í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 2 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2008 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

G. Shankar, Keshavapatnam. as short as Gopal' or No other boy is as short KSR, Marteru.

Q. Could you give me the mean- as Gopal, 'short' is in positive degree. In your Q. Fused participle
ings of these phrases. For sentence (2) and (3), shorter, and shortest Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ? DEE
are in comparative and superlative degrees
instance, Even while, Even á°æ¤púø’ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷
respectively.
since, By and large, Elan and -T-≤ƒh®Ω’?
ease, Knives ad forks. A. Fused participle -
P. Suresh Varma, Palakollu.
A. For instance = for example. here, participle
Q.
refers to the present
®√®·ç-îªúøç, îªC-Nç-îªúøç, îË®·ç-îªúøç OöÀE
Every chapter of the book is interesting- for
participle, observe.
ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?
instance this chapter itself- chapter v°æA Ñ A. ®√®·ç-îª-úøç, îªC-Nç--îª-úøç, îË®·ç-îª-úøç ™«çöÀN Q. N¨¡y-Ææ-Fߪ’ ´®√_© ¶µí∫ôd.
Students' coming late is not tolerated.
chapter.
°æ¤Ææh-éπç™ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ωç. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊, Ñ causative verbs Åçö«ç. OöÀéÀ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅEoç-öÀéà A. Information from reliable sources.
teachers
(-N-ü∆u®Ω’n-©’ Ç©-Ææuçí¬®√´--ú≈Eo Æ棜«ç-Ω’)
Even while = Even as some thing is hap- make ¢√úø-´îª’a, î√™« îÓôx 'have', 'got' èπÿú≈ Q. †’´¤y 鬕öÀd Ü®Ω’-èπ◊-Ø√o ´’È®-´-®Ω-®·Ø√ Å®·-´¤çõ‰
a) ™ Students' coming late coming late
™,
pening. Even while I was telling him not to ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. I'll make him phone you = (coming- present participle- used as a
îÁç°æ îÁ∞¡Ÿx´’E-°œç-ç-úË-¢√-úÕE.
smoke, he lit a cigaratte. (Smoke îÁßÁ·u-ü¿lE Åûª-úÕûÓ Øˆ’ phone îË®·-≤ƒh†’ = I'll get him to gerund) subject- singular, so, is not tolerat-
A. It's you. It is had been someone else, I'd have
phone you = I'll have him phone you - É™« slapped them hard.
îÁ•’-ûª’ç-úø-í¬ØË Åûªúø’ Æœí∫-È®ö¸ ´·öÀdç-î√úø’) ed, correct Å´¤-ûª’çC.
Even since ™‰ü¿’, Ever since – Å°æpöÀ †’ç*;
ÅEoç-öÀéà v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªçúÕ. Q.
b) Students apostrophe
™ èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’, 鬕öÀd ¢√úÕE ûª†oúøç îª÷Æœ Ç¢Á’ ñ«ví∫ûªh °æúÕçC.
Q. Future ™ ïJ-T-§Ú-ûª’çC. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈) ï-Jí∫’ç- A. His being spanked alerted her/ she became
Ever since he came here he began troubling Students subject plural
Å´¤-ûª’çC. is
Å°æ¤púø’
others =
ô’ç-C ÅØË ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx≠ˇ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL? alert an seeing him spanked.
Åûªúø’ Ééπ\úÕéÀ ´*a† éπ~ùç †’ç* Éûª- tolerated (singular verb) ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. É™«
A. It shall happen = Future ™ ûª°æpéπ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. Q.
Gerund subject noun/
®Ω’©†’ É•sçC °úø’ûª÷ØË ÖØ√oúø’. í¬ ÖçúÕ, ü∆E ´·çü¿J, †’´¤y §ÚM-ÆˇN Å®·-†çûª ´÷vû√† ¢Ë’ ¶µºßª’-°æ-ú≈™«?
It shall have happened = Future ™ ´’†ç ņ’- A. Should we fear just because you are a police-
By and large = î√™« ´’ô’èπ◊. By and large he pronoun, possessive case ™ (ßÁ·éπ\ ÅØË
èπ◊†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ïJT Öçô’çC. man?
was successful in his attempts = Åûªúø’ ûª† gerund, fused participle
Å®ΩnçûÓ) ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, Ç
Q. Would Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.
v°æߪ’-û√o™x î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ Nïߪ’ç §Òçü∆úø’. Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÉC standard spoken/ written G. Prasanth, Godhoor.
A. Would Ö°æßÁ÷í¬©†’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµûª
By and large students are satisfied with his English ™ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ÅüË Students coming Q. Guide, Directory, Diary, Almanac, Calender
lessons îª÷úøçúÕ.
teaching. late are not tolerated éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ OöÀ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?
With elan and ease = Å´-M-©í¬ ¨¡éÀh-´’ç-ûªçí¬, K.Nagadivya, Tatipaka better. A. Guide - A guide gives information about a
Q. Happy x unhappy Q. Compound gerund particular subject 1)äÍé N≠æ-ߪ’ç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 503
Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i† ¨ÎjL™ àü¿®·Ø√ îËߪ’úøç. Å®·ûË Åçõ‰
stop x nonstop - A tourist
¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É´y-í∫© °æ¤Ææhéπç
a) He performed the feat with elan and ease áçü¿’-éπ-´¤- àN’öÀ? D--ØÁo-™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’?
guide / A TV guide, etc.
= (circus) feat
Directory:
Ç -†’

By and lar ge he was successful

äÍé ´®√_-EéÀ
-Å-ûª-úø’ Å´-M-©-í¬/ -Ææ’- îÁçC† v°æï©, N≠æ-ߪ÷-
Ø√-ߪ÷-Ææçí¬ Åéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’- ©†’í∫÷Ja, ¢√∞¡x addresses,
¢Á’i† KA™ î˨»úø’. Éûª®Ω N´-®√-©†’ ûÁ-LÊ°
b) She sang with elan °æ¤Ææhéπç – A Telephone
and ease = Ç¢Á’ Ææ’Ø√-ߪ÷-Ææçí¬ ¨¡éÀh-´’ç-ûªçí¬ ûª’çC? Un, Non OöÀE ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷- A. I saw him coming here and talking directory/ Trade (¢√u§ƒ®Ω N´-®√©) Directory/
Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ §ƒúÕçC. Tç-î√™ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. to some one. coming, talk-
Ééπ\úø, A Medical directory etc.,
Knives and forks = AØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úË spoons, A. à °æü∆-E-ÈéjØ√ ´·êuçí¬ adjectives ing ÅØË È®çúø÷ Åçûª-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Diary - C†-îª-®Ωu- ®√ÊÆ °æ¤Ææhéπç éπü∆?
knives (î√èπ◊©’), forks. (í∫’ù«©’ ûÁLÊ° °æü∆-©)èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ 'un- gerunds sentence
†’ äÍé ™ ¢√úÕûË Calender - D-E í∫’-Jç-* îÁ°æp-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆
Q. They produce in an audience an effect pecu- ' îËJÊÆh, ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC unhappy ÅNcompound gerund Å´¤-û√®·. Almanac - AC∑, ¢√®Ω-†-éπ~-vû√©’ ûÁ-LÊ° °æçî√í∫ç.
liar to the theatre. Here article 'an' is suitable (ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-™‰E) unjust (ÅØ√u-ߪ’-¢Á’i†), Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. Q. Module, booklet, brochure, hand book,
or not? etc. Avoiding smoking is good for manual, pamphlet - OöÀ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?
M.SURESAN health Avoiding, smok- A. Module list
A. Correct (Audience - collective form - count- Non èπÿú≈ ´uA-Í®-é¬-®√n-Eo-Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø ´®Ω-Ææí¬, èπ◊ Ñ ™E N’í∫û√ ´÷ô-©èπ◊ àN-üµ¿-
able as a group) ing compound gerund. I saw him 1) Colleges, Universities
ÅC 'un-, 'in-' (in- èπÿú≈ ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç ÉÆæ’hçC) ¢√úøôç èπÿú≈ ¢Á’i† Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰ü¿’ –
unit module
Q. Could you suggest a good grammar book for Åçûª strong é¬ü¿’. 'Non', adjectives Íé é¬èπ◊çú≈ coming here and talking to some one. Ééπ\úø, ™ äéπ Péπ~ù« N≠æ-ߪ÷© †’ Åçö«ç.
intermediate level by native speaker. coming, talking 2) module.
Éûª®Ω parts of speech ©ûÓ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. ÅØË È®çúø÷ Åçûª-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ äéπ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† ¶µ«í∫´‚,
module
3) äéπ v°æù«-
A. Raymond Murphy's Elementary Grammar. gerunds †’ äÍé sentence com-
™ ¢√úÕûË ÅN R-éπ-™E äé𠶵«í¬Eo èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç.
D.L. Rao, Suvarnapuram. pound gerund Å´¤-û√®·. Booklet = v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† Åôd©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈, °æ¤Ææhéπ
Linganna, Adilabad. Q. An elderly man An elder man booklet.
Q. ؈’ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ NE-°œç-î √-©ØË §ƒú≈†’. Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’ éπü∆. ®Ω÷°æç™ ÖçúË *†o °æ¤Ææhéπç Éçü¿’™ äÍé
Q. My father's three brothers lived with their N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç-*† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Öçô’çC. à *†o
A. I sang so that she would hear me/ I sang only
ÅE áçü¿ ’èπ◊ ņ-è πÿ-úøü¿’?
families in the same house, but by far, my A. Elder- °ü¿l/ elderly- °ü¿l Å®·† Åçü¿’-éπE
°æ¤Ææh-é¬-†o-®·Ø√ booklet Åçö«ç.
to be heard by her. Brochure (pron- v¶Ô≠æ– British; American -
father was the most liberal. Ééπ\úø 'by far' Ö°æ- elderly man Åçö«ç.
ßÁ÷í∫ç, Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’, -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù-L-´yí∫-©®Ω’. Q. F´¤ Åûª-úÕéÀ NE-°œç-îËô’d §ƒú≈L. He is the elder of the two - ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Óx Åûª†’ °ü¿l.
v¶≠懮˝.) = äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ÊÆ´© v°æî √®Ωç
A. By far = àü¿®·Ø√ N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀéπçõ‰ ´’ç*í¬/ Åüµ∆y- A. Sing in such a way that he hears you. (Advertisement) EN’ûªhç, Ç ´Ææ’h´¤/ ÊÆ´-©†’
Elders of the family = èπ◊ô’ç• Â°ü¿l©’. äéπ-JE
†çí¬ Öçü¿E îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Q. á°æ¤púø’, áéπ\úø à´’-´¤-ûª’çüÓ á´-J-ÈéjØ√ ᙫ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ °ü¿l- ÅE singular í¬ ¢√úøç. í∫’Jç* Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç, ¶Ô´’t-©ûÓ N´-JçîË *†o °æ¤Ææhéπç.
a) By far Punjab/ Punjab by far is the most Handbook = äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î √-Lq† Nüµ∆-
ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC? Q. ¢√éπuç™ that of †’ á°æ¤púø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’?Since
industrialised state in India = ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ E A. Who knows what happens and when. Ø√Eo ûÁLÊ° *†o °æ¤Ææhéπç– Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ ÉD manual
the age of 15 the only control on me was that
ÅEo ®√≥ƒZ™x °æçñ«¶¸ §ƒJ-v¨»-N’-éπçí¬ ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ Q. Off we went through a series of left and right of my sister. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ that of Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË handbook ÅØËC Éûª®Ω N≠æ-ߪ÷©’–
´çô, Ç®Óí∫uç/ ¢√uߪ÷´’ç/ ´Ææ’h-´¤© repair N≠æ-ߪ÷-
turns, traffic lights and even a short jaunt up A. O’ sentence ™ that of my sister èπ◊ ™, that =
îÁçCçC.
b) This is by far the safer than any other a one-way lane the wrong way. Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ
©†’ èπÿú≈ ûÁLÊ° °æ¤Ææhéπç.
the control. Åçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ¢√úÕ† control èπ◊, Manual = ߪ’çvû√©÷, ¢√£æ«-Ø√©’, é̆o-¢√-öÀE í∫’Jç-
method = N’í∫û√ °æü¿l¥-ûª’© éπçõ‰ Ñ °æü¿l¥A
Å®Ω nç àN’öÀ ? that refer îËÆæ’hçC. *† N´-®√©’, ¢√öÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ Nüµ∆©’ ûÁLÊ° °æ¤Ææhéπç.
Ææ’®Ω-éÀ~ûªç.
A. èπ◊-úÕ, áúø-´’©’ A®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷, traffic lights ü∆ô’-èπ◊çô÷, eg: His car is more beautiful as his brother's = Pamphlet = DEo ´’†-üË-¨¡ç™ äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ÊÆ´
Shyam Raj, Hyderabad. Éçé¬ one way Ææçü¿’-†’ç* ü¿÷Ææ’-èπ◊-§Úûª÷ ûª°æ¤p His car is more beautiful that (=the car) of v°æî√-®√®Ωnç ¢√úË éπ®Ω-°ævûªç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬
Q. Gopal is the shortest of the three. -ü∆-J™ Å™« ¢ÁRx-§Úߪ÷ç. his brother= His car is more beautiful than ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË ÉC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Pamphlet Åçõ‰
Can we say the above superlative sentence his brother's car. v°æÆæ’hûªç v°æï©’ ¶«í¬ ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°œ-Ææ’h†o N≠æߪ’ç (topic
like this- Gopal is the shortest of them all. U.S.S. Pranav, Hyderabad. éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. of current interest) E îªJaçîË ¢√uÆæç– Öü∆:
A. a) Gopal is the shortest of the three = b) Q. O’ Ø√†o îÁ°œpçC éπÈ®Íéd ÅE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™  îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ Q. Ø√èπ◊ éπ®Ωt°æöÀd O’ ü¿í∫_®Ω °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Terrorism; °æôx v°æ¶µº’ûªy ¢Áj°∂æ-™«uEo -ûÁ-LÊ° ¢√uÆæç.
Gopal is the shortest of them all - (Both) (a) What your father said, is correct ™‰ü∆ What A. It's my misfortune to work under you. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ v°æéπ-ô† ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ ÉîËa éπ®Ω-°ævûªç,
and (b) are correct. English ™ hand bill.
your father said was correct ÅØ√™«? What Q. ïJ-Íí-üËüÓ ï®Ω-í∫E.
However, note this point. An adjective is in Q. Salary, Remuneration, Honourarium– ûË-ú≈?
your father has said, is/ was correct ÅØ√™«? A. Let what happens happen.
one or the other of three degrees only if there A. Salary = ÖüÓu-TéÀ ÉîËa ØÁ©-ÆæJ @ûªç.
N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Q. Åçü¿®Ω÷
Remuneration = äéπ °æEéÀ Éçûª ÅE ÉîËa §ƒJ-ûÓ-
v°æ¨»ç-ûªçí¬ Öçúøí¬ ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊
is a comparison. If there is no comparison, A. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd What your father said was cor-
that is, if you are not comparing two or more
´’-ü∑¿-†-°æ-ú≈L? ≠œéπç (äéπ course E®Ωy-£œ«ç--îËçü¿’èπ◊, äéπ ÊÆ´
rect/ is correct - È®çúø÷ correct. O’ Ø√†o A. When others aren't bothered at all, why
things with one another, the adjective is not in ÅçCç--îËç-ü¿’èπ◊)
any degree. The sentence, Raju is a short
îÁ°œpçC Å°æ¤púø’ (past ™) Correct = was cor- should I? Honourarium - ÉC èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ §ƒJ-ûÓ-≠œ-éπ¢Ë’.
rect. (Åûª-úø-éπ\úø past ™ ÖØ√o-úøØÓ. Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬). Q. FüËç §Ú®·çC, é¬Í®ç éπ®Ωt N´÷-†-¢Á’iØ√ éÌçö«´¤. Å®·ûË Honourarium äéπ ÊÆ´ ÅçCç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊
boy' does not compare Raju's height with any
other persons. So here 'short' is an adjective, O’Ø√†o îÁ°œpçC É°æp-öÀéà correct ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ What A. How does it matter to you? Why just a car, ¢Á·ûªhçí¬ (rate -v°æ-ÆæéÀh ™‰èπ◊çú≈) ÉîËa íı®Ω´ ®Ω’Ææ’ç.
but has no degree. If you say, 'Raju is (is not) your father said is correct ÅE Åçö«ç. you can buy even a plane.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm