8

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

2


4 99.6%
0.6 % 21

2 macro elements trace elemente

7
micronutrients
14

1.

2.
3.

macro elements trace elemente

96

1.

2.


""

..1882





(Vitamines) .. 1913 . McCollum
97

 . Davis 2







(Pellagra)

.. 1920

3.
1.

2.

3.
(Provitamins)

4.

5.
98

 (Hypervitaminosis)

6.

7.

4.
2
1. ( water soluble vitamin ) B- ( B- Complex )
C
2. ( Fat-soluble vitamin )
A D E K
(deficiency of vitamin)
(avitaminosis) 2
1. primary deficiency

)
)
)


2. ( secondary deficiency )

B- c B-
( precursor )

99

 B-
- ( thiamine ) B1 ( vitamin B1 )


2
( thiazole ring )

8.1
( ultraviolet )
pH pH

co

(
phosphorylate ) 1

100

25-30
2-3
( unproper ,unbalance diet )
( antithiamine factor )

1. ( thiaminasse )

2. ( antithamine factor )

- ( riboflavin ) B2
( isoalloxazine ) ( ribitol )

8.2

( flavoproteins )

1. flavin mononucleotide ( FMN )

2. flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD )
101

FMN FAD

8.3 FMN , FAD

8.4
FMN
FAD 1 2
( L-amino acid oxidase ) FMN FAD

102

 B2 B
( angular stomatitis )

(Corneal)


- ( pantothenic acid ) B3



-A

-A

-A
( acyl group ) ( acetyl) ( succiny )
( malonyl ) -A (-sH)

103


- - ( succinyl coa )
- (heme)
-

8.5

4-phospho-Pantothenic
acid -A

- methylpantothenic acid
12
- ( nicotinic acid ) B5
2

8.6
104



2
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD ) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate (NADP) ( pyridine nucleotide )
( dehydrogenase ) 150

(H)

NAD, NADP
60 1

germ cell

B5 (pellagra) (diarrhea)
(dementia)
(dermatitis)
B5

105

- B6 ( pyridoxine coenzyme)
B6 pyridoxine 2
pyridoxal pyridoxamine

8.7 B6 B6
B6
(pyridoxal phosphate) (pyridoxamine -phosphate )
transminase

1. --
-

2.

106



-1-
B6
B6



(malabsorption syndrome)

- (biotin) B7
F.Kogl .. 1935
V.du
vigneaud
(imidazole) (thiophene)

(avidin)
biotin-avedin complex

(carboxylation)
(biotinyllysine) biocytin
carboxy-biotinyl complex

ATP+HCO+biotinyl enzyme ADP+ Pi+Carboxybiotinyl enzyme

Carboxybiotinyl enzyme + Substrate biotinyl enzyme+ carboxylated

107

 8.8

1. (pyruvat carboxylasw)

2.-
-

3. - (propionyl coa) - (methylmalonyl CO A)

- (propionyl coa carboxylase)
-

-
-
108

- (folic acid)
Folic acid
pteridine,p-aminobenzoic Acid
pteroyl,glutamic acid (folacin)

8.9
(tetrapydroFolic acid) (THF,FH)
(-CH) (-CHO) (-CH-HO) (=CH)
(-CH-) (-CH=NH=)
5/10

109

 8.10 THF

Megaloblastic anemia
2.8
(DNA) (RNA)

- B12 (cobalamin)

(cynocobalamin) ( hydroxycobalamin)
(methylcobalamin) (deoxya-denosylesylesbalamin)
B12 4 R (CN) R
-OH,-CH, 5-deoxyadenosin

110

 8.11 12

1.
N methyl THF 5-

5 (deoxyadenosyl balamin)

111


- c (ascorbic acid)

(dehydroascorbic acid)

2 3

1. (hydroxylation)

2.

3.

FE+++ Fe++

112

4. c
c (antioxidant)
A E

(ascorbic acid oxidase)

60 C

c c
c

(scurvy)




oxalate kidneystone

4 A,D,E,K 4
(isoprenoid) 4

A (retion)
A
11
(all-trans retinol) (retinyl ester)
A

113

 8.12 A (all-trans-retion)
(carotenoid pigment)
(carotene) A 3
A

A


A

(pancreatic esteras) mucosal

(chylomicron) mucosal

(retiol binding protein RBP)
(prealbulmin)

114

 8.13
A
1. (rods) (cones)
2.
(retina) photoreceptor 2

2
28 ,000 (opsin) 11-cio-ritinal
all-trans retinal 11cio-ritinal retinal isomerase

(activated rhodopsin)
cGMP
cGMP

115

 D (calciferol)
D 2 D (ergocalciferol) D
(cholecalciferol)
D 7 (7dehydrocholesterol)
7-

(ergosterol) D
7-
D
D D 7-
(hydroxylate) 25-
(25-hydroxycholecalciferol)
1,25

8.15 D
116

 D 1.25

D
D
Ca

E (tocopherol,antisterility factor .a-th)

E (phenolichydroxygroup) E

8.16 E
E E (Antioxidant)
A E

(polyunsaturated fatty acid)
k (coagulation vitamin antihemorrhagic factor)
k H.Dam.
Denmark
k k1
(phylloquinone) k2 (menoquinone)
k3
k3 K1 k2
k3 k3

117

 k2 k1
k2
k
k
k k

8.17 K

5.
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

6.
20
(inorganic nutrients)
2
1. (macro elements) 0.3-1
2. (trace element)
0.1-15

1.

118

2.

7.
(calaium and phosphorus)
(calcium
hydroxyapatite)

(sodium and potassium)

119




(magnesium)

ATP

(sulpur)

(chloride)

(iron and copper)





(tyrosinase)



0.1 0.5-1


1
120

 mucosal block

(erythropoietic system)

(mucosal block)
(mucosal
block)
(reticuloendothelial) (hemosiderin)
(siderosis)
C

(pathogenic bacteria)

121

(iodine)

(goiter)

(Zine)
100 (carboxy peptidase)
(lactate dehydrogenase)






(phytase)
(fluorine) (fluoride,F)


(fluorosis)
(tendon ossification)
(chromium)


(molybdenum)
(xanthine oxidase)
(aldehyde oxidase)
(manganese)
122

 (cholin esterase)
(phosphoglucomutase)ATPase

8.
1. - (maintenance of base balance)

2. (catalysts for viological raction)

ATPase
3. (components of essential body compounds)

4.

5.
6.

7.

2
L c B- B1 , B2 , B3 , B5 , B6 ,
B12 folic acid c

A,D,E K A
D E
k

123


1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

3


3

124