2
nu khng c xc tc th
i hi mt nng lng hot ha l 35,96 Kcal/mol. Khi c xc tc platin E = 24,02
Kcal/mol, cn khi c xc tc bng enzym catalaza ch cn mt nng lng hot ha 14
Kcal/mol.
4.3. Mt s c im ca xc tc
- Cht xc tc ch c th lm tng tc ca phn ng m khng th gy ra c phn
ng. iu ny c ngha l i vi nhng phn ng khng c kh nng xy ra khi xt v tiu
chun nhit ng hc th khng th tm c cht xc tc cho n.
- Cht xc tc lm tng tc phn ng thun bao nhiu ln th cng lm tng tc
phn ng nghch by nhiu ln.
- Cht xc tc c tnh chn lc. Mt cht xc tc thng ch c th xc tc cho mt
phn ng hoc mt loi phn ng nht nh. Tnh chn lc th hin c bit r i vi cc
enzym, v vy ngi ta thng ni cc enzym c tnh c hiu cao.
- Mt lng nh cht xc tc c th xc tc cho mt lng ln cht phn ng. S d
nh vy l v, v nguyn tc, xc tc khng b thay i sau phn ng.
5. Cn bng ha hc
5.1. Phn ng thun nghch - hng s cn bng
Phn ng thun nghch l phn ng din ra theo hai chiu:

A + B C + D
V d:
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH
k
1

k
2

Bi 4: ng ha hc

34
Tc phn ng thun: v
t
= k
1
[A] [B]
Tc phn ng nghch: v
n
= k
2
[C] [D]
Trong qu trnh phn ng, tc phn ng thun gim dn, cn tc phn ng
nghch tng dn. Khi v
t
= v
n
th ngi ta ni phn ng t ti trng thi cn bng:
k
1
[A]' [B]' = k
2
[C]' [D]'
T rt ra:
K
c
=
]' B [ ]' A [
]' D [ ]' C [
k
k
2
1
= (6)
Nh vy K l t s gia tch s nng cc cht sn phm phn ng v tch s nng
cc cht tham gia phn ng, n c gi l hng s cn bng ca phn ng.
K l i lng c trng cho mt cn bng, K c gi tr cng ln chng t cn bng
chuyn nhiu hn theo chiu thun.
5.2. Nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng L Satlie
"Khi mt trong nhng iu kin tn ti ca cn bng nh: nng , nhit , p
sut b thay i th cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu chng li tc dng thay i ".
V d 1: FeCl
3
+ 3KSCN Fe(SCN)
3
+ 3KCl
vng nht m
Khi cn bng c thit lp nu ta thm vo h mt t tinh th KCl s nhn thy
mu nht i. iu chng t cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch tc l chiu lm
gim bt nng KCl. Ngc li, mu s m ln nu ta thm KSCN hay FeCl
3
, chng
t cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun lm gim nng cc cht thm vo.
V d 2: N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
+ Q
Phn ng theo chiu thun ta nhit lm cho h nng ln ng thi li to ra t s phn
t hn do lm gim p sut trong h. V vy nu gim nhit (lm lnh h phn ng) th
cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu thun l chiu ta nhit. Nu tng p sut (v d bng
cch nn h) th cn bng s phi chuyn dch theo to ra t s phn t hn, tc l chiu
thun.
Trong tng hp amoniac, tng hiu sut ca phn ng,ngi ta thng thc hin
p sut rt cao v nhit tng i thp.
6. Cc phn ng phc tp
Cc phn ng phc tp l cc phn ng din ra qua nhiu giai on hay gm nhiu
phn ng thnh phn (hay phn ng c s).
6.1. Phn ng thun nghch
Gm hai phn ng thnh phn: phn ng thun v phn ng nghch
V d: A + B C + D
H
2
+ I
2
2HI
Bi 4: ng ha hc

35
Khi v
t
= v
n
phn ng thun nghch t ti trng thi cn bng.
trng thi cn bng, nng cc cht khng thay i.
6.2. Phn ng ni tip
Phn ng din ra theo nhng giai on ni tip.
Phn ng ni tip c dng:
A
1
k
B
2
k
C
Trong B l sn phm trung gian.
V d: Phn ng thy phn trisacarit C
18
H
32
O
16

C
18
H
32
O
16
+ H
2
O C
12
H
22
O
11
+ C
6
H
12
O
6
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O C
6
H
12
O
6
+ C
6
H
12
O
6

glucoza fructoza
Tc ca phn ng ni tip l tc ca phn ng no chm nht trong cc phn
ng thnh phn.
6.3. Phn ng dy chuyn
Phn ng dy chuyn c lin quan n s xut hin cc gc t do. Gc t do l nhng
nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t c electron cha cp i, v d: H
, Cl
, OH
, CH
3
, C
6
H
5
,...
V vy ngi ta cn gi cc phn ng dy chuyn l cc phn ng gc t do.
V d: Phn ng gia hidro v clo di tc dng ca nh sng trc tip:
H
2
+ Cl
2

as
2HCl
Cl
2
+ hv 2Cl

Cl
+ H
2
HCl + H
+ Cl
2
HCl + Cl

Cl
+ H
2
HCl + H

Mt phn ng gc t do thng c ba giai on: khi mo, pht trin mch, ngt mch
hay dp tt.
Giai on ngt mch l kt qu phn ng gia cc gc t do.
H
+ H
H
2

Cl
+ Cl
Cl
2

H
+ Cl
HCl
6.4. Phn ng song song
T nhng cht ban u phn ng din ra theo mt s hng to ra nhng sn phm
khc nhau.
Giai on khi mo
Giai on
pht trin mch
Giai on
dp tt
Bi 4: ng ha hc

36

V d: Khi nitro ha phenol, ta thu c ng thi ba sn phm khc nhau: orto-, para
v meta - nitrophenol.

6.5. Phn ng lin hp hay phn ng km nhau
A + B C + D (1) Phn ng sinh nng lng, t xy ra c
E + F G + H (2) Phn ng cn nng lng, khng t xy ra
Phn ng (1) c gi l lin hp vi phn ng (2) v khi tin hnh n cung cp
nng lng lm cho phn ng (2) cng xy ra c.
V d: S tng hp glucoza-6-photphat (G
6
P) trong c th c thc hin do lin hp
gia hai phn ng:
Acginin photphat + H
2
O Acginin + H
3
PO
4
sinh nng lng
Glucoza + H
3
PO
4
G
6
P + H
2
O cn nng lng
Khi lin hp, phn ng tng cng s l:
Acginin photphat + Glucoza G
6
P + Acginin
Cu hi v bi tp:
5.1. Nng cc cht phn ng nh hng n tc phn ng nh th no? Hy pht
biu v vit biu thc ca nh lut tc dng khi lng. Bc phn ng l g?
5.2. Phn bit bc phn ng v phn t s ca phn ng.
5.3. Phn ng 2NO + O
2
2NO
2
l mt phn ng n gin. Tc phn ng thay i nh
th no khi: Tng nng O
2
ln 4 ln.
5.4. Nhit nh hng nh th no n tc phn ng, th hin qua biu thc v qui tc
no?
5.5. Mt phn ng c h s nhit = 3,1. Hi khi tng nhit thm 40
o
, tc phn
ng tng ln bao nhiu ln?
Bi 4: ng ha hc

37
5.6. H s nhit ca mt phn ng bng 3. Hi phi tng nhit ln bao nhiu
tc phn ng tng ln 243 ln?
5.7. Trnh by ni dung c bn ca thuyt hot ha. Nng lng hot ha ca mt phn
ng l g?
5.8. Ti sao s c mt ca cht xc tc li lm tng tc phn ng. V v gii thch gin
nng lng ca phn ng khi c v khng c mt cht xc tc.
5.9. Hng s cn bng ca mt phn ng l g? Hy pht biu v minh ha nguyn l
chuyn dch cn bng qua cc v d.
5.10. Cc cn bng sau y chuyn dch th no khi tng nhit , tng p sut:
a) N
2
+ O
2
2NO - Q
b) 2CO + 2H
2
CH
4
+ CO
2
+ Q
c) CaO + CO
2
CaCO
3
+ Q
d) N
2
O
4
2NO
2
- Q
5.11. Th no l phn ng thun nghch, phn ng ni tip? Cho v d.
5.12. Cho v d v phn ng dy chuyn. Nhng giai on c bn ca mt phn ng dy
chuyn.
Bi 5: i cng v dung dch

38
BI 5: I CNG V DUNG DCH
* Cc h phn tn v dung dch:
H phn tn l nhng h trong c t nht mt cht phn b (gi l cht phn tn)
vo mt cht khc (gi l mi trng phn tn) di dng nhng ht c kch thc nh b.
Da vo kch thc ht, ngi ta chia thnh:
- H phn tn phn t - ion hay cn gi l dung dch thc. V d dung dch mui axit,
baz... Kch thc ht y < 1 nm.
- H phn tn keo hay cn gi l dung dch keo. V d gelatin, h tinh bt, keo axit
silixic... c kch thc ht t 1 - 100 nm.
- H phn tn th c hai dng l huyn ph v nh tng. V d nc sng cha nhng
ht ph sa: sa... Kch thc ht ca nhng h ny > 100 nm.
Trong chng ny chng ta cp n dung dch phn t v nhng tnh cht chung
ca chng.
1. nh ngha v phn loi dung dch
Dung dch l mt h ng nht ca hai hay nhiu cht c t l khc nhau thay i
trong mt phm vi rng.
T nh ngha c th c:
- Dung dch rn, v d cc hp kim.
- Dung dch kh, v d khng kh.
- Dung dch lng, v d dung dch ca cc cht rn (ng, NaCl...), kh (O
2
, NH
3
...),
lng (C
2
H
5
OH, benzen...) trong nc.
Cc nh ha hc v sinh hc thng tip xc vi cc dung dch lng m cht lng
y thng l nc. Trong cc dung dch ny, nc l mi trng phn tn c gi l dung
mi, cc cht phn tn gi l cc cht tan.
Theo bn cht ca cht tan, ngi ta phn chia thnh:
- Dung dch khng in li: Cht tan c mt trong dung dch di dng phn t. V d
dung dch ng, C
2
H
5
OH, O
2
trong nc.
- Dung dch in li: Trong dung dch c mt c phn t v ion. V d dung dch ca
cc mui, axit, baz... trong nc.
2. Nng dung dch
Nng dung dch l i lng biu th cht tan trong dung dch.
C mt s cch biu th nng ty thuc vo mc ch s dng.
2.1. Nng phn trm.
K hiu %

39
Nng phn trm biu th bng s gam cht tan trong 100 gam dung dch.
V d: Dung dch huyt thanh ngt l dung dch glucoza 5% (5 gam glucoza ha tan
trong 95 gam nc).
2.2. Nng mol hay mol/lt.
K hiu M
Nng mol c biu th bng s mol cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch.
V d: Dung dch NaOH 0,1 M l dung dch c 4 gam NaOH trong 1 lt dung dch.
Mun c dung dch ny, ngi ta phi cn chnh xc 4 gam NaOH v thm nc n th tch
cui cng l 1 lt.
2.3. Nng ng lng.
K hiu N
Nng ng lng c biu th bng s ng lng gam cht tan trong 1 lt
dung dch.
ng lng gam ca mt cht l lng cht tnh bng gam khi phn ng
tng ng (kt hp hay thay th) 1 nguyn t gam hidro (1,008 gam).
ng lng gam ca mt cht ph thuc vo phn ng m n tham gia vo.
* ng lng gam ca n cht
V d 1: Trong phn ng
H
2
+ 1/2 O
2
= H
2
O
16 gam oxi kt hp vi 2 nguyn t gam hidro. Vy ng lng gam ca oxi (
2
O
E )
l 16/2 = 8 gam.
V d 2: Trong phn ng:
Mg + 2HCl = H
2
+ MgCl
2

24 gam Mg thay th 2 nguyn t gam hidro. Vy E
Mg
= 24/2 = 12 gam
Nh vy: ng lng gam ca mt n cht bng nguyn t gam ca n chia cho
ha tr.
Lu : i vi nhng nguyn t c nhiu ha tr th ng lng gam ca n c th
khc nhau.
V d: Trong cc phn ng sau y:
Fe + 1/2 O
2
= FeO E
Fe
= 56 g/2
2Fe + 3/2O
2
= Fe
2
O
3
E
Fe
= 56 g/3
* ng lng gam ca hp cht tham gia phn ng trao i:
V d 1: Trong phn ng:
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H
2
O
40 g NaOH phn ng tng ng vi 1 phn t HCl (36,5 g) tc l tng ng vi 1
nguyn t gam hidro. V vy E
NaOH
= 40g/l v E
HCl
= 36,5 g/l.

40
V d 2: Trong phn ng
3NaOH + H
3
PO
4
= Na
3
PO
4
+ 3H
2
O
1 phn t gam H
3
PO
4
khi phn ng tng ng vi 2 nguyn t gam hidro:
2 / M E
4 3 4 3
PO H PO H
=
Nh vy: ng lng gam ca mt cht trong phn ng trao i bng phn t
gam chia cho s in tch dng hay m m mt phn t cht trao i.
* ng lng gam ca hp cht tham gia phn ng oxi - ha kh
V d: Trong phn ng:
KMnO
4
+ FeSO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
MnSO
4
+ Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
Mt phn t gam KMnO
4
nhn 5 mol electron (tng ng vi 5 nguyn t gam hidro). V
vy 5 / M E
4 4
KMnO KMnO
= . Tng t 1 / M E
4 4
FeSO FeSO
= .
Nh vy: ng lng gam ca mt cht trong phn ng oxi - ha kh bng phn
t gam ca cht chia cho s electron m mt phn t cht cho hoc nhn.
V d: Tnh ng lng gam ca axit oxalic trong cc phn ng sau y v cho bit
mun pha c dung dch 0,1N ca axit ny cn phi tin hnh nh th no?
H
2
C
2
O
4
+ 2NaOH = Na
2
C
2
O
4
+ 2H
2
O (1)
H
2
C
2
O
4
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
CO
2
+ MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O (2)
Gii: Trong phn ng (1) H
2
C
2
O
4
trao i 2 in tch dng (2H
+
) hay 2 in tch m
(C
2
O
4
2-
). V vy 2 / M E
4 2 4
SO H SO
2
H
=
Trong phn ng (2) mt phn t H
2
C
2
O
4

cho i 2e (2C
+3
C
+4
). V vy ng lng
gam ca H
2
C
2
O
4
trong phn ng ny cng bng M/2.
Mun pha dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
0,1 N ta phi cn chnh xc 4,5 gam H
2
C
2
O
4
v thm
nc n th tch 1 lt.
Nng ng lng gam c s dng rng ri trong ha hc, c bit trong ha
hc phn tch.
T nh ngha v ng lng gam c th suy ra rng: Khi hai cht phn ng va
vi nhau th s ng lng gam phn ng ca cht ny ng bng s ng lng gam
phn ng ca cht kia.
V d: Nu V
A
lt dung dch cht A nng N
A
phn ng va vi V
B
lt dung dch
cht B c nng N
B
. Khi ta c:
V
A
. N
A
= V
B
. N
B

l biu thc ca nh lut ng lng: "Cc cht ha hc (n cht hay hp
cht phn ng vi nhau theo cng s ng lng gam" c s dng trong ha hc phn
tch xc nh nng ca cht tan trong dung dch.
2.4. Nng molan.
K hiu m

41
Nng molan biu th s mol cht tan trong 1000 gam dung mi.
V d: Dung dch glucoza 0,5 m l dung dch gm 90 gam glucoza trong 1000 gam
nc.
2.5. Nng phn mol hay nng mol ring phn
Nng phn mol ca mt cht i no c tnh bng t s s mol ca cht v
tng s s mol ca tt c cc cht to nn dung dch:
N
i
=
i
i
n
n

N
i
: nng phn mol ca cht i
n
i
: s mol cht i
n
i
: tng s mol ca cc cht to nn dung dch
3. p sut thm thu ca dung dch
3.1. Hin tng thm thu
Hai nhnh A v B ca mt ng hnh ch U c ngn cch bng mt mng thm thu
tc l mng c kch thc cc l ch cho cc phn t dung mi i qua cn cc tiu phn cht
tan b gi li (hnh 1).

Hnh 1
Bn nhnh A cha mt dung dch ng bn nhnh B cha nc nguyn cht (hay
mt dung dch ng c nng nh hn nng dung dch nhnh A). Sau mt thi gian
nht nh, nhn thy mc cht lng trong nhnh A nng ln mt cao h no , cn mc
cht lng trong nhnh B b h thp xung. iu chng t c nhng phn t dung mi
t nhnh B chuyn sang nhnh A.
Hin tng cc phn t dung mi khuch tn mt chiu qua mng thm thu t dung
mi sang dung dch (hoc t dung dch c nng thp sang dung dch c nng cao hn)
c gi l hin tng thm thu.
3.2. p sut thm thu - nh lut Van Hp, 1887 (Vant' Hoff - H Lan)
p sut thm thu l p sut gy nn bi hin tng thm thu. V ln n c gi tr
bng p sut gy nn bi ct nc c chiu cao h trong th nghim trn hoc bng p sut
cn t ln dung dch lm ngng hin tng thm thu.

42
p sut thm thu (thng k hiu ) ph thuc vo nng v nhit ca dung
dch theo nh lut Van Hp:
p sut thm thu ca mt dung dch t l thun vi nng v nhit ca dung
dch.
= R . C . T
R: hng s kh l tng, bng 0,082 lt.at/mol/K
C: nng mol/lt ca dung dch
T: nhit tuyt i ca dung dch
Hin tng thm thu c ngha sinh hc rt quan trng v mng ca cc t bo l cc
mng thm thu.
- Nh c hin tng thm thu nc c vn chuyn t r cy ln ngn.
4. Nhit si v nhit ng ca dung dch
4.1. p sut hi ca dung dch
- p sut hi ca mt cht lng l p sut gy nn bi nhng phn t ca n trn mt
thong ca cht lng.
- p sut hi bo ha l p sut to ra trn mt thong khi qu trnh bay hi t ti
trng thi cn bng.
- p sut hi tng khi tng nhit ca cht lng.
- cng mt nhit , p sut hi hay p sut hi bo ha ca dung dch lun lun
nh hn p sut ca dung mi nguyn cht do trn mt thong ca dung dch c cc tiu
phn cht tan n ng (hnh 2)

Hnh 2
4.2. Nhit si ca dung dch
Mt cht lng s si khi p sut hi bo ha ca n bng p sut kh quyn. V d
nc si 100
o
C v nhit ny p sut hi ca n bng p sut 1 at. Trong khi t
c p sut 1 at, cn phi tng nhit ca dung dch hn 100
o
C.

43
Tm li: Mt dung dch s si nhit cao hn nhit si ca dung mi. Nng
dung dch cng ln th nhit si ca n cng cao. Hiu nhit si ca dung dch v
dung mi c gi l tng im si ca dung dch, k hiu T
S
.
4.3. Nhit ng c ca dung dch
Mt cht lng s ng c nhit ti p sut hi bo ha trn pha lng bng p
sut hi bo ha ha trn pha rn. Trn hnh 2 ng biu din bin i p sut hi bo ha
trn pha rn (on OA) ct ng p sut hi trn dung dch im tng ng vi nhit
thp hn 0
o
C.
Tm li: Mt dung dch s ng c nhit thp hn nhit ng c ca dung
mi. Nng dung dch cng ln th nhit ng ca n cng thp. Hiu nhit ng ca
dung mi v dung dch c gi l h im ng ca dung dch, k hiu T
d
.
4.4. nh lut Raun, 1886 (Raoult - Php)
tng im si hay h im ng ca dung dch t l thun vi nng molan
ca dung dch.
T
S
= k
S
. C
m
T
d
= k
d
. C
m

k
s
v k
d
tng ng c gi l hng s nghim si v hng s nghim ng ca dung
mi. N l nhng i lng c trng i vi mt dung mi nht nh.
Bng 1. Nhit si v nhit ng ca mt s dung mi
Dung mi T
s

o
C k
s
T
d

o
C k
d
H
2
O 100 0,52 0 1,86
C
6
H
6
80 2,57 5,5 5,12
C
2
H
5
OH 79 1,19
C
6
H
5
OH 3,04 40 7,27
C
6
H
12
81 2,79 6,5 2,02

Da vo nh lut Raun v bng thc nghim xc nh h im ng (phng php
nghim ng) hay tng im si (phng php nghim si) ca dung dch, ngi ta c th
tm c phn t gam ca mt cht tan nht nh.
V d: Ha tan 10 gam cht A trong 100 gam nc. Dung dch nhn c ng c
nhit -2,12
o
C. Tnh phn t gam ca cht A.
Gii: T
d
= 0 - (- 2,12) = 2,12
o

m =
A A
M
100
100
1000
M
10
=

44
2,12 = 1,86
A
M
100

T : M
A
= 92 gam
5. p sut thm thu, nhit si v nhit ng ca dung dch in li
nh lut Van Hp v Raun ch p dng ng cho cc dung dch long (tng tc ca
cc tiu phn cht tan khng ng k) ca cc cht khng bay hi, khng in li (s tiu
phn chnh bng s phn t cht tan).
i vi dung dch cht in li th s tiu phn trong dung dch (gm cc phn t v
ion) s ln hn s tiu phn trong dung dch cht khng in li c cng nng mol. Trong
khi cc tnh cht nh: p sut thm thu, tng im si hay h im ng li ch
ph thuc vo nng tiu phn trong dung dch. Do cc i lng ny thc t o c
ln hn so vi tnh ton theo cng thc ca Van Hp v Raun. c th p dng c cho
c dung dch in li, Van Hp a thm vo cc cng thc mt h s b sung i gi l h
s ng trng. Khi :
= i . RCT
T
s
= i. k
s
. m
T
d
= i. k
d
. m
Nh vy, v ngha th i cho bit s tiu phn cht tan ln hn s phn t bao nhiu
ln. i vi dung dch khng in li th i = 0, cn i vi dung dch in li th i > 1. V d
trong nhng iu kin l tng th dung dch NaCl c i = 2, cn dung dch Na
2
SO
4
c i = 3
v mi phn t ny c th cho ti a 2 v 3 tiu phn l cc ion.
xc nh i, ngi ta o p sut thm thu hoc tng im si, h im ng
ca dung dch ri so snh chng vi cc gi tr tnh ton theo cc cng thc ca nh lut
Van Hp v Raun.
Cu hi v bi tp:
1. nh ngha cc nng : phn trm (%), mol (M), molan (m), ng lng gam (N).
2. Nu qui tc tnh ng lng gam ca mt cht trong phn ng trao i, phn ng oxi -
ha kh.
3. Pht biu nh lut ng lng v nu ng dng ca nh lut trong tnh ton ca
phn tch th tch.
4. Trnh by hin tng thm thu. Pht biu nh lut Van Hp v p sut thm thu.
5. p sut hi trn dung dch, nhit si v nhit ng c ca dung dch.
6. nh lut Raun v cc phng php nghim si v nghim lnh.
7. Dung dch trongnc ca cht A 0,184 gam trong 100 ml dung dch c p sut thm
thu 560 mmHg 30
o
C. Tnh khi lng phn t cht A.
8. Dung dch trong nc ca cht B 3 gam trong 250 ml dung dch 12
o
C c p sut 0,82
at. Tnh khi lng phn t ca B.

45
9. Tnh nhit si v nhit ng c ca dung dch 9 gam glucoza trong 100 gam
nc.
10. Dung dch glixerin 1,38 gam trong 100 gam nc ng c -0,279
o
C. Tnh khi lng
phn t ca glixerin.
11. Nhit ng c ca dung dch cha 0,244 gam axit benzoic trong 20 gam benzen l
5,232
o
C. Xc nh dng t hp phn t ca n trong benzen. Bit rng benzen ng c
5,478
o
C. k
d
ca benzen l 4,9.

Bi 6: Dung dch cc cht in li

46
BI 6: DUNG DCH CC CHT IN LI
1. Mt s khi nim v i lng v dung dch cht in li
1.1. Thuyt in li. Arniux - 1884 (Arrehnius - Thy in)
Nhng cht trng thi ha tan hay nng chy c kh nng dn in c gi l
cc cht in li. Trong nc cht in li phn li thnh cc ion dng v m.
Ty thuc vo kh nng phn li ca cc cht in li trong dung dch, ngi ta phn
chia chng thnh cc cht in li yu v cht in li mnh.
* Cht in li mnh l nhng cht c kh nng phn li hon ton thnh cc ion trong
dung dch, thng l nhng hp cht c lin kt ion hay lin kt cng phn cc mnh.
V d:
- Tt c cc mui v c v hu ht cc mui hu c nh:
KNO
3
K
+
+ NO
3
-

NaCH
3
COO Na
+
+ CH
3
COO
-

RNH
3
Cl RNH
3
+
+ Cl
-

- Mt s axit, baz v c mnh nh:
H
2
SO
4
2H
+
+ SO
4
2-

NaOH Na
+
+ OH
-

* Cht in li yu l nhng cht phn li khng hon ton trong dung dch, thng l
nhng cht c lin kt cng phn cc yu hay lin kt cho nhn.
V d:
- Mt s axit v baz v c yu nh:
HNO
2
H
+
+ NO
2
-

H
2
CO
3
H
+
+ HCO
3
-

NH
4
OH NH
4
+
+ OH
-

- Hu ht cc axit baz hu c nh:
CH
3
COOH H
+
+ CH
3
COO
-

R-NH
2
+ H
2
O R-NH
3
+ OH
-

- Cc ion phc nh:
[Fe(CN)
6
]
4-
Fe
2+
+ 6CN
-

1.2. Hng s in li
i vi cht in li yu, qu trnh in li ca chng trong dung dch thc cht l mt
qu trnh thun nghch, ngha l trong dung dch c cn bng ng gia cc phn t v cc
ion phn li ra:

47
AB A
+
+ B
-

Hng s cn bng ca qu trnh phn li mt cht in li yu:
K =
] AB [
] B ][ A [
+

c gi l hng s in li, k hiu l K.
K l i lng c trng cho cc cht in li yu, n ph thuc vo bn cht cht in li,
nhit v dung mi, K cng ln th kh nng phn li cng nhiu.
Nu AB l mt axit yu th K c gi l hng s in li ca axit, k hiu K
a
.
V d:
CH
3
COOH H
+
+ CH
3
COO
-

K
a
=
] COOH CH [
] COO CH ][ H [
3
3
+

Nu AB l mt baz yu th K c gi l hng s in li ca baz, k hiu K
b
.
V d:
R-NH
2
+ H
2
O R-NH
3
+ OH
-

K
b
=
] RNH [
] OH ][ RNH [
2
3

Nu AB l mt ion phc th K c gi l hng s khng bn, k hiu K
kb
.
V d:
[Fe(CN)
6
]
4-
Fe
2+
+ 6CN
-
K
kb
=
+
4
6
6 2
] ) CN ( Fe [
] CN ][ Fe [

Trong tnh ton ngi ta s dng i lng pK vi qui c pK = -lgK. Nh vy, tng
ng ta s c pK
a
, pK
b
, pK
kb
... Mt cht in li c pK cng nh th c kh nng in li cng
mnh trong dung dch.
1.3. in li
Kh nng phn li ca cc cht in li trong dung dch cn c nh gi qua mt i
lng gi l in li ca dung dch, k hiu l .
in li l t s gia s phn t phn li thnh ion n v tng s phn t ha tan
n
0
.
=
0
n
n

in li c biu din bng phn trm (%).

48
V d: Dung dch HF trong nc nng 0,1M 25oC c = 0,09 hay 9%. iu c
ngha l c ha tan 100 phn t th c 9 phn t phn li thnh ion.
i vi dung dch cc cht khng in li, v d: ng... th = 0.
i vi dung dch cc cht in li mnh, phn li hon ton th = 1.
Nh vy in li c th c gi tr 0 1.
Tuy nhin trong thc t khi xc nh in li (v d bng phng php o dn
in) ca dung dch nhng cht in li mnh, v d: HCl, NaOH, K
2
SO
4
,... th thng < 1
(n ch = 1 khi dung dch c pha long v cng). S d nh vy l v nhng dung dch
c nng cao xy ra tng tc tnh in gia cc ion hoc s t hp gia cc ion vi phn
t.
K ch ph thuc vo bn cht dung mi v nhit , trong khi cn ph thuc vo
c nng . Nh vy K c trng cho kh nng in li ca mt cht in li yu, cn c
trng cho kh nng in li ca mt dung dch in li ni chung.
Gia K ca mt cht in li yu v c mi tng quan nh sau:
Nu AB l cht in li yu c hng s in li K, trong dung dch c cn bng:
AB A
+
+ B
-
Gi nng ban u ca AB l C, in li ca n nng ny l .
Sau khi cn bng in li c thit lp c [A
+
] = [B
-
] = C v [AB] = C-C
Theo nh ngha:
K =

=

=
+
1
C
) 1 ( C
C C
] AB [
] B ][ A [
2

Khi << 1 ( < 0,1) c th coi 1 - 1, khi ta c biu thc n gin hn:

C
K

Cc biu thc trn cho php tnh hng s K khi bit in li mt nng xc
nh v ngc li.
V d 1: Tnh hng s in li ca CH
3
COOH bit rng dung dch 0,1M c in li
0,0132
K =
0132 , 0 1
10 ) 0132 , 0 (
1 2
= 1,76 . 10
5

V d 2: Hng s in li ca HNO
2
= 5.10
-4
. Hi dung dch c nng bao nhiu
in li bng 20%
C =
2
4
2
) 2 , 0 (
10 . 5 K

=
= 1,25 . 10
2
M

49
Biu thc cho thy: in li t l nghch vi cn bc 2 ca nng cht in li.
l ni dung ca nh lut pha long Oxvan.
Khi nng gim, ngha l khi pha long th in li ca dung dch tng ln.
1.4. S in li ca nc - Tch s ion ca nc - pH
Nc l cht in li rt yu.
H
2
O H
+
+ OH
-
hng s in li ca nc 20
o
C:
K =
] O H [
] OH ][ H [
2
+
= 1,8 . 10
-16
[H
2
O] 55,5 mol/l
T : K
n
= [H
+
] [OH
-
] = 55,5.1,8.10
-16
= 10
-14
gi l tch s ion ca nc.
Nh vy trong nc [H
+
] = [OH
-
] = 10
-7
mol/l.
Trong dung dch nc, bt k nng ion H
+
hay OH
-
c th thay i nhng tch s
nng ca chng lun lun bng 10
-14
mol/l.
c trng cho axit, baz hay trung tnh ca mt dung dch, ngi ta s dng mt
i lng gi l pH
pH = -lg [H
+
]
Nc nguyn cht c [H
+
] = 10
-7
pH = 7
Dung dch axit c [H
+
] > 10
-7
pH < 7
Dung dch baz c [OH
-
] > 10
-7
pH > 7
1.5. Cht ch th pH
Cc cht ch th pH l cc cht c mu sc thay i ph thuc vo pH. chng thng l
axit hay baz hu c yu m dng phn t v dng ion c mu khc nhau.
V d:
Mt cht ch th pH l axit th trong dung dch c cn bng phn li:
HInd H
+
+ Ind
-

Mu dng axit Mu dng baz pH chuyn mu
Phenolphtalein khng mu hng 8 - 10
Qu tm hng xanh 5 - 8
Metyl hng vng 4,4 - 6,2
Metyl da cam da cam vng 3,1 - 4,5

i lng c trng i vi mi cht ch th pH l khong chuyn mu ca cht ch
th. l khong pH m cht ch th bt u chuyn t mt mu ny sang hon ton mt
mu khc (t mu dng axit sang mu dng baz).

50
V d: Vi metyl th pH < 4,4 c mu hng (mu dng axit).
4,4 < pH < 6,2 mu hng chuyn dn sang vng
pH > 6,2 c mu vng (mu dng baz)
S dng cht ch th pH thch hp c th nh gi s b pH ca mt dung dch trong
khong no.
V d:
- Nu nh phenolphtalein vo mt dung dch thy xut hin mu hng th chng t
dung dch c pH > 8.
- Nu nh metyl vo mt dung dch thy xut hin mu hng th dung dch c pH <
4,4. Nu c mu vng th pH ca dung dch ln hn 6,2.
xc nh pH bng cc cht ch th mu pH mt cch chnh xc hn, ngi ta thng
dng dung dch ch th tng hp. l mt dung dch cha nhiu cht ch th pH c cc
khong chuyn mu khc nhau v do n s c mu xc nh ti mt pH xc nh. Tng
t, ngi ta cng dng giy o pH. l giy c tm ch th tng hp.
2. Axit v baz
2.1. Thuyt proton v axit - baz. Bronstet, 1923 (Bronsted - an Mch)
Theo Bronstet: axit l cht c kh nng nhng proton, baz l cht c kh nng
nhn proton:
CH
3
COOH H
+
+ CH
3
COO
-

NH
4
+
H
+
+ NH
3

R-NH
3
+
H
+
+ R-NH
2

hay tng qut ta c:
HA H
+
+ A
Mt axit HA khi phn li cho ra proton v mt baz A
-
.
HA/A c gi l mt cp axit - baz lin hp.
2.2. Thuyt electron v axit - baz ca Liuyt (Lewis)
Axit l cht c kh nng nhn cp electron, cn baz l cht c kh nng cho cp
electron.
H
+
(HCl) OH
-
(NaOH)
H
+
: O: H
:
H
N
H
R + H
+
R-NH
3
+

Theo nh ngha ca Lewis th nhng phn ng khng c s trao i proton cng thuc
loi phn ng axit - baz.
V d:

51

F
B
F
F + H
H
N
H
:
F
B
F
F H
H
N
H

Thuyt Lewis thng c s dng trong ha hc hu c.
2.3. S in li ca axit v baz trong nc
HCl H
+
+ Cl
-

CH
3
COOH H
+
+ CH
3
COO
-

V ion H
+
c th tch nh nn mt in tch ln do n c th tham gia vo tng
tc vi cc phn t nc to ra ion hidroxoni H
3
O
+
. V vy phn ng phn li ca axit thc
cht l phn ng ca n vi nc.
HCl + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ Cl
-

CH
3
COOH + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ CH
3
COO
-

HA + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ A
-
Tuy nhin n gin, ngi ta vn vit:
HA H
+
+ A
-

v hng s in li vn c tnh bng biu thc: K
a
=
] HA [
] A ][ H [
+

Tng t nh vy, s in li ca mt baz l phn ng ca n vi nc to ra ion
OH
-
.
V d:
NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
+ OH
-

CH
3
COO
-
+ H
2
O CH
3
COOH + OH
-

v hng s in li c tnh bng biu thc: K
b
=
] NH [
] OH ][ NH [
3
4
+

thun li, ngi ta cn dng i lng pK
a
v pK
b
vi qui c:
pK
a
= -lgK
a
v pK
b
= -lgK
b

Gia K
a
v K
b
(hay pK
a
v pK
b
) ca mt cp axit - baz lin hp c mi lin h sau
y:
K
a
. K
b
= K
n

pK
a
+ pK
b
= pK
n
= 14
V d:
i vi cp: CH
3
COOH/CH
3
COO
-

S in li ca axit CH
3
COOH CH
3
COOH + OH
-


52
K
a
=
] COOH CH [
] COO CH ][ H [
3
3
+

S in li ca baz lin hp: CH
3
COO
-
+ H
2
O CH
3
COOH + OH
-

K
b
=
] COO CH [
] COOH CH ][ OH [
3
3

T K
a
. K
b
= [H
+
] [OH
-
] = K
a
hay pK
a
+ pK
b
= pK
n
= 14
Ch : i vi mt cp axit - baz lin hp dng axit cng mnh th dng baz lin
hp cng yu.

53
Bng 1. Hng s in li (K
a
) v pK
a
ca mt s axit yu
Tn axit Cng thc phn t K
a
pK
a

A. Oxalic HOOC-COOH 7,5 . 10
-2
5,4 . 10
-5

1,27
4,27
A. Photphoric H
3
PO
4
7,5 . 10
-3
6,2 . 10
-8
2,2 . 10
-2

2,13
7,21
11,66
A. Malonic HOOCCH
2
COOH 1,5 . 10
-3
2,0 . 10
-6

2,83
5,70
A. Salixilic O-HOC
6
H
4
COOH 1,0 . 10
-3
3,00
A. Fumaric HOOCCH=CHCOOH 9,0 . 10
-4
3,0 . 10
-5

3,05
5,52
A. Xitric CH
2
COHCH
2
(COOH)
3
8,0 . 10
-4

2,0 . 10
-5

4,0 . 10
-6

3,10
4,70
6,39
A. Flohidric HF 6,5 . 10
-4
3,19
A. Nitr HNO
2
4,5 . 10
-4
3,35
A. Malie HOOCCHOHCOOH 4,0 . 10
-4

8,0 . 10
-6

4,39
5,10
A. Fomic HCOOH 1,8 . 10
-4
3,74
A. Lactic CH
3
CHOHCOOH 1,4 . 10
-4
3,86
A. Benzoic C
6
H
5
COOH 6,5 . 10
-5
4,19
A. Xucxinic HOOC(CH
2
)
2
COOH 6,3 . 10
-5

2,4 . 10
-6

4,20
5,63
A. Acrilic CH
2
=CHCOOH 5,5 . 10
-5
4,26
A. Axetic CH
3
COOH 1,8 . 10
-5
4,76
A. Kaproic CH
3
(CH
2
)
4
COOH 1,6 . 10
-5
4,81
A. Butiric CH
3
(CH
2
)
2
COOH 1,5 . 10
-5
4,82
A. Izobutiric CH
3
CH
3
CHCOOH 1,4 . 10
-5
4,85
A. Propionic CH
3
CH
2
COOH 1,4 . 10
-5
4,85
A. Cacbonic H
2
CO
3
4,3 . 10
-7
5,6 . 10
-11

6,37
10,26
A. Sunfuhidric H
2
S 1,1 . 10
-7

1,0 . 10
-14

6,96
14,00
A. Hipoclor HClO 3,1 . 10
-8
7,51
A. Xianhidric HCN 4,9 . 10
-10
9,31
A. Phenic C
6
H
5
OH 1,0 . 10
-10
10,00

54
Bng 2. Hng s in li (K
b
) v pK
b
ca mt s baz yu
Tn baz Cng thc phn t K
b
pK
b

Dietylamin (C
2
H
5
)
2
NH 9,6 . 10
-4
3,02
Etylamin C
2
H
5
NH
2
5,6. 10
-4
3,25
n-Butylamin CH
3
(CH
2
)
3
NHS 4,1. 10
-4
3,39
Metylamin CH
3
NH
2
3,7. 10
-4
3,43
Amoniac NH
3
1,8. 10
-5
4,74
Hidrazin H
2
N-NH
2
1,7. 10
-6
5,77
Tris 1,2. 10
-6
5,92
Hidroxylamin H
2
NOH 1,1. 10
-8
7,97
Piridin C
5
H
5
NH 1,7. 10
-9
8,77
Anilin C
6
H
5
NH
2
3,8. 10
-10
9,42
Ure (NH
2
)
2
CO 1,5. 10
-14
13,82

2.4. pH ca dung dch axit mnh, baz mnh
* Axit mnh phn li hon ton trong dung dch:
H
n
A NH
+
+ A
n-

C
a
[H
+
] = n.C
a

pH = -lg [H
+
] = -lg n.Ca
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,05M:
pH = -lg 2.0,05 = 1
* Baz mnh phn li hon ton trong dung dch:
B(OH)
n
nOH
-
+ B
n+

C
b
[OH
-
] = n.C
b

[H
+
] =
b
14
n
C . n
10
] OH [
K

=
pH = -lg
b
14
C . n
10
= 14 + lg n.C
b

V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,01M
pH = 14 + lg 2.0,01 = 12,3
2.5. pH ca dung dch axit yu
Trong dung dch axit yu phn li theo phng trnh:

55
HA H
+
+ A
-

C
a
[H
+
] = ?
K
a
=
] HA [
] A ][ H [
+

Lu rng [H
+
] = [A
-
], [HA] = C
a
- [H
+
].
Thay vo biu thc K
a
:
K
a
=
] H [ C
] H [
a
2
+
+

Gii phng trnh bc hai ny ta c [H
+
] v tnh c pH.
Kinh nghim cho thy khi C
a
khng qu nh (khng nh hn 0,01) v K
a
khng qu
ln (khng ln hn 10
-4
) th c th coi C
a
- [H
+
] C
a
.
T : [H
+
] = (K
a
. C
a
)
1/2

pH = - lg [H
+
] =
2
1
(-lgK
a
- lgC
a
)
pH =
2
1
(pK
a
- lgC
a
)
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch axit axetic 0,01M bit pK
a
= 4,7
pH =
2
1
(4,76 - lg10
-2
) = 3,88
2.6. pH ca dung dch baz yu
Trong dung dch, baz yu phn li theo phng trnh:
B + H
2
O BH
+
+ OH
-

C
b
[OH
-
] = ? [H
+
] = ?
K
b
=
] B [
] OH ][ BH [
+

Lu rng [BH
+
] = [OH
-
], [B] = C
b
- [OH
-
].
Thay vo biu thc K
b
:
K
a
=
] OH [ C
] OH [
b
2

Gii phng trnh bc hai ny ta c [OH
-
] v tnh c [H
+
] v pH.
Trong trng hp gn ng coi C
b
- [OH
-
] C
b

T : [OH
-
] = (K
b
. C
b
)
1/2


56
H
+
=
2 / 1
b b
14
) C . K (
10

pH = 14 -
2
1
(pK
b
- lgC
b
)
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch anilin nng 0,01M, bit pK
b
= 9,4
pH = 14 -
2
1
(9,4 - lg10
-2
) = 8,3
3. S in li ca cc axit hay baz yu nhiu nc
i vi nhng cht in li ny, v d: H
3
PO
4
, H
2
CO
3
, Pb(OH)
2
,... th s in li trong
dung dch gm nhiu nc v mi nc c mt gi tr K in li tng ng.
V d:
H
3
PO
4
H
+
+ H
2
PO
4
-
K
1
H
2
PO
4
-
H
+
+ HPO
4
2-
K
2
HPO
4
2-
H
+
+ PO
4
3-
K
3

Hng s in li K
1
thng c gi tr ln gp hng chc nghn ln so vi K
2
, v vy
trong nhng tnh ton thng thng ngi ta ch ch n nc phn li th nht.
V d: Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch H
2
CO
3
0,1M
Trong dung dch c cn bng in li sau y:
H
3
CO
3
H
+
+ HCO
3
-
K
1

= 4,2 .10
-7
HCO
3
-
H
+
+ CO
3
2-
K
2
= 5,6.10
-11

H
2
O H
+
+ OH
-
K
H2O
= 10
-14

V K
1
>> K
2
; K
1
>> K
H2O

nn c th coi [H
+
] do HCO
3
-
v H
2
O phn li ra khng ng
k so vi [H
+
] do H
2
CO
3
phn li ra.
Khi [H
+
] [HCO
3
-
].
T cn bng phn li nc th nht, ta c:
H
3
CO
3
H
+
+ HCO
3
-
K
1

0,1 - x x x

1 , 0
x
2
= K
1
hoc
1 , 0
x
2
K
1
x = [H
+
] [HCO
3
-
] 2,05 . 10
-4

T cn bng phn li nc th 2:
HCO
3
-
H
+
+ CO
3
2-
K
2


57
K
2
=
] HCO [
] CO ][ H [
3
2
3
+

T : [CO
3
2-
] = K
2
= 5,6 . 10
-4
M
v [HCO
3
-
] = 0,1 - x = 0,1 - 2,05. 10
-4
= 9,98 . 10
-2
M
4. pH ca dung dch mui
Tr cc mui to bi axit mnh v baz mnh, v d NaCl, Na
2
SO
4
,... khi tan trong
nc cho pH = 7, cc mui cn li c th cho nhng pH khc nhau ty thuc vo bn cht
ca mui. Ngi ta thng ni cc mui b thy phn. Vy thc cht ca s thy phn l
g?
Dung dch cc mui ny thc cht l dung dch axit hay baz theo Bronstet.
V d: NH
4
Cl NH
4
+
+ Cl
-

NaCH
3
COO CH
3
COO
-
+ Na
+

Ion NH
4
+
l mt axit nn trong dung dch phn li theo phn ng:
NH
4
+
+ H
2
O NH
3
+ H
3
O
+

Ion CH
3
COO
-
l mt baz nn trong dung dch phn li theo phn ng:
CH
3
COO
-
+ H
2
O CH
3
COOH + OH
-

V vy pH ca cc dung dch ny c tnh theo cc cng thc:
pH =
2
1
(pK
a
- lgC
a
)
pH = 14 -
2
1
(pK
b
- lgC
b
)
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
0,05M, bit pK
3
NH
= 4,76
C
a
= [NH
4
+
] = 2 . 0,05 = 0,1M
pK
+
4
NH
= 14 - pK
3
NH
= 9,24
pH =
2
1
(9,24 - lg0,1) = 5,12
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch NaHCOO 0,01M, bit pK
HCOOH
= 3,76
C
b
= [HCOO
-
] = 0,1M
pK
=
HCOO
= 14 - pK
HCOOH
= 10,24
pH =
2
1
(10,24 - lg0,01) = 7,88
i vi dung dch mui to bi mt axit yu v baz yu, pH khng ph thuc vo
nng mui m ch ph thuc vo pK
a
v pK
b
ca axit v baz to ra mui .

58
pH =
2
1
(14 + pK
a
- pK
b
)
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch NH
4
NO
2
bit pK
3
NH
=4,76 v pK
2
HNO
=3,4
pH =
2
1
(14 + 3,4 - 4,76) = 6,32
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch NH
4
CN bit pK
3
NH
=4,76 v pK
HCN
=9,31
pH =
2
1
(14 + 9,31 - 4,76) = 9,27
5. Dung dch m
5.1. nh ngha
Dung dch m l dung dch c pH thay i khng ng k khi thm vo mt t
axit, baz hay khi pha long chng.
5.2. Thnh phn ca dung dch m v c ch tc dng m
Mt h m c th gm nhng cht sau:
CH
3
COOH + NaCH
3
COO
NaHCO
3
+ Na
2
CO
3

NH
4
Cl + NH
3

axit + baz lin hp
Mt cch tng qut trong h m c mt ng thi vi mt tng quan ng k ca hai
dng axit v baz ca mt cp axit - baz lin hp. Ngha l trong dung dch m lun lun
tn ti cn bng:
HA H
+
+ A
-
V vy khi thm vo dung dch m H
+
, cn bng trn s chuyn dch theo chiu
nghch to ra axit in li yu HA. Ngc li, khi thm baz (OH
-
) hay pha long, nng
H
+
b gim xung th ng thi cn bng s chuyn theo chiu thun to thm H
+
v do
pH khng b thay i.
6.3. pH ca dung dch m
Gi s dung dch m gm axit HA vi nng [HA], hng s K
a
v dng baz lin
hp A vi nng [A
-
]. T cn bng in li:
HA H
+
+ A
-
axit baz lin hp
K
a
=
] A [
] HA [
K ] H [
] HA [
] A ][ H [
a

+
+
=

59
pH = pK
a
+ lg
] HA [
] A [

Mt cch tng qut pH ca dung dch m:
pH = pK
a
+ lg
] hp n li axit [
] hp n li bazo [

Phng trnh trn c gi l phng trnh Henderson - Hassellbalch.
Lu : T s nng
] hp n li axit [
] hp n li bazo [
cng l t s mol ca baz lin hp v axit
lin hp trong dung dch m.

Da vo phng trnh Henderson - Hassellbalch, ta c th:
* Tnh pH ca mt dung dch m nu bit pK
a
, [A
-
], [HA]
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch m gm: 100 ml dung dch CH
3
COOH 0,1M v 50 ml
dung dch NaCH
3
COO 0,4M
pH = 4,76 + lg
] 1 , 0 1 , 0 [
] 4 , 0 05 , 0 [
= 5,06
Kinh nghim cho thy, m bo mt dung dch m c kh nng m tt th nng
ca mt dng ny (axit hay baz lin hp) khng nn gp qu 10 ln nng ca dng
kia. iu cng c ngha l mt dung dch m c kh nng m tt trong khong pH =
pK
a
1.
* Tnh c K
a
hay pK
a
ca axit to ra dung dch m nu ch ng bit t s nng
baz lin hp/axit lin hp v pH ca dung dch m.
V d:
Xc nh pK
a
ca axit lactic (CH
3
CHOHCOOH) bit dung dch cha 0,01 mol axit lactic
v 0,087 mol natri lactat (CH
3
CHOHCOONa) c pH = 4,8.
pH = pK
a
+ lg
] lactic [
] lactat [

pK
a
= pH - lg
] lactic [
] lactat [
= 4,8 - lg
] 01 , 0 [
] 087 , 0 [
= 3,86
6. Dung dch cc cht in li mnh t tan, tch s tan
Mt s cht l nhng hp cht ion nhng rt t tan trong nc. V d: AgCl, BaSO
4
,
BaCO
3
, PbI
2
, Mg(OH)
2
, Fe(OH)
3
... Tuy nhin nhng phn t tan th chng li phn li
hon ton thnh cc ion. Nhng cht c gi l cc cht in li mnh t tan.
Trong dung dch bo ha ca cc cht ny lun lun tn ti mt cn bng gia trng
thi rn v cc ion ha tan.

60
V d: i vi AgCl
AgCl
(r)
Ag
+
+ Cl
-

Hng s cn bng ca qu trnh ny c gi l tch s tan ca AgCl v c k hiu l
T
AgCl
.
T
AgCl
= [Ag
+
] . [Cl
-
]
Mt cch tng qut, i vi mt cht in li mnh t tan A
m
B
n
:
A
m
B
n
mA
n+
+ nB
m-

Ta c:
T
AmBn
= [A
n+
]
m
. [B
m-
]
n

Vy: Tch s tan ca mt cht in li mnh t tan l tch s nng cc ion ca n
trong dung dch bo ha cht vi s m bng h s t lng trong phn t.
V l hng s cn bng nn tch s tan ch ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht v nhit .
Tch s tan ca mt s hp cht trong nc cho bng 3.

Bng 3. Tch s tan ca mt cht in li 25
o
C
Cht in li Tch s tan (T) Cht in li Tch s tan (T)
AgCl 1,78. 10
-10
CaSO
4
9,1 . 10
-6

AgBr 5,3. 10
-13
Hg
2
SO
4
6,2 . 10
-7

AgI 8,3. 10
-17
Ag
2
SO
4
7,7 . 10
-5

gCn 1,4. 10
-16
Al(OH)
3
1,9 . 10
-33

AgSCN 1,1. 10
-12
Cu(OH)
2
5,6 . 10
-20

Ag
2
CrO
4
4. 10
-12
Fe(OH)
3
3,8 . 10
-38

Hg
2
Cl
2
1,7. 10
-5
Fe(OH)
2
7,9 . 10
-16

PbI
2
9,8. 10
-9
Mg(OH)
2
7,1 . 10
-12

PbCl
2
1,7. 10
-5
Zn(OH)
2
3 . 10
-16

BaCO
3
5,1. 10
-9
CuS 6,3 . 10
-36

CaCO
3
4,8. 10
-9
FeS 8 . 10
-19

MgCO
3
1. 10
-5
PbS 3 . 10
-28

BaSO
4
1,1 . 10
-10
ZnS 1,2 . 10
-23

Nh vy, tch s tan cho bit kh nng tan ca mt cht in li t tan. Cht c T cng
ln cng d tan.
Khi bit tch s tan ca mt cht nhit no c th tnh c tan ca cht (s
mol cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch bo ha cht ).

61
V d: Tnh tan ca BaSO
4
trong nc bit T
4
BaSO
nhit 25
o
C l 1.1.10
-10
.
Gi S l ta ca BaSO
4
, ta c:
BaSO
4
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2-

S mol/l S mol/ion/l S mol ion/l
S mol BaSO
4
ha tan phn li hon ton thnh S mol ion Ba
2+
v SO
4
2-

[Ba
2+
] [SO
4
2-
] = S . S = T
4
BaSO

S = T = 1 , 1 . 10
-10
= 1,05 . 10
-5
mol/l
Bit tch s tan c th xc nh c iu kin ha tan hay kt ta mt cht:
Mt cht s kt ta khi tch s nng cc ion ca n trong dung dch ln hn tch
s tan, v ngc li n s cn tan khi tch s nng ion ca n cha t n tch s tan.
V d: Kt ta PbI
2
c to thnh khng khi trn 2 th tch bng nhau dung dch
Pb(NO
3
)
2
0,01M v KI 0,01M. Nu pha long dung dch KI 100 ln ri trn nh trn c kt
ta khng? Bit T
2
Pb
= 1,1 . 10
-9
.
Pb
2+
+ 2I
-
PbI
2

Nng cc ion sau khi trn:
[Pb
2+
] = [I
-
] = 5.10
-3
mol/l
[Pb
2+
] . [I
-
]
2
= 1,25 .10
-7
> T
2
Pb

V vy c kt ta c to ra.
Nng KI sau khi pha long l 10
-4
mol/l.
Nng cc ion sau khi pha trn:
[Pb
2+
] = 5.10
-3
mol/l [I
-
] = 5.10
-5
mol/l
[Pb
2+
] . [I
-
]
2
= 1,25 .10
-11
< T
2
Pb

V vy khng c kt ta c to ra.
Cu hi v bi tp:
1. Tch s ion ca nc l g? pH l g? N cho bit iu g?
2. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch c nng ion [H
+
] bng 10
-2
; 10
-7
; 10
-9
; 3,1.10
-2
; 9.10
-8

mol/l.
3. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau:
H
2
SO
4
0,05M; HCl 0,001M; NaOH 0,01M; Ca(OH)
2
0,02M.
4. nh ngha axit - baz theo Bronstet. Trong nhng cht sau y, cht no l axit, baz.
Vit cc dng axit hay baz lin hp ca chng:
NH
4
Cl; NH
3
; NaHCO
3
; C
2
H
5
NH
2
; CH
3
COONa; H
2
O
Na
2
SO
4
; C
6
H
5
NH
3
Cl; NaNO
2
; H
2
N-CH-COOH

62
Da vo i lng no c th so snh c mnh ca mt axit hay baz.
5. Tnh in li ca cc dung dch sau:
CH
3
COOH 0,02M v CH
3
COOH 0,02M + CH
3
COONa 0,02M
CH
3
COOH 0,2M v CH
3
COOH 0,02M + CH
3
COONa 0,2M.
6. S in li ca mt axit yu, cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch axit yu, bit nng C
a
,
pK
a
. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch:
CH
3
COOH; HCOOH; HNO
2
; NaH
2
PO
4
; HCN c nng 0,01M.
7. S in li ca mt baz yu, cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch baz yu, bit nng C
b

v pK
b
. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch:
NH
3
; C
2
H
5
NH
2
; C
6
H
5
NH
2
; NH
2
OH c nng 0,01M.
8. nh ngha dung dch m, thnh phn ca dung dch m (tng qut). Hy gii thch c
ch tc dng m ca cc dung dch m sau:
a) Photphat NaH
2
PO
4
/Na
2
HPO
4

b) Cacbonat NaHCO
3
/Na
2
CO
3

c) Amoni NH
4
Cl/NH
3

9. Cng thc tng qut tnh pH ca mt dung dch m. Tnh pH ca dung dch m gm:
100 ml NaHCO
3
0,1M v 25 ml Na2CO3 0.2M
Bi 7: in ha hc

63
BI 7: IN HA HC
Nng lng ha hc c th chuyn thnh in nng trong cc pin.
Ngc li, di tc dng ca dng in mt phn ng ha hc li c th c thc
hin (s in phn). l hai mt tng quan gia ha nng v in nng.
C hai qu trnh pht sinh dng in v qu trnh in phn u lin quan n mt loi
phn ng, l phn ng oxi - ha kh.
1. Phn ng oxi - ha kh
1.1. nh ngha:
Phn ng oxi - ha kh l phn ng trong c s thu nhng electron v do lm
thay i s oxi - ha ca cc nguyn t.
V d:

0
Zn +
2
Cu
+
SO
4

0
Cu +
2
Zn
+
SO
4

2
C
2
H
5
OH +
2
Cu
+
O CH
3
1
C
HO +
0
Cu + H
2
O
Trong phn ng oxi - ha kh, t nht c hai cp oxi - ha kh. hai v d trn ta c
cc cp:
Zn
2+
/ Zn; Cu
2+
/Cu v CH
3
CHO/C
2
H
5
OH ; MnO
4
-
/Mn
2+

Dng oxi - ha l dng c s oxi - ha dng hn v c vit trc. Dng kh c oxi
- ha nh hn v c vit sau.
1.2. Cn bng phn ng oxi - ha kh
cn bng phn ng oxi - ha kh, ngi ta thc hin mt s bc sau y:
- Xt s thay i s oxi - ha ca cc nguyn t.
- Vit phng trnh thu nhng electron, t xc nh h s ca phng trnh ion rt
gn.
- Cn bng phng trnh phn t.
V d: Cn bng phng trnh phn ng:
O H SO Na SO K SO Mn SO H SO Na O Mn K
2
6
4 2 4 2
2
4 4 2
4
3 2 4
7
+ + + + +
+ + +
+

2 Mn
+7
+ 5e Mn
+2
5 S
+4
- 2e S
+6
2Mn
+7
+ 5S
+4
2Mn
+2
+ 5S
+6
2KMnO
4
+ 5Na
2
SO
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
= 2MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 5Na
2
SO
4
+ 3H
2
O
Bi 7: in ha hc

64
1.3. Th oxi - ha kh v chiu hng ca phn ng oxi - ha kh
Th oxi - ha kh l i lng c trng cho kh nng tham gia vo phn ng oxi -
ha kh (kh nng cho nhn electron) ca mt cp oxi - ha kh no . Th oxi - ha kh
tiu chun ca cc cp oxi - ha kh (k hiu
0
) o c bng cch so snh vi th ca in
cc hidro chun (bng 6.1).
Cp c th oxi - ha kh cng ln (cng dng) th dng oxi - ha ca n cng mnh
v dng kh cng yu.
Cc cp oxi - ha kh phn ng vi nhau theo qui tc sau:
Dng oxi - ha mnh ca cp ny phn ng vi dng kh mnh ca cp kia hay
dng oxi - ha ca cp c
0
cao phn ng vi dng kh ca cp c th thp.
V d:
Zn + Cu
2+
Zn
2+
+ Cu v
Zn / Zn
0
Cu / Cu
0
2 2 + +
>

kim loi mnh y kim loi yu ra khi dung dch mui.
Mg + 2H
+
Mg
2+
+ H
2
v
Mg / Mg
0
H / H 2
0
2+ +
>
kim loi hot ng y hidro ra khi axit.
Phn ng Cu + 2H
+
khng xy ra v
2
2 2
H / H 2
0
Cu / Cu
0
+ +
>

Bi 7: in ha hc

65
Bng 1. Th oxi - ha kh tiu chun (298
o
K, pH = 0) ca mt s cp
Cp oxi - ha kh Phn ng
0
(V)
K
+
/K K
+
+ e = K - 2,92
Ca
2+
/Ca Ca
2+
+ 2e = Ca - 2,87
Na
+
/Na Na
+
+ e = Na - 2,71
Mg
2+
/Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e = Mg - 2,36
Al
3+
/Al Al
3+
+ 3e = Al - 1,85
2H
2
O/H
2
2H
2
O + 2e = H
2

+ 2OH
-
- 0,83
Zn
2+
/Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e = Zn - 0,76
Cr
3+
/Cr Cr
3+
+ 3e = Cr - 0,74
Fe
2+
/Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e = Fe - 0,44
Cr
3+
/Cr
2+
Cr
3+
+ e = Cr
2+
- 0,41
Co
2+
/Co Co
2+
+ e = Co - 0,28
Ni
2+
/Ni Ni
2+
+ 2e = Ni - 0,25
Sn
2+
/Sn Sn
2+
+ 2e = Sn - 0,14
Pb
2+
/Pb Pb
2+
+ 2e = Pb - 0,13
Fe
3+
/Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e = Fe - 0,04
2H
+
/H
2
2H
+
+ 2e = H
2
0,00
Sn
4+
/Sn
2+
Sn
4+
+ 2e = Sn
2+
+ 0,15
Cu
2+
/Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e = Cu + 0,34
I
2
/2I
-
I
2
+ 2e = 2I
-
+ 0,54
MnO
4
-
/ MnO
2
MnO
4
-
+ 2H
2
O + 3e = MnO
2

+ 4OH
-
+ 0,59
Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e = Fe
2+
+ 0,77
Ag
+
/Ag Ag
+
+ e = Ag + 0,80
NO
3
-
/NO NO
3
-
+ 4H
+
+ 3e = NO + 2H
2
O + 0,96
Br
2
/2Br
-
Br
2
+ 2e = 2Br
-
+ 1,07
O
2
/2O
2
2-
O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e = 2H
2
O + 1,23
Cr
2
O
7
2-
/Cr
3+
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 14H
+
+ 6e = 2Cr
3+
+ 7H
2
O + 1,33
Cl
2
/2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e = 2Cl
-
+ 1,36
Au
3+
/Au Au
3+
+ 3e = Au + 1,42
MnO
4
-
/Mn
2+
MnO
4
-
+ 8H
+
+ 5e = Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O + 1,51
F
2
/2F
-
F
2
+ 2e = 2F
-
+ 2,86

Bi 7: in ha hc

66
2. Pin hay cc nguyn t Ganvanic
Pin hay cn gi l cc nguyn t Ganvanic l thit b cho dng in mt chiu phn
ng ha hc xy ra trong n.
2.1. Pin Danien Iacobi
Pin Danien Iacobi (Hnh 1) gm hai in cc: in cc m l thanh km nhng trong
dung dch ZnSO
4
v in cc dng l thanh ng nhng trong dung dch CuSO
4
. Hai dung
dch c ni vi nhau bng mt cu mui KCl trong thch dn in mch trong. Khi hai
in cc c ni vi nhau bng mt dy dn kim loi s thy xut hin mt dng in t
cc ng sang cc km, ngha l c mt dng electron t cc km chuyn sang cc ng.

Hnh 1
Pin ny c k hiu nh sau:
- Zn / Zn
2+
// Cu
2+
/ Cu +
Khi pin hot ng, trn cc in cc xy ra cc phn ng:
cc m: Zn - 2e Zn
2+

cc dng: Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
Zn + Cu
2+
Zn
2+
+ Cu
Phn ng ny cng xy ra khi nhng mt thanh Zn vo dung dch CuSO
4
, tuy nhin
y khng thu c dng in.
V vy mun thu c dng in phi thc hin s oxi - ha v s kh hai ni tch
bit nh xy ra trong pin.
Trong pin, electrron chuyn t cc m sang cc dng, gia hai cc phi c mt hiu
in th. Vy in th trn in cc c to ra nh th no?
2.2. S xut hin th in cc
Khi thanh kim loi c nhng vo dung dch cha ion ca n th rt nhanh chng c
cn bng: Me - ne = Me
n+

Ty thuc vo bn cht ca kim loi v nng ion c th xy ra hai trng hp:
Bi 7: in ha hc

67

Hnh 2
- Nguyn t kim loi (thng l kim loi hot ng, v d Zn) tch khi mng li kim
loi i vo dung dch di dng ion v li trn kim loi cc electron. Cc ion dng ch
yu tp trung lp dung dch nm st b mt kim loi.
- Cc ion kim loi (thng l kim loi km hot ng, v d Cu) t dung dch bm ln
thanh kim loi, v do lp dung dch st b mt kim loi d tha ion m.
Trong c hai trng hp lp dung dch st b mt v b mt kim loi to nn mt lp
in kp, ging nh hai bn ca mt t in. Gia hai bn c mt hiu s in th v
c gi l th in cc, k hiu l .
2.3. Cng thc Nec
C th biu din phn ng tng qut trn mt in cc bt k nh sau:
Ox + ne = Kh
Nec rt ra cng thc th in cc (k hiu l ):
=
0
+
] Kh [
] Ox [
ln
nF
RT
(1)
: th in cc
0
: th in cc tiu chun hay th oxi - ha tiu chun ca cp Ox/Kh
R: hng s kh = 8,3 jun/mol.K
T: nhit tuyt i
F: s Faraday 96500 C
n: s electron thu hay nhng trn phn ng in cc
[Ox], [Kh] tng ng l nng dng oxi - ha v dng kh
Nu thay cc gi tr ca F, R, ly nhit T = 25 + 273 = 298
o
K v chuyn ln thnh lg
th phn ng Nec c dng:
=
0
+
] Kh [
] Ox [
lg
n
059 , 0
(2)
V d: i vi in cc ng:
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
ta c:
Bi 7: in ha hc

68

Cu / Cu
2+
=
0
Cu / Cu
2+
+
] Cu [
] Cu [
lg
2
059 , 0
2+
[Cu] coi nh = 1
khi :

Cu / Cu
2+
=
0
Cu / Cu
2+
+ ] Cu lg[
2
059 , 0
2+

Tng t nh vy i vi in cc km:
Zn - 2e Zn
2+

ta c:

Zn / Zn
2+
=
0
Zn / Zn
2+
+ ] Zn lg[
2
059 , 0
2+

2.4. Sc in ng ca pin
Sc in ng ca pin l hiu th in cc dng v in cc m. in cc dng l
in cc c th ln hn.
V d: i vi pin Danien - Iacobi, ta c:
E =
Cu / Cu
2+
-
Zn / Zn
2+
=
0
Cu / Cu
2+
-
0
Zn / Zn
2+
+
] Zn [
] Cu [
lg
2
059 , 0
2
2
+
+

hay:
E = E
0
+
] Zn [
] Cu [
lg
2
059 , 0
2
2
+
+

E
0
=
0
Cu / Cu
2+
-
0
Zn / Zn
2+
gi l sc in ng tiu chun ca pin.
l sc in ng khi nng ca ion in cc bng 1.
3. Mt s loi in cc
3.1. in cc kim loi: Me/Me
n+

Gm kim loi nhng trong dung dch cha ion ca n. Trn
in cc xy ra phn ng:
Me
n+
+ ne Me
Th in cc c tnh theo cng thc Nec:
Me / Me
n+
=
0
Me / Me
n+
+ ] Me lg[
n
059 , 0
n+
(3)

Hnh 3
3.2. in cc kh
* in cc hidro chun: (Pt) H
2
/2H
+
1M
Bi 7: in ha hc

69
Gm bn Pt c ph mui Pt nhng trong dung dch c cha ion H
+
. Kh H
2
c thi
vo vi p sut 1 atm v c hp ph trn tm mui Pt.
Trn in cc xy ra phn ng:
2H
+
+ 2e H
2

2
H / H
+
=
0
2
H / H
+
+ ] H lg[
2
059 , 0
+

Ngi ta tha nhn:
0
2
H / H
+
= 0, do :
V [H
+
] = 1M nn in cc hidro chun c:

0
2
H
= 0

Hnh 4

in cc hidro chun c dng xc nh th oxi - ha kh chun ca cc cp oxi -
ha kh.
3.3. in cc oxi - ha kh
Gm thanh kim loi tr nh Pt, Au nhng trong dung dch cha ng thi hai dng oxi
- ha v dng kh ca mt cp oxi - ha kh.
V d:
(Pt)/Fe
3+
, Fe
2+
; (Pt) / MnO
4
-
, Mn
2+
, H
+

Kim loi tr ng vai tr tip nhn v chuyn electron gia
hai dng oxi - ha v dng kh.
Ox/Kh
=
0
Ox/Kh
+
] Kh [
] Ox [
lg
n
059 , 0
(4)
in cc oxi - ha kh ca st:
Fe
3+
+ e Fe
2+

+ + 2 3
Fe / Fe
=
0
+ + 2 3
Fe / Fe
+
] Fe [
] Fe [
lg
1
059 , 0
2
3
+
+

Hnh 5

3.4. in cc calomen: Hg/Hg
2
Cl
2
, Cl
-

in cc calomen c th c hnh dng khc nhau nhng lun lun gm thy ngn nm
cn bng vi ion Cl
-
gin tip qua mui kh tan Hg
2
Cl
2
(calomen).
Bi 7: in ha hc

70
Th ca in cc calomen c tnh theo cng thc:

cal
=
0
cal
- 0,059 lg [Cl
-
] (5)
V vy nu gi cho nng Cl
-
trong in cc c nh th
cal

khng i.
Khi [KCl] bo ha
cal
= 0,24 V
in cc calomen thng c dng lm in cc so snh trong
cc phng php chun o th hay xc nh pH.

Hnh 6
3.5. in cc thy tinh
in cc thy tinh l mt ng thy tinh u c thi
thnh mt bu hnh cu rt mng, bn trong cha dung dch
c nng H
+
xc nh v mt in cc bc ph AgCl. Khi
nhng in cc vo mt dung dch th mt phn cch thy
tinh - dung dch pht sinh mt in th m tr s ca n ph
thuc vo nng H
+
theo phng trnh:
tt
=
0
tt
+ 0,059 lg [H
+
] =
0
tt
- 0,059 pH (6)
Hnh 7
Trong
0
tt
l mt hng s i vi mi in cc. V vy trc khi dng cn chun
nh li bng nhng dung dch m bit pH.
4. ng dng ca cc nguyn t Ganvanic
4.1. Xc nh th oxi - ha kh, tiu chun ca cc cp oxi - ha kh
xc nh, ngi ta thit lp mt pin gm mt in cc hidro chun v mt in cc
c cp oxi - ha kh cn xc nh ri o sc in ng ca n.
V d:
- Zn [Zn
2+
] = 1M // [H
+
] = 1M/H
2
(Pt) +
Sc in ng ca pin o c:
E =
0
Zn / Zn
0
H
2
2
+
= - 0,76 V
T :
0
Zn / Zn
2+
= 0,76 V
Mt cch tng t, khi thit lp pin:
- (Pt) H
2
/[H
+
] = 1M // [Cu
2+
] = 1M/Cu +
ta xc nh c:
0
Cu / Cu
2+
= + 0,34 V
Bi 7: in ha hc

71

Hnh 8
4.2. Xc nh pH bng phng php in ha hc
V nguyn tc c th o pH ca mt dung dch bng phng php ny ngi ta cn s
dng hai in cc thch hp, trong mt in cc c th ph thuc vo nng ion H
+

(cng tc l ph thuc vo pH) nh in cc thy tinh, cn in cc kia c th xc nh v
khng i, thng l in cc calomen. Hai in cc ny ghp thnh nguyn t Ganvani. o
sc in ng ca n v rt ra pH. Di y l mt v d.
o pH bng cp in cc thy tinh - calomen.
Lp nguyn t Ganvanic gm in cc thy tinh (bu thy tinh nhng trong dung dch
cn o pH) v in cc calomen. Trong nguyn t ny in cc calomen l in cc dng.
Sut in ng ca nguyn t:
E =
cal
-
tt

=
cal
-
0
tt
+ 0,059 pH
T : pH =
059 , 0
E
0
tt cal
+

4.3. Ngun in mt chiu
Cc nguyn t Ganvani c s dng trong i sng v trong k thut nh ngun in
mt chiu di dng cc loi pin v cc acqui khc nhau

Hnh 9
V d:
Bi 7: in ha hc

72
* Pin kh Lclans
Pin ny c cc m (anot) bng km cun thnh ng hnh tr cha cht in ly l hn
hp NH
4
Cl v ZnCl
2
trong h tinh bt. Cc dng (catt) l mt thi than ch c bao bi
mt lp MnO
2
.
- Zn / NH
4
Cl, ZnCl
2
/ MnO
2
, C +
Phn ng tng cng trong pin:
Zn + 2MnO
2
+ H
2
O Zn
2+
+ Mn
2
O
3
+ 2OH
-

Sc in ng ca pin khong 1,5V v ch dng c mt ln.
* Acqui ch
Acqui ch gm hai tm in cc l Pb (cc m) v PbO
2
(cc dng) nhng trong
dung dch H
2
SO
4
38%.
Phn ng tng cng trong qu trnh phng in:
Pb + PbO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
2PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
Acqui ch c sc in ng khong 2V. Nu ni tip 3 cp in cc th c acqui c
in ng l 6V. Trong qu trnh s dng in p gim dn. n 1,85 V cn tin hnh np
li acqui.
Phn ng tng cng trong qu trnh np:
2PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O Pb + PbO
2
+ H
2
SO
4

Cu hi v bi tp:
1. nh ngha: phn ng oxi - ha kh, cht oxi - ha, cht kh.
2. Mt cp oxi - ha kh c vit nh th no? i lng no c trng cho kh nng
tham gia phn ng ca mt cp oxi - ha kh?
3. Hy cho bit chiu ca mt phn ng oxi - ha kh. Cc phn ng sau y xy ra theo
chiu no iu kin chun:
a) SnCl
4
+ FeCl
2
= SnCl
2
+ FeCl
3

b) Br
2
+ KI = KBr + I
2

c) FeSO
4
+ CuSO
4
= Cu + Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3

d) I
2
+ KOH = KI + H
2
O
2

e) KMnO
4
+ KNO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
= MnSO
4
+ KNO
3
+ ...
4. Cn bng cc phn ng oxi - ha kh sau y:
a) KMnO
4
+ H
2
C
2
O
4
+ H
2
SO
4

b) MnO
2
+ KI + H
2
SO
4
MnSO
4
+ I
2
+ ...
c) H
2
S + HNO
3
S + NO
2
+ ...
d) KMnO
4
+ H
2
O
2
+ H
2
SO
4

e) FeSO
4
+ H
2
O
2
+ H2SO
4

Bi 7: in ha hc

73
5. Cng thc Nec v th in cc? Cu to v cng thc th in cc ca cc in cc:
calomen, thy tinh, in cc oxi - ha kh st.
6. Th no l nguyn t Ganvanic? Cho v d. Sc in ng ca nguyn t Ganvanic
c tnh nh th no? Tnh sc in ng ca cc nguyn t sau y 25
o
C.
Pb / Pb
2+
0,01 M // Cu
2+
0,01 M / Cu
Cr / Cr
3+
0,05 M // Ni
2+
0,01M / Ni
7. Nu nguyn tc ca vic xc nh pH bng phng php in ha. Trnh by cch xc
nh pH ca dung dch bng cc cp in cc thy tinh - calomen.ml Na
2
CO
3
0,2M.
a) Hai th tch bng nhau ca cc dung dch NaH
2
PO
4
0,1M v Na
2
HPO
4
0,1M.
b) 50 ml NaOH 0,16M v 220 ml CH
3
COOH 0,4M
8. S thy phn ca mui l g? pH ca dung dch mui ph thuc vo nhng yu t no?
Vit phng trnh thy phn rt gn ca cc mui sau y:
C
2
H
5
NH
3
Cl; C
6
H
5
COONa; KNO
2
; C
5
H
5
NHCl; Na
2
C
2
O
4
; Na
2
SO
4
; (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
.
9. Trong mt cc cha 100 ml dung dch C
6
H
5
NH
2
0,01M:
a) Tnh pH ca dung dch
b) Tnh pH ca dung dch khi cho thm vo cc 50 ml HCl 0,01M
c) Tnh pH ca dung dch khi cho thm vo cc 100 ml HCl 0,01M
10. Cho v d v axit nhiu nc v s phn li ca chng. Vit biu thc hng s phn li ca
cc nc.
11. Tch s tan l g? Hy cho bit mi lin quan gia tch s tan v tan (mol/lt) ca cc
cht t tan.
12. Tnh tan ca BaCO
3
, bit T ca n 25
o
C l 5,1 . 10
-9
.
13. tan ca Ag
3
PO
4
18
o
C l 1,6.10
-5
M. Tnh T ca Ag
3
PO
4
.
14. T ca SrSO
4
bng 3,6.10
-7
. Khi trn hai th tch bng nhau ca hai dung dch SrCl
2
v
K
2
SO
4
c cng nng 0,002N th kt ta c xut hin khng?
15. Kt ta PbI
2
c to thnh khng khi trn hai th tch bng nhau ca hai dung dch
Pb(NO
3
)
2
v KI.
a) u c nng 0,01 M.
b) u c nng 2.10
-3
M.
16. Tnh xem c bao nhiu mol Ag
2
CrO
4
s tan trong 1 lt dung dch AgNO
3
0,1M bit T
ca BaSO
4
bng 1.10
-10
. Cho nhn xt v kt lun.
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

74
BI 8: NHIT NG HA HC
Nhit ng ha hc l mn hc nghin cu v nng lng v chuyn ha nng lng
m trc ht l nhit v mi tng quan chuyn ha gia nhit vi cng v cc dng nng
lng khc.
Nhit ng hc da trn hai nguyn l c bn rt ra t thc tin ca loi ngi.
Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc v bn cht l nh lut bo ton nng lng
trong qu trnh chuyn nhit thnh cng v cc dng nng lng khc.
Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng hc cp n mt tnh cht khc ca nhit l
trong khi cc dng nng lng khc c th chuyn hon ton thnh nhit th nhit khng th
chuyn thnh cc dng nng lng khc m khng c mt mt.
V cc phn ng ha hc lun lun km theo s bin i v nng lng (ch yu di
dng nhit) cho nn vic nghin cu nhit ng hc s c mt ngha nht nh i vi ha
hc.
1. Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc - nhit ha hc
1.1. Ni dung ca nguyn l
T lu con ngi bit s dng nhng ngun nng lng t nhin, bin chng thnh
nhng dng thch hp phc v cho cuc sng ca mnh. T nhng my th s nh ci
xay chy bng sc gi, ci gi go dng sc nc, h i n nhng pht minh v i nh
ng c hi nc, nh my thy in... Nhng trc nhiu ngi m c ch to ra
nhng my c th sn sinh ra cng mt cch lin tc m ch cn cung cp cho n mt lng
nng lng ban u. Mi c gng to ra nhng chic my nh vy u i n tht bi. T
con ngi rt ra c mt kt lun:
Khng th no ch to c ng c lin tc sinh cng m khng cn cung cp mt
lng nng lng tng ng. ng c nh vy sau ny c gi l ng c vnh cu loi
1. Kt lun ny l mt trong nhng cch pht biu nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc.
nh lut bo ton v bin ha nng lng do Lmanxp pht biu nm 1787 cng l
mt cch pht biu khc ca nguyn l ny: "Nng lng khng t sinh ra v khng t mt
i, n ch c th chuyn t dng ny sang dng khc theo nhng t l tng ng nghim
ngt".
Nhng th nghim chnh xc ca Jun (Joule) (1848 - 1873) ch ra rng khi bin mt
lng c nng hay mt lng in nng tng ng thnh nhit th lun nhn c cng
mt nhit lng nh nhau.
1.2. Nhit ha hc
Mt phn ca nhit ng ha hc nghin cu qu trnh nhit trong cc phn ng ha
hc c gi l nhit ha hc.
1.2.1. Khi nim v d tr nhit hay entanpi:
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

75
V bn cht, tt c nhng bin i ha hc u xy ra km theo vi s ta ra hay hp
th nng lng m trc ht l di dng nhit. S tng hay mt nhit c th xem nh kt
qu ca s bin i ca mt i lng gi l d tr nhit (hay entanpi) ca cc cht tham gia
qu trnh .
D tr nhit c k hiu bng H. S bin i d tr nhit (s thay i entanpi) H c
th vit di dng:
H = H (sn phm cui) - H (cht u)
Trong trng hp nu tt c sn phm cui cng v cc cht u ly trng thi tiu
chun (p = 1at, T = 298
o
K) th bin thin entanpi c k hiu l H
o
v c gi l bin
thin entanpi tiu chun.
V d: i vi phn ng to ra H
2
O t H
2
v oxi
H
2
+ 1/2 O
2
= H
2
O
C H
o
= - 285,7 KJ/mol mol: phn t gam
H
o
c gi tr m, d tr nhit ca sn phm phn ng nh hn ca cc cht u. iu
c ngha rng trong qu trnh ny c thot ra nhit.
Trong trng hp chung, ta c: Nhit thot ra H

< 0
Nhit hp th vo H

> 0
Nhng qu trnh trong nhit c ta ra (H < 0) gi l exotecmic v ngc li qu
trnh trong nhit c hp th vo (H > 0) gi l endotecmic.
1.2.2. Nhng nh lut ca nhit ha hc:
nh lut Lavoazi - Laplax (Lavoisie - Laplas) (1780): Lng nhit cn thit phn
hy mt hp cht ha hc bng lng nhit thot ra khi to thnh cht .
nh lut ny cho php vit cc phng trnh nhit ha hc ca phn ng theo chiu
thun hay nghch ty , ch cn thay i du ca nhit phn ng (H).
V d c th vit: 1/2 H
2
+ 1/2 I
2
= HI H = + 6,2 Kcalo
hay: HI = 1/2 H
2
+ 1/2 I
2
H = - 6,2 Kcalo
nh lut Getxow (Hess) (1840): Nhit ca phn ng ch ph thuc vo bn cht v
trng thi ca cc cht u v cui m khng ph thuc vo cch thc din bin ca phn
ng.
V d: Thc hin phn ng t cacbon bng 2 con ng.

Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

76

Kt qu o nhit ta ra trong cc qu trnh trn cho thy:
H
1
= - 94,05 Kcalo
H
2
= - 26,42 Kcalo
H
3
= - 67,63 Kcalo
Nh cc s liu ch r: H
1
= H
2
+ H
3

Nh vy th nghim chng t i t trng thi u nh nhau (cacbon v oxi n trng
thi cui nh nhau - cacbon dioxit) th d bng con ng no nhit ca qu trnh vn khng
i. nh lut Getx l nh lut c bn ca nhit ha hc, n cho php chng ta tnh c
nhit ca nhiu phn ng khng th do trc tip c. Chng hn trong v d trn ta c th
tnh c mt trong ba i lng H
1
, H
2
, H
3
khi bit hai i lng cn li.
iu c ngha quan trng khi nghin cu chuyn ha nng lng ca thc n
trong c th. Nh chng ta bit thc n khi c a vo c th chu s bin i qua
hng lot cc phn ng phc tp khc nhau. Qua cc phn ng nng lng c gii
phng cung cp cho c th. Nhit ca cc phn ng ny khng th o trc tip c. Tuy
nhin, da vo nh lut Getx, ta c th tnh c gi tr nng lng ca tng loi thc n.
V d Sacaroza khi vo c th qua rt nhiu phn ng nhng sn phm cui cng l
khi cacbon dioxit v nc. V vy theo nh lut Getx lng nhit do sacaroza b oxi ha
trong c th cng phi bng lng nhit do cht ny ta ra khi t n vi oxi bn ngoi c
th, m lng ny c th xc nh c bng php o nhit lng.
Da vo nh lut Getxow cng c th tnh c nhit ca mt phn ng bt k nu
bit nhit sinh v nhit chy ca cc cht tham gia v to thnh ca phn ng.
Tnh nhit ca mt phn ng da vo nhit sinh ca cc cht.
Nhit sinh ca mt cht l nhit ca phn ng to ra mt mol cht t cc nguyn t
trng thi bn vng nht.
V d: H
2
(k) + 1/2 O
2
(k) = H
2
O (1)
H
o
= - 68,3 Kcalo
Nhit ca phn ng ny H
o
= - 68,3 Kcalo, chnh l nhit sinh ca nc.
T nh ngha trn ta cng thy rng nhit sinh ca tt c cc nguyn t trng thi
bn vng nht u bng 0.
CO
C CO
2
+ 1/2 O
2
+ 1/2 O
2
H
1
H
2
H
3
+ O
2
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

77
Nhit sinh cng nh nhit ca mt phn ng bt k ph thuc vo iu kin phn ng.
V vy cho thng nht v tin so snh, chng c quy v iu kin tiu chun: p sut 1
at v 298
o
K. Nhit sinh tiu chun c k hiu l H
S
o
.
Di y l nhit sinh tiu chun ca mt s cht.
Bng 1. Nhit sinh tiu chun ca mt s hp cht
Hp cht Cng thc Trng thi H
S
o
Kcalo/mol
Nc H
2
O k - 57,8
Nc H
2
O l - 68,3
Cacbon oxit CO k - 26,4
Cacbon dioxit CO
2
k - 91,05
Anhidrit sufuric SO
3
k - 91,15
Hidroclorua HCl k - 22,06
Hidroiodua HI k + 6,29
Natri hidroxit NaOH r - 102,3
Natri clorua NaCl r - 98,6
Nhm oxit Al
2
O
3
r - 399,09
Nhm sunfat Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
r - 820,98
Metan CH
4
k - 17,89
Axetylen C
2
H
2
k + 54,20
Benzen C
6
H
6
l + 11,72
Ancol etylic C
2
H
5
OH l - 66,35
Axit axetic CH
3
COOH l - 115,7

Da vo nhit sinh tiu chun ca cc cht, c th tnh c nhit ca mt phn ng
bt k.
V d: Tnh nhit ca phn ng sau
Al
2
O
3(r)
+ 3SO
3(r)
= Al
2
(SO
4
)
3(r)

H
S
o
: - 399,09 - 273,45 - 820,98
Phn ng ny c th din ra theo s :

Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

78

Theo nh lut Getx ta c: H
1
+ H
2
= H
3

H
1
chnh l nhit ca phn ng cn xc nh
H
2

l tng ca nhit sinh ca Al
2
O
3
v SO
3
tc l cc cht tham gia phn ng
H
3
l nhit sinh ca Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
tc l sn phm ca phn ng
T ta c: H
1
= H
3
- H
2

H
1
= -820,98 - (273,45 - 399,09)
= -138,54 Kcalo
Nh vy c th rt ra quy tc sau:
Nhit ca phn ng bng tng nhit sinh ca cc cht sn phm phn ng tr i tng
nhit sinh ca cc cht tham gia phn ng, trong nhit sinh ca tng cht c nhn
ln vi h s t lng tng ng.
H = A Hs
sp
- A Hs
tg

Tnh nhit ca phn ng da vo nhit chy ca cc cht. Nhit chy ca mt cht l
nhit ca phn ng t chy mt mol cht vi oxi to ra oxit cao nht.
V d: Phn ng t chy ancol etylic
C
2
H
5
OH
(l)
+ 3O
2(k)
= 2CO
2(k)
+ 3H
2
O
(l)

Nhit ca phn ng ny
H
o
= -327 Kcal chnh l nhit chy ca ancol etylic
T nh ngha trn ta thy nhit chy ca cc oxit cao nht ca cc nguyn t phi
bng 0. Nhit chy ca cc cht khng chy vi oxi cng c th coi nh bng 0.
Di y l nhit chy tiu chun ca mt s cht. Da vo nhit chy ca cc cht c
th tnh c nhit ca nhiu phn ng ha hc.
Al
2
O
3
+ 3SO
3

2Al + 6O
2
+ 3S Al
2
(SO
4
)
3

H
2

H
1
H
3
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

79
Bng 2. Nhit sinh tiu chun ca mt s hp cht
Hp cht Cng thc H
S
o
Kcalo/mol
Metan CH
4
-212,8
Axetylen C
2
H
2
-810,62
Benzen C
6
H
6
-780,98
Ancol etylic C
2
H
5
OH -326,7
Fenol C
6
H
5
OH -372,0
Axeton (CH
3
)
2
CO -430,9
Axit axetic CH
3
COOH -208,3
Cacbon tetraclorua CCl
4
-37,3
Clorofom CHCl
3
-89,2
Anilin C
6
H
5
NH
2
-811,9

V d: Tnh nhit ca phn ng
2CO
(k)
+ 4H
2(k)
= H
2
O
(l)
+ C
2
H
5
OH
(l)

H
o
C
-267,63 - 468,32 0 -326,66

Theo nh lut Getx ta c: H
1
+ H
2
= H
3

H
1
chnh l nhit ca phn ng cn xc nh
H
2

l tng nhit chy ca H
2
O v C
2
H
5
OH tc l cc cht sn phm phn ng
H
3
l tng nhit chy ca CO v H
2
tc l cc cht tham gia phn ng
T ta c: H
1
= H
3
- H
2

H
1
= -135,26 - 237,28 - (-326,7) = -81,88 Kcal
Vy ta c th rt ra quy tc sau:
H
2
O + C
2
H
5
OH
2CO + 4H
2
2CO
2
+ 4H
2
O
H
2

H
1

H
3

Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

80
Nhit ca phn ng bng tng nhit chy ca cht tham gia phn ng tr i tng nhit
chy ca cc cht sn phm phn ng trong nhit chy ca tng cht c nhn ln
vi h s t lng.
H = A Hc
tg
- A Hc
sp

2. Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng hc - nng lng t do
2.1. Ni dung ca nguyn l
Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc mi ch cho thy tnh cht bo ton ca nng
lng trong cc qu trnh bin i m cha cho bit kh nng bin i ca nng lng t
mt dng ny sang mt dng khc cng nh gii hn ca s bin i .
Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng hc cp n mt tnh cht khc ca nng lng:
trong khi cc dng nng lng khc c th bin hon ton thnh nhit th nhit li khng th
bin hon ton thnh cc dng nng lng khc.
Nguyn l th hai cng c rt ra t kinh nghim thc tin ca con ngi v c
pht biu theo nhiu cch khc nhau nhng u c gi tr nh nhau: mt trong nhng cch
pht biu l:
"Khng th no ch to c ng c vnh cu loi 2 tc l ng c c th bin hon
ton nhit thnh cng".
Cch pht biu ny rt ra t nhng tht bi trong nhiu th k ca to ra mt
ci my bin hon ton nhit nhn c thnh cng c ch.
Nguyn l th hai cng c th pht biu theo cch khc nhau nh sau:
"Khng th c qu trnh m kt qu duy nht bin nhit thnh cng", hay "nhit khng
th truyn t vt lnh sang vt nng".
Chng ta hy xem xt s lm vic ca mt my
nhit tc l my bin nhit thnh cng, v d ng c hi
nc ca tu ha.
Ni chung, mt my nhit bao gm b phn sinh
cng. B phn ny nhn mt lng nhit q
1
t ngun
cung nhit c nhit T
1
. Nhng theo nguyn l th hai
ca nhit ng hc ch c mt phn nhit lng q
1
bin
thnh cng A cn phn nhit lng q
2
khc phi mt mt
cho ngun thi nhit c nhit tng ng T
2
.
Nh vy cng do b phn sinh cng sn ra s l:
A = q
1
- q
2

c trng cho b my nhit, ngi ta dng mt i lng gi l h s tc dng c
ch hay hiu sut ca my, k hiu l . l t s gia cng A m my sinh ra v nhit
lng q
1
m my nhn c:
=
1
2 1
1
q
q q
q
A
=
Ngun cung nhit
T
1

B phn sinh cng
Ngun thi nhit
q
1

q
2

Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

81
Nm 1824, trong cng trnh "suy ngh v ng lc ca la", Cacn chng minh
c rng:
=
1
2
1
2 1
T
T
1
T
T T
=

Biu thc ny c gi l biu thc ca nguyn l th hai.
Biu thc ca nguyn l th hai cho thy mun tng hiu sut ca my nhit th phi
tng nhit ca ngun cung nhit. T
1
v h nhit ca ngun thi nhit T
2
. Tuy nhin
khng th h nhit ca ngun thi nhit n khng tuyt i t s
1
2
T
T
s lun lun
dng v do hiu sut ca mt my nhit khng th t n 100%.
2.2. Nng lng t do
Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng hc cho thy bt k mt dng nng lng no (c
nng, in nng, ha nng...) u c th chuyn hon ton thnh nhit, nhng tri li nhit
khng th chuyn hon ton thnh dng nng lng khc. iu dn ti kt lun l ch mt
phn nng lng d tr ca h (d tr nhit) c kh nng chuyn thnh dng nng lng
khc, cn mt phn khc khng c kh nng m ch chuyn thnh nhit.
Phn d tr nhit c kh nng chuyn thnh cng c ch hay nng lng khc c gi
l nng lng t do, k hiu l G, phn cn li gi l nng lng buc, k hiu l B.
Nh vy theo nh ngha ta c: H = G + B hay
G = H - B
Vic nghin cu su nhit ng hc cho thy gi tr ca B c xc nh bi tch ca
hai i lng T v S. y T l nhit tuyt i (nhit K), cn S l mt i lng gi
l entropi. ng vi mi mt cht hay mt h c tn ti mt gi tr entropi. Gi tr tuyt i
ca i lng ny khng xc nh c, tuy nhin khi cht hay h chuyn sang mt cht hay
mt h khc th bin thin ca entropi (S) c o bng t s gia lng nhit ta ra hay
hp thu vo v nhit ti xy ra qu trnh bin i .
T ta c:
G = H - TS
Khi cht hay h bin i t mt trng thi ny sang trng thi khc, ta c:
G = H - T. S
Vic tnh ton bin thin nng lng t do c mt ngha to ln trong nghin cu v
kh nng t xy ra ca mt phn ng ha hc.
3. Nng lng t do v phn ng ha hc
Trc y Bectlo (Berthelot) nu ln mt nguyn l ni rng mt phn ng ha
hc c th t xy ra c nu H < 0 ngha l phn ng pht nhit mi xy ra.
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

82
Nhng trong thc t c nhiu phn ng vi H > 0 vn t xy ra. iu chng t
rng khng th ly nhit phn ng lm tiu chun nh gi kh nng xy ra ca mt phn
ng.
Nh cc cng trnh nghin cu ca Hemhon, Gib (Helmholtz, Gibbo), ngi ta ly
bin thin nng lng t do lm tiu chun xem xt mt phn ng c th t xy ra hay
khng.
Theo th mt phn ng c th xy ra nu: G < 0 tc l phn ng km theo s gim
nng lng t do. minh ha cho nhng iu ni trn, ta hy ly mt v d:
Cho phn ng: CaCO
3(r)
= CaO
(r)
+ CO
2(k)

Bit H
o
S
(Kcal/mol) -288,5 -151,9 -94,0
S
o
(Cal/mol) 22,2 9,5 51,1
- Xc nh chiu t xy ra ca phn ng iu kin chun.
- Xc nh nhit ti CaCO
3
bt u b phn hy.
Gii: G
o
p/tr
= H
o
p/tr
- T S
o
p/tr

H
o
p/tr
= -151,9 - 94,0 + 288,5 = 42,6 Kcal/mol
S
o
p/tr
= 51,1 + 9,5 - 22,2 = 38,4 Cal/mol
G
o
p/tr
= 42,6 . 10
-3
- 298. 38,4 = 33.156,8 Cal/mol > 0
Vy phn ng thun khng t xy ra iu kin chun. Phn ng ny ch xy ra
nhit T khi:
G
T
p/tr
= H
T
p/tr
- T S
T
p/tr
< 0
tc l khi T S
T
p/tr
> H
T
p/tr

T >
T
T
S
H

Nu b qua nh hng ca nhit n hiu ng nhit v bin thin entropi ca phn
ng tc l coi: H
0
p/tr
H
T
p/tr
v

S
0
p/tr
S
T
p/tr
, ta c:
T >
4 , 38
10 . 6 , 42
3
= 1109,4
o
K 836
o
C
Cu hi v bi tp:
1. Th no l ni nng ca h? Ni nng ph thuc vo nhng yu t no?
2. Ni dung v biu thc ca nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc.
3. Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng. Pht biu nh lut Hess v hiu ng nhit ca phn ng.
Ti sao ni nh lut Hess l h qu ca nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc.
4. nh ngha nhit sinh, nhit chy ca mt cht. Cng thc tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn
ng da vo nhit sinh, nhit chy.
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

83
5. nh ngha nhit nguyn t ha ca mt cht. Nng lng lin kt l g? Chng c quan
h vi nhau nh th no?
6. Tnh H
S
0
ca Ca(OH)
2
bit hiu ng nhit ca phn ng:
CaO + H
2
O = Ca(OH)
2

H = -15,26 Kcal/mol
H
S
0
ca CaO v H
2
O tng ng l: -151,8 v -68,3 Kcal/mol
7. Khi t chy 1 mol glucoza thy thot ra 673 Kcal. Tnh H
S
0
ca glucoza bit H
S
0

ca CO
2
v H
2
O tng ng l: -94,1 v -68,3 Kcal/mol.
8. Ni dung v cch pht biu nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng hc. Entropi l g? ngha
ca hm s ny.
9. Nng lng t do l g? Da vo n khi no mt phn ng c th t din bin?
10. Tc ng ca cc yu t entanpi v entropi ln chiu hng din bin ca mt phn ng.
11. Cc phn ng sau y c xy ra khng iu kin chun? (khng cn tnh).
a. 3O
2
= 2O
3
H

> 0
b. C
6
H
6(h)
+ 15/2 O
2 (k)
= 6CO
2
+ 3H
2
O H = -718,6 Kcal/mol
c. CaCO
3(r)
= CaO
(r)
+ CO
2
H = 42,6 Kcal/mol
d. SO
2(k)
+ 1/2O
2
= SO
3(k)
H = -23,7 Kcal/mol
12. Phn ng sau y xy ra theo chiu no iu kin tiu chun:
H
2
S
(k)
+ 0,5 O
2
= H
2
O
(h)
+ S
(r)

Bit H
S
0
-4,8 -57,8 Kcal/mol
S
0
298
49,1 49,0 45,1 7,6 cal/mol
13. Cho phn ng:
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O
(h)
= C
2
H
5
OH
(h)

Bit G
S
0
16,3 -54,6 -40,3 Kcal/mol
S
0
298
52,5 45,1 54,5 cal/mol
Hi: 25
o
C phn ng din ra theo chiu no? ta nhit hay thu nhit.
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

84
HNG DN GII BI TP V TR LI CU HI HA
HC
BI 2: CU TO NGUYN T

2.3. My electron l vng khng gian chung quanh ht nhn trong tp trung phn ln xc
sut c mt electron (khong 90 - 95% xc sut).
Nh vy my electron c th coi l hnh nh khng gian ca obitan nguyn t.
2.4.

1s: Hnh cu
2p
x
: Hnh s tm ni nh hng theo trc x.
So snh 1s v 2s: cng c dng hnh cu nhng 2s c kch thc ln hn
2px, 2py, 2pz: cng c dng s tm ni nhng hng theo 3 trc x, y, z.
2.5. Trong nguyn t, cc electron ln lt sp xp vo cc obitan (my) c nng lng t
thp n cao 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s...
Da vo bc thang nng lng cc AO, khi bit s th t z c th vit c cu hnh
electron ca mt nguyn t.
V d: Nguyn t z = 17 c cu hnh 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5

2.6. Trong mt phn mc, cc electron c xu hng phn b u vo cc lng t sao cho
s electron c thn l ln nht.
V d: N (z = 7)

N (z = 7) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3

Qui tc Hun cho php vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t di dng cc lng t.
2.7.

90 - 95%
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

85
z Cu hnh e (ch vit 2 lp ngoi
cng)
Chu
k
Nhm Tnh cht
15 3s
2
3p
3
3 V
A
Tnh oxy ha
Phi kim
36 3s
2
3p
6
3d
8
4s
2
4p
6
4 VIII
A
Tr v ha hc
Kh him
20 3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
4 II
A
Tnh kh
Kim loi kim th
13 2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
3 III
A
Tnh kh
Kim loi
29 3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
1
4 I
B
Tnh kh
Kim loi chuyn tip
53 4s
2
4p
6
4d
10
5s
2
5p
5
5 VII
A
Tnh oxi ha
Halogen

2.8.
Ng t z Cu hnh electron Ha tr
O 8

2s 2p
2e c thn, ha tr 2
S
S*
S**
16

2e c thn, ha tr 2
4e c thn, ha tr 4
6e c thn, ha tr 6
N 7 3e c thn, ha tr 3
P 15

3e c thn, ha tr 3
5e c thn, ha tr 5

2.9. Cu
+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
(4s
0
)
Cu
2+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
9
(4s
0
)
2.10. Ar (z = 18): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

Cation K
+
(19-1); Ca
2+
(20-2);
Anion Cl
-
(17+1); S
2-
(16+2);
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

86
2.12. Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t nhm I
A
ns
1
. Rt d mt electron duy nht, th
hin tnh kh rt mnh.
2.13. Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t nhm VII
A
ns
2
np
5
. Rt d nhn thm mt electron
th hin tnh oxi ha rt mnh.
BI 3: LIN KT HA HC V CU TO PHN T
3.1.

3.2. > 2 Lin kt ion
< 2 Lin kt cng. Trong khi = 0 lin kt cng khng phn cc
0 < < 2 lin kt cng phn cc
V d: Lin kt ion gia Na v Cl. Nguyn t Na (c 1e lp ngoi cng), cho i 1e
v bin thnh ion dng (c 8e lp trong). Nguyn t Cl (c 7e lp ngoi cng), nhn
thm 1e t Na v bin thnh ion m (c 8e). Cc ion m v dng ht nhau to ra lin kt
Na-CL.
Lin kt cng gia O v O. Mi nguyn t O (c 6e lp ngoi cng) b ra 2e gp
chung to ra lin kt O-O (O
2
) t c trng thi bt t.
Lin kt cho nhn gia NH
3
v H
+
. Nguyn t N b hn ra mt cp e gp chung vi
H
+
to ra NH
4
+
.
Lin kt ion c nng lng lin kt ln hn lin kt cng, do bn vng hn.
3.3. Lin kt hydro ch hnh thnh nhng hp cht trong nguyn t H lin kt vi mt
nguyn t c in m ln v bn knh nguyn t nh. V d nh gia cc phn t H
2
O,
HF...
3.4. (Xem gio trnh).
3.5. Lin kt ha hc to ra do s xen ph cc m my e trn trc ni hai nhn ca nguyn
t c gi l lin kt xch ma. Lin kt c th hnh thnh do s xen ph cc m my s - s,
s - p hay p - p (xem hnh) hay s - L, p - L, L - L.
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

87

Lin kt t c s xen ph ln nht v vy lin kt xch ma l lin kt bn.
- Lin kt ha hc to ra do s xen ph cc my e hai bn ca trc ni hai nhn
nguyn t c gi l lin kt pi. Lin kt c th hnh thnh do s xen ph cc m my p
- p (xem hnh) hay p - d, d - d.
So vi lin kt th lin kt bn hn v mc xen ph ln hn v vng xen ph
nm trn trc ni hai nhn nguyn t.
3.6. Lai ha l s t hp cc my e (cc AO) khc loi to ra cc m my hon ton
ging nhau v hnh dng, kch thch v nng lng nhng c hng khc nhau.
- Lai ha sp. 2 m my lai ha hng theo 2 hng trong khng gian, trc ca 2 m
my ny to ra gc 180
o
. V d s lai ha ca C trong phn t C
2
H
2
hay ca Be trong BeH
2
.
- Lai ha sp
2
. 3 m my lai ha hng theo 3 nh ca mt tam gic u, trc ca 3
m my ny to ra gc 120
o
. V d s lai ha ca C trong phn t C
2
H
4
hay ca B trong
BH
3
.
- Lai ha sp
3
. 4 m my lai ha hng theo 4 nh ca mt t din u, trc ca cc
m my ny to ra gc 109
o
28'. V d s lai ha ca C trong phn t CH
4
.
3.7.
+ Phn t H
2
: Gia hai nguyn t H c 1 lin kt (xen ph s-s). Cu trc thng.
+ Phn t O
2
: Gia hai nguyn t O c 1 lin kt (xen ph p
x
-p
x
) v mt lin kt
(xen ph p
z
- p
z
). Cu trc thng.
+ Phn t N
2
: Gia hai nguyn t N c 1 lin kt (xen ph p
x
- p
x
) c 2 lin kt
(xen ph p
y
- p
y
v p
z
- p
z
). Cu trc thng.
+ Phn t HCl: Gia nguyn t H v Cl c 1 lin kt (xen ph s - p
x
). Cu trc
thng.
+ Phn t CO
2
: Nguyn t C c lai ha sp. Gia C v O c 1 lin kt (xen ph L -
p
x
) v 1 lin kt khng nh c (xen ph p
z
- p
z
- p
z
). Cu trc thng.
+ Phn t CH
4
: Nguyn t C c lai ha sp
3
. Gia C v cc nguyn t H c 4 lin kt
(xen ph L - s). Cu trc t din u.
+ Phn t NH
3
: Nguyn t N c lai ha sp
3
. Gia N v cc nguyn t c 3 lin kt
(xen ph L - s). Cu trc chp.
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

88
+ Phn t H
2
O: Nguyn t C c lai ha sp
3
. Gia O v cc nguyn t H c 2 lin kt
(xen ph L - s). Cu trc gc.
3.8. Trong cc phn t ny, cc m my p thun xen ph vi nhau to ra cc lin kt . Cc
electron c gii ta trn tt c cc nguyn t C (lin kt khng nh c). biu din
lin kt ny ngi ta dng cc du chm.

BI 4: NG HA HC
4.3. V l phn ng n gin nn biu thc tnh tc phn ng l:
v = k
3
[NO]
2
[O
2
]. Gi nng u ca NO v O
2
tng ng l a v b, ta c: v
0
= k
3
.
a
2
. b. Khi:
Tng nng O
2
ln 4 ln: v
1
= k
3
a
2
.4b = 4k
3
.a
2
.b = 4v
0
tng 4 ln.
4.4. Qui tc Van Hp v biu thc Areniux (xem gio trnh).
4.5.
n
T
10 . n T
K
k
=
+
= (3,1)
4
= 92,4
4.6. V = 3 ta c:
3
n
= =
+
T
10 . n T
K
k
243 n = 5 tng thm 50
o
.
4.7. Thuyt hot ha v nng lng hot ha
Thuyt ny cho rng ch nhng va chm ca cc nguyn t hay phn t hot ng mi
dn n phn ng.
Cc nguyn t hay phn t hot ng l cc nguyn t hay phn t c mt nng lng
ln khi i vo lin kt.
Nng lng l mt mol cht phn ng cn phi c chuyn cc phn t ca chng t
trng thi khng hot ng tr thnh hot ng gi l nng lng hot ha ca phn ng.
4.8. S c mt ca cht xc tc lm cho phn ng din ra qua mt s phn ng trung gian c
nng lng hot ha thp hn so vi phn ng khng c xc tc v do lm tng tc
phn ng.
4.9. T s gia tch s nng cc cht sn phm phn ng v tch s nng cc cht tham
gia phn ng c gi l hng s cn bng K ca phn ng.
K c gi tr cng ln chng t cn bng chuyn nhiu hn theo chiu thun.
V d v s chuyn dch cn bng theo nguyn l L Satlie (xem gio trnh).
4.10. a) Chiu thun; Khng chuyn dch b) Chiu nghch; Chiu thun
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

89
c) Chiu nghch; Chiu thun d) Chiu thun; Chiu thun
4.11 v 4.12. (Xem gio trnh)
BI 5: I CNG V DUNG DCH
5.1.
Nng phn trm: S gam cht tan trong 100 gam dung dch.
Nng mol (hay mol/l): S mol cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch.
Nng ng lng gam (hay lg/l): S ng lng gam cht tan trong 1 lt dung
dch.
5.2.
ng lng gam ca mt cht trong phn ng trao i bng khi lng mol phn t
chia cho s in tch dng (hoc m) m mt phn t cht trao i.
ng lng gam ca mt cht trong phn ng xi ho kh bng khi lng mol
phn t chia cho s electron m mt phn t cho hay nhn.
5.3.
Cc cht ho hc (n cht hay hp cht) phn ng vi nhau theo cng s ng
lng gam.
Trong ho hc phn tch nu V
A
lt dung dch cht A nng N
A
phn ng va vi V
B

lt dung dch cht B c nng N
B
. Khi theo nh lut ta c:
V
A
. N
A
= V
B
. N
B

Cng thc ny c s dng trong phn tch tnh nng cht cn chun .
5.4.
Nhnh A v B ca mt ng hnh ch nht U c ngn cch bng mt mng thm
thu.

Nhnh A cha mt dung dch ng, nhnh B cha nc nguyn cht. Sau mt thi
gian, mc cht lng trong nhnh A nng ln mt cao h no , cn mc cht lng trong
nhnh B b h thp xung, mt s phn t dung mi t nhnh B chuyn sang nhnh A.
A
B
h
dd ng nc nguyn cht
mng thm tch
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

90
Hin tng cc phn t dung mi khuych tn qua mng thm thu t dung mi sang
dung dch (hoc t dung dch c nng thp sang dung dch c nng cao hn) c gi
l hin tng thm thu.
Hin tng thm thu gy nn mt p sut gi l p sut thm thu. V ln n c
gi tr bng p sut gy nn bi ct nc c chiu cao h.
nh lut Van Hp:
p sut thm thu ca mt dung dch t l thun vi nng v nhit ca dung
dch.
p = R. C. T
R: Hng s khng kh l tng, bng 0,082 lt at/mol.K
C : Nng mol/lit ca dung dch
T: Nhit tuyt i ca dung dch
5.5.
p sut hi bo ho l p sut gy nn bi cc phn t dung mi trn mt thong ca
dung mi hay dung dch khi qu trnh bay hi t ti trng thi cn bng.
cng mt nhit p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch lun lun nh hn p sut ca
dung mi nguyn cht. iu ny dn n:
Dung dch c nhit si cao hn nhit si ca dung mi
Dung dch c nhit ng c thp hn nhit ng c ca dung mi
5.6.
tng im si hay h im ng ca dung dch t l thun vi nng molan
ca dung dch.
T
s
= k
s
. m
T
d
= k
d
. m
Da vo nh lut Raun v bng thc nghim xc nh h im ng (phng php
nghim ng) hay tng im si (phng php nghim si) ca dung dch ngi ta c th
tm c khi lng phn t ca mt cht tan.
5.7.
C =
100
1000 184 , 0
B
M

p = R. C. T = 0,082
100
1000 184 , 0
A
M
303 = 560/760.
T M
A
62g
5.8.
C =
250
1000 3
B
M

Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

91
p = R. C. T = 0,082
250
1000 3
B
M
285 = 0,82
T M
B
= 342g
5.9.
m =
100
1000
180
9

T
s
= k
s
. m = 0,52.
100
1000
180
9
= 0,26. T T
s
= 100,26
0
.
T
s
= k
s
. m = 1,86.
100
1000
180
9
= 0,94. T T
d
= - 0,94
0
.
5.10.
T
d
= 0 - (-0,279) = 0,279
0

T
d
= 1,86.
100
1000 38 , 1
A
M
= 0,279. T M
A
= 92g
5.11.
T
d
= 5,478 - 5,232 = 0,246
0

T
d
= 4,9.
20
1000 44 , 2
M
= 0,246. T M = 243g 2M
benzoie

Vy: Dng t hp 2 phn t.
BI 6 : DUNG DCH CC CHT IN LY
6.1.
+ Tch s ion ca nc l tch s nng ion H
+
v OH
-
trong nc
K
H2O
= [H
+
][OH
-
]
+ Theo qui c pH = - lg[H
+
]
+ Gi tr ca pH cho bit mt mi trng l: trung tnh pH = 7
a xit pH < 7
baz pH > 7
6.2.
[H
+
] = 10
-2
pH = - lg 10
-2
= 2
[H
+
] = 10
-7
pH = - lg 10
-7
= 7
[H
+
] = 10
-9
pH = - lg 10
-9
= 9
[H
+
] = 3,1.10
-2
pH = - lg 3,1.10
-2
= - lg3,1- lg10
-2
= 1,5
[H
+
] = 9.10
-8
pH = - lg 9.10
-8
= - lg9- lg10
-8
= 7,05
6.3. H
2
SO
4
0,05 M pH = - lg 2.0,05 = 1
HCl 0,001 M pH = - lg 10
-3
= 3
NaOH 0,01 M pOH = - lg 10
-2
= 2 pH = 14 -2 =12
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

92
(CaOH)
2
0,02 M pOH = - lg 2.0,02 = -lg 4.10
-2
= 1,4 pH = 12,6
6.4.
+ A xt l cht c kh nng cho proton (H
+
)
+ Baz l cht c kh nng nhn proton
+ so snh mch ca axit hay baz ngi ta dng a lg K
A
, K
B
hoc PK
A
, pK
B
.
Gi tr K cng ln hoc pK cng nh th axit (hay baz) cng mnh.

axit baz lin hp Baz axit lin hp
NH
4
Cl NH
3
NH
3
NH
4
+

NaHCO
3
CO
3
2-
NaHCO
3
H
2
CO
3

H
2
O OH
-
CH
3
COONa CH
3
COOH
C
6
H
5
NH
3
Cl C
2
H
5
NH
2
H
2
O H
3
O
+

H
2
N-CH
2
-COOH H
2
N-CH
2
-COO
-
H
2
N-CH
2
-COOH
NaNO
2

NH
3
+
-CH
2
-COOH
HNO
2

Na
2
SO
4
khng phi axit hay baz
NaHCO
3
, H
2
O, H
2
N-CH
2
-COOH lng tnh (va l axit, va l baz)
7.5. Theo cng thc a = C K /
CH
3
COOH 0,02M a = 3,05.10
-2
CH
3
COOH 0,2M a = 9,6.10
-3
Nng tng th in li gim
CH
3
COOH 0,02M + NaCH
3
COO 0,02M
CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+

Nng du: 0,02 0,02
Nng cn bng 0,02 x 0,02 + x x
Ka =
x
x x
+
02 , 0
) 02 , 0 (
Nu x << 0,02
Ta c: x = Ka
a =
2
5
10 . 2
10 . 85 , 1
02 , 0

=
x
= 9,25 . 10
-4

Nhn xt: so vi dung dch CH
3
COOH 0,02M in li gim 30 ln.
CH
3
COOH 0,02M + NaCH
3
COO 0,2 M
CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+

Nng du: 0,02 0,2 x
Nng cn bng 0,02 x 0,2 + x
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

93
Ka =
x
x x
+
02 , 0
) 2 , 0 (
Nu x << 0,02
Ta c: x = Ka/10
a =
2
6
10 . 2
10 . 85 , 1
02 , 0

=
x
= 9,25 . 10
-5

Nhn xt: So vi dung dch CH
3
COOH 0,02M + NaCH
3
COO 0,02 M in li gim
10 ln.
6.6.
S in ly ca axit yu trong dung dch thc cht l phn ng ca n vi H
2
O to
ra H
3
O+ theo phng trnh:
HA + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ A
-

pH = 1/2 (pK
a
- lg C
a
)
CH
3
COOH pH = 1/2 (4,76 - lg 10
-2
) = 3,38
HCOOH pH = 1/2 (3,35 - lg 10
-2
) = 2,88
HNO
2
pH = 1/2 (3,76 - lg 10
-2
) = 2,68
HCN pH = 1/2 (4,76 - lg 10
-2
) = 5,66
NaH
2
PO
4
pH = 1/2 (pK
4 3
PO H
+ pK
4 3
PO H
)
= 1/2 (2,13 + 7,21) = 4,67
6.7.
S nh l ca ba z yu trong dung dch thc cht l phn ng ca n vi H
2
O to
ra OH
-
theo phng trnh:
B + H
2
O OH
-
+ BH
+

pH = 14 - 1/2 (pK
b
- lg C
b
)
NH
3
pH = 14 - 1/2 (4,76 - lg 10
-2
) = 10,62
C
2
H
5
NH
2
pH = 14 - 1/2 (3,25 - lg 10
-2
) = 11,38
C
6
H
5
NH
2
pH = 14 - 1/2 (9,42 - lg 10
-2
) = 8,29
NH
2
OH pH = 14 - 1/2 (7,97 - lg 10
-2
) = 9,02
6.8.
Dung dch m l dung dch c pH thay i khng ng k khi thm vo mt t
axit, baz hay khi pha long chng.
Trong dung dch m c mt ng thi hai dng axit v baz ca mt cp axit - baz
lin hp
a. dung dch m Photphat NaH
2
PO
4
/ Na
2
HPO
4
Trong dung dch ny lun lun tn ti cn bng:
H
2
P0
4
-
H
+
+ HPO
4
2-

Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

94
V vy khi thm vo dung dch m H
+
cn bng trn s chuyn dch theo chiu nghch
to ra axit in li yu H
2
PO
4
-
. Ngc li khi thm ba z (OH
-
) hay pha long, nng H
+
b
gim xung th ng thi cn bng s chuyn theo chiu thun to thm H
+
v do pH
khng b thay i.
b. Dung dch m Cc bon nat NaHCO
3
/Na
2
CO
3

Trong dung dch m ny lun lun tn ti cn bng:
HC0
3
-
H
+
+ CO
3
2-

c. Dung dch m Amoni : NH
4
Cl/NH
3

Trong dung dch m ny lun lun tn ti cn bng:
NH
4
H
+
+ NH
3

Gii thch tng t nh i vi m pht pht.
6.9. Cng thc tng qut tnh pH ca dung dch m:
[baz lin hp ]
pH = pKa + lg
[axit lin hp ]

a. pH = 10,26 + lg
1 , 0 1 , 0
2 , 0 . 025 , 0
x
= 9,9
b. pH = 7,21 + lg 1 = 7,21
c. NaOH + CH
3
COOH = NaCH
3
COO + H
2
O
S mol ban u: 0,05 . 0,16 0,22 . 0,4
= 8. 10
-3
= 88. 10
-3
S mol sau phn ng: 80. 10
-3
8. 10
-3

pH = 4.76 + lg
3
3
10 . 80
10 . 8
= 3,76
6.9b.
S thu phn ca mui l phn ng gia cc ion ca mi vi nc to ra axit yu, baz
yu. V thc cht s thu phn l phn ng in li trong nc ca axit hay baz Bronstet.
pH ca dung dch mui ph thuc vo bn cht ca mi v nng ca mui (tr
trng hp mui to bi axit yu v baz yu)

C
2
H
5
NH
3
Cl C
2
H
5
NH
3
+
+ H2O C
2
H
5
NH
2
+ H
3
O
+

pH = 1/2 (pKa - lg Ca)
pH = 1/2 (10,75 - lg 10
-2
) = 6,38
C
6
H
5
COONa C
6
H
5
COO
-
+ H
2
O C
6
H
5
COOH

+ OH
-

pH = 14 - 1/2 (pKb - lg Cb)
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

95
pH = 14 - 1/2 (9,81 - lg 10
-2
) = 8,1

KNO
2
NO
2
-
+ H
2
O HNO
2
+ OH
-

pH = 14 - 1/2 (10,65 - lg 10
-2
) = 7,68

C
2
H
5
NHCl C
5
H
5
NH
+
+ H
2
O C
2
H
5
N

+ H
3
O
+

pH = 1/2 (8,77 - lg 10
-2
) = 8,61
Na
2
C
2
O
4
C
2
O
4
2-
+ H2O HC
2
O
4
-

+ OH
-

pH = 14 - 1/2 (9,73 - lg 10
-2
) = 8,14
Na
2
SO
4
khng thy phn pH = 7
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
2NH
4
+
+ 2H
2
O 2NH
3
+ 2 H
3
O
+

pH = 1/2 (9,26 - lg 2.10
-2
) = 5,48
NH
4
HCOO NH
4
HCOO NH
3
+ HCOOH
pH = 1/2 (14 + pKa - pKb)
pH = 1/2 (14+ 3,74 - 4,74) = 6,5
C
2
H
5
NH
3
NO
2
C
5
H
5
NH
3
NO
2
C
2
H
5
NH
2
+ HNO
2

pH = 1/2 (14 + 3,25 - 3,25) = 7,0
NH
4
CN NH
4
CN NH
3
+ HCN
pH = 1/2 (14 + 9,31 - 4,74) = 9,29
6.10.
a. y l dung dch baz yu
pH = 14 - 1/2 (9,42 - lg 10
-2
) = 8,29
b. C
6
H
5
NH
2
+ HCl = C
6
H
5
NH
3
Cl
S mol ban u: 0,01 . 0,01 0,05.0,01
= 10
-3
5.10
-4

S mol sau phn ng: 5.10
-4
5.10
-4

y l mt dung dch m:
pH = 4,58 + lg
4
4
10 . 5
10 . 5
= 4,58
c. Nng C
6
H
5
NH
3
Cl trong cc lc ny l 0,01/2 = 5.10
-3

y l dung dch axit yu
pH = 1/2 ( 4,58 - lg 5.10
-3
) = 3,44
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

96
6.11.
H
3
PO
4
H
+
+ H
2
PO
4
-
K
1
=

H
2
PO
4
H
+
+ HPO
4
2-
K
2
=

HPO
4
2-
H
+
+ PO
4
3-
K
3
=

7.12. K
1
K
2

b. CH
3
-CH-COOH CH
3
-CH-COO
-
CH
3
-CH-COO
-

NH
3
+
NH
3
+
NH
2

Dng ng in
pHi = 1/2 (pK
1
+ pK
2
) = 1 /2 (2,35 + 9,69) = 6,02
K
1
K
2

HOOC -CH
2
-CH-COOH HOOC -CH
2
-CH-COOH
NH
3
+
NH
2

K
3

-
OOC -CH
3
-CH-COO
-

-
OOC -CH
3
-CH-COO
-

NH
3
+
NH
3
+

pHi = 1/ 2 (pK
1
+ pK
2
) = 1/ 2 (2,09 + 9,82) = 5,96
Tng t i vi Tirozin
pHi = 1/ 2 (pK
1
+ pK
2
) = 1/ 2 (2,20 + 9,11) = 5,65
b. Khi pH < pK
1
Tn ti dng cation
pH > pK
2
Tn ti dng anion
pH = pHi tn ti ng ng in
6.13.
Tch s tan ca mt cht in li mnh t tan l tch s nng ca cc ion ca n
trong dung dch bo ho cht vi s m bng h s t lng trong phn t.
i vi cht in li mnh kh tan A
m
B
n
S =
n m
n m
n m T
+
. /
6.14
S = = =
9
3
10 . 1 , 5
BaCO
T = 7,14. 10
-5
M
6.15.
Ag
3
PO
4
<----> 3Ag+ + PO
4
3-

S 3S S
T = (3S)
3
. S = 27 S
4
= 27 (1,6.10
-3
)
4
= 1,76.10
-18

[H
+
][H
2
PO
4
-
]
[H
3
PO
4
]
[H
+
][HPO
4
2-
]
[H
2
PO
4
-
)
[H
+
][PO
4
3-
]
[H
2
PO
4
2-
)
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

97
6.16.
Sr
2+
+ SO
4
2-
= SrSO
4

[Sr
2+
] = 5.10
-4
[SO
4
2-
] = 5.10
-4
[Sr
2+
] [SO
4
2-
] = 1,25.10
-7
< T . Vy khng kt ta.
6.17.
Pb
2+
+ 2I
-
= PbI
2

a. [Pb
2+
] = 5.10
-3
[SO
4
2-
] = 5.10
-3
[Pb
2+
] [I
-
]
2
= 2,5.10
-7
> T . Vy kt ta c to ra.
b. [Pb
2+
] = 10
-3
[SO
4
2-
] = 10
-3
[Pb
2+
] [I
-
]
2
= 10
-9
< T . Vy khng to ra kt ta
6.18.
Ag
2
CrO
4

2Ag
+
= CrO
4
2-

S 0,1 + 2 S S
T = (0,1 + 2S)
2
. S Nu S << 0,1
Ta c: S = T/10
-2
= 9.10
-2
/10
-2
= 9.10
-14
M
6.19.
tan trong nc: BaSO
4
Ba
2+
SO
4
2-

S S S
S =
10
10
= T = 10
-5
M
tan trong H
2
SO
4
: BaSO
4
Ba
2+
SO
4
2-

S S 0,2+ S'
T = (0,2 + 2S)S Nu S << 0,2
Ta c: S = T/0,2 = 10
-10
/2. 10
-1
= 5.10
-10
M
Nhn xt: tan ca BaSO
4
trong dung dch c ion chung gim i so vi tan trong
nc l (S/S) 2.10
4
ln.
BI 7: IN HA HC
7.2. Dng oxi - ha l dng c s oxi - ha dng hn v c vit trc. Dng kh c s
oxi - ha nh hn v c vit sau. V d:
Zn
2+
/ Zn; Cu
2+
/Cu v CH
3
CHO/C
2
H
5
OH ; MnO
4
-
/Mn
2+

7.3. Da vo th oxy ha kh tiu chun ca cc cp oxi ha - kh
a) Nghch; b) Thun; c) Nghch; d) Nghch; e) Thun; f) Thun
7.4.
a) 2KMnO
4
+ 5H
2
C
2
O
4
+ 3H
2
SO
4
= 2MnSO
4
+ 5CO
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
b) MnO
2
+ 2KI + 2H
2
SO
4
= MnSO
4
+ I
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

98
c) H
2
S + 2HNO
3
= S + 2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
d) 2KMnO
4
+ 5H
2
O
2
+ 3H
2
SO
4
= 2MnSO
4
+ 5O
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
e) 2FeSO
4
+ H
2
O
2
+ H
2
SO
4
= Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2H
2
O
7.5.
Cng thc Nec
=
0
+
] Kh [
] Ox [
lg
n
059 , 0

* in cc calomen
Th ca in cc calomen c tnh theo cng thc:

cal
=
0
cal
- 0,059 lg [Cl
-
]
Nu nng Cl
-
trong in cc l bo ha th
cal
khng i v bng 0,24v.
* in cc thy tinh:
tt
=
0
tt
+ 0,059 lg [H
+
] =
0
tt
- 0,059 pH
Trong
0
tt
l mt hng s i vi mi in cc.
* in cc oxi - ha kh ca st: (Pt) / Fe
3+
, Fe
2+

+ + 2 3
Fe / Fe
=
0
+ + 2 3
Fe / Fe
+
] Fe [
] Fe [
lg
1
059 , 0
2
3
+
+

7.6. (Xem gio trnh)
a) E =
0
Cu / Cu
2+
-
0
Pb / Pb
2+
+
] Pb [
] Cu [
lg
2
059 , 0
2
2
+
+

= 0,34 - (-0,13) = 0,47 V
b) E =
0
Ni / Ni
2+
-
0
Cr / Cr
2+
+
2 3
3 2
] Cr [
] Ni [
lg
6
059 , 0
+
+

= -0,25 - (-0,74) +
4
10 . 4 lg
6
059 , 0

= 0,46V
7.7. Nguyn tc: Thit lp mt nguyn t Ganvani gm mt in cc c th ph thuc vo
pH v mt in cc chun. o sc in ng ca nguyn t v rt ra pH.
o pH bng cp in cc thy tinh - calomen.
Lp nguyn t Ganvani: Sut in ng ca nguyn t:
E =
cal
-
tt
=
cal
-
0
tt
+ 0,059 pH
T : pH =
059 , 0
E
0
tt cal
+

Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

99
MC LC
M U......................................................................................................................... 1
BI 1: MT S KHI NIM V NH LUT C BN CA HA HC ............. 2
1. Nguyn t............................................................................................................... 2
2. Nguyn t ha hc.................................................................................................. 2
3. Phn t.................................................................................................................... 2
4. Cht ha hc........................................................................................................... 2
5. Khi lng nguyn t............................................................................................. 2
6. Khi lng phn t................................................................................................. 2
7. Mol ......................................................................................................................... 2
8. Khi lng mol nguyn t, phn t, ion ................................................................ 2
9. Ha tr..................................................................................................................... 3
10. S oxi-ha............................................................................................................. 3
BI 2: CU TO NGUYN T................................................................................... 4
1. Thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t......................................................................... 4
2. Nhng mu nguyn t c in ............................................................................... 4
2.1. Mu Rzfo (Anh) 1911 ................................................................................ 4
2.2. Mu Bo (an Mch), 1913............................................................................. 5
3. c tnh ca ht vi m hay nhng tin ca c hc lng t............................. 6
3.1. Bn cht sng ca ht vi m (electron, nguyn t, phn t...) ....................... 6
3.2. Nguyn l bt nh (Haixenbec - c), 1927.................................................. 6
4. Khi nim c bn v c hc lng t .................................................................... 6
4.1. Hm sng........................................................................................................ 6
4.2. Obitan nguyn t. My electron ..................................................................... 7
5. Qui lut phn b cc electron trong nguyn t....................................................... 8
5.1. Nguyn l ngn cm (Paoli - Thy S) ............................................................ 8
5.2. Nguyn l vng bn. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t................................... 8
5.3. Qui tc Hun (Hun - c). Cu hnh electron dng lng t ....................... 9
6. H thng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc.......................................................... 10
Cu hi v bi tp:.................................................................................................... 13
BI 3: LIN KT HA HC V CU TO PHN T.......................................... 14
1. Mt s i lng c lin quan n lin kt .......................................................... 14
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

100
1.1. in m ca nguyn t ......................................................................... 14
1.2. Nng lng lin kt ...................................................................................... 15
1.3. di lin kt .............................................................................................. 15
1.4. bi ca lin kt........................................................................................ 15
1.5. Gc lin kt (gc ha tr).............................................................................. 16
2. Nhng thuyt c in v lin kt ......................................................................... 16
2.1. Qui tc bt t................................................................................................ 16
2.1. Lin kt ion (Kotxen - c), 1916............................................................... 17
2.2. Lin kt cng ha tr (Liuyt - M), 1916 ...................................................... 17
2.3. Lin kt cho nhn ......................................................................................... 18
2.4. Lin kt hidro ............................................................................................... 19
3. Thuyt lin kt ha tr .......................................................................................... 20
3.1. S hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t H
2
....................................................... 20
3.2. Nhng lun im c bn ca thuyt VB...................................................... 20
3.3. S nh hng lin kt. Lin kt (xch ma) v lin kt (pi)................... 21
3.4. S lai ha cc AO trong lin kt .................................................................. 22
3.5. Hnh hc phn t ca mt s hp cht ......................................................... 23
3.6. Lin kt khng nh c ............................................................................ 24
Cu hi v bi tp: ................................................................................................... 25
BI 4: NG HA HC............................................................................................ 27
1. Mt s khi nim.................................................................................................. 27
1.1. Tc phn ng........................................................................................... 27
1.2. Phn ng n gin v phn ng phc tp .................................................... 27
2. nh hng ca nng n tc phn ng ..................................................... 27
2.1. nh lut tc dng khi lng...................................................................... 27
2.2. Bc v phn t s ca phn ng................................................................... 28
3. nh hng ca nhit n tc phn ng ..................................................... 29
3.1. Qui tc Van Hp........................................................................................... 29
3.2. Biu thc Arniux ........................................................................................ 30
3.3. Thuyt va chm hot ng v nng lng hot ha..................................... 30
4. nh hng ca xc tc n tc phn ng....................................................... 31
4.1. Mt s khi nim v xc tc......................................................................... 31
4.2. C ch v vai tr ca xc tc........................................................................ 32
4.3. Mt s c im ca xc tc ........................................................................ 33
5. Cn bng ha hc................................................................................................. 33
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

101
5.1. Phn ng thun nghch - hng s cn bng .................................................. 33
5.2. Nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng L Satlie................................................ 34
6. Cc phn ng phc tp......................................................................................... 34
6.1. Phn ng thun nghch ................................................................................. 34
6.2. Phn ng ni tip.......................................................................................... 35
6.3. Phn ng dy chuyn.................................................................................... 35
6.4. Phn ng song song...................................................................................... 35
6.5. Phn ng lin hp hay phn ng km nhau.................................................. 36
Cu hi v bi tp:.................................................................................................... 36
BI 5: I CNG V DUNG DCH ...................................................................... 38
1. nh ngha v phn loi dung dch....................................................................... 38
2. Nng dung dch ............................................................................................... 38
2.1. Nng phn trm. ...................................................................................... 38
2.2. Nng mol hay mol/lt............................................................................... 39
2.3. Nng ng lng................................................................................... 39
2.4. Nng molan. ............................................................................................ 40
2.5. Nng phn mol hay nng mol ring phn .......................................... 41
3. p sut thm thu ca dung dch ......................................................................... 41
3.1. Hin tng thm thu ................................................................................... 41
3.2. p sut thm thu - nh lut Van Hp, 1887 (Vant' Hoff - H Lan) ........ 41
4. Nhit si v nhit ng ca dung dch ....................................................... 42
4.1. p sut hi ca dung dch ............................................................................ 42
4.2. Nhit si ca dung dch ........................................................................... 42
4.3. Nhit ng c ca dung dch.................................................................. 43
4.4. nh lut Raun, 1886 (Raoult - Php) .......................................................... 43
5. p sut thm thu, nhit si v nhit ng ca dung dch in li.............. 44
Cu hi v bi tp:.................................................................................................... 44
BI 6: DUNG DCH CC CHT IN LI ................................................................ 46
1. Mt s khi nim v i lng v dung dch cht in li .................................... 46
1.1. Thuyt in li. Arniux - 1884 (Arrehnius - Thy in) ............................. 46
1.2. Hng s in li .............................................................................................. 46
1.3. in li ...................................................................................................... 47
1.4. S in li ca nc - Tch s ion ca nc - pH.......................................... 49
1.5. Cht ch th pH.............................................................................................. 49
2. Axit v baz ......................................................................................................... 50
2.1. Thuyt proton v axit - baz. Bronstet, 1923 (Bronsted - an Mch) ......... 50
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

102
2.2. Thuyt electron v axit - baz ca Liuyt (Lewis) ........................................ 50
2.3. S in li ca axit v baz trong nc......................................................... 51
2.4. pH ca dung dch axit mnh, baz mnh ..................................................... 54
2.5. pH ca dung dch axit yu............................................................................ 54
2.6. pH ca dung dch baz yu .......................................................................... 55
3. S in li ca cc axit hay baz yu nhiu nc.................................................... 56
4. pH ca dung dch mui ........................................................................................ 57
5. Dung dch m..................................................................................................... 58
5.1. nh ngha .................................................................................................... 58
5.2. Thnh phn ca dung dch m v c ch tc dng m............................. 58
6.3. pH ca dung dch m.................................................................................. 58
6. Dung dch cc cht in li mnh t tan, tch s tan .............................................. 59
Cu hi v bi tp: ................................................................................................... 61
BI 7: IN HA HC.............................................................................................. 63
1. Phn ng oxi - ha kh........................................................................................ 63
1.1. nh ngha: ................................................................................................... 63
1.2. Cn bng phn ng oxi - ha kh ................................................................ 63
1.3. Th oxi - ha kh v chiu hng ca phn ng oxi - ha kh................... 64
2. Pin hay cc nguyn t Ganvanic.......................................................................... 66
2.1. Pin Danien Iacobi ......................................................................................... 66
2.2. S xut hin th in cc ............................................................................. 66
2.3. Cng thc Nec.............................................................................................. 67
2.4. Sc in ng ca pin .................................................................................. 68
3. Mt s loi in cc............................................................................................. 68
3.1. in cc kim loi: Me/Me
n+
......................................................................... 68
3.2. in cc kh ................................................................................................. 68
3.3. in cc oxi - ha kh................................................................................. 69
3.4. in cc calomen: Hg/Hg
2
Cl
2
, Cl
-
.............................................................. 69
3.5. in cc thy tinh........................................................................................ 70
4. ng dng ca cc nguyn t Ganvanic ............................................................... 70
4.1. Xc nh th oxi - ha kh, tiu chun ca cc cp oxi - ha kh............... 70
4.2. Xc nh pH bng phng php in ha hc ............................................. 71
4.3. Ngun in mt chiu .................................................................................. 71
Cu hi v bi tp: ................................................................................................... 72
BI 8: NHIT NG HA HC............................................................................... 74
1. Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc - nhit ha hc ...................................... 74
Bi 8: Nhit ng ha hc

103
1.1. Ni dung ca nguyn l................................................................................ 74
1.2. Nhit ha hc................................................................................................ 74
2. Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng hc - nng lng t do................................... 80
2.1. Ni dung ca nguyn l................................................................................ 80
2.2. Nng lng t do.......................................................................................... 81
3. Nng lng t do v phn ng ha hc ............................................................... 81
Cu hi v bi tp:.................................................................................................... 82
HNG DN GII BI TP V TR LI CU HI HA HC ........................ 84
BI 2: CU TO NGUYN T............................................................................ 84
BI 3: LIN KT HA HC V CU TO PHN T..................................... 86
BI 4: NG HA HC ....................................................................................... 88
BI 5: I CNG V DUNG DCH................................................................. 89
BI 6 : DUNG DCH CC CHT IN LY......................................................... 91
BI 7: IN HA HC ......................................................................................... 97
MC LC..................................................................................................................... 99

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