AdkufarSmufae&onfY b0rsm;

jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdtwif;tusyfESifh tusifhysufjcpm;aeonfh tcGefaumuf,lrIpepf\ rjrifomonfhqdk;usKd; oufa&mufrIrsm;

1
 rlydkifcGihf © - vlYtcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf(jrefrmEdkifiH)
ISBN : 978-616-90664-0-8
yHkEdSyf - vlYtcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf(jrefrmEdkifiH)
PO Box 67, CMU Post Office, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand.

&ufpGJ - arv 2010 ckESpf/

tifwmeufvdyfpm - http://www.nd-burma.org

pmtkyftjyiftqif - armifarmifjrifhvGif (mmmlwin)

"gwfykH rlydkifcGifh - HREIB, HURFOM and Yoma3 News Services.

a&SUrsufESmzHk; -
© HURFOM, “ysif;&dvdkYqif;&Jwmr[kwfbl;? tvkyftukdifenf;vdkY? &wJh0ifaiGuvnf;
wpfaeYwmpm;p&dwfudk b,fvdkrSrumrdyJ qif;&JMu&w,f” vdkYqdkwJh OD;0if;Edkifrdom;pk/
(a&;taemufjcrf;? rGefjynfe,f)

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National Endowment for Democracy and Open Society Institute.

wdkYrS ulnDaxmufyHhonf/

2
 aus;Zl;wifvTm

rdrdwdk@u TtpD&ifcHpmwGif tcsuftvufrSefrsm;udk wifjyEdkifa&;twGuf awG@qHkar;jref;

r_rsm;udk oWdajymifajrmufpGm ajz=um;ay;olrsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf(jrefrmEdkifiH)
(ND-Burma). tzGJ@0if tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ olwdk@.yk~dKvfa&;tœ&m,fudk tav;rxm;bJ uGif;qif;
ppfwrf;aumuf,lay;cJh=uol ‚tzG@J tpnf;rsm;. tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif;azmfjy
vdkygonf? xdkolrsm;. oHMdXmefcsrSwf óu;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhr_rsm;udk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmjynfol
vlxkrsm;wGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uusL;vGefaeonfh rw&m; rr#wr_rsm;/ tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;r_rsm;
udk azmfxkwf&ef ,Hk=unfr_ESifh oWdtjynfh0&Sdaeao;a=umif; jyoaeygonf?
TtpD&ifcHpmudk =opa=wvsEdkifiH/ qpf'eDòr@&Sd rufudGKif;,m;wUodkvf jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;
a&;avhvmapmihf=unfha&;tzGJ@ (Burma Economic Watch)rS a'gufwm t,fvDqif Apfua&;
(Dr. Alison Vicary)u okawoeðypkI a&;om;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh tcef; 1 ESifh 2wdk@
udkðypka&;om;cJhygonf? xdk@tjyif uGif;qif; ppfwrf;aumuf,lolrsm;twGufvnf; tcGefpepfESifh
ywfoufonfh oifwef;ydk@csay;cJhygao;onf? TtpD&ifcHpm. txl;ojzifhtcef; 3 udk (Volunt-
ary Services Overseas) tzGJ@rS tpDtpOfu|rf;usifol (Program specialist) x&DZm0gvefwDem
(Teresa Walentyna)u a&;om;cJhygonf? oluvnf;okawoeðyjcif;/ ar;jref;cH&ol.oabm
wlnDcsufudk &,ljcif;udPrsm; oifwef;ydk@cscJhonfhtjyif tpD&ifcHpmwnf;jzwfjcif;vkyfief;rsm;wGif
vnf; ulnDyHhydk;cJhygonf? T tpD&ifcHpmudk jyefvnfa0zefoHk;oyfjcif;udPrsm;udk toGiful;ajymif;
a&;qdkif&mw&m;r#wr_twGuf EdkifiHwumA[dkXme (Interna onal Center for Transi onal Jus ce-
-ICTJ) rS yufx&pf yD,mhpf (Patrick Pierce) ESifh (ND-Burma) tzGJ@. twif;tusyftcGefaumufcH
jcif;qdkif&mtvkyftzGJ@u aqmif&Guf}uD;=uyfcJh=uygonf? udkatmifol+idrf;ESifh tif;0bmomjyef
tzGJ@om;rsm;u jrefrmbmomodk@ jyefqdkay;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;udkulnDay;cJhygonf? pmrlrsm;tm;
t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqdkr_udk tmaemf(Ah Noh)u aqmif&GufulnD ay;cJhygonf? armifarmifjrifhvGif
(MMLwin)u T tpD&ifcHpm 'DZdkif;cszGJ@pnf;r_udk ulnDvkyfaqmifay;cJhygonf?

TtpD&ifcHpmtwGuf &efyHkaiGaxmufyHhay;cJhonfh 'Drdkua&pD wdk;wufzGH@òz;r_qdkif&m

trsKd;om;tzGJ@ (Na onal Endowment for Democracy) ESifh vGwfvyfyGifhvif;aom vl@abmiftzGJ@
(Open Society Ins tute) wdk@udk aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; azmfjyvdkygonf?

3
4
 rmwdum
vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;jyKuGef&uftzGJ@(jrefrmEdkifiH) trSmpm 7
okaowejyK&mwGif tajccHonfhenf;em 10
ajryHk 12
tpD&ifcHpmtusOf;csKyf 13
t"duusonfh t=uHjyKcsufrsm; 20
1? tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfwpf&yf. tajccHpHvuQ%mrsm; 23
tkyfcsKyfa&;ukefusp&dwf 23
ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f&Sdr_ 23
EdkifiHa&;t&wm0efcHEdkifr_ 24
w&m;r#wr_ 25
pD;yGm;a&;t& xda&mufxufjruf pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_ 26
2? jrefrmEdkifiH tcGefaumufcHr_pepf. pD;yGm;a&;t& tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; 29
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay:tcGefaumufjcif; 29
tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf aumufcHaomtcGefrsm; 44
tao;pm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tay:wGif tcGefaumufcHjcif; 49
yk~vdu v,f,mu¾wGif tcGefaumufcHaejcif; 60
ppfwyfESifh(rtz)(&tz)jrdK@e,f/ &yfuGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; 66
ppfaq;a&;*dwfpcef;rSm aumuf,laomtcGefrsm; 75
armfawmf,Ofvdkifpifa=u;ESifh tjcm;a=u;rsm; 87
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_vkyfief;rsm;tay: pD;yGm;a&;t&oufa&mufr_ 95
3? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tcGefaumufr_pepf. vl@tcGifhta&;tay: pD;yGm;a&;t&oufa&mufr_rsm; 97
jrefrmEdkifiH. vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m uwdu0wfESifh wm0ef&Sdaer_rsm; 98
etzppftpdk;& tcGefaumufcHa&;pepftwGif; tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm; 100

5
 yPnf;ydkifqdkifr_udk rawmfrw&m;aESmifh,Sufjcif;ESifh vGwfvyfr_qHk;±H_;apjcif; 104
twif;t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ 107
zlvHkaomvlaer_tqifhtwef; 109
ed*Hk; 117
twdkaaumuf a0g[m&rsm;ESifh jrefrmtac:ta0:rsm; 121
tcGefpepftajccHjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rlrsm; 123
ND-Burma tzGJ@0if tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tcsuftvufrsm; 130

6
 vlYtcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf(jrefrmEdkifiH)\ trSmpm

“rdrdwdk@ v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;. tpdwftydkif;wpfckrSm rdrdwdk@EdkifiH qif;&JrGJawae&jcif;rSm obm0

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wpfck jzpfap&ef vdktyfonfh tajccH zGJ@pnf;r_rsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; csKd@wJhtm;enf;
aejcif;a=umifhom jzpfa=umif; EdkifiHwum rdom;pktaeESifh od&Sdem;vnfvmatmifðya&;
jzpfygonf? ”
a':atmifqef;pk=unf

“ajr,modrf;qnf;r_/ t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ESifh tcGef twif;tusyf aumuf,ljcif;wdk@

'%fudk aygif;pnf;cHpm;&onfh twGufa=umifh 0J0ef;ESifh 0Jawmfaus;&Gmvlxkrsm;taeESifh
b0 ydkrdkusyfwnf; qdk;&Gm;vmapygonf? xdkolwdk@taeESifh pdkufysKd;ajr &Sm;yg;vmjcif;tjyif
ppfwyf&if;ydkif pdkufcif;rsm;wGif rjzpfrae tvkyfvkyfay;ae&onfhtwGufa=umifh rdrd v,f
ajrudk rxGef,uf rðypkEdkifjzpfvm&onf? &yf&Gmtm%mydkifrsm;/ odk@r[kwf ppfwyfu
aumufcHaeonfh t"RtcGeftwkwfrsm;udkvnf; ay;aqmifEdkifpGrf; r&Sdawmhay? T
jy\emrsm; }uD;xGm;vmonfhtcg aus;&Gmom;trsm;pku arG;&yfajrudk pGef@cGmI tjcm;
a'orsm;odk@ ajymif;a&$@xGufajy;=u&onf? ” 1

vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf(jrefrmEdkifiH) (ND-Burma) onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk

yg0ifonfh uGef&uf tzGJ@tpnf;wpfck jzpf+yD;/ 2003 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJhygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
vl@tcGifhta&;udP aqmif&Gufae=uaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taeESifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;
rSwfwrf;wifa&;vkyfief;pOfwGif yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkif=u&ef enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpfzGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfyg
onf? vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf (jrefrmEdkifiH) . tzGJ@0if 13-zGJ@onf jrefrm EdkifiH. a'otESH@
tjym;udk v$rf;ðcHr_&Sd+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHrS jynfolrsm; awG@ñuHcHpm;ae&onfh tjzpf tysuf trSefw&m;udk
toHk;csI ppftpdk;&. tm%mudk pkaygif;qef@usifEdkif=uap&ef &nf&G,faqmif&Gufaeygonf? T
odk@aqmif&Guf&mY ,ae@umvrsm;Y wdkufwGef;pnf;±Hk;ajymqdkr_rsm; ðyaeonfhtjyif/ tu,fI
toGiful;ajymif;r_ jzpfay:vmyguvnf; w&m;r#wr_ESifh wm0ef,l§wm0efcHr_rsm; &Sdvmap&ef&nf
&G,fygonf?
vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf (jrefrmEdkifiH). pkaygif;óu;yrf;r_jzifh a'wmabhpf (tcsuf
tvuf odkavSmifr_pepf)wGif tr_aygif; (2˜000)ausmf rSwfwrf;wif odrf;qnf;xm;+yD;/ vl@tcGifh
ta&;ESifhywfoufI owif;tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;olrsm;udk aumif;pGmavhusifh oifwef;ay;r_
rsm;jzifhqufvufwdk;wufatmif aqmif&Gufaeygonf? rdrdwdk@uGef&uftzGJ@u twif;tusyftcGef
aumuf,laejcif;udPtay: yxrOD;qHk; tpD&ifcHpmtjzpf pkaqmif;xkwfa0&efa&G;cs,fcJh=uyg
1 HURFOM (2009) “oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f awmifydkif;rS tcGefaumufcHI epfem&olwpfOD;udk e,fpyfwGif awG@qHkjcif;”? rGefjynfe,f? Martus bul-
letin.

7
 onf? Todk@ a&G;cs,fr_rSm yHkrSefr[kwfonfh a&G;cs,fr_[kxifjrifzG,f ta=umif;&Sdaeyg onf?
ta=umif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;aeonfh jyif;xefqdk;&Gm;aom EdkifiHa&;/ tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufr_rsm;onfvnf; tvm;wltm&Hkpdkufr_ &oifhonfhudPrsm;jzpfae aoma=umifhyifjzpfyg
onf? trSefwu,fyif vl@tcGifhta&; rSwfwrf;ðyuGef&uftzGJ@. rSwfwrf;a'wmabhpfwGiftwif;
t"Rzrf;qD;r_/ xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;/ owfjzwfr_rsm;/ ppfom;tjzpfpkaqmif;cH&r_rsm;/ uav;
ppfom;udPESifh taxGaxGaom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufcH&r_ acgif;pOfrsm;udkvnf; rSwfwrf;wif
pkaqmif;xm;ygonf? rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh tcGefaumufcHr_ta&;udkrS a&G;cs,fcJh&oenf;[k
ar;cGef;&SdEdkifygonf?
2007 ckESpf/ ESpfqef;ydkif;wGif rdrdwdk@vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;wGif/ aus;vufjzpfap- òr@jy
jzpfap/ vlrsm;pka'ojzpfap/ vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm; aexdkifaeonfha'ojzpfap/ usm;r ra&G;
tus,ftjyef@ xdcdkufoufa&mufcHpm;ae&aom rnfonfhjy\emrsKd;&Sdaeoenf;[k rdrdwdk@bm
om ar;cGef;xkwfcJhygonf? xdk@tjyif rdrdwdk@ vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wGif xdcdkufoufa&mufr_ t}uD;qHk;
&Sdaeonfh jy\em/ odk@aomfvnf; rdrdwdk@tygt0if tjcm;aom vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@rsm;u wifjy
aqmif&Gufae=uaom rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif aumif;rGefpGm azmfjycH&jcif;r&Sdao;onfh jy\emudk rdrd
wdk@bmom ar;cGef;xkwfcJhygao;onf? Todk@ ar;cGef;udk jyefvnfajzqdk=unfhonfh avhusifhcef;
wGif,ckvdk tcGeftwkwf jy\emESifh tusifhysufjcpm;aer_jy\emrsm; a&S@wef;odk@wufvm+yD;
tajzxGufvmrnf[k rdrdwdk@wpfOD;ur# ueOD;wGif ar#mfvifhrxm;rdcJh=uyg?
wcsdefwnf;avmufwGifyif 88 rsKd;quf ausmif;om;rsm; tiftm;pkuvnf; “&ifzGifhoH
v_yf&Sm;r_” taeESifh jynfolrsm;uolwdk@ae@pOf cHpm;ae&onfh EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;jy\em
rsm;tay: pmrsm;a&;om;wifjy awmif;qdk&ef wdkufwGef;r_udk aqmif&GufcJh=uygonf? TtzGJ@u
pmaygif; (2˜500)ausmfvufcH&&SdcJh+yD;/ pmrsm;.50&mcdkifE_ef;ausmfuolwdk@. “vlaer_p&dwf/ pD;yGm;
vkyfief;/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&;”qdkif&mepfemcHpm;csufrsm;udk a&;om;xm;cJh=uonf?2 vl@tcGifh
ta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf (jrefrmEdkifiH). okawoevkyfief;rsm;uvnf; tvm;wled*Hk;csKyfoHk;oyf
csufudkyif&&SdcJh=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jynfolrsm;onf olwdk@0ifaiG. trsm;pkaomtpdwftydkif;
rsm;ESifh ydkifqdkifr_rsm;udk tm%mydkifrsm;xHESifh w&m;r0iftcGeftwkwfrsm;twGufv$Jajymif;ay;
aqmifae=u&ygonf? Tjzpf&yfrsKd;rSmrdom;pkwpfcktwGufyif t}udrf}udrfñuHawG@ae&+yD;/ tajccH
&yfwnf&SifoefEdkifa&;twGufyif tvGeftrif;cufcJvmapygonf? twif;tusyfaumuf,lae
+yD;/ zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_toGif jzpfaeonfh Todk@aomtcGeftwkwfrsKd;a=umifh jynfolrsm;pGm.ae@pOf
b0udk rnfr#cufcJyifyef;apa=umif; rdrdwdk@urD;armif;xdk; wifjyvdkjcif;vnf;jzpfygonf? jrefrm
EdkifiHwGif Todk@tcGefaumufcHaer_pepfa=umifh jynfolrsm;. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh
vlr_b0 jrifhrm;a&;udk xdcdkufusqif;vmapygonf? xdkr#ru t&mtm;vHk;udk pkyf,l0g;òraeouJh
odk@ &Sdapygonf? rdom;pkrsm;u TtcGeftwkwfrsm; ay;aqmifEdkifa&;twGuf aiGa=u;ESifhtjcm;
t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk cufcJyifyef;pGm ±kef;uef&SmazGae=u&+yD;/ Todk@ qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk
csKd@wJhvSonfh rjzpfpavmuf0ifaiGjzifh ajz&Sif;&ifqdkifEdkif&ef óu;yrf;ae=u&ygonf? TtcGefpepf
atmufwGifae@pOfESifhtr# &Sifoefa&;twGuf tav;xm;óu;yrf;ae=u&onfhtav#muf vltrsm;
uolwkd@. tcGifhta&;rsm;twGufvnf; tav;rxm;Edkifjzpfvm&ygonf?
2 88- rsKd;quf ausmif;om;rsm;tzGJ@? “2007 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv &ifzGifhoH pma&;v_yf&Sm;r_ urfydef;rS awG@&Sdcsufrsm; Available at: http://www.
burmalibrary.org/docs6/OpenHeart-Publication.pdf

8
 88-rsKd;quf ausmif;om;rsm;tzGJ@. awG@&SdcsufESifh 2007 ckESpfwGif vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;
uGef&uf(jrefrmEdkifiH)(ND-Burma) tzGJ@. od&Sdvmcsufrsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;t& zdtm;rsm;onft"du
ñuHawG@ae&onfh 'kQjy\emjzpfa=umif;/ twdtusod&Sdvm=uygonf? TESpf aemufydkif;wGif
avmifpmqDaps;E_ef;rsm; jr‡ifhwifvdkufr_a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;pepfwGif ±dkufcwfr_rsm;jzpfay:vm+yD;/ ae@
pm;tvkyform;rsm;taeESifh olwkd@&&Sdonfhvkyfcjzifh vkyfief;cGifodk@ oGm;a&muf&ef o,f,lydk@aqmif
a&;p&dwf ay;EdkifpGrf; r&Sdawmhonftxd jzpfcJh&ygonf? qüjyyGJrsm; OD;aqmifpD pOfr_jzifh 88-rsKd;quf
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk axmifoGif;tusOf;cscJhonfhtcg Ak<bmom&[ef;awmfrsm;u
OD;aqmifonfhtcef;u¾rS ae&m,lv_yf&Sm;cJh=uygonf? olwdk@u pD;yGm;a&; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;
vkyfaqmifa&;ESifh tck,dk,Gif;usqif;aeonfh pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk jyefvnfwnfhrwfEdkif&efEdkifiH
a&;t& trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; vkyfaqmif&efwdkufwGef; cJh=uygonf?
2010 ckESpfwGif usif;y&ef pDpOfxm;onfh a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;v#if jynfolwdk@. b0tajctae
wdk;wufvmrnf[k rdrdwdk@u ar#mfvifhrxm;yg? ppftpdk;&u EdkifiHa&;pepfudk qufvufxdef;csKyf
xm;Edkif&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;r#omjzpfygonf? tpdk;&u wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifwyfrsm;udk e,fjcm;
apmifhwyfESifh trsKd;rsKd;aom jynfol@ppfvufeufudkifwyfrsm;tjzpf toGifajymif;a&;twGufpDpOf
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=uonf? Todk@ pepfwnfaqmufEdkifa&;twGuf ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif;/
t"RtcGeftwkwfrsm;jzifh oHk;pGJtaumiftxnfazmfae=uygonf? trSefwu,f EdkifiHa&;ðyjyif
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jcif;onf jynfolwdk@. tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk csKd;azmufaejcif;jzpfygonf? vlrsm;. vHk
avmufoifhavsmfonfh aexdkifr_tqifhtwef;/ zGH@òz;r_qdkif&mtcGifhta&;/ yk~vduydkifqdkifcGifhtcGifh
ta&;/ ynma&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;udk jiif;y,faejcif;ESifh olwdk@rcHpm;tyfonfh t"Rvkyftm;
toHk;csaejcif;jzifh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufaejcif;jzpfygonf? TtpD&ifcHpmjzifh ppftpdk;&u csKd;
azmufusL;vGefaeonfhvkyf&yfrsm;udk EdkifiHwumrdom;pkuod&Sdvmap&ef/ jrefrmjynfolrsm;tay:
rnfr#qdk;usKd;}uD;pGm oufa&mufae&yHkudk od&SdEdkifap&ef wifjyvdkjcif;jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif T
tpD&ifcHpmtm;jzifh wm0efcHr_ESifh tajymif;tvJrsm;jzpfay:vmap&efvnf; awmif;qdktyfyg
onf?
pDrHcef@cGJr_ bkwftzGJ@
2010/ arv
vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf(jrefrmEdkifiH)

9
 okawoejyK&mwGif tajccHonfUenf;em

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif w&m;0ifESifh w&m;r0ifonfh enf;rsm;jzifh tcGefaumuf,laejcif;udPESifh

ywfoufI vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;. trltusifhrsm;udk owif;
tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;&mY rsm;pGmtcuftcJjy\emrsm; ñuHawG@&ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
tpdk;&u zdESdyfaejcif;/ vltrsm;tay: apmifh=unfhaeonfh oabmobm0ESifh tcGeftwkwftrsm;
pkrSm twif;tusyfaumufcHaeonfh oabmjzpfjcif;a=umifh tcGefpepfwpfpHkvHk;tay: zufpHkaxmifh
pHk avhvmoHk;oyfjcif;rðyEdkifyg? vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf (jrefrmEdkifiH). tcsuftvuf
pkaqmif;olrsm;u rjrifomatmif v#Kd@0SufuGif;qif;aumuf,lI oufqdkif&ma'orsm;wGifpk
aqmif;cJh=uygonf? owif;pkaqmif;ay;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;udk ajz=um;
ay;olrsm;u tœ&m,frsm;vGef;onfh=um;rS t&Judk;aqmif&GufcJh=ujcif; jzpfygonf?
,ck tpD&ifcHpmtwGuf t"du okawoeðyr_tjzpf uGif;qif;tcsuftvuf aumuf
,lolrsm;. awG@qHkar;jref;r_ rSwfwrf; (342) ckudk tajccHxm;+yD;/ pma&;oludk,fYu awGqHkar;
jref;r_ (9) ckudk aqmif&GufcJhygonf? rSwfwrf;rsm; . 85 &mcdkifE_ef;rSm (2008) ckESpfrS (2010) ckESpf
t=um;jzpf&yfrsm;jzpfygonf? Tjzpf&yfrsm;teufrS tcsKd@udk (www.martus.ceu.hu) tifwmrsuf
pmrsufESmwGif &&SdEdkifygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf (jrefrmEdkifiH). tzGJ@0if tzGJtpnf;
rsm;udkvnf; rSwfwrf;wifjcif;qdkif&mudPESifh vltrsm;. oabmwlnDcsuf rnfodk@rnfyHk&,lrnf
[lonfh oifwef;rsm;vnf; ydk@cscJh=uygonf? ,ck tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onfhowif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;Y emrnftppfrsm;udk toHk;rjyKbJ tjcm;emrnfrsm;jzifh ajymif;vJoHk; pGJxm;ygonf?
olwdk@.vHkðcHa&;twGuf yk~dKvfa&;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; csefvSyfxm;cJhygonf? T
tpD&ifcHpmwGif oHk;oyf&mY tjcm;owif; tcsuftvufrsm;tjzpf (ND-Burma) tzGJ@. tzGJ@0if
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tjcm;jrefrmt&yfzuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u ,cifu xkwfa0jzef@csdcJh=uonfh
tpD&ifcHpmrsm;/ jrefrmowif;rD'D,mrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;oHk;oyfcsufrsm;ESifh aqmif;yg;rsm;xJrSvnf;&
,lcJhygonf?
w&m;0if aiGvJvS,fE_ef;rSm tar&duef 1 a':vmv#if 6 usyf jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf;
w&m;r0if aiGvJvS,fE_ef;rSm 975 rSonf 1˜000 usyf txd&Sdaeygonf? TE_ef;xm;twdkif;
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vufawG@ toHk;ðyae=u+yD;/ ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGifvnf; TE_ef;twdkif;azmfjyxm;
ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vpmE_ef;xm;rsm;onf ta&S@awmiftm&SwGif vuf&SdYtedrfhqHk;jzpfaeonf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh- tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;onf yHkrSeftm;jzifh wpfvv#if usyf (15˜000) (tar&d
uefa':vm 15) rS (200˜000) (tar&duefa':vm 200) t=um;&&Sd+yD;/ tpdk;&vcpm; ausmif;
q&m wpfOD;onf wpfv v#if (45˜ 000) usyf (tar&duefa':vm 45) &&Sdygonf?
,ck tpD&ifcHpmwGif tcGeftwkwf aumufcHonf[k trnfcHI (etz) ppftpdk;&ESifh
jynfaxmifpk =uHhcdkif;a&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;toif; (USDA) uJhodk@aom ppftpdk;&u ausmaxmufaemufcH
ðyay;xm;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u twif;tusyfoabmESifh tusifhysufjcpm;r_jzifh aiGa=u;aumuf
cHjcif;/ ajrESifhyPnf;rsm;odrf;ydkufjcif;/ vkyftm;awmif;qdkjcif; udPrsm;udkomtav;xm; avhvm
oHk;oyf xm;ygonf? vufeufudkif twdkuftcH tzGJ@rsm;uJhodk@aom tpdk;&r[kwfonfh vkyfaqmif

10
olrsm; (non-state actors) uvnf; olwdk@&yfwnfa&;twGufaiGa=u;/ pm;eyf&dQmESifhvkyftm;
awmif; qdkjcif;uJhodk@ tcGeftwkwfaumufcHjcif;udPrsm; vkyfaqmifwwf=uygonf? odk@aomf
vnf; tpdk;&r[kwfonfh vkyf aqmifolrsm;u aqmif&Guf=uonfh twdkif;tqrSm/ tpdk;&u ausm
axmufaemufcHðyxm;onfh taetxm;ESifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;vSygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh ,cktpD
&ifcHwifjyr_. jyifywGif usa&mufae+yD;/ z,fcsefxm;cJhygonf? ,ck tpD&ifcHpmwGif tpdwftydkif;
(2)ck yg0ifygonf? yxrydkif;wGif tcGeftwkwf aumufcHr_[ktrnfcHI (etz) ppftpdk;&ut&if;
tjrpf yPnf;rsm;&,laer_a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;t& qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_ jzpfay:ae&yHkudk wifjyxm;yg
onf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm Todk@ qdk;usKd;oufa&muf&yHkESifh aygif;pyfI aumuf,lyHkenf;em/ (etz)
ppftpdk;&uynma&;/ usef;rma&;udPrsm;wGif pdk;pOf;r#om jyefvnftoHk;csaer_a=umifh vl@tcGifh
ta&;csKd;azmufr_ usL;vGefaeyHkudk oHk;oyfwifjyxm;ygonf?
,cktpD&ifcHpm. &nf&G,fcsufjzpfaomtwif;tusyf tcGefaumufcHr_udPtwGuf
owif; tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,lcJh&mwGif tusifhysufjcpm;r_vkyf&yfrsKd;pHkvnf;yg0if+yD;/ jynfol
rsm;xHrS t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHk n‡pfxkwf&,lae=uyHkrsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf? awG@qHk
ar;jref; r_wdkif;wGif tusifhysufjcpm;r_ESifh rnfodk@ twif;tusyf tcGef aumuf,lcJhyHkrsm; yg0ifaeEdkif
ygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh (ND-Burma) tzGJ@u tcGefaumuf,lr_udPrsm;twGuf uGif;qif;0ef
xrf;rsm;u awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifcJh&m ta&twGuf(342) ckr#om&Sdaomfvnf;/ tusifh
ysufjcpm;r_ESifh twif;tusyfaumuf,lr_ vkyfenf;yHkpHrsm;u ta&twGuf Tr#ru ydkI&SdaeEdkif
ygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;cef;rsm;wGif azmfjycJh=uonfh twif;tusyf tcGefaumuf,lyHk enf;emrsm;
udk atmufygZ,m;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf? Todk@ trsKd;tpm; cGJjcm;xm;r_onf (ND-Burma)
tzGJ@u aumuf,lcJhonfh tcsuftvuf a'wmrsm;tay: tajccHxm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf;
epfemcHpm;ae&onfh tajctaersm;udk udk,fpm;ðyxm;jcif;r[kwfyg?

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11
 owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk atmufazmfjyyg ae&mrsm;rSaumuf,lcJhonf?

12
 tpD&ifcHpm tusOf;

“pD;yGm;a&; tajctaeudk pOf;pm;=unfhr,fqdk&if usrwdk@u aiGa=u; pD;qif;vnfywfaer_

ESifh pOf;pm;=uwm r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk@u jynfolawG&J@ ae@pOfaexdkifr_b0tay: b,fvdk
oufa&mufaewmvJ qdkwmeJ@ pOf;pm;=uwmyg?”
a':atmifqef;pk=unf

“tcktcGeftwkwfawG av#mhoGm;atmif usaemfwdk@u b,fvdkrS rvkyfEdkif=uygbl;? olwdk@

a&mufvm+yD; twif;tusyf aumuf,l=uwmygyJ? olwdk@ r=umc% qdkovdkvmawmif;
aeawmh usaemfwdk@vnf; tcuftcJeJ@ñuH=u&w,f? usaemfwdk@u usyef;tvkyfyJvkyfpm;
ae=uawmh olwkd@awmif;wJhtcGefudk b,fvdkvkyfay;Edkif=urSmvJ? tck tJ'D&GmyJ olwdk@
tdrftopfaqmufwJhudPeJ@ywfoufvdk@ tcGefay;&r,fqdkwmrod=ubl;? t&ifwkef;u
usaemfwdk@u tdrftopfaqmuf&if usaemfwdk@u tcGefay;p&mvdkwm r[kwfbl;? usaemf
wdk@qDuaiGvmawmif;wm &JawGqdkwm usaemfodygw,f? 'gayr,fh olwdk@ emrnfawGudk
awmh rodygbl;? tJ'DaiGawGudkvnf; olwdk@udk,fusKd;twGufyJ oHk;pGJ=urSmyg? ”3
tpdk;&u usef;rma&; apmifha&Smufr_/ ynma&;/ vrf;/ wHwm;/ v#yfppfrD;/ a&ay;a0a&;/
ywf0ef;usifoef@&Sif;a&;pepf ponfuJhodk@aom trsm;aumif;usKd;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;udk yHhydk;ay;&ef
t&if;tjrpfrsm; vdktyfygonf? tpdk;&. tcGefb¾m0ifaiG (revenue) trsm;pkonf trsm;jynf
ol wdk@ESifh ‚wdk@. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tcGef aumufcHjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&u
ay;aeonfh 0efaqmifr_rsm;twGuf tzdk;tca=u;udk aumufcHjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ tul
tnD&&Sdonfh &efyHkaiGrsm;ESifh wdkif;jynf. obm0o,HZmwrS&onfh b¾m0ifaiGrsm;tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; pkaqmif;&&Sdygonf? uBmw0Srf;&Sd jynfolrsm;onf olwkd@wm0eft& ay;aqmifae
=u&onfh tcGefrsm;ESifhywfoufI auseyfr_r&SdbJ apm'uwuf ajymqdkavh&Sd=uygonf? odk@aomf
vnf; TtpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifjzpfyGm;aeonfh tcGef aumufcHr_
rSmrl twif;tusyf aumufcHaejcif;jzpf+yD;/ tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm;ESifhvnf; ywfoufae&m
jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;ESifh jynfoltrsm;. oufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_rsm;udk xdcdkufepfemapygonf? T
odk@taetxm;wGif olwkd@. vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tus,ftjyef@ESifh pepfwus csKd;azmufaejcif;yif
jzpfygonf? ppftpdk;&u jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tcGefpepfudk yHkrSefESifh w&m;0ifaqmif&Gufaeonfh tpdk;&.
vkyfief;aqmifwmrSaeI/ t"RaiGn‡pfonfhyHkpH/ zdESdyfa&; ud&d,mwpfcktjzpf yHkpHajymif;ypfcJhygonf?
Todk@ysufpD;aponfh tmedoif&Sdaom tcGefaumufcHr_pepfa=umifhESifh tajccHjynfol@&ydkifcGifh
jyXmef;csufrsm; uif;rJhaejcif;a=umifh jrefrmjynfolrsm;onf tpdk;&udktHwkqef@usif&efrpGrf;om
onfhtajctae&Sdaeonf? olwdk@ae@pOfESifhtr# touf&Sifoef&yfwnfEdkifa&;udkom t"duvHk;yrf;
ae=u&onf?

3 PWO (2009) “ZD;yefaumuf aus;&GmwGif opfawmðyef;wD;r_ESifh rr#rw tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ &Srf;jynfe,f? Martus Bulletin.

13
 qif;&JpGm ±kef;uefae&onfh rdom;pkwpfpk

jrefrmEdkifiH tcGefpepf&Sd tusifhysufjcpm;aerI

“olwdk@u tcGefaumufwJhae&mrSm bmOya'rS&Sdwmr[kwfbl;? olwdk@utzGJ@awG=um;xJ
rSm *dwfawGjzef@cscGJzGifh+yD; aiGawmif;wmyJ? ydkqdk;wmu awmif;wJhyrm%u twif;tusyf
ray;rae&awmif;+yD;/ rsm;aomtm;jzihfaiGvufcH&&Sda=umif; jzwfydkif;vnf;jyefay;wm
r[kwfbl;? wu,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@rSmjzwfydkif;&Sd&if usaemfwdk@tcGefay;+yD;+yDqdkwmajymvdk@
&w,f? wcgwavrSm usaemfwdk@rSm aiGvufcHjzwfydkif;&Sdwmawmif olwdk@u tJ'hDtzGJ@u
twlwlr[kwfbl;qdk+yD; jiif;=ujyefw,f? tJ'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@ ukefoG,fa&mif;0,f&
wmvnf; vG,fwmr[kwfbl;? usaemfuajymw,f? vlawGrSmolwdk@touf&Sifoefzdk@
aiGtvHktavmufr&Sd=uvdk@ tcuftcJawG@ae=uw,fvdk@ajymjyw,f? ta=umif;u
e,fpyf a'orSmxm;wJh &JawGu axmfvm*sDum; '±dkifbmawG/ a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;awG
udk rwefwq tcGefawmif;ae=uw,f?”4

TtpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tcGefaumufcHr_pepfonf tod

trSwfðyxm;onfh rnfonfhpHE_ef;ESifhr#rudkufnDjcif;jzpfygonf? Tpepfonf w&m;r#wr_uif;
rJhaeovdk/ xda&muf xufjrufr_r&Sd/ aysmhajymif;r_ (ðyvG,f jyifvG,fjzpfr_) vnf;r&Sdyg? r=umao;
rDESpfrsm;twGif;u jrifhwufvmaecJhonfh/ aumufcHaom tcGefrsm;pGm.yrm%ESifh aumufcH
rnfhtcsdefudkvnf; óuwifrSef;qxm;Edkifjcif;r&Sdyg? odk@twGufa=umifh 0ifaiG-xGufaiG óuwifa&;
qGJxm;&efESifh tpDtpOfrsm; csxm;&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifyg? tcGeftrsm;pkonf vlwdk@. 0ifaiG/ rdom;pk
wpfcku odk@r[kwf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfcku ay;aqmifEdkifpGrf;ESifhvnf; qufpyfr_ &Sdraeyg? a'o
rsm;pGmwGif rdom;pkrsm;tay: csrSwfaomtcGefrsm;onf tdrfaxmifpkrsm;.0ifaiG/ tjrwfESifhEd_if;
4 PWO (2009) “erfhcrf;òrd@e,fwGif axmfvm*sD,mOfrsm;xHrS tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ &Srf;jynfe,f? Martus Bulletin.

14
,SOfygu rsm;pGmjrifhrm;vGef;aeonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&u&&Sdaeaom tcGefb¾mrsm;ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk trsm;jynfol wdk@
vdktyfonfh 0efaqmifr_rsm;twGuf jyefvnfcGJa0csxm; oHk;pGJapjcif;r&Sdyg? xdk@tjyif umv=um&Snf
vspfvsL±_xm;+yD;/ jynfol@aumif;usKd;0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; nHhzsif;aomrl0g'rsm;/ pDrHcef@
cGJr_rsm;&Sdaejyefonf? vltrsm;u tcGefaiGtajrmuftrsm; ay;ae=u&aomfvnf;/ jyefvnf&
&Sdaom 0efaqmifr_rSm tenf;tusOf;r#om&Sdaeonf? tcsKd@aoma'orsm;wGif usef;rma&;0ef
aqmifr_/ v#yfppfrD;ESifh a&&&Sdr_rsm;twGuf tvGeftrif;qdk;&Gm;onfh rjzpfpavmufr#om jyefvnf
&&Sdonf? cef@rSef;csufrsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiH. &-oHk;aiGpm&if; (bwf*suf) . 5 &mcdkifE_ef;atmuf
udkom usef;rma&;ESifh vlr_zlvHka&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf toHk;csaeonf?
vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf (jrefrmEdkifiH) (ND-Burma) . a'wm tcsuftvufrsm;
t& aemufxyfjyqdkaeonfrSm jrefrmtpdk;&Xmersm;ESifh ppfwyfuaqmif&Gufae=uonfh tusifh
ysufjcpm;r_ESifh aiGn‡pfawmif;cHr_rsm;onf jrifhrm;vGef;ae±Hkr#omru/ rdom;pkrsm;onf olwdk@
ay;aqmif&ef awmif;qdkxm;onfh tcGefomru/ tjcm; twif;tusyfawmif;qdkr_yrm%rsm;
a=umifh b0ysufrnfh ta&;&ifqdkifae=u&onf? aiGn‡pfawmif;cHr_rsm;onf wpfOD;yk~v vlyk~dKvf
rsm;ESifh tpdk;&Xmersm;u b¾m0ifaiG&&Sdap&ef trsm;tm;jzifh awmif;qdktoHk;ðyaeonfhenf;
jzpf+yD;/ jynfolrsm;onf ydkrdk rsm;jym;onfh tcGefrsm;-tca=u;aiGrsm;udk xdkolrsm;xH ay;aqmif
ae=u&onf? odk@twGufa=umifh ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif rdrdwdk@u tcGefaumufcHr_[lonfh acgif;pOf
atmufwGif jzpfay:ae+yD; atmufygtcsufrsm;yg0ifonfh tusifhysufjcpm;r_ vkyf&yfaygif;pHkudkvnf;
avhvmxm;ygonf?
• ajr/ u|JEGm;wd&d>mefrsm;ESifh tjcm;ydkifqdkifr_rsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;?
• yPnf;rsm;udk odrf;,l+yD;/ aiGwpHkw&m ray;rcsif; jyefray;bJxm;jcif;?
• wyfrawmfESifh tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;u ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;wGif jynfolrsm;udk rwefrqjrifhrm;
onfh aiGa=u;udk twif;tusyfay;apjcif;?
• jyQ'defa&mif;csjcif;/ yGJvrf;rsm;/ ausmif; taqmuftODrsm;/ ausmif;0ifcGifhESifh ausmif;oHk;
ud&d,mrsm;twGuf t"R “tvSLaiG” xnfh0ifapjcif;?
• t"R tvkyfcdkif;apjcif;ESifh uav;ppfom;tjzpf 0efxrf;&rnfhta&;rS a&Smifv$JEdkif&ef
rdrdwdk@0ifaiG qHk;±_H;&jcif;/ usef;rma&;xdcdkuf&jcif;ESifh tca=u;aiGrsm;ukefus&jcif;?
• ppfom;rsm;u aps;qdkifrsm;rS yPnf;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;wdk@twGuf tvum;&,ljcif;?
• v,form;rsm;udk tcsKd@aom oD;ESHrsm; pdkufysKd;&ef twif;tusyf cdkif;apjcif;ESifh ppfwyfodk@
aps;uGufaygufaps; xufenf;aomE_ef;jzifh a&mif;csay;&ef cdkif;apjcif;?
• tcGefESifhtca=u;aiGrsm;udkydkrdkrsm;jym;pGm rwlaomE_ef;xm;jzifhawmif;cHI wpfoD;yk~v
ESifhtpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;u tdyfuyfwGif;xnfhoGif;ae=ujcif;wdk@vnf; &Sdaejyefonf?

15
 “2006 ckESpf 'DZifbm yxrywfwkef;u jrefrmppfom;awGu rGefolykefawGeJ@wdkufyGJ jzpf
yGm;+yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm &Gmom; 100 avmufudkzrf;qD;cJh+yD; v#yfppfeJ@ "mwf±dkuftjypfay;
w,f? aemufxyftjypfay;wmuawmh olwdk@O,smOfjcHawGudk tvkyfoGm;vkyfzdk@ydwfyif
wm;jrpfwmyJ? olwdk@O,smOfjcHawGu wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;wJhae&meJ@eD;awmh olykef axmufcH
olvdk@ouFmruif;jzpf&wJh vl 25-OD;udk vlwpfOD;qdk&if usyfodef; 30 '%faiGcsw,f?”5
xdk@tjyif tcGefaumufcHaeaom Xmetrsm;tjym;&Sdae+yD;/ ‚wdk@tcsif;csif;vnf;yl;
aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ tm;enf;vSonf? tkyfcsKyfpDrHcef@cGJr_ t&nftaoG;rjynfhr_ESifh r±dk;om;tusifh
ysufr_'%fudkvnf; cHpm;ae=u&onf? tpdk;&ESifh tcGefaumufcHa&;Xmersm;u aiGa=u;&,l±Hkwif
rubJ/ aus;vufa'orsm;wGif aiGa=u;&Sm;yg;onfhtwGufa=umifh u|J EGm;/ tdrfarG;wd&d>mefrsm;/
ydkifqdkifr_rsm;udkvnf; odrf;,lwwf=uonf? aus;&Gmvlxktrsm;pktzdk@ olwdk@.oD;ESHrsm;onfyifr
oufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_ jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm ‚wdk@udkodrf;,l+yD;/ jyefvnf&&Sd&eftwGufaiGa=u;
tajrmuftrsm; ay;aqmif=u&onf? aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;tzdk@ qufvuf&yfwnf &SifoefEdkifrnfh
enf;rSm olwdk@ydkifu|J/ EGm;rsm;a&mif;csjcif;/ odk@r[kwf tjcm;aus;&Gmom;rsm;/ rdom;pk0ifrsm;xHrS
aiGacs;iSm;I ay;aqmifae=u&onf? TtajctaerSm r+yD;qHk;EdkifbJ qufvufjzpfay:aeonfh
twGufa=umifh taºu;oHo&mvnfae+yD;/ a&&SnfwnfwHhonfh oufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_ xlaxmif
&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifbJ&Sdae&onf?
jrefrmtpdk;&. pm&if;Z,m;rsm;onf rjynfhpHkvSaoma=umifh tcGefrS&&Sdaom b¾m0ifaiG
udk twdtusod&Sd&efrjzpfEdkifoavmuf&Sdonf? EdkifiH.w&m;0iftcGefaumufcHa&;pepfrS aumuf
cH&&SdaomtcGefyrm%udkyif od&Sd&efrjzpfEdkifoavmuf&Sdaeonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiH.w&m;
0iftcGefaumufcHa&;pepfrSmvnf; rnfonfhyPnf;rsm;tay: tcGefaumuf,ljcif;jzpfa=umif;ESifh
ywfouf+yD; azmfjyxm;csufESifh trSefwu,f aumuf,laer_rSmvnf; qufpyfr_r&Sdoavmuf jzpf
aeonf? odk@twGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH tkyfcsKyfa&;,œ,m;rsm;twGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufvmonfhtcGef
b¾m0ifaiGrSm trSeftwdkif;udk,fpm;ðy azmfjyxm;jcif;r[kwfovdk/ rnfonfht&if;jrpfrS tcGef&&Sd
vmonfudkvnf; rodEdkifay?
TtcGefaiGrsm;udk rnfodk@oHk;pGJrnf/ rnfodk@cGJa0ae&mcsxm;rnfudk qHk;jzwf&mYvnf;
a&G;cs,fEdkif&ef udk,fpm;jyKcGifhtwGuf aqG;aEG;Edkifonfhae&mrsm;r&Sday? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ESpf-20
ausmfa&G;aumufyGJr&SdbJ jzpfaecJhouJhodk@ aemufqHk;usif;ycJhonfh a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudkvnf;jiif;
y,fxm;cJhonf? ppftpdk;&u qufvuftm%mcsKyfudkifxm;qJ&Sdaeonf? twif;tusyfESifhtjypf
'%fay;ouJhodk@aom tcGefpepfwnf&SdaeonfhtwGufa=umifhESifh tusifhysufjcpm;r_/ 0efaqmifr_
rsm; yHhydk;ay;r_ tenf;i,fr#om &SdaeonfhtwGufa=umifh vlxktrsm;u tcGefay;aqmif&efqür
&SdbJjzpfae=u&onf? odk@twGufa=umifh 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;aemufydkif;wGif tpdk;&opfur#w
onfjzpfap/ tjcm;wpfenf;wpfzHkjzpfap tcGefpepfudk csrSwfaqmif&Gufrnfqdkyguvnf; jy\em
rsm; qufvufjzpfay:aeEdkifonf? xdk@tjyif a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;aemufydkif; zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't&
ppfwyfu v$wfawmfae&mrsm;wGif 25 &mcdkifE_ef; udk,fpm;vS,f &,lxm;OD;rnfjzpf&m/ trSefw
u,f 'Drdkua&pD ðyjyifajymif;vJr_udk t}uD;tus,f[ef@wm;ydwfqdk@ aeOD;rnf jzpfonf?

5 HURFOM (2007) “jrefrmppfwyf wyf&if;u rGefjynfe,fawmifydkif;&Sd vlxkudkESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;r_ qufvufusL;vGefaejcif;”? rGefjynfe,f?

Martus Bulletin.

16
ppfwyfutcGefaumuf,l&mwGif yg0ifywfoufaejcif;
“yHkrSeftm;jzifh/ aus;&GmvlxkawGu ppftpdk;& tzGJ@tpnf;awGtwGuf wpfvudk 10˜000
usyf xnfh0ifae&w,f? &Gmom;awGu olwdk@pm;p&m r&SdwJhwdkifatmif ay;zdk@awmh &Sdae
&ao;w,f? (etz) vufxufrSm aus;&GmvlxkawG u tvkyfydkvkyfae&ayr,fh/ olwdk@
rdom;pkpm;zdk@ tvHktavmuf &=uwm r[kwfbl;?”6

ppfom;rsm; wnf&Sdae&mcsxm;r_ESifh tcGefaumufcHr_ twdkif;twmt=um; qufpyfr_&Sdae

onfudkawG@&+yD;/ ppfom;rsm;vmonfESifhtr# jynfolvlxkrsm;xHrS &,lonfh t&if;tjrpfwdk;rsm;
vmonfudkawG@&onf? vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; ppfwyfu eufeuf±d_if;±d_if;ae&m,lxm;onfhtajc
tae&Sdae+yD;/ txl;ojzifhaus;vufa'orsm;wGif w&m;Oya't& tkyfcsKyfjcif;r&SdawmhbJ/ ppfwyf
uom tm%mpdk;rdk;aeawmhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHESifhpmv#if rwefwq twdkif;twm}uD;rm;aeaom
ppfwyfa=umifh tcGef0efxkyf0efydk; ydkrdkoufa&mufap+yD;/ ‚udk jrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;pepfuyif
ryHhydk;Edkifawmhonfh taetxm;jzpfvmonf? (etz) ppftpdk;&. xdyfydkif; acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
‚wdk@ESifh eD;pyfolrsm;uvnf; obm0"mwfaiG@/ oWK/ ausmufrsufESifh u|ef; opfpojzifh EdkifiH.
aiG0ifaiGvrf; trsm;qHk;aom b¾m&if;jrpfrsm;udk ‚wdk@tdyfwGif;odk@ v$Jajymif;&,lae=uonf?
odk@twGufa=umifh tpdk;&.rl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfae=uonfh tpdk;&.tkyfcsKyfa&;
vufwHESifh wyfrawmf(jrefrmtpdk;&ppfwyf)wdk@wGif b¾maiGjywfvyfae+yD;/ tcGef wdk;jr‡ifhaumufcH
jcif;ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;&,ljcif;vkyfief;rsm; wdk;Ivkyfaqmifvm&awmhonf? xdkr#ruppfwyf.
wpfoD;yk~v vlyk~dKvfrsm;ut&if;tjrpfrsm;udk yk~vdu u¾rS olwdk@udk,fusKd; pD;yGm;twGuf
tjypfay;ta&;,lcH&jcif;r&SdbJ&,lae=uonf? ppfwyfESifh tjcm;aomvufeufudkif tzGJ@rsm;u
Todk@aumuf,lr_rsm;wGif t"duae&m,lxm;=u+yD;/ TXmersm;u aumuf,lonfhaiGa=u;/
t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ðzef;wD;ypfae=uonf? ppfwyf(wyfrawmf)ESifh tjcm;aom vufeufudkiftzGrJ sm;
tcGefaumuf,lonfhudP/ b¾m&SmazG&,lonfhudPwGif yg0ifywfoufaer_a=umifh ppftpdk;&.
xdef;csKyfr_udkydkrdkrsm;jym;vmap+yD;/ vlxkudkydkrdkzdESdyfonfh toGifjzpfaponf?
trsKd;om; &-oHk;aiG bwf*suf. 50 &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfudk ppfwyftwGuf toHk;ðyae+yD;/
rjzpfpavmufom axmufyHhxm;onfh usef;rma&;ESifh vlr_zlvHka&;udPrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOf=unfhEdkif
onf? xdk@tjyif &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh (etz)ppftpdk;&taeESifh A[dktpdk;& bwf*sufrSaeI ppfwyf
qdkif&mvlyk~dKvfrsm;udk uef@owfIom axmufyHhr_ay;xm;aomfvnf;/ ppfom; 3 odef;- 4 odef;
cef@udk yk~vdu u¾ESifh jynfolrsm;xHrS t&if;tjrpftajrmuftrsm;udk&,l&ef cGifhðycsufay;xm;
onf? tcsKd@aomae&mrsm;wGif tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;/ vlyk~dKvfrsm;uvnf; olwdk@ &dQm/
vpm/ vkyftm;crsm;twGuf aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;xHrS axmufyHhay;r_udk tydkawmif;cHae=uao;
onf? Todk@ yk~vdu u¾rS ppfwyfESifh EdkifiHawmftpdk;&xHodk@ twif;tusyf tajccHjzifhawmif;qdk
aer_ qufvufjzpfyGm;ae&m/ vlxkrsm;. vlaer_ tqifhtwef;tay: rsm;pGmqdk;usKd;oufa&muf
aponf?

6 HURFOM (2009) “bD;vif;òrd@e,frS ppftpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u rw&m;aiGn‡pfawmif;cH&onfh epfem&olESifhawG@qHkjcif;”/ rGefjynfe,f?

Martus Bulletin.

17
 vlYtcGifhta&;rsm;
“usaemfwdk@ydkif vufzufcif;awGudk ajcjrefwyf&if; (cr&) u tcGefvmaumufr,fqdkwm
rodbl;? usaemfwdk@uvnf; bmjzpfvdk@tcGefaumufwmvnf;vdk@ ar;ydkifcGifh&Sdwm
r[kwfbl;? usaemfwdk@ pdkufcif;awGu tjrwfenf;enf;yJ ESpfpOfusefawmhw,f/ pm;zdk@
avmuf±HkyJ usefawmhw,f? usaemfwdk@ vufzufpdkufcif;awGuae wjcm;udPawGay;zdk@
aiGpkrd zdk@qdkwm rjzpfEdkifawmhbl;? usaemfwdk@u wpf{uudk aiG 20˜000 ay;vdkuf&wJhtcg
wpfESpfrSm aiGusyf 140˜ 000 pkpk aygif; ukefoGm;+yD? tJonfaiGyrm%udk pkaqmif;ay;zdk@
qdkwm odyfcufcJw,f? olwdk@u usaemfwdk@udk +cdrf;ajcmufw,f? ajymwmu usaemfwdk@
ray;&if cr&wyf&if;u pdkufcif;awGudk odrf;r,fvdk@ ajymw,f? ”7

ukvor~ESifh tmqD,Htoif;. tzGJ@0ifwpfOD;jzpfaeonfESifhtnD jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvdkuf

emapmifhxdef;&rnfh wm0ef0W&m;rsm;&Sdaeaomfvnf; jznfhqnf;jzif;rðyyg? EdkifiHwumvl@tcGifh
ta&;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;todtrSwfðyrxm;=uonfh EdkifiHrsm;yifv#ifvl@
tcGifhta&;rl0g'rsm;udk av;pm;vdkufem&efwm0ef&Sdygonf? ta=umif;rSm‚wdk@onfuBm}uD;
wpfck vHk;uvufcHxm;onfh/ EdkifiHwumrdom;pkuav;pm;onfh “"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'”.wpf
pdwfwpfydkif; jzpfaeaoma=umifhyifjzpfonf? tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;udk
"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'. tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf tus,ftjyef@vufcHtod trSwfðyxm;=u+yD;/ odk@
twGufa=umifhyif EdkifiHwdkif;uaemufqufwGJyg EdkifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&; oabmwlnDcsufrsm;
udk vufrSwfa&;xdk; todtrSwfðyxm;onfjzpfap/ ra&;xdk;xm;onfjzpfap/ vdkufem&efwm0ef
&Sdygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHu tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;udk axmufcHxm;ygonf?
odk@aomfvnf; vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf (jrefrmEdkifiH) (ND-Burma) u ,ck tpD&ifcHpmwGif
awG@&Sdonfh taxmuftxm;rsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onf vl@tcGifhta&;tajctaersm;wdk;
wufatmifaqmif&Gufr_rsm; ysufuGufae+yD;/ txl;ojzifh yk'fr 12/ 17/ 21/ 25/ 26/ 29 wdk@udk
taumiftxnfazmf&ef ysufuGufaeonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf ukvor~. tusifhysufjcpm;r_
qdkif&mEdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufudkvnf; vufrSwfa&;xdk; oabmwlnDxm;+yD;/ (ND-Burma)
tzGJ@.rSwfwrf;rsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&. vkyfaqmifaecsufrsm;onf ,ckEdkifiHwumoabm
wlnDcsuft& tusifhysufjcpm;r_[k zGifhqdkEdkifonfh tajctae&Sdygonf?
,cktpD&ifcHpmu Todk@ tusifhysuf jcpm;r_rsm;rSaeI rnfodk@rnfyHk vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;
azmufr_rsm;jzpfay:vmaponfudk avhvmxm;ygonf? (etz) ppftpdk;&. tcGefaumufcHrpepf
ESifh ‚.b¾maiG aumufcHa&;Xmersm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;. aiGn‡pfawmif;qdkr_vkyf&yfrsm;a=umifh
vltrsm;tjym;. zlvHkaomvlaer_tqifhtwef; &&SdydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;udk jiif;y,f&mus+yD;/
olwdk@. usef;rma&;/ tdk;tdrf&&Sda&;/ pm;a&&dQmESifh ynma&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udkvnf; qHk;±_H;epf
emapygonf? tpdk;&rsm;u ‚wdk@.EdkifiHom; jynfolrsm;taejzifh pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;tcGifhta&;
rsm;tygt0if/ tus,ftjyef@aom vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk cHpm;usifhoHk;Edkifap&ef tajctaersm;
udkzefwD;ay;&efwm0ef&Sdygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh tusifhysufjcpm;aeonfhtcGefpepfudk usifhoHk;
aejcif;a=umifh Twm0ef&Sdr_udk csKd;azmuf&ma&mufaeonf? vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkonfrSm
7 TSYO (2009) “vufzufcif;ydkif&Sifrsm;xHrS w&m;r0if tcGefaumuf,laejcif;”/ &Srf;jynfe,f? Martus Bulletin.

18
tpdk;&.vkyfaqmifr_rsm;ESifh (vkyfaqmif&efysufuGufr_rsm;)tay: csifhcsdefwdkif;wm&ef tedrfhqHk;
pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;vnf;jzpfygonf? TtpD&ifcHpmwGif jrefrmppftpdk;&taeESifhtusifhysufjc
pm;aeonfh tcGefpepfudk taumiftxnfazmf toHk;ðyae+yD;/ odk@twGufa=umifh vltrsm;vufcH
xm;=uonfh wefzdk;xm;csufrsm;ESifhravsmfnD ysuf,Gif;aeonf/ tpdk;&b¾m0ifaiGrsm;udkyk~vdu
vlwpfOD;csif;.tdyfwGif;odk@ v$Jajymif;xnfhae=uonfhudPudk wm;jrpf&efysufuGufaeonf? zlvHk
aomvlaer_tqifhtwef;twGuf tedrfhqHk;tajctae vlxk0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udkyHhydk;ay;&ef
ysufuGufaeonf/ EdkifiHwum&Sd "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;twdkif; vdkufemaqmif&Guf&efysufuGuf
aeonf pojzifh rD;armif;xdk;azmfjyxm;yg onf?
ukvor~. vl@tcGifhta&;udP txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;wifjyol oHt&m&Sd awmrwfpftdk a[;
uGifwmem (Thomas Ojea Quintana) u r=umao;rDu xkwfazmfajymqdk&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
tus,ftjyef@ESifh pepfwus csKd;azmufaeonfh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;onf (etz)
ppftpdk;&. rl0g'rsm;a=umifh jzpfay:ae&a=umif;/ Tjzpf&yfrsm;rSm vlom;rsKd;EG,fwpf&yfvHk;tay:
csKd;azmufonfh &mZ0wfjypfr_rsm;ESifh ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm; txdwdkifjzpfay:aezG,f&Sda=umif; oHk;oyf
ajymqdkcJhonf? odk@twGufa=umifh olu ukvor~ pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; aumfr&Sifwpfck zGJ@pnf;oifh
a=umif; axmufcHwifjycJh+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf (jrefrmEdkifiH) (ND-Burma) . a'wm
tcsuftvufrsm;t&vnf; axmufcHazmfjyaeonf? (etz) ppftpdk;&u toHk;ðyaeaomt"R
vkyftm;cdkif;apjcif;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf;&Sd jynfolvlxkrsm;xHrS t&if;tjrpfrsm; n‡pfxkwf&,lae
onfh udPrsm;tygt0if/ tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm;u tcdkiftrm azmfjyaeygonf?

twif;tusyf tcGefaumufcHr_ tygt0if vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;a=umifh

weoFm&Dwdkif;/ a&jzLòrd@e,frS xGuf ajy;ae=uonfh rdom;pkrsm;? (HURFOM)

19
 t"duusonfUtBuHjyKcsufrsm;

EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHYNzdK;a&;aumifpD (etz) ppftpdk;&xHodkY

Ö twif;tusyf tcGefaumufcHaer_a=umifh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;jzpfay:aponfudk
todtrSwfðyyg&efESifh Tvkyf&yfrsm;udk usL;vGefcsKd;azmufaeolrsm;udk ta&;,ltjypfay;jcif;
r&SdbJv$wfay;xm;onfh tajctaeudk 2008 ckESpf/ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ygyk'fr 445udkzsuf
odrf;z,f&Sm;jcif;tm;jzifhtqHk;owfyg&ef? Tyk'frt& wm0eft&aqmif&Gufol EdkifiHawmftm
%mydkifrsm;udk tjypfay;ta&;,lydkifcGifhr&Sd[k azmfjyxm;ygonf? TudPrsm;udk cGifhðyxm;ay;
onfhrl0g'rsm;udk tqHk;owfyg&ef?
Ö b¾m0ifaiGrsm;udk vlxkyg0ifr_jzifh rnfodk@cGJa0csrSwfoHk;pGJrnfhudPtygt0if/ jrefrmEdkifiH.
tcGefpepfudk tmqD,Htoif;wGif “yÉd^mOf”ESifh tmqD,Htoif;.vHkðcHa&;/ vlr_a&;-,Ofaus;
r_/ pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; axmuf wdkifrsm;Y jrefrmEdkifiH. uwdu0wfðyxm;csufrsm;
ESifhtnD ðyjyifajymif;vJyg&ef? 8
Ö ppfwyfESifhtpdk;&. ausmaxmufaemufcHðyxm;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u w&m;r0iftcGef
aumufcHaer_rsm;udk &yfqdkif;yg&ef? “ajr,mtay:rSaiGa=u;xkwf,laeonfhrl0g'” rsm;udk&yf
qdkif;yg&ef? ppftoHk;p&dwf av#mhcsyg&ef?
Ö w&m;r0if tcGefaumufcHr_rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfyGm;aponfh EdkifiHawmf
zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;udk &yfqdkif;yg&ef?
Ö t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ESifh uav;ppfom;toHk;csr_udk&yfqdkif;yg&efESifh t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_
qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf (tdkift,fvftdk) oabmwlnDcsuf/ ukvor~
uav;rsm;qdkif&mtcGifhta&; EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsufyg wm0ef0W&m;rsm;udk tjynfh
t0 jznfhqnf;vdkufemyg&ef?

EdkifiHwumrdom;pkxHodkY
Ö jzpfyGm;aeaom pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;r_rsm;ESifh qufpyfI vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;
jzpfyGm;aea=umif; vlod&Sif =um; todtrSwfðyyg&efESifh ukvor~. pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sif
twGuf vlod&Sif=um;axmufcHr_ azmfjy=uyg&ef?

tjynfjynfqdkif&maiGaMu;&efyHkaiGtzGJY (tdkiftrftufzf)/ tm&SzGHYNzdK;a&;bPfESifh tjcm;aomaiGaMu;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;xHodkY

Ö yGifhvif;jrifomr_/ wm0efcHr_/ aumif;rGefonfh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;pHE_ef;
8 ed*Hk; ESifh aemufqufwGJrsm;wGif tcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifhywfoufI t=uHðycsuf tjynfhtpHkudk =unfhyg&ef?

20
 twdkif; usifhoHk;rSomv#if taxmuftyHhrsm; ay;tyfr_ðyyg&ef?
Ö vlxktrsm;twGuf 0efaqmifay;r_toHk;p&dwf tedrfhqHk;jzpfaeonfudk w&m;0iftod trSwf
ðy&efESifh (etz) ppftpdk;&u twif;tusyfESifh tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm; a&m¹yrf;aeaom tcGef
aumufcHaer_ csrSwfusifhoHk;aea=umif; w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyyg&ef?
Ö tm&SzGH@òz;a&;b%fu jrefrmppftpdk;& yg0ifywfoufaeaom rJacgifjrpf0Srf;&yf0ef;a'o zGH@òz;
a&;tpDtpOfatmufwGif acs;aiGjzifhjzpfap/ *&ef@axmufyHhaiGjzifhjzpfap/ enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m
ulnDaxmufyHhr_rsm; ay;aeonfudk &yfqdkif;oifhygonf? jrefrmppftpdk;& ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;xHodk@
cGJa0 csrSwfxm;ay;onfh &efyHkaiGrsm;udkvnf; vlod&Sif=um;xkwfazmfay;yg&ef?

EdkifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;MuD;rsm;/ EdkifiH&yfjcm;&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHolrsm;? tvSL&Sifrsm;ESifh zGHYNzdK;a&;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;odkY

Ö b¾m0ifaiG yGifhvif;jrifomr_usifhoHk;yg&efESifh olwdk@ay;aqmifaeonhf tcGefrsm;onf ppfwyfudk
wdkuf±dkufb¾m jznfhwif;ay;&ma&mufaea=umif;/ vlxk0efaqmifr_udPrsm;twGuf&efyHkaiG
tjzpf toHk;rðya=umif; vlod&Sif=um;todtrSwfðyyg&ef?
Ö olwdk@. vkyfief;pDrHcsufrsm;wGif xda&mufonfh yGifhvif;jrifomr_&Sdapa&;ESifh wm0efcHr_&Sdapa&;
vkyfief;pOfrsm; usifhoHk;a=umif;tmrcH&ef? ppftpdk;&u toHk;csaeonfh t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_
ESifh twif;tusyftcGefaumufcHr_rsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufr_ uif;&Sif;ap&ef?

tmqD,Htoif;odkY
Ö (etz)ppftpdk;&tay: wif;tusyfESifh tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm; a&m¹yrf;aeaom tcGefaumuf
cHaer_ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; &yfqdkif;apa&;twGufESifh 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf
awmif;qdkyg&ef?
Ö vltrsm; apm'uwufr_rsm;udk wdkif=um;EdkifaompepfESifh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;
wpfckxlaxmifI jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;aeonfh twif;tusyf tcGefaumuf,laer_rsm;udk
apmifh=unfhppfaq;yg&ef?
Ö (tmqD,H)toif;. yÉd^mOfygazmfjycsufrsm;/ wm0ef0W&m;rsm;ESifhtnD vGwfvyfI w&m;r#
waom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSwqifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif jynfolrsm;yg0ifaqmif
&GufEdkifcGifh &Sdapa&;twGuf (etz) ppftpdk;&tay: awmif;qdkyg&ef?

w½kwfEdkifiH? tdE´d,EdkifiHESifh xdkif;EdkifiHodkY

Ö twif;tusyf tcGefaumuf,laer_onf vlrsm;ajymif;a&$@tajccsjcif;. t"duta=umif;
t&if;wpfckjzpfa=umif; w&m;0if todtrSwfðyI (etz) ppftpdk;&tay:tcGefpepf ðyjyif

21
 ajymif;vJ&efESifh 'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm;&&SdEdkifap&eftwGuf zdtm;ay;yg&ef?

jrefrmjynfolrsm;xHodkY
Ö owif;rD'D,mESifh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;rSaeI jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tcGefaumufcHr_ESifh cGJa0oHk;pGJr_wGif
jzpfay:aeonfh tusifhysufjcpm;r_twdkif;tq/ ‚a=umifhjzpfonfh xdcdkufepfem&r_rsm;ESifh
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk todynmay;=uyg&ef?
Ö tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm;ESifh twif;tusyftcGefaumufcHr_rsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHkrSwfwrf;wif&
rnf/ rnfodk@rnfyHk wdkif=um;&rnfudk tcsif;csif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm; zvS,f=uyg&ef?
Ö tusifhysuf jcpm;r_rsm;ESifh twif;tusyf tcGefaumufcHr_rsm;/ t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_rsm;udk
w&m;0ifapm'uwuf wdkif=um;&efjzpfEdkifonfh tajctaewdkif;Y aus;&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;
ESifhzGH@òz;a&;aumifpDESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&mtvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf(tdkift,fvftdk)xHodk@wdkif=um;
=uyg&ef awmif;qdktyfygonf?

22
(1) tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfwpf&yf\ tajccH pHvu©Pmrsm;

tkyfcsKyfa&; ukefusp&dwf
tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfwpf&yfonf ±dk;±Sif;+yD;/ vlyk~KdvfwpfOD;csif;/ tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh tcGefaumufcHa&;Xmersm;u pDrHtkyfcsKyf&mYvnf; ukefusp&dwftwef
oufomapoifhonf? pDrHtkyfcsKyf&mY ±dk;&Sif;vG,fuljcif;[kqdk&mwGif tcGefaumufcHa&;Xmersm;
taeESifh ay;aqmif&rnfhtcGefudkwGufcsuf&mESifh tcGefaumufcH&mwGif pDrHcef@cGJr_p&dwfenf;yg;jcif;
vnf;tygt0ifjzpfonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHY aumufcHaeaom tcGeftrsm;pkonf ‘w&m;r0if’ ESifh twif;tusyfoabm
aqmifae+yD;/ tcGefrsm;aumufcH=u&mXmersm;uvnf; rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm; r&Sdoavmufyifjzpf
aeaoma=umifh/ ukefusp&dwftm;jzifh oufomonf[kqdkEdkifonf? xdk@tjyif aumufcHae=uaom
tcGeftrsm;pkonf tpkvdkufykwfjywfaumufcHaeaom tcGefrsm;jzpf+yD;/ ay;aqmifEdkifpGrf;udkxnfh
oGif;pOf;pm;r_r&SdbJ aumufcHae=uonf? odk@twGufa=umifh aumufcHolrsm;taeESifh tuJjzwfr_
ukefusp&dwfrsm;oufomygonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftzGJ@tpnf;/ Xmetrsm;pku
tcGefudkaumufcHae=ujcif;a=umifh xkwfukefxGuf&Sdaponfh xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsKd;wGif toHk;csae
=ujcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ/ tcGefudkwdkuf±dkufenf;jzifh aumufcHae=ujcif;a=umifhvnf; t&if;tjrpftwef
rsm;jym;pGmonf tcGefaumufcHr_twGif;a&muf&SdoGm;onf[k ,lqEdkifonf? vlwpfOD;csif;/
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay: Todk@‘w&m;r0if’tzGJ@tpnf;/ Xmersm;utcGef
aumufcHr_wGif yg0ifywfoufae=uaoma=umifh wpfoD;yk~vvlrsm;/ tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;
a&;vkyfief;rsm;u olwdk@usoifhay;aqmif&rnfh tcGefyrm%ESifhtcsdefudk aumif;pGmcef@rSef; od&SdEdkif
jcif;r&Sdjzpf=u&onf? yk~vdu u¾twGufrl tcGefpepfa=umifh ukefusp&dwf}uD;jrifhvm&onf?

ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f&SdrI
usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfpGm yHkpHxkwfxm;onfh rnfonfhtcGefaumufcHa&;pepfrsKd;rqdk ðyjyif
ajymif;vJaeonfh pD;yGm;a&; tajctaeESifhtnD tvG,fwulvdkufyg (tcsKd@ae&mrsm;Y tvdkt
avsmuf)I wkH@jyefajymif;vJEdkifpGrf; &Sdoifhonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHY aumufcHaom tcGefaiGrsm;. yrm%onf pD;yGm;a&; tajctaeajymif;vJr_
rsm;ESifh txl;ojzifh trsm; jynfolwdk@ESifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. 0ifaiGyrm%ESifh
vdkufavsmnDaxG r&Sdwwfacs// 9 t"du ta=umif;&if;rSm tcGefudk wpfvHk;wnf; ykwfjywfaumuf
cHae+yD;/ 0ifaiGtay: tajccHwGufcsufr_vnf;r[kwfay? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vltrsm;pkonfv,f,m
pdkufysKd;a&;u¾rS 0ifaiG&&Sd=uaomfvnf;/ tcGefrsm;onf v,f,mxGufukefyPnf;rsm;. tpdk;r
9 HURFOM (2009) “awG@qHkar;jref;cef;? obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;/ aus;&GmvHkðcHa&;ESifh tpdk;&uaqmif&Gufaeonfh aEG&moDpyg;pDrHudef;rsm;
tygt0if tca=u;trsKd;rsKd; ay;aqmifae&r_/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f/” MARTUS Bulletin, 1 October; HURFOM (2009) “u&ifaus;&Gm
vlxkrsm;xHrS ('DaubDat) tzGJ@u aiGa=u;ESifhtpm;taomufrsm; twif;tusyfawmif;cHaejcif;”/ =umtif;qdyf}uD;òr@e,f/ aumhu&dwf
òr@e,f/ u&ifjynfe,f/ MARTUS Bulletin, 9 September.

23
 &r_a=umifh txGufE_ef;ajymif;vJr_udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;r&Sdacs? Todk@qdk&jcif;rSm rsm;aomtm;
jzifhtcGefrsm;onf txGufE_ef;ESifhaygufaps;tay:rSm tajccHjcif;rðybJ/ tpkvdkufaumufcHaeaom
a=umifhjzpfygonf?10 xdk@tjyif tcGefaumufcH&mY pdkufysKd;&moDudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; jcif;rðy
acs? tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tzdk@ v,f,mvkyfief;rS0ifaiGwjym;wcsyfr#r&aom tcsdefwGiftcGefE_ef;}uD;
jrifhpGmaumufcHjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf?11 (b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; rzGH@òz;r}uD;xGm;ao;aom jrefrm
EdkifiHuJhodk@wdkif;jynfrsm;Y) tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfonf ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f&Sdaomtm;jzifh pdkufysKd;
&moDESifh (rdk;av0otajctaeESifh txGufyPnf;aps;E_ef; ajymif;vJr_wdk@a=umifhjzpfyGm;wwfaom)
v,f,mxGufukefrsm;. txGufE_ef;ajymif;vJr_oabmudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf?

EdkifiHa&;t& wm0efcHEdkifrI
rnfonfh oabmobm0&Sdaom tpdk;&rsm;jzpfap/ tcGefaumufcHa&;rl0g'ESifhywfouf I
rdrdwdk@.vkyfaqmifcsuf§ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;. tusKd;qufrsm; rnfodk@jzpfvmrnfudktjynfhtpHk*C
e%rod&Sd=uacs? trsm;jynfolwdk@. tvdkqüudkxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;aom tcGefaumufcHa&;pepf
wpf&yfa&;qGJvdkaom tpdk;&rsm;onfyifv#if tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfwpf&yfudk aocsma&;qGJ&ef
cufcJwwfonf? ta=umif;rSm tpdk;&rSefor#onf tcGefaumufcHjcif;. tusKd;qufrsm;ESifhywf
oufaomaemufqufwGJjzpfay:vmrnfh tusKd;quf/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk aumif;pGmrod
Edkif=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&rsm;onf aumufcHaom tcGefwpHkw&mESifhywfoufI
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. wkH@jyefr_rsm;udk EdkifEdkifeif;eif;xdef;csKyfEdkif&efrsm;pGm
tuef@towf&Sdygonf? rnfonfhpepfwGifrqdk tcGefaumufcHa&;ESifhywfoufaomqHk;jzwfcsuf
rsm;udk vlenf;pkuav;wpfpku qHk;jzwf=ujcif;jzpfonf? odk@jzpfonfhwdkif/ tcGefay;aqmifolrsm;.
vdktifqürsm;udk aumuf,la&;enf;vrf;wpf&yftjzpf 'Drdkua&pDudkusifhoHk;um/ tcGefaumufcH
a&;pepfwpf&yfonf tcGefxrf;vlwpfOD;csif;. vdktifqürsm;udk xif[yfay:vGifapoifhonf?
qdkvdkonfrSm tcGefpepfudkpepfwusyHkpHxkwfxm;I ay;aqmif&rnfhvlyk~dKvfwpfOD;csif;/ tdrfaxmif
pkrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u rnfol@udkay;aqmif&rnf/ rnfonfhtcsdefESifhrnfonfhyrm%
ay;aqmif&rnfESifhtwl/ rnfonfhtwGuftoHk;ðyrnfudkyg od&Sdap&rnfjzpfonf? (TpepfwGifyGifh
vif;jrifomr_ESifh wm0ef,lwm0efcHr_&Sd&rnf jzpfonf?)
jrefrmEdkifiHwGifrl Todk@r[kwfacs? jrefrmEdkifiHol/ EdkifiHom;rsm;. vdktifqürsm;ESifh tcGef
aumufcHa&;pepfonf wjcm;pDjzpfygonf? trSefwGif tcGefay;aqmif&olrsm;. tcGeftrsm;pk
udkzdESdyfa&;ESifhjynfolrsm;/ ‚wdk@. ydkifqdkifr_yPnf;rsm;udk xdef;csKyf&efudPtwGuftoHk;csae=uyg
10 HURFOM (2009) “awG@qHkar;jref;cef;? obm0 "mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;/ aus;&GmvHkðcHa&;ESifh tpdk;&uaqmif&Gufaeonfh aEG&moDpyg; pDrHudef;rsm;
tygt0if tca=u;trsKd;rsKd; ay;aqmifae&r_/ rk'Hkòrd@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f/” MARTUS Bulletin, 1 October; Independent Mon News Agency (2010)
“oD;ESHysuf+yD;aemufwGif tcGeftwkwfrsm;a=umifh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;rSm tjrwfaiGrsm; qHk;&_H;ae&jcif;/” Burma News International, 16 Febru-
ary- http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7913-villagers-strain-under-taxes-after-profit-loss-from-bad-harvest.html -accessed 25 February 2010;
IMNA (2010) “taumufcGefXme. ajrcGeftopf a=umifh ajrydkifolrsm;rSm {uydkifqdkifr_tvdkuf epfemae=ujcif;” rk'HkESifh oHjzLZ&yfòrd@e,frsm;/
armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f/
Independent Mon News Agency, 1 March - http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7996-new-customs-department-
land-tax-overburdens-owners-with-acreage.html - accessed 2 March 2010.
11 HURFOM (2007) “ajcjrefwyf&if; trSwf -31 rS aumufcHonfh twif;tusyfawmif;cHaiGrsm;a=umifh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm; 'kQñuHae&jcif;”/
a&;òrd@e,f/ armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f/ MARTUS Bulletin, 7 September. KHRG (2009) “oxHkc&dkifwGif acgif;yHkjzwfaom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;
azmufr_rsm;ESifh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;. wkH@jyefr_rsm;”/ oxHkc&dkif/ Karen Human Rights Group, 25 November, p.10 - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2009/
khrg09f20.pdf - accessed 23 March 2010.

24
onf? vlwpfOD;csif;/ tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u rnfol@udktcGefay;aqmif&rnf/
rnfonfhtcsdefwGif ay;aqmif&rnf/ rnfr#ay;aqmif&rnfudk od&Sdjcif;r&Sd=uay? xdk@tjyif tcGef
aumufcHa&;tzGJ@rsm;rSm wm0efcHEdkifr_ESifh yGifhvif;jrifomr_&Sda&;twGuf wdk;jr‡ifhapaomvkyfxHk;vkyf
enf;rsm;vnf;r&Sdacs? jrefrmEdkifiH. tcsKd@aomae&mrsm;wGif oifua'oqdkif&mtm%mydkifrsm;
udk&ifqdkif&ef oWdwpfpHkw&m&Sdygu tcGefudkav#mhenf;apa&;twGuf nd‡Ed_if;aps;qpfEdkifygonf?12
odk@aomfvnf; trsm;pkjzpfwwfonfrSm tm%mydkifrsm;udk apm'uwufygu ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m+cdrf;
ajcmufcH&jcif;ESifh tjypf'%fay;cH&jcif;rsm; ñuHawG@&wwfonf?13 ae&ma'otrsm;pkwGif rnfolu
r# a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;udk tcGefaumufcHaer_ESifhywfoufI apm'uwufjcif;r&Sd=uay?
ta=umif;rSm ±kyfydkif;qdkif&mtjypfay;r_rsm; ñuHawG@&rnfjzpf+yD;/ aiGaumufcHae=uolrsm;rSm a'o
wGif;&Sd tpdk;&ppfwyfESifh jynfol@ppfvufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm; jzpfjcif;a=umifhyifjzpfonf? xdkolrsm;
uyif tcGefray;ol jynfolrsm;tay: tjypfay;ae=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? 14

w&m;rQwrI
tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfonf rwluGJjym;aom vltrsKd;rsKd;/ tdrfaxmifpk trsKd;rsKd;tvdkuf
a,bk,stm;jzifh w&m;r#wpGm&Sdoifhonf? Tae&mY tajccHusaom w&m;r#wr_ rl (2) &yf&Sd&ef
vdkygonf?
yxrrlrSm a&jyifnDr#wr_ (horizontal equity)jzpf+yD;/ oufqdkif&m e,fy,frSefor#wGif
tvm;wljzpfaeaom wpfOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;udk wef;wlnDr#qufqHjcif;yifjzpfonf? ‚onfvlrsKd;
pk/ udk;uG,fonfhbmom/ a,mufsm;- rdef;r/ tdrfaxmif&Sd- r&Sd/ touft&G,fwdk@tay:rlwnf I
cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;rðyaom tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfwpfckjzpfonf? a&jyifnDr#wr_ (horizontal equity)
csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH. ‘w&m;0if’ ESifh ‘w&m;r0if’ tcGef aumufcHa&;pepfrsm;wGif tESH@
tjym; rawG@&acs? c|if;csuftaeESifh ±dk[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;udk cGJjcm;qufqHI tcGefaumufaer_rsm;
&Sdonf? odk@&mwGif ae&ma'otay:rlwnfIvnf;aumif;/ e,fajra'owGif;wGifcsxm;aom
ppfom;OD;a&tenf;trsm;tay: rlwnfIvnf;aumif; rwluGJjym;aom vlrsKd;pkrsm;tay:wGif
rwluGJjym;aom qufqHaumufcHr_rsm;&SdaeEdkifonf? ArmvlrsKd;pktrsm;qHk;aexdkif=uonfh ae&m
rsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOf=unfh&_Edkifonf? 'kwd,rlrSm tedrfhtjrifhtvdkuf (axmifvdkuf)r#wr_ (ver cal
equity) jzpf+yD;/ tcGefudkydkIrsm;rsm;ay;Edkifajc &Sdolrsm;ursm;rsm;ydkay;&jcif;jzpfonf? rwluGJjym;
aom 0ifaiGyrm%rsm;ESifhywfoufI oufa&mufaom tcGefE_ef;udkE_dif;,SOf=unfhjcif;tm;jzifht
edrfhtjrifhtvdkuf (axmifvdkuf) r#wr_ rludkusifhoHk;Edkif ygonf?
12 awG@qHkar;jref;r_-7/ trsKd;orD;/ bDvl;u|ef;/ acsmif;qHkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? (2009 ckESpf =o*kwfv 28 &uf)/ rJaqmuf/
rsufjrifoufao?
13 Khatter Non (2010) “jrefrmppfwyfu rw&m;owfjzwfr_ usL;vGef+yD;aemuf aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u ta=umufw&m;jzifh usKd;EGHae&jcif;”/
a&jzLòrd@e,f/ weoFm&Dwdkif;/ Independent Mon News Agency, 25 February - http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7987-villagers-cowed-in-fear-
after-arbitrary-killing-by-burmese-army.html - accessed 7 April 2010; KHRG (2009) “oxHkc±dkifwGif acgif;yHkjzwfaom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_
rsm;ESifh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;. wkH@jyefr_rsm;”/ oxHkc±dkif/ Karen Human Rights Group, 25 November - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09f20.
pdf - accessed 23 March 2010; KHRG (2009) “(etz) ESifh 'DaubDat wyfzGJ@wdk@. trdef@pmrsm; (2008 =o*kwfrS 2009 ZGefvtxd” Karen
Human Rights Group, August - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg0904.pdf - accessed 23 March 2010.
14 HURFOM (2007) “acgZmòrd@e,fcGJrS t"Rtvkyfcdkif;apcH&olESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 10 April; HURFOM (2009) “awG@
qHkar;jref;jcif;? obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;/ aus;&GmvHkðcHa&;/ tpdk;&upDrHonfh aEGpyg;pDrHcsuf ponfhacgif;pOftrsKd;rsKd;atmufwGif twif;
tusyf aiGaumuf,laejcif;”/ rk'Hkòrd@e,f/ armfvòrdifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 October.

25
 oufa&mufaom tcGefE_ef; = T/I
T = vlwpfOD;csif; odk@r[kwf tdrfaxmifpktvdkuf ay;aqmif&aom tcGefyrm%
I = vlwpfOD;csif; odk@r[kwf tdrfaxmifpkwpfck. 0ifaiGpkpkaygif;
tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfwpf&yfonf wdk;wufoavm/ odk@r[kwf tcsKd;usjzpfoavm/
qkwf ,kwfonfhoabm aqmifaeoavmqdkonfudk pDppf=unfhrnfqdkv#if vlwpfOD;csif;/ odk@r[kwf
tdrfaxmifpktvdkuf rwluGJjym;aom 0ifaiGyrm%tvdkuf ay;aqmif&onfh rwluGJjym;aomtcGef
yrm%udkpDppf=unfh&ygrnf? 0ifaiGydkrsm;ol.tcGefE_ef; (T/I) onf 0ifaiGydkenf;ol. tcGefE_ef;xuf
ydkrsm;aeygu tcGefaumufcHr_onf wdk;wufonf (progressive)[k qdkEdkifygonf? 0ifaiGcsif;rwl
aomfvnf; tcGefE_ef;csif;wlaev#if xdktcGefE_ef;onf 0ifaiGtcsKd;tpm;tvdkuf aumufaomtcGef
E_ef;jzpfonf? 0ifaiGenf;olrsm;udk 0ifaiGydkrsm;olrsm;xufydkItcGefE_ef;jrifhjrifhaumufv#if xdktcGef
E_ef;onf qkwf,kwfonfhoabmaqmifonf (regressive)[k qdkEdkifonf? (qif;&Joltay: tcGefydk
pnf;usyfonfh oabmjzpfonf?)
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aumufcHaeaom tcGeftrsm;pkrSm ‘w&m;r0if’ aumufcHaejcif;jzpf&m/
(okawoeðy&efcufcJonfESifhtnD)/ vlwpfOD;csif;/ tdrfaxmifpkwpfcktay:ESihf (pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
rsm;). 0ifaiGtay:tcGefaumufcHr_E_ef;xm;udk zufpHkaxmifhpHk oHk;oyfqef;ppf&efrjzpfEdkifyg? vuf
vSrf;rSDor# taxmuftxm;rsm;t&awG@&Sd&onfrSm tcGefaumufcHa&;tzGJ@Xmersm;onftcGef
rsm;Edkifor#rsm;rsm;&&Sdatmif aumufcHonfuvGJI tdrfaxmifpkrsm;.0ifaiGyrm%udk xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;jcif;r&Sd=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? wpfvHk;wnf; ykwfjywfaumufcH=uonfuomrsm;onf? odk@
twGufa=umifh w&m;r0ifaqmif&Gufaeonfh tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfonf qkwf,kwfonfh
oabm (0ifaiGenf;qif;&Jolrsm;u 0ifaiGrsm;onfhtkyfpkrsm;xuf tcGefydkpnf;usyfcHae&onfh
oabm)aqmifaeonf? qkwf,kwfonfhoabmaqmifaponfh tcGefpepftjyif/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&
ESifhXmetzGJ@toD;oD;ucsrSwfonfh t&if;tjrpftoHk;ðy&mwGif wif;usyfvGef;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;
urf;rsm;vnf; &Sdaeao;onf? Todk@ wif;usyfxdef;csKyfr_rsm;ESifh yHkrSefqdkovdk (odk@aomfvnf;
twdtuscef@rSef;&ef cufwwfao;onfh) EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u yk~vduydkif t&if;tjrpfrsm;udktjcm;
ae&mrsm;odk@ csxm;cGJa0oHk;pGJaer_rsm;a=umifh/ yk~vdu u¾rSm vnfywfvkyfaqmif&cufcJap
onf? tpdk;&uyHhydk;ay;xm;onfh tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ,SOfòyif&efrjzpfEdkifjzpf=u&onf?

pD;yGm;a&;t& xda&mufxufjrufpGrf;aqmifEdkifrI
aumif;rGefonfh tcGefaumufcHa&;pepf. aemufxyf =ueftifvQ%mwpfckrSm t&if;
jrpfrsm;xda&mufpGm cGJa0ae&mcsxm;a&;tay: taESmuft,Sufrjzpfapoifhay? ta=umif;rSm
tcGefaumufcHr_a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tay:rSm tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; jzpfap+yD;/
vlwpfOD;csif;/ tdrfaxmifpkrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;taeESifhvnf; tcGeftrsKd;rsKd;udkta=umif;
ðyv#uf wkH@jyefa&G;cs,fr_rsm; ðy=u&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? tcGefaumufcHr_. pD;yGm;a&;tay:tusKd;
oufa&mufr_rsm;udk tuJjzwf&mY tcGefa=umifh yHkysuf,Gif;apr_ (non-distor onary) tcGefvm;/

26
yHkysuf,Gif;apr_&Sdaom (distor onary) tcGefvm;[lI =unfh&ygonf? vlwpfOD;csif;/ tdrfaxmifpk
rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u tcGefESifhywfoufI wpfpHkw&mwkH@jyefaqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sdygu
(wpfenf;tm;jzifh) rdrdwdk@ay;&ef&Sdaom tcGefyrm%udk ajymif;vJatmif vkyfaqmifjcif;r&Sdyguxdk
tcGefonf yHkysuf,Gif;apr_r&SdaomtcGefjzpfygonf? tpkvdkufykwfjywfaumufcHaom tcGefrsm;
(lump-sum taxes)onf yHkysuf,Gif;apr_ r&SdaomtcGefrsm;jzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm0ifaiGodk@r[kwf
csrf;omºu,f0r_yrm%rnfodk@yif&Sdapumrl wpfajy;nDay;aqmif=u&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? odk@
twGufa=umifh tpkvdkufykwfjywfaumufcHonfhtcGefrsm;onf tjcm;trsKd;tpm;rsm;xufpm
v#if tcGefa&SmifEdkif&ef olwdk@.trltusifhrsm;udkajymif;vJ&efvnf; rjzpfEdkif=uacs? tpkvdkufykwf
jywfaumufaomtcGefrsm;onf yHkysuf,Gif;apr_r&Sdaom tcGefrsm;jzpf&mtpdk;&tzdk@ tcGefb¾m
aiGydkrdk&&SdEdkifygonf? odk@aomfvnf; vlwpfOD;csif; yk~dKvfrsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: tpkvdkuf
aumufcHaom tcGefrsm;. t"dutusKd;oufa&mufr_rSm ‚wdk@.0ifaiGenf;oGm;jcif; yifjzpfonf?
TtcGefrsKd;onf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_ vkyfief;rsm;tay:}uD;pGmqdk;usKd;oufa&mufap+yD;/ tdrf
axmifpkrsm;u 0ifaiGenf;onfh tajctaewGifwpfvHk;wnf; ykwfjywftcGefay;aqmif=u&onfh
tcg/ vkyfief;i,fuav;rsm;taeESifh tjrwftpGef;enf;vGef;onfhtcg {&mrjy\em}uD;wpf&yfjzpf
ygonf? vlwpfOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: tpkvdkufykwfjywfaumufcHaom tcGef
rsm;onf yHkysuf,Gif;r_r&SdaomtcGefrsm;jzpf+yD;/ Todk@aumufcHjcif;onf tedrfhtjrifhtvdkufw&m;
r#wr_udk csKd;azmuf&ma&mufygonf? ta=umif;rSm qif;&Jom;rsm;onf ydkIjrifhaomtcGefE_ef;jzifh
ay;aqmif=u&aoma=umifhjzpfonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tpkvdkufykwfjywf tcGefaumufcHaer_ trsKd;rsKd;a=umifhe*dk&furS enf;yg;vS
aom 0ifaiGyrm%onf rnfonfh twdkif;twm txd qkwf,kwfoGm;cJhoenf;qdkv#if/ tdrfaxmifpk
rsm;onf tajccHpm;oHk;ukefyPnf;rsm;udkyif r0,fEdkifawmhonfh tjzpfodk@a&mufcJh=u&onf? T
tcGefonf tvGef}uD;av;vGef;vSaoma=umifh tcsKd@aomolrsm;onf tcGefwpfavS}uD;udkxrf;
aqmifEdkifa&;twGuf rdrdwdk@.vufikwfvuf&if;yPnf;rsm;udk rwwfombJa&mif;cs=u&a=umif;
tpD&ifcHpmtrsm;tjym;rSm az:jyxm;ygonf?15 tcsKd@e,fajrrsm;Yrl tcGeftaumufrsm;vGef;
aoma=umifhtdrfom;wpfOD;OD;udk xdkif;EdkifiHxJodk@apv$wf+yD;/ tvkyfvkyfcdkif;&onfhtjzpfodk@ a&muf
apcJhonf?16 xdcdkufepfemaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;.tcsKd;tpm;udk pkaqmif;&&Sdor# owif;tcsuf
rsm;jzifhcef@rSef;wGufcsufI r&Edkifaomfvnf;/ &&Sdxm;aomtaxmuftxm;rsm;t& awG@&Sd&
onfrSm tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh &cdkif/ u&if/ rGefjynfe,fwdk@ESifh weoFm&Dwdkif;wdk@wGif T jy\em
onf ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGifjzpfay:aeygonf? tcGefaumufcHjcif;. tusKd;oufa&mufr_(xd
a&mufaumif;rGefaomtusKd;oufa&mufr_)onf ±_yfaxG;eufeJ+yD;/ tuJjzwf&cufcJygonf?
rnfonfhtcGefrqdk pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;qufrsm; jzpfay:apwwfygonf? a&wdktusKd;oufa&mufr_
rsm;omru a&&SnftusKd; oufa&mufr_rsm;udkyg jzpfay:apwwfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm aumufcH
15 HURFOM (2009) “bD;vif;òr@e,fwGif ppftpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;u twif;tusyf aiGawmif;cH&olwpfOD;ESifhawG@qHkjcif;”/ bD;vif;òr@e,f/ oxHkc±dkif/
rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 June-- 16 October; PWO (2009) “yef;aqGaus;&GmwGif ydkifqdkifr_ESifh tdrfaxmifpk rsm;tvdkuftcGefaumuf
cHaejcif;” rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ rdkif;qwf c&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 10 July;

16 HURFOM (2007) “jrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@u aiGawmif;cHItzGJ@0if&ef trsKd;orD;i,frsm;udktwif;tusyfawmif;qdkaejcif;”/

aumhu&dwfc±dkif/ zm;tHc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? 4 April; HURFOM (2009) “[H*Haus;&GmwGif vrf;jyif&eftwGuf twif;tusyftcGefaumufcH
aejcif;ESifh tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm;”/ a&;awmifydkif;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? The Mon Forum, 15 July-- http://rehmonnya.org/
archives/979#more-979 – accessed 26 February 2010.

27
 onfh twdk;tav#mhvkyfI&aom (yHkysuf,Gif;apaom)tcGefrsm;. tusKd;oufa&mufr_tm;
vHk;udktuJjzwf&efrjzpfEdkifacs? odk@&mwGif a,bk,sESifh tESH@tjym;wGifjzpfcJhaom tusKd;oufa&muf
r_um; yk~vdu u¾.xkwfvkyfa&;pGrf;tm;udk usqif;ap+yD;/ tusKd;jzpfxGef;rnfh pD;yGm;a&;toGif
ajymif;vJr_rsm;tjzpf enf;apjcif;yifjzpfygonf? yk~vdu u¾&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; udkvnf; usqif;ap
onf? Ttcsufrsm;udkaygif;vdkufv#if pD;yGm;a&;}uD;xGm;r_ wpHkvHk;udk,kwf avsmhusqif;oGm;apyg
onf?

28
(2) jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tcGefaumufcHrIpepf\ pD;yGm;a&;t&tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tcGefaumufcHEdkifonf[k a,bk,s,lqxm;onfh 0ifaiG&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh

"eºu,f0r_rsm; &Sdygonf? TudPrsm;wGif 0ifaiGtay:tcGefaumuf,ljcif;/ aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;ESifh
ukþ%Drsm;.tjrwfaiGrS tcGefaumuf,ljcif;/ ydkifqdkifr_yPnf;OPmtay:tcGefaumuf,ljcif;/ ukef
yPnf;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;tay:wGif tcGefaumuf,ljcif;wdk@jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm Tt&mudP
rsm;tay: tcGefaumufcHjcif;ESifhywfoufI jyXmef;xm;aom Oya'rsm;trSef&Sdygonf? odk@&mwGif
TOya'rsm;onf trSefwu,faumufcH&rnfh t&mudPrsm;ESifh‘tcGefpepf’wdk@udk jyqdkxm;jcif;r
&Sdacs? Todk@jyqdkxm;jcif;r&Sdonfh tcGefaumufcHa&;udPrsm;wGif t"Rtvkyfcdkif;apr_rsm;/ tpdk;&
xHrS rvdkvm;tyfonfhyPnf;rsm;udk r0,frae&twif;tusyf yPnf;0,f,lapjcif;rsm;/ ajr,m
u|J EGm;wd&d>mefESifh tjcm;ydkifqdkifr_yPnf;rsm; vk,ufcdk;,lr_rsm;tygt0ifjzpfonf? TtpD&ifcHpm
xJwGiftvm;wl‘tcGefaumufcHaer_rsm;’ ta=umif;udk t"duxm;Iwifjyxm;ygonf? T
ta=umif;rsm;udk vspfvsL±_xm;I rxnfhoGif;bJxm;ygu (tpdk;&u w&m;0iftcGefaumufcHaer_
ESifhtcGef&if;jrpfrsm;udkomazmfjyrnfqdkygu) EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taeESifh yk~vdu u¾rS0ifaiGb¾m
ESitfh &if;tjrpfrsm;&,laejcif;udk t}uD;tus,frSm;,Gi;f pGmaz:jy&m a&mufrnfhtjyif/ vlw@dk .ouf
arG;0rf;ausmif;r_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh yk~vdu u¾tay: oufa&mufaponfh TpepftusKd;qufrsm;
udk vGJrSm;pGmaz:jy&mvnf;a&mufrnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tdrfaxmifpktrsm;pk. qif;&Jusyf
wnf;vSaom pD;yGm;a&;tajctaerSm TtcGefpepfa=umifh (tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
rsm;)udk qHk;±_H;ap+yD;/ olwdk@.ydkifqdkifr_rsm;qHk;±_H;&jcif;/ uav;rsm;ausmif;rxm;Edkifjzpf&jcif;ESifh vl
rsm;vnf; tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ a&$@ajymif;tajccs&jcif;rsm; jzpfay:aponf? 17

tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: tcGefaumufcHjcif;
tcGefudk rnfolwdk@u aumufcHygoenf;?
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: tcGefaumufcHr_trsm;pkudk (aumufcHr_&mcdkifE_ef; rod&aomf
vnf;) (rtz)§ (&tz) tkyfcsKyf a&;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh e,fajrtajcpdkuf ppfwyfwdk@u vkyfaqmifygonf?18
tcsKd@aome,fajra'orsm;Y (rtz)§(&tz)wdk@u e,fajrcHppfwyfrsm;twGuf tcGefaumufay;
=uygonf?19 tcsKd@e,fajra'orsm;Yrl rdrdwdk@ppfom;rsm;ESifh ‚wdk@rdom;pkrsm;.&dQmESifh0ifaiG

17 HURFOM (2009) “awG@qHkar;jref;cef;? ? bm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;/ aus;&GmvHkðcHa&;ESifh tpdk;&uOD;aqmifonfh aEGpyg;pDrHcsufrsm; tygt0if

acgif;pOftrsKd;rsKd;tay: twif;tusyfaiGay;aqmifapjcif;”? rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 October. “awG@
qHkar;jref;cef;? ? trsKd;orD; 3-OD;? rJaqmufòr@? 2009 ckESpf =o*kwfv 25 &uf? rsufjrifoufao?
18 Burma Issues (2008) “awmifilc±dkifwGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apaejcif;” awmifilc±dkif/ yJcl;wdkif;/ MARTUS Bulletin, 3 July. Burma Issues (2008)
“anmifav;yifc&dkifwGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apaejcif;” ausmuf}uD;òr@e,f/ awmifilc±dkif/ yJcl;wdkif;/ MARTUS Bulletin, 3 July; HURFOM (2009)
“awG@qHkar;jref;cef;? obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;/ aus;&GmvHkðcHa&;ESifh tpdk;&uaqmif&Gufaeonfh aEG&moDpyg;pDrHudef;rsm; tygt0iftca=u;
trsKd;rsKd;ay;aqmifae&r_”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 October; PWO (2009) “ZD;wkef[kef;aus;&GmwGif tcGef
trsKd;rsKd;aumufcHaejcif;” MARTUS Bulletin, May;
19 HURFOM (2009) “rk'Hkòrd@e,fwGif twif;tusyfaumufcHaeonfh tcGefrsm;wdk;rsm;vmjcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 5 September.

29
 twGuf typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;u tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: tcGefaumufcHygonf?20 aus;&Gm
vlxktay:ppfwyfESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;u tcGefwpHkw&maumufcH=uonfrSm yHkrSef
ozG,f&Sdae+yD;/ aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ (&tz)tzGJ@u &&SdrnfhtcGef&if;jrpf wpfpHkw&mcGJa0csxm;
&mY ajymif;vJoGm;r_jzpfapygonf?21 tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: tcGefaumufcH&mY yg0if=uonfhtpdk;&
ESifhywfouf&mywfoufa=umif; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;vnf;trsm;tjym;&Sdygonf? ‚wdk@wGif&JwyfzGJ@/
rD;owfwyfzGJ@/ rdcifESifhuav;apmifha&Smufa&;toif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyfwdk@
tygt0ifjzpfonf?22 TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf tpdk;&.w&m;0ifeD;yg; vufwHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf
=u+yD;/ (etz)ppftpdk;&uzGJ@pnf;ay;xm;um/ tpdk;&r[kwfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;(tJef*sDtdkrsm;)ozG,f
xif&atmif/ tjyifyef;rS=unfhv#if 'Drdkua&pDusonfh EdkifiHwpfckozG,fxif&atmif pDpOfxm;jcif;
jzpfonf?23 Todk@ tpdk;&ESifhqufpyfae=uonfh tzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;wdk@onf tcsif;csif;nd‡E_dif;+yD;/
tcGefaumufcHae=ujcif;r[kwf&m/ tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tzdk@ tpdk;&ESifhywfoufaom tzG@J tpnf;trsKd;
rsKd;udktcGefaiGwpfavS}uD; ay;aqmifae=u&avonf?24 tcGefaumufcHaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
tcsif;csif; Todk@ nd‡E_dif;r_r&Sdjcif;a=umifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm; tcGefay; aqmif&rnfhtcsdefESifh ay;aqmif
&rnfhyrm%wdk@onf tvGefra&r&mjzpfae=u&ygonf? Tra&&mr_a=umifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;
onf tcGefay;a&;ESifhywfoufI óuwifjyifqif pDrHxm;jcif;rðyEdkif=uacs? trSefwu,fusKd;
a=umif; qDavsmfonfh tcGefpepfqdkv#if Todk@óuwifcef@rSef;xm;Edkifr_rSm tajccHvdktyfcsufwpfck
jzpfygonf?

tcGefaiGrsm;udk rnfonfhtwGuf oHk;ygoenf;?

tdrfaxmifpkrsm;qDrS aumufcH&&SdaomtcGefaiGrsm;udk rnfodk@cGJa0csxm;owfrSwfay;
oenf;qdkonfESifhywfoufI tpdk;&uw&m;0ifazmfjyonfh pm&if;Z,m;rsm;r&Sdacs? odk@&mwGif
&&Sdxm;aom taxmuftxm;rsm;t&od&onfrSm aumufcH&&Sdaom tcGefaiGrsm;udktrsm;
jynfolwdk@ tvdk&Sdaeaom 0efaqmifr_rsm;twGuf cGJa0csxm;owfrSwf ay;r_r&Sd[lIyifjzpfygonf?
tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif az:jyxm;csuft&qdkv#if tdrfaxmifpkrsm;qDrS aumufcHaomtcGefaiGrsm;udk
20 HURFOM (2009) “bD;vif;òrd@e,frS twif;tusyf aiGawmif;cH&olESifh awG@qHkar;jref;cef;”/ bD;vif;òr@e,f/ oxHk c&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f/ MARTUS
Bulletin, 1 October – 14 November; HURFOM (2009) “jr0wDòrd@aevlxkrsm; qeftvSLay;&r_a=umifh 'kQñuHae&jcif;”/ jr0wDòr@e,f/ aumhu
&dwfc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f/ MARTUS Bulletin, 10 October; HURFOM (2009) “u&ifjynfe,f&Sd aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;xHrS 'DaubDattzGJ@u
pm;eyf&dQmESifhaiGrsm; twif;tusyfawmif;,laejcif;”/ =umtif;qdyf}uD;òr@e,f/ aumhu&dwfòr@e,f/ u&ifjynfe,f/ MARTUS Bulletin,
9 September; HURFOM (2009) “aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u olykefwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh (etz)ppftpdk;&ppfom;rsm;udk t"RaiGay;aqmifae=u&jcif;”/
a&jzLòr@e,f/ weoFm&Dwdkif;/ 7 August. 'DaubDattzGJ@u qifydkif&Sifrsm;udkypfrSwfxm;I tcGef}uD;av;pGmaumufcHaejcif;? 'DZifbm 1 &uf?
2009 ckESpf? www.rehmonnya.org/archives/1221
21 HURFOM (2010) “'DaubDattzGJ@.twif;tusyf aiGawmif;cHr_rsm;a=umifh aumhu&dwfòrd@e,fwGif 'kQa&mufae=u&jcif;”/ aumhu&dwf
òrd@e,f/ aumhu&dwfc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? 18 February- http://rehmonnya.org/archives/979#more-979 – accessed 26 February 2010.
22 HURFOM (2007) “jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyfu twif;tusyfaiGaumufcHaejcif;ESifh trsKd;orD;i,frsm;udk twif;tusyftzGJ@0if&ef
awmif;qdkaejcif;”/ aumhu&dwfc±dkif/ zm;tHc±dkif/ jr0wDc&dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f/ 4 April; HURFOM (2009) “bD;vif;òrd@e,frS twif;tusyfaiG
awmif;cH&olESifh awG@qHkar;jref;cef;”/ bD;vif;òr@e,f/ oxHkc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f/ MARTUS Bulletin, 1 October – 14 November; KWAT (2007)
“ref*l;aus;&GmwGif bkef;}uD;rsm;twGuf aiGaumufcHaejcif;”/ rlq,fòr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, May.
23 Naím, Moisés: Democracy’s Dangerous Impostors, The Washington Post, 21 April 2007, Network for democracy and Development Documentation
and Research Department, The White Shirts, How the USDA will become the new face of Burma’s Dictatorship 2006

24 KHRG (2007) “u&ifjynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif tpdk;&. zdESdyfr_rsm;ESifh qif;&JrGJawr_jzpfap&ef zefwD;aer_”/ aumhu&dwfc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f?

23 February - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2007/khrg07f2.html - accessed 22 February 2010.

30
(rtz)§(&tz)wdk@. tkyfcsKyfa&; ukefusp&dwfrsm;twGufESifh0ifaiGtwGuf oHk;ae=ujcif;jzpf
onf?25 (&tz)ESifh§odk@r[kwf e,fajrcHppfwyfwdk@u&&Sdaom tcGefaiGtrsm;pkudk udk,fusKd;twGuf
oHk;ae=ua=umif; om"ujzpf&yfrsm;tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdygonf?26 xdk@tjyif e,fajra'otawmfrsm;
rsm;Y tcGefaiGrsm;udkppfom;rsm;twGuf 0ifaiGESifh&dQmjznfhqnf;ay;&eftwGuf oHk;ae=u onf?27
tcsKd@tcGefaiGrsm;udkrl ppft&m&Sd}uD;rsm; c&D;vSnfhvnf&mwGif‘wefqmqifjcif;’ESifhtcrf;tem;
rsm; twGuf ðzef;wD;ypfaeygonf?28 e,fajra'oodk@c&D;vSnfhvnfvmaom xdyfwef;ppft&m&Sd}uD;
rsm;. c&D;oGm;p&dwftwGufvnf; tcGefaumufwwfygonf?29 tcGefaumufjcif;twGufw&m;
r#waom ta=umif;jycsuf&SdaomtcgrsKd;rSmyifv#if/ 0efaqmifr_twGufaiGay;&usKd;eyf-reyfqdk
onfESifhywfoufI ar;cGef;xkwfp&mrsm;vnf;&Sdaeygonf?30 om"utm;jzifh(2008)ckESpftwGif;
u/ *%ef;(25)ESifhpaom zkef;eHygwf&Sdolrsm;tzdk@ zkef;quf&mYjy\emrsm;&SdcJh&m/ zkef;eHygwfajymif;
ay;a&;twGuf aiGusyf (550˜000)ay;=u&onf? zkef;oHk;pGJolrsm;taeESifh tb,fha=umifhjy\em
jzpfI tb,fa=umifhTaiGyrm%txday;&oenf;/ ukefusp&dwfudkrnfonfh enf;jzifhqHk;jzwf
oenf;qdkonfwdk@ESifh ywfoufIrodcJh&acs?31 tdrfaxmifpkrsm;qDrS aumufcHaomtcGefrsm;onf
rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifh tcGefaumufoenf;qdkonfudk jynfolwdk@od&Sdem; vnfEdkifjcif;r&Sdwwf
=uacs? 32

25 HURFOM (2006) “aus;&Gmjynfol@ppf/ aus;&GmvHkðcHa&;ESihf rD;ab;óuwif umuG,fa&;twGuf vpOftcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f/

armfvòrifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 January; HURFOM (2006) “aus;&Gmjynfol@ppf/ aus;&GmvHkðcHa&;ESihf rD;ab;óuwif
umuG,fa&;twGuf vpOftcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ (ESpfckxyfae)? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 January; HURFOM
(2009) “a&jzLòrd@cHvlxkrsm;xHrS armfawmfqdkufu,fESifh aiGa=u;rsm;&,laejcif;”/ a&jzLòr@e,f/ xm;0,fc±dkif/ weoFm&Dwdkif;? MARTUS Bul-
letin, 1 January – 1 June.
26 HURFOM (2006) “aus;&Gmjynfol@ppf/ aus;&GmvHkðcHa&;ESihf rD;ab;óuwifumuG,fa&;twGuf vpOftcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f/
armfvòrdifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 January; HURFOM (2009) “a&jzLòr@cHvlxkrsm;xHrS armfawmfqdkufu,fESifh aiGa=u;rsm;
&,laejcif;”/ a&jzLòr@e,f/ xm;0,fc&dkif/ weoFm&Dwdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 January – 1 June. KHRG (2005) “'l;yvm,mc±dkifwGif typf
tcwf&yfpJ+yD;aomfvnf; wdkufcdkifr_rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; qufvuf&Sdaejcif;”/ Karen Human Rights Group, 18 February -
http://www.khrg.org/khrg2005/khrg05f1.html - accessed 19 February 2010; SHAN (2008) “ppftpdk;&u tdrfwGif;azsmfajza&;tay: tcGefaiG
aumufcHaejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ rdkif;qwfc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? Shan Herald Agency for News, 21 February - http://www.shanland.org/index.
php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1518%3Ajunta-collects-taxes-on-home-entertainment&Itemid=301 – accessed 17 February 2010;
PWO (2009) “atmifcsrf;omaus;&GmwGif rD;uif;ESifh &yf&GmtcGefrsm;aumufcHaejcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 24 December.
27 HURFOM (2007) “rGefjynfe,f&Sd aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;rSm ajcjrefwyf&if; trSwf (31) u aiGn‡pfawmif;cHr_rsm;a=umifh 'kQa&mufae&jcif;”/
a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 7 September; HURFOM (2009) “awG@qHkar;jref;cef;? vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;odk@ aiGay;&ef
twif;tusyf cdkif;apaejcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1-31 October; Peacerunning (2009) “a&;òr@e,fwGif
ppfwyftiftm; wdk;rsm;vmjcif;”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? Democracyfor Burma, 7 October –http://democracyforburma.
wordpress.com/2009/10/07/military-increasing-in-ye-township/ - accessed 15 February 2009.
28 Burma Issues (2009) “(etz) ppftpdk;&u aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;aiGoHk;I yGJawmfusif;yjcif;”/ zm;tHòr@e,f/ zm;tHc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 10 October; KWAT (2009)“aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk t"RaiGay;cdkif;aejcif;”/ ylwmtdkòr@e,f/ ylwmtdkc±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 6 January; KWAT (2008) “ausmif;om;rsm;udk twif;tusyfaiGay;cdkif;jcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 1 November. TSYO (2009) “t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_rsm;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 20 May;
29 PWO (2009) “erfhqrfòrd@e,fwGiftcGeftrsKd;rsKd;aumufcHaejcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 28 August.
30 KNG (2008) “ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; zdtm;rsm;pGmatmufY aexdkifae=u&jcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? 30
September - http://www.kachinnews.com/Commentary/Living-under-duress-in-Kachin-State.html - accessed 23 February 2010; TSYO (2009)
“tm%mydkifrsm;uvli,frsm;udk rD;owfoifwef;twif;tusyfwufcdkif;aejcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 2 October.
31 KNG (2008) “ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; zdtm;rsm;pGmatmufY aexdkifae=u&jcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? 30
September - http://www.kachinnews.com/Commentary/Living-under-duress-in-Kachin-State.html - accessed 23 February 2010.
32 PWO (2009) “ZD;wkef[kef;aus;&GmwGif tcGeftrsKd;rsKd;aumufcHaejcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, May.

31
 tdrfaxmifpk0ifaiGtay: aumufcHaomtcGef
(1974) ckESpf/ 0ifaiGcGefOya't& jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tpdk;&taeESifh vlyk~dKvf. 0ifaiGcGefudk
aumuf,lcGifh&Sdonf[k qdkxm;onf? TOya't& pm&Gufay:wGifazmfjyxm;&mY 0ifaiGcGefudk
0ifaiGwdk;v#if wdk;oGm;onfhtvdkuf 3µ rS pwifaumuf,lrnfjzpf+yD;/ 30 &mcdkifE_ef;txdwdk;I
aumuf,loGm;rnf[kqdkonf?33 (2004-05) ckESpfrS (2008-09) ckESpfrsm;twGif; jrefrmEdkifiHrSm
aumuf,l&&SdcJhaom (pm&if;0if) bwf*sufyg0ifaiGcGefonf pkpkaygif;&&Sdaom tcGefb¾m0ifaiG.
43µ rS 53 µ r#omjzpfonf? ‚tcsKd;tpm;onf qif;&Jaomtjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhE_dif;pmv#iftvGef
jrifhaeygonf?34 odk@&mwGif TOya'onf 0ifaiGtay:rSm tcGefyrm%rsm;rsm; pnf;=uyfaom
±dk;om;rSefuefonfh tpdk;&wpf&yfozG,f [efaqmifazmfjyjcif;r#omjzpf+yD;/ 0ifaiGrsm;v#if tcGefwdk;
Iaumuf,la=umif; ay:vGifaeap±Hkr#omjzpfygonf? b¾ma&;0ef}uD;Xmeatmuf&Sd jynfwGif;
tcGefOD;pD;Xmetm; 0ifaiGcGefaumuf,la&;twGuf Oya'jyXmef;csufygwm0efudk w&m;0ifay;tyf
xm;onf? odk@&mwGif tdrfaxmifpk0ifaiGtay:rSm pnf;=uyfaom tcGeftawmfrsm;rsm;onf T
odk@tpdk;& wm0efay;xm;onfhXmeu pnf;=uyfxm;aom tcGefrsm;r[kwfacs? tpdk;&ESifhywfouf
&mywfoufa=umif; tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;trsm;pku tdrfaxmifpk0ifaiGtay:rSm tcGefudktvk
t,uftòyiftqdkifaumuf,lae=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. tcsKd@aomae&mrsm;wGif(etz)ppftpdk;
&utdrfaxmifpkrsm;. ydkifqdkifr_yPnf;rsm;udk tao;pdwf/ (Oyrm- ajrydkifqdkifr_/ u|JEGm;/ vSnf;/
armfawmfqdkifu,f/ w,fvDzkef;utp)tcGef&aiGudk csJ@xGifEdkif&eftwGuf pm&if;aumufcHaer_rsm;
udkvnf; awG@&Sdae&onf? 35
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tpdk;&vufatmufcHtzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;u aumuf,laom tcGeftrsKd;
tpm;rSefor#onf tdrfaxmifpk. 0ifaiGyrm%tay:rSmtajccH+yD;/ aumufcHonfawmhr[kwf
acs?36 0ifaiGtay:tajccHonf[kqdk&mYvnf; 0ifaiGudk t=urf;zsif;om cef@rSef;=uonf? tcGefudk
wajy;nD owfrSwfavh&Sd+yD;/ tpdk;&owfrSwfaom w&m;0ifE_ef;xm;ESifhvnf; udkufnDjcif;r&Sd=uay?
xdk@tjyif tcGeftawmfrsm;rsm;onf tcGefay;aqmif&olrSefor#. 0ifaiGudkavsmhenf;oGm;aponfh
tpkvdkuf ykwfjywfaumufcHaom tcGefrsm;jzpfonf?37 TtcGefaiGrsm;udk vpOfeD;yg;aumufcHaeI
vlxkrsm;uay;aqmifae=u&onf?

33 jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; (EdkifiHwGif; aexdkifolr[kwfolrsm; tygt0ifonf)ESifh EdkifiHjcm;aiGjzifh 0ifaiG&&Sdaeonfh EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;udktcGefaumuf

,l&efESifh jrifhrm;aom tcGefE_ef;xm; 35-40 &mcdkifE_ef;txd aumuf,l&ef jyXmef;xm;onf? tu,fI uav;&Sdygu/ tvkyfvkyfudkif rae
aom ZeD;r,m;&Sdygu wESpfv#if usyf 12000 txd tcGefaiGav#mhayghay;&efvnf; pm&Gufay:wGif a&;om;jyXmef;xm;r_&Sdonf? – KPMG
(1995) Investment in Myanmar, KPMG, Singapore, October, p.39.
34 http://www.csostat.gov.mm – accessed 17 September 2009; 0ifaiGcGefay:rS&&Sdaom tcGefb¾m0ifaiGonf qif;&JaomEdkifiHrsm;Y tcGefb¾m0if
aiG. &mcdkifE_ef;tenf;i,fr#om&Sd+yD;/ csrf;omaom EdkifiHrsm;ESifh (yHkrSeftm;jzifh) ydkrsm;onf? ta=umif;rSm Todk@tcGefaumufcHjcif;pepfonf
aiGukefa=u;usrsm;ouJhodk@/ qif;&Jaom jynfoltrsm;tay:wGif aumufcH&efcufcJaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&trsm;u tvGef
csrf;omaomolrsm;xHrS tcGefaumuf,l&ef t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkvnf; tenf;i,fr#om toHk;csavh&Sd=uonf?
35 KHRG (2007) “u&ifjynfe,f awmifydkif;a'owGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&. zdESdyfr_rsm;ESifh qif;&JrGJawr_jzpfap&ef zefwD;aer_”/ aumhu&dwfc±dkif/
u&ifjynfe,f/ 23 February - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2007/khrg07f2.html - accessed 22 February 2010; PWO (2009) “yef;aqGaus;&GmwGif ydkif
qdkifr_rsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;xHrS tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ MARTUS Bulletin, 10 July.
36 PWO (2009) “yef;aqGaus;&GmwGif ydkifqdkifr_rsm;ESifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;xHrS tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f/
MARTUS Bulletin, 10 July; PWO (2009) “ZD;wkef[kef;aus;&GmwGif tcGeftrsKd;rsKd;aumufcHaejcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f/
MARTUS Bulletin, May.
37 KWAT (2009) “aemif;cdkifwGif tpdk;&xHodk@ pyg;udkaps;av#mhI a&mif;cscdkif;aejcif;ESifh ynma&;p&dwfrsm;”/ ylwmtdkòr@e,f/ ylwmtdkc±dkif/
ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin.

32
 vpOfaumufcHaom tcGefaiGyrm%onf t"dutm;jzifh 0ifaiGuGJjym;r_tay: rlrwnfbJ
e,fajra'o uGjJ ym;r_tay:rlwnfaeonf? jynfe,fwjynfe,fwnf;/ wdik ;f wwdik ;f wnf;rSmyifv#i/f
ododomom uGJjym;jcm;em;r_&Sdonf? tdrfaxmifpk.0ifaiGtay: tcGefaumufcHonfhowif;
tcsuftvufrsm;udktrsm;tm;jzifh rGefjynfe,f/ u&ifjynfe,f/ weoFm&Dwdkif;wdk@rS&&Sd+yD;/ Ta'o
rsm;wGif wyfrawmfESifh tjcm;aomvufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;u tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: 0ifaiGcGefyHkrSef
aumufcHavh&Sd=uonf? om"utm;jzifh rGefjynfe,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f&Sd tcsKd@e,f
ajrrsm;Y (2006) ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvrS (2007)ckESpf/ arvtwGif;u tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk 0ifaiGcefrSef;
csuftvdkuf vpOftcGef usyf(450) rS (500)txd cef@rSef;0ifaiGuGJjym;r_tay:rlwnfI aumufcH
cJhonf?38 TumvtwGif; Tòr@e,fxJrSmyif tjcm;e,fajrwpfckYvpOf tcGefaiGusyf (500) rS
(1˜000)txd aumufcHcJhonf?39 (2009) ckESpf twGif; rGefjynfe,fw0Srf;vHk;&Sd tdrfaxmifpkrsm;
udk vpOfaumufcHaomtcGefonff usyf(1˜200) rS (10˜000)txd/ trsKd;rsKd;jzpfonf? 40 òr@e,f
wpfe,fwnf; (wpfESpfwnf;) rSmyifv#if/ tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: aumufcHaomtcGefyrm%
onf ododomomuGmjcm;ygonf? om"utm;jzifh/ (2009) ckESpfwGif/ a&;òr@e,f. tcsKd@e,fajr&Sd
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;u tcGef vpOftcGefusyf (1˜200) rS (1˜500) txd ay;&a=umif; az:jycJh=uonf?41
xdk a&;òr@e,f&Sd/ tjcm;e,fajrwpfckYrl tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: aumufcHaom tcGefyrm%onf
onfhxufrsm;pGmydk+yD;/ vpOf (10˜000) usyftxday;&ygonf? 42
xdk@tjyif tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay:rSm aumufcHaom tvGef}uD;av;onfh tcGefyrm%rsm;
onf tenf;qHk;rGefjynfe,f/ u&ifjynfe,f/ weoFm&Dwdkif;wdk@wGif (2004) ckESpfupIwdk;vmae
v#uf&Sdygonf?43 om"utm;jzifh/ (2006) ckESpfurGefjynfe,f/ oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f&Sd tcsKd@e,fajrrsm;
wGif tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: aumufcHaomtcGefonf usyf (500) rS (1˜000)txd jzpfcJh+yD;/
(2009)ckESpfYrl usyf (3˜500)ESifh (4˜500)t=um;txd wdk;jrifhoGm;cJhonf?44 rk'kHòr@e,fYtdrfaxmif
pktwGuf tcGefonf 2004 ckESpfwGif usyf(1˜500) ESifh (4˜500)t=um;rSaeI (2009) ckESpf =o*kwf
vta&mufwGif Ttdrfaxmifpk tcsKd@onf usyf(10˜000)ywf0ef;usiftxday;cJh&onf?45
e,fajrtwGif; Todk@tcGefwdk;jrifhoGm;&jcif;. ta=umif;&if;wpfckrSm e,fajrtwGif;&Sd
"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;udk apmifhae&aom e,fajrppfwyfu t&if;tjrpfudk ydkIxkwf,lvmjcif;a=umifh
jzpfygonf? 2009 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvrwdkifrDu obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;udk apmifh=uyfap&ef vkyf
38 HURFOM (2006) “aus;&Gmjynfol@ppf/ aus;&GmvHk+cHKa&;ESifh rD;ab;óuwifumuG,fa&; vpOftcGefrsm;aumufcHaejcif;”/ oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f/
armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 January.
39 Ibid.
40 HURFOM (2009) “rGefjynfe,fwGif tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;u twif;tusyftcGefrsm; jr‡ifhwifaumufcHae=ujcif;”/ 11 August – http://rehmonnya.
org/archives/1003 - accessed 5/09/2009; HURFOM (2009) “[H*Haus;&GmwGif vrf;jyifa&;twGuf twif;tusyfaiGaumufcHaejcif;ESifh jcpm;r_
rsm;”/ a&;awmifydkif;òrd@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f/ The Mon Forum, 15 July – http://rehmonnya.org/archives/979#more-979 – accessed 26
February 2010. Peacerunning (2009) “a&;òrd@e,fwGif ppfwyfrsm;wdk;rsm;vmjcif;” Democracy for Burma, 7 October –http://democracyforburma.
wordpress.com/2009/10/07/military-increasing-in-ye-township/ - accessed 15 February 2009;
41 Peacerunning (2009)“a&;òr@e,fwGif ppfwyfrsm;wdk;rsm;vmjcif;” Democracy for Burma, 7 October –http://democracyforburma.wordpress.
com/2009/10/07/military-increasing-in-ye-township/ - accessed 15 February 2009.
42 HURFOM (2009) “[H*Haus;&GmwGif vrf;jyifa&;twGuf twif;tusyfaiGaumufcHaejcif;ESifh jcpm;r_rsm;”/ a&;awmifydkif;òr@e,f/ armfvòrif
c±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f/ The Mon Forum, 15 July – http://rehmonnya.org/archives/979#more-979 – accessed 26 February 2010.
43 KNG (2008) “ucsifjynfe,fwGif zdtm;aygif;pHkatmufY aexdkifae&jcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f/ 30 September -
http://www.kachinnews.com/Commentary/Living-under-duress-in-Kachin-State.html - accessed 23 February 2010.
44 HURFOM (2009) “rGefjynfe,fwGif jrefrmppftpdk;& 0efxrf;rsm;u twif;tusyftcGefaiGrsm; jr‡ifhwifaumufcHaejcif;” 11 August – http://
rehmonnya.org/archives/1003 - accessed 5/09/2009;

45 Ibid.

33
 tm;cray;bJ &yf&Gmvlxkrsm;udk t"Rapcdkif;ygonf? (2009)ckESpf/ =o*kwfvaemufydkif;wGif ppfwyf
uydkufvdkif;udk ‚wdk@bmomapmifh=uyfum jynfoltrsm;xHrS tcGefaumufcHonf? wpfcsdefxJrSm
yif rk'kHòr@e,f&Sd tcsKd@e,fajrrsm;wGif tdrfaxmifpktoD;oD;xHrS aumuf,laomvpOfa=u;udk usyf
(11˜000)ESifh (12˜000)t=um;odk@wdk;jr‡ifhcJhonf? ‚aumufcHaiGteufrS usyf(2˜500)rS (3˜000)
udkrl obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;vHkðcHa&;twGuf apmifh=uyf&ef[k txufutwdkif;ta=umif;jyI
aumufcHonf? usef (3˜000)usyfrSm aus;&Gmjynfol@ppfwyfzGJ@twGuf ay;&jcif; jzpf+yD;/ usyf
(5˜500) rS (6˜000) txdrSmrl tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;xm;aom toif;tzGJ@trsKd;rsKd;. 0ifaiGtwGufaumuf
cH=ujcif;jzpfonf?46 pm;aomufukefaps;E_ef;rsm; tqrwef}uD;jrifhoGm;onfhtajc taersKd;Yvlwdk@
. ae@pOf0ifaiGESifh rumrdawmhonfhtcg Todk@tajctaersKd;qdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf? a'otwGif;
tjrifhqHk;ae@pm;vkyfcrSm usyf(3˜500)om&Sdonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;ESifh txufydkif;rS
vlrsm;Tae&modk@ tvkyftudkif&SmazG&ef ajymif;a&$@0ifa&mufvmonfhtwGufa=umifh tvkyf
tudkif&Sm;yg;r_ tajctaeudkvnf; xyfqifhcHpm;ae=u&onf? 47
tvm;wlyif/ rGefjynfe,f/ a&;òr@e,f&Sd tcsKd@e,fajrrsm;wGif tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay:vpOf
aumufcHaom tcGefonf (2007) ckESpfwGif usyf (2˜ 000) &SdcJh&mrS (2009) ckESpfwGif usyf (10˜ 000)
odk@wdk;oGm;cJha=umif; od&onf?48 a&; òr@e,f. e,fajrtcsKd@wGif &mbmjcHESifhuGrf;oD;jcHrsm;&Sdaom
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;p&dwfESifh tajccHpm;0wfaea&;p&dwfrsm;udk vHkavmufpGm&&SdEdkif
=uaomfvnf; aumufcHaomtcGefyrm% }uD;av;vGef;aoma=umifh aus;&GmrStdrfaxmifpk
tawmfrsm;rsm;onf tenf;qHk; om;§orD;wpfOD;udk xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ oGm;a&mufap+yD; tydk0ifaiG&Sm
cdkif;&onfh tajcqdkufcJhonf?49 tpdk;&ESifh ywfouf&mywfoufa=umif; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u 2010
ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf jyifqifae=uojzifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: aumufcHaomtcGeftrsKd;
tpm;rsm; ydkIrsm;vmaea=umif; owif;ay;ydk@csuftajrmuftrsm;&&Sdxm;ygonf?50 TtcGefrsm;
teuf tcsKd@onfppftpdk;&.a&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,fa&;ukefusp&dwftwGufjzpf[ef&Sd+yD;/ tcsKd@tcGef
aiGrsm;rSm tcsKd@aomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;v#if aiG&SmI&csifrS&awmhrnf[k pdk;&drf+yD;
aumufcHaejcif; jzpfEdkifygonf?
xdk@tjyif tcGefrsm;udk tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh rdcifESifhuav; apmifha&Smufa&;tzGJ@ (MM
CWA)ESifh =uHhcdkifzGH@òz;a&;toif; (USDA)wdk@uJhodk@aom toif;tzGJ@rsm;. 0ifaiGtwGufvnf;aumuf
cHae=uonf?51 TtcGeftrsm;pkudk tpkvdkuf ykwfjywfaumufcHae+yD;/ e,fajryx0DuGmjcm;r_
46 HURFOM (2009) “awG@qHkar;jref;cef;? obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;/ aus;&GmvHkðcHa&;ESifh tpdk;&uaqmif&Gufaeonfh aEG&moDpyg;pDrHudef;rsm;tyg

t0if tca=u;trsKd;rsKd; ay;aqmifae&r_”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 October;

47 Ibid.
48 HURFOM (2007) “rGefjynfe,f&Sd aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;taeESifh ajcjrefwyf&if; trSwf -(31) u twif;tusyfawmif;cHaeaom aiGrsm;a=umifh
tusyftwnf; qdkufae&jcif;”/ a&;òrd@e,f/ armfvòrdifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f/ MARTUS Bulletin, 7 September.
49 HURFOM (2009) “[H*Haus;&GmwGif vrf;jyifa&;twGuf twif;tusyfaiGaumufcHaejcif;ESifh jcpm;r_rsm;”/ a&;awmifydkif;òr@e,f/ armfvòrif
c±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f/ The Mon Forum, 15 July – http://rehmonnya.org/archives/979#more-979 – accessed 26 February 2010.
50 Independent Mon News Agency, “taumufcGefXmeopfrS ajrcGefaumufcHr_ESifhywfoufI ajrydkifqdkifolrsm;rSm ydkifqdkif=uonfh{utvdkuf
0efxkyf0efydk;jzpf 'kQawG@ae&jcif;”/ rk'HkESifhoHjzLZ&yfòr@e,frsm;/ armfvòrdifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f/ 1 March - http://www.bnionline.net/news/
imna/7996-new-customs-department-land-tax-overburdens-owners-with-acreage.html - accessed 2 March 2010;
51 HURFOM (2009) “awG@qHkar;jref;cef;? obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;/ aus;&GmvHkðcHa&;ESifh tpdk;&uaqmif&Gufaeonfh aEG&moDpyg;pDrHudef;rsm;
tygt0if tca=u;trsKd;rsKd; ay;aqmifae&r_”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 October; rJaqmufòrd@wGif
trsKd;orD; 3-OD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;cef;? 25/ =o*kwf? 2009 ckESpf? rsufjrifoufao? KHRG (2009) “(etz) ESifh ('DaubDat) trdef@
taxmuftxm;rsm; (2008 ckESpf/ =o*kwfrS 2009 ckESpf/ ZGefvtxd” Karen Human Rights Group, August - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2009/
khrg0904.pdf - accessed 23 March 2010.

34
tvdkuftcGefuGmjcm;r_&Sdygonf? rk'Hkòr@e,f. tcsKd@a'orsm;Y 2009 ckESpfwGif usyf (5˜500) rS
(6˜000)twGif; wpfvv#iftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;ay;xm;onfh TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ ay;cJh=u&+yD;/ qif;&J
onfh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;twGuf txl;tusyftwnf;awG@apcJhonf?52 u&ifjynfe,ftwGif;Yrltdrf
axmifpkrsm;tay:tcGefaumufcH&mY rGefjynfe,fuJhodk@ pepfuser_r&SdvSa=umif; awG@&Sd&onf?
(odk@&mwGif ay;&onfhaiGuawmhenf;yg;jcif;r&Sdyg)? TtpD&ifcHpmt& awG@&Sd&onfrSmwyfr
awmfESifh('DaubDat)tzGJ@wdk@u aus;&Gmrsm;tvdkuf tcGefaumufcHaejcif;jzpf+yD;/ tdrfaxmifpk
tvdkuf aumufcH=ujcif;r[kwfyg? qdkvdkonfrSmaus;&Gmvl}uD;u tdrfaxmifpktvdkuf usoifh
aiGudk xyfrHcGJa0qHk;jzwf&jcif;jzpfygonf?53 u&ifjynfe,f&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;wGifvnf; tpdk;&zGJpnf;onfh
vlr_a&;toif;tzGJ@rsm;twGufvnf; tcGefay;aqmifae=u&onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- jrefrmEdkifiH
trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf(MWAF)u u&ifjynfe,fY (2007)ckESpf qef;umvrSpI tcGefaumufcH
cJh&m tdrfaxmifpkrsm;&Sd trsKd;orD;wpfOD;twGuf usyf (1˜000) ay;aqmifae=u&onf? 54

ydkifqdkifaom ypönf;Opömtay:rSm aumufcHaomtcGefrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tpdk;&taeESifh ydkifqdkifonfhyPnf;OPmtay:wGif tcGefaumuf,lcGifhjyXmef;
xm;aom Oya'rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? (1937 ckESpf w&m;±Hk;p&dwftufOya'ESifh jrefrm (tdüd,)
1935 ckESpf wHqdyfacgif;Oya') (Court Fee Act 1937 & Myanmanr Stamp Act 1935). ydkifqdkifr_yPnf;
OPmtay: tcGefaumufcHjcif;udk b¾ma&;0ef}uD;Xmeatmuf&Sd jynfwGif;tcGefrsm; OD;pD;Xmeu
w&m;0ifaumufcHygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf qif;&Jaom wdkif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;rSmuJhodk@yif/ OPm
"e (ydkifqdkifyPnf;ESifh tjcm;t&if;tESD;yPnf;rsm;)onf vlenf;pkvufxJwGifom pkpnf;ae+yD;/
0ifaiGrnDr#r_udk jzpfyGm;apaom t"dutcsufjzpfaeonf? ydkifqdkifyPnf;OPmtay: tcGefaumuf
cH&jcif;onf vlyk~dKvf0ifaiGtay: tcGefaumufcH&jcif;xuf ukefusp&dwfydkIoufom+yD;/ pDrHtkyf
csKyf&efvnf; ydkIvG,fulonf (rnfolu yPnf;OPm csrf;omºu,f0onfudk ydkItvG,fwuljrifEdkif
aoma=umifhjzpfonf)? odk@&mwGif qif;&JaomEdkifiHrsm;Y ydkifqdkifyPnf;OPmtay: aumufcHaom
tcGefrsm;onf tcGefb¾m0ifaiG. ao;i,faomtcsKd;tpm;om jzpfaewwfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH.
w&m;0ifpm&if;Z,m;rsm;rSmvnf; Ttwdkif;jzpfaeygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH wHqdyfacgif;cGef (1935)t&
ydkifqdkifyPnf;cGefudk jyXmef;xm;aom Oya'Y ydkifqdkifyPnf;v$Jajymif;r_tay:rSm tcGefaumufcH&rnf
[kyg&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif; yk~dKvftcsif;csif; ajr,mv$Jajymif;r_rsm;onf
trsm;tm;jzifh w&m;r0ifbJ&Sdaewwf+yD;/ tpdk;&odk@ ajr,mv$Jajymif;ay;r_rsm;udk trsm;tm;jzifh
vk,ufr_ozG,f aqmif&Gufae=uaom EdkifiHwpfckY TtcGefonf t&ma&mufjcif; r&Sdoavmuf
jzpfaeygonf? odk@&mwGif tpdk;&xkwfjyefaom w&m;0ifpm&if;Z,m;rsm;Y az:jyxm;onfrSm ajr
,mv$Jajymif;r_rS&&Sdaom tcGefonf (vGefcJhaom 5 ESpftwGif;rSm)tcGefaiGpkpkaygif;. 1&mcdkifE_ef;
xufenf;I&Sdae+yD;/ tvGefqHk;&SdvS 1.5 &mcdkifE_ef;xuf rydk[lIjzpfonf? (+yD;cJhonfh 5-ESpfwm

52 HURFOM (2009) “awG@qHkar;jref;cef;? obm0 "mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;/ aus;&GmvHkðcHa&;ESifh tpdk;&u aqmif&Gufaeonfh aEG&moDpyg; pDrHudef;rsm;
tygt0if tca=u;trsKd;rsKd; ay;aqmifae&r_”/ rk'Hkòrd@e,f/ armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 October;
53 KHRG (2009) “(etz) ESifh ('DaubDat) trdef@ taxmuftxm;rsm; (2008 ckESpf/ =o*kwfrS 2009 ckESpf/ ZGefvtxd” Karen Human Rights
Group, August - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg0904.pdf - accessed 23 March 2010.
54 HURFOM (2007) “jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;orD;a&;&m tzGJ@csKyfu twif;tusyfaiGaumufcHaejcif;ESifhtrsKd;orD;i,frsm; udk tzGJ@0if&ef awmif;qdk
aejcif;”/ aumhu&dwfc&dkif/ zm;tHc&dkif/ jr0wDc&dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f/ MARTUS Bulletin, 4 April.

35
 umv pm&if;rsm;t&jzpfonf?)55
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd EdkifiHawmftpdk;&. oabmobm0p±dkufudk =unfhIajym&ygv#if/ydkifqdkif
yPnf;tay:rSmtrsm;qHk; “tcGefaumufcHr_”onf tpdk;&u ‚yPnf;rsm;udk vk,uf"g;jywdkuf
,lvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf? TyPnf;rsm;udk v$Jajymif;odrf;,l&rnf[k jyXmef;xm;onfh Oya'pnf;rsOf;
r&SdbJ &,lvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? rawmfrw&m;twif;tusyfoabm aumuf,lonf[kqdkjcif;rSm
Tvk,ufr_onf trsm;jynfolwdk@. aumif;usKd;csrf;omtwGuf &nf&G,faom rnfonfh rl0g'ESifhr#
vrf;!Gefxm;jcif; r&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif Tvk,ufr_onf (etz) ppfwyfESifhtzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;. e,fajrudk,fpm;vS,frsm; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf &nf&G,fxm;onf[kqdkygu (ppf
tpdk;&.&nf&G,fcsufonf olwdk@rlv&nfrSef;csuftwGuf) rawmfrw&m; vkyfonf[kajymI r&
Edkifygacs? TtpD&ifcHpmyg ydkifqdkifyPnf;rsm;wGif tajccHtusqHk;aom pm;oHk;ukefyPnf;rsm;yifyg0if
aev#uf&Sdonf? ta=umif;rSm TyPnf;rsm;udkyifv#if aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;rSm rif;rlvSnfhvnf
ae+yD;/ trsm;jynfolwdk@. yk~vduydkifyPnf;/ ajr,m/ 0uf/ =uuf/ opfoD;0vHESifh tdk;cGufygrusef
ydkufpdyfwdkuf cdk;0Sufvk,laeaomw&m;r0ifonfh tcGefaumufcHa&;tzGJ@rsm;u uJh,lae=uaom
a=umifhjzpfygonf? tpdk;&.TuJhodk@aom t&if;tjrpfaumuf,l pkaqmif;r_rsm;onf tdrfaxmif
pkrsm;.0ifaiGudk ,kwfavsmhoGm;aponfomru aemufaemiftzdk@ ‚wdk@.0ifaiG&SmEdkifpGrf;tjyif/
tcsKd@rSm rsKd;qufESifhcsDIwnfaqmufxm;cJh&aom vufikyfvuf&if; yPnf;rsm;udkygysufpD;qHk;yg;
oGm;apcJhonf? yGm;rsm;Edkifaom ydkifqdkifyPnf;rsm;udk Todk@ qufvufodrf;,laejcif;a=umifh yk~vd
u u¾&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;}uD;xGm;r_udk ,kwfavsmhoGm;apum/ xdkrSaeIvuf&Sd
ESifh tem*wfrsKd;qufrsm;tzdk@ qif;&JrGawr_'%fudk qufIcHpm;=u&OD;rnf jzpfygonf?

6-vpmtwGuf ajrESifh tdrftay: aumufcHaom ydkifqdkifr_tcGef

1˜200 usyf (tar&duefa':vm 1³2 cef@ ) (HREIB)

55 http://www.csostat.gov.mm – accessed 17 September 2009.

36
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jrefrmEdkifiH. tcsKd@e,fajrrsm;rSm topftqef;ozG,fjzpfaeaom tcGefwrsKd;rSmaetdrf
ydkifqdkifr_tay: aumufcHaomtcGefjzpfonf? wpfae&mESifh wpfae&mrSm pwifaumufcHaomESpf
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a=umif;awG@&Sd&ygonf? om"utm;jzifh/ rk'Hkòr@e,fY (2007)ESpfwGif pwifIaumufcHcJhonf? wpf
jynfe,fwnf;rSm&Sdaom a&;òr@e,fYrl aetdrfydkifqdkifr_tay:rSm vpOftcGefaumufcHjcif;udkE_ef;
xm;twlwljzifh (2003) ckESpf ywf0ef;usifrSm pwifcJhonf? aetdrfwefzdk;udkvdkufI a&;òr@e,frSm
aumufcJhaom tdrfcGefrsKd;onf ,cifur&SdcJh[krqdkvdkyg? tpD&ifcHpmwpfckt& a&;òr@e,fwGif 1996
ckESpfupI tdrfcGefaumufcHcJhzl;a=umif; awG@&Sd&onf?56 tjcm;tpD&ifcHpmwpfckt& vuf&Sdaexdkif
aeaomtdrfESifhywfoufI ESpfpOftcGefaumufcHjcif;udk &Srf;jynfe,f/ rdkif;yefòr@e,fwGif (2008)
ckESpfupwifcJhonf[k owif;&&Sdonf? 57
odk@aomf ,cktcgwGif jrefrmEdkifiHY aetdrftay:tcGefaumufcHr_rSm omrmefozG,fjzpfae
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(3˜500)usyf/ ESpfxyftdrftwGuf wpfvv#if (7˜000)usyfESifh wdkufcHtdrftwGuf wpfvv#ifusyf
(15˜000)jzpfonf? Ttcsufudk=unfhv#if/ aetdrfcGefpkpkaygif;onf ,cifaumufcHyHkESifhpmv#if
txl;ojzifhtjrift& (txl;ojzifht&nftaoG;nHhaom tdrfrsm;twGuf)E_ef;xm; ododomom
avsmhoGm;cJhonf? odk@&mwGif tcGefudkwpfvHk;wnf; ykwfjywfay;aqmifapjcif;a=umifh aiGydk/ aiGv#H
56 KHRG (1996) “rGefa'otwGif; t"Rtvkyf cdkif;apr_rsm;”/ a&;òr@e,f/ weoFm&Dwdkif;/ Karen Human Rights Group, 22 May - http://www.khrg.
org/khrg96/khrg9620.html - accessed 21 February 2010.
57 SHAN (2008) “tm%mydkifrsm;u &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif tdrfcGefaumuf,laejcif;”/ Shan Herald Agency for News, 23 February - http://
www.shanland.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1528%3Aauthorities-levy-house-tax-in-southern-shan-state&Itemid=301 –
accessed 17 February 2010.
58 “awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;? trsKd;orD;3-OD;/ rJaqmuf/ =o*kwf25? 2009? rsufjrifoufao? &efukefòrd@wGifrl tdrfcGefudk 3-v w}udrfaumuf
cHonf?
59 PWO (2009/2010) “atmifcsrf;omaus;&GmwGif tdrfcGefaumuf,ljcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ MARTUS Bulletin.
60 HURFOM (2009) “a&;òrd@e,f&Sdaetdrfrsm; ESpfpOftcGefudk wvHk;wnf; óudwif ay;aqmifae=u&jcif;”? a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrdifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f?
22 August http://rehmonya.org/archives/1025 - accessed 4 September 2009.
61 Ibid.

37
 r&Sdolrsm;tzdk@ aiGudkacs;iSm;,l=u&&m/ taºu;xlajymvmcJhonf? tcGefray;Edkifolrsm;onf ydkifqdkif
yPnf;rsm; todrf;cH&rnf[k+cdrf;ajcmufcH=u&onf? (2008)ckESpfu/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ vif;ac;c±dkif/
rdkif;yefòr@e,fY ESpfpOftcGefudk c±dkif,pfrsKd;Xmeudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u óuwifa=unmxm;jcif;r&SdbJ
tdrfcGefaumufcHcJhonf?62 tdrfcGefE_ef;xm;wGufcsufr_rSm tdrfwefzdk;t=urf;zsOf;cef@rSef;csuftay:
tajccHumwGufcsufjcif;jzpfonf? tcGefay;aqmifa&;twGuf tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk (6) &ufóuI
owday;cJhonf?63 ucsifjynfe,f/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,fYvnf; aetdrftrsKd;tpm;tay: rlwnfItcGef
aumufonf? &&Sdaomowif;tcsuf tvufrsm;t&qdkv#if/ ESpfpOftcGefonf usyf (5˜000) ESifh
(10˜000) t=um;jzpfonf?64

tdrfopfaqmufvkyfrItay: aumufcHaomtcGefrsm;
(2007) ckESpfupI topfaqmufvkyfaom tdrfrsm;tay: tcGefaumufcHa=umif;
(2009) ckESpfwGif owif;&&SdcJhygonf?65 (2009) ckESpfwGif pwifI tdrfopfaqmufvkyfr_ tcGefudk
(rtz) òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ESifh (&tz) &yfuGuf-aus;&Gm tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm;u aumufcH=u
onf? tcGefaiGyrm%udk tdrfrSmygaomtxyfta&twGuf/ aqmufvkyf&mY toHk;ðyaom
yPnf;wdk@jzifhowfrSwfavh&Sdonf? Todk@jzifh aqmufvkyf&mY ukefusaomwefzdk;ESifh xdkrSwqifhay;
EdkifaomtcGefudk cef@rSef;wGufcsufEdkifygonf? rGefjynfe,f/ rk'Hkòr@e,faus;&GmtcsKd@Y (2009) ckESpf
pufwifbmvwGif vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm;ac:,l+yD;/ (rtz) òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rSudk,fpm;
vS,frsm;u (2007) ckESpfu pwiftopfaqmufvkyfaom tdrfydkif&Sifrsm;udk tcGeftopfaumufcH
rnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmcJhonf?66
(2010) ckESpf/ rwfv 25 &ufae@wGif (rtz) òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u
rk'Hkòr@e,f&Sd aus;&Gmtm;vHk; wGif topf aqmufvkyfxm;aom tdrfrsm;tm;vHk;udk tcGefaumufrnf
a=unmI tdrfydkif&Sifrsm;udk tcGefaumufcHcJhonf?67 vltrsm;pku ray;aqmifEdkifjcif;ESifh ESpfxyf
uGrf; tcGefaumufcHr_tay: tESH@tjym;apm'uwuf=uaoma=umifh tcGefaumufcHr_udk {+yDv
txd qdkif;iHhxm;cJhonf?68 tdrftay: tcGefaumufcHr_yrm%onf tdrfaqmufvkyf&mwGiftoHk;ðy
onfh yPnf;tay:rlwnfonf? ysOfaxmiftdrftopf wvHk;twGufaumufcHaom tcGefonfusyf
(200˜000)jzpfonf? wdkufcHESpfxyftdrf aqmufvkyfolrsm;url usyf (300˜000) rS (450˜000)
txdtoD;oD;ay;aqmif=u&onf?69 (2009)ckESpfwGif Tjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd acsmif;qHkòr@e,fYrl
topfaqmufvkyfaom tdrfwpfvHk;twGuf tenf;qHk;owfrSwfxm;aomtcGefonf onfhxuf
62 SHAN (2008) “tm%mydkifrsm;u &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif tdrfcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ Shan Herald Agency for News, 23 February - http://
www.shanland.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1528%3Aauthorities-levy-house-tax-in-southern-shan-state&Itemid=301 –
accessed 17 February 2010.
63 Ibid.
64 KWAT (2008) “'l;rJ,m;wGif tdrfcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òrd@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, December.
65 HURFOM (2009) “rk'Hkòrd@e,fwGif òrd@aevlxkrsm;xHrS tcGeftwkwftajrmuftrsm; awmif;cHaejcif;”/ armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f/ MARTUS
Bulletin, 1 September.
66 HURFOM (2009) “rk'Hkòrd@e,fwGif òrd@aevlxkrsm;xHrS tcGeftwkwf tajrmuftrsm;awmif;cHaejcif;”/ armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f/ MARTUS
Bulletin, 1 September.
67 IMNA (2010) “rk'Hkòrd@e,f (rtz) u umv=um&Snfuyif +cdrf;ajcmufxm;aom tdrfcGefrsm;aumufcHaejcif;”/ Independent Mon News
Agency, 29 March - http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/8225-mudon-tpdc-finally-collects-long-threatened-housing-tax.html - accessed 7 April
2010.

68 Ibid.
69 Ibid.

38
rsm;pGmydkIenf;+yD;/ tcGefusyf (60˜000) jzpfonf? 70
u&ifjynfe,f/ zm;tHòr@e,f. e,fajrwpfckY (2007) ckESpfu pI topfaqmufvkyfaom
tdrfrsm;tay:aumufcHaomtcGefE_ef;onf onfhxufydkIrsm;jym;um/ usyf (1³1) oef;rS (1³4)
oef;txdtrsKd;rsKd;jzpfonf?71 txl;ojzifh wefzdk;}uD;aomtdrfrsm;udkom tcGefaumufjcif;jzpf
onf? zm;tHòr@e,f. tjcm;e,fwpfckYrl tdrfaumif;-raumif; cGJjcm;jcif;r&SdbJ/ tdrfwvHk;v#if
wajy;nD usyf (200˜000)E_ef;aumufcHonf?72 tdrfopfaqmufv#if tcGefaumufcH&rnfrSef;
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;urod&SdcJh=u&m/ tcGeftwGufaiGudk xnfhoGif;wGufcsufxm;jcif; r&SdcJh=uacs?tcGef
ay;&eftwGuf wpfvr#omtcsdefay;a=umif;od&Sd&onf? TtwGufa=umifhyif tcsKd@tdrfaxmifpk
rsm;onf aiGacs;iSm;,l&jcif;/ v,fa&mif;csjcif;ðy=u&onf? 73
vuf&Sdtdrfudk ðyjyifrGrf;rHjcif;ESifh ywfoufIvnf;tcGefaumufcHEdkifygonf?74 vuf&Sd
owif;ay;ydk@csufrsm;t&qdkv#if/ tdrfydkif&Sifwdk@onf rdrdwdk@.tdrfrsm;udk jyifqifrGrf;rHIr+yD;ao;cif
txd tcGefay;&rnfrSef; rodcJh=uacs? xdk@tjyif tdrfaxmifpkrsm;u rdrdwdk@ay;&aomaiGonftcGef
vm;/ rdrdwdk@rod&Sdem;rvnfaom ‘pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;’udk rvdkufemrdcJhr_twGuf '%fa=u;vm;[lI
uGJuGJjym;jym; rod=uacs?

(ajrr[kwfaom) ydkifqdkifrIypönf;rsm;tay:aumufcHaom tcGefrsm;

tdrfoHk;yPnf;rsm;tay:rSmvnf; tcGefaumufcHEdkifygonf? om"utm;jzifh&Srf;jynfe,f/
rdkif;wHkòr@e,fY e,fajrppfwyf.wyfrSL;u ±kyfjrifoH=um;puf/ atmufpufESifh ò*[fwkpavmif;rsm;
twGuf tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udktcGefaumufonf?75 òr@}uD;rsm;Y ò*[fwkpavmif;rsm;udkvnf; tcGef
aumuf&m/ w&m;0iftcGefE_ef;onf vpOfusyf (15˜000) jzpfonf?76
EGm;vSnf;/ armfawmfqdkifu,fESifh um;ydkif&Sifrsm;onf e,fajrcHppfwyfESifh wcgw&H
òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkif (rtz)wdk@ toHk;ðy&eftwGuf yPnf;rsm;,m,D todrf;qnf;cH=u&
onf?77 ,m,Dtm;jzifh ,mOfrsm;odrf;,lcH=u&&mwGif ,mOfydkif&Sifrsm;u ðyjyifxdef;odrf;p&dwfrsm;
70 awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;-7? trsKd;orD;/ bDvl;u|ef;/ acsmif;qHkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? – 28/08/09 Mae Sot, Witnesses.
71 HURFOM (2009) “rk'Hkòrd@e,fwGif òrd@aevlxkrsm;xHrS tcGeftwkwftajrmuftrsm; awmif;cHaejcif;”/ armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f/ MARTUS
Bulletin, 1 September; awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;-7?trsKd;orD;/ bDvl;u|ef;/ acsmif;qHkòrd@e,f/ armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? – 28/08/09 Mae Sot, Wit-
nesses.

72 HURFOM (2009) “rk'Hkòr@e,fwGifòr@aevlxkrsm;xHrStcGeftwkwf tajrmuftrsm;awmif;cHaejcif;”/armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f/ MARTUS

Bulletin, 1 September.

73 Ibid.
74 AASYC (2009) “pef;òrd@e,fcGJwGifv,f,may:Y tdrfrsm;aqmufvkyfjcif;twGuf tca=u;aiGawmif;cHaejcif;”/ ausmufjzLòrd@e,f/
ausmufjzLc&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 24 April: PWO (2009) “ykwfwifraus;&GmwGif tdrfðyjyifr_twGuf tcGef aumufcHaejcif;”/
erfhcrf;òrd@e,f/ rlq,fc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 28 December.
75 SHAN (2008) “ppftpdk;&u tdrfwGif;azsmfajza&;udpPrsm;udk tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ Shan Herald Agency for News, 21 February- http://www.
shanland.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1518%3Ajunta-collects-taxes-on-home-entertainment&Itemid=301 – accessed 17
Februrary 2010;
76 Mizzima (2009) “jrefrmppftpdk;&u ò*dvfwkpavmif; wDAGDtpDtpOfrsm;onf jynfolrsm;twGuf raumif;[k ajymqdkaejcif;”/ Mizzima, 29
April - http://www.bnionline.net/media-alert/6188-burmese-juntas-mouthpiece-says-satellite-tv-qbad-for-peopleq.html - accessed 2 March 2010.
77 Burma Issues (2008) “rkef;òr@e,fwGif (etz) ppfwyftwGuf &dQmo,f,l&ef um; 300 ausmfudk qifhac:toHk;ðyjcif;”/ anmifav;yifc±dkif/
yJcl;c±dkif/ MARTUS Bulletin, 16 December; HREIB (2006) “Z&yf}uD; aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u puc(3)twGuf qefrsm; t"Rawmif;,l&mYolwdk@.
vSnf;rsm;jzifhydk@ay;&jcif;”/ awmifilòr@e,f/ awmifilc±dkif/ yJcl;wdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 3 March; PWO (2006) “(etz) ppftpdk;&uerfhcrf;òr@e,f
wGif =uufqlyifrsm;o,f,l&efum;rsm; twif;t"Rawmif;qdkqifhac:aejcif;”/erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bul-

39
 udk uscH=u&onf?78
wpfcgw&H tpdk;&ESifh ywfouf&mywfoufa=umif; tzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;twGuf 0ifaiG&Sm
enf;wpfcktjzpf (etz) ppftpdk;&uxkwfa0aom owif;pm/ jyQ'def/ ydkpwmponfwdk@udk tdrf
axmifpkrsm;u rwefwqaps;jzifh r0,frae&0,f&onfrsm;vnf; &Sdwwfygonf?79 onfhxufydk
I a,bk,sususazmfjy&ygv#if tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh vlyk~dKvfwpfOD;csif;pDxHrS tpdk;&vufatmufcH
tzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;u aiGESifhtjcm;aom ydkifqdkifr_yPnf;rsm;udk tEdkifusifhawmif;,ljcif;onf
jrefrmEdkifiH ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif jzpfyGm;aeonfh jzpf&dk;jzpfpOfudPwck ozG,fjzpfaeonf?80 81

tdrfoHk;0efaqmifrIrsm;ESifh ywfoufaumufcHaom tcGefESifhtcrsm;

0efaqmifr_ay;jcif;ta=umif;ESifh tcGefaumufcHr_wdk@. qufoG,fyHkta=umif;wdk@udk ydkif;
jcm;avhvmoHk;oyfr_rsm; raqmif&Guf&ao;onfudkawG@&Sd&onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif0efaqmifr_ay;
jcif;twGuf ukefusp&dwfESifhaumufcHaom tzdk;tcwdk@. qufoG,fyHkta=umif; owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;tenf;i,fr#om &&SdEdkifjcif;onfvnf; tHh=op&mr[kwfay?82 rnfodk@yifjzpfap/ tdrf
letin, 14 July; HURFOM (2009) “a&jzLòr@aevlxkrsm;xHrS armfawmfqdkufu,fESifh aiGrsm;,laqmifoGm;jcif;”/ a&jzLòr@e,f/ xm;0,fc±dkif/
weoFm&Dwdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 January – 1 June; PYNG (2007) “ppfwyfaxmufyHha&;yPnf;rsm; o,f,l&efukefwifum;trsm;udk
qifhac:jcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 22 May; PYNG (2008) “a&$vDa&tm;v#yf ppfpDrHudef;twGuf
a'ocHvlxkrsm;udk u|efðycdkif;apaejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 15 February; PYNG (2008) “ppfwyf
axmufyHha&;yPnf;rsm;udk o,f,lay;&ef ukefwifum;ydkif&Sifrsm;udk twif;tusyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ rdkif;wkHòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 1 June; PYNG (2008) “tpdk;&rJay;yGJpnf;±Hk;a&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf a'ocHrsm;. armfawmfqdkufu,frsm;udk twif;
tusyftoHk;ðy apcdkif;aejcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,fESifh rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 4 April. PYNG (2008) “pp-
fom; rsm;u+cdrf;ajcmufI aiGodrf;,ljcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,fESifh rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 18 February;
PYNG (2008) “armfawmfqdkufu,frsm;udk ay:wmqGJjcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 10 January; KWAT
(2009) “rlq,fòr@e,fwGif axmfvm*sD um;armif;orm;rsm;xHrS aiGn‡pfawmif;cHaejcif;”/ rlq,fòr@e,f/ rlq,fc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, March.
78 PYNG (2008) “a&$vDa&tm;v#yfppfpDrHudef;twGuf a'ocHvlxkrsm;udk u|efðycdkif;apaejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 15 February.
79 KHRG (2007) “tpdk;&. zdESdyfr_rsm;ESifh u&ifjynfe,f awmifydkif;a'orsm;wGif qif;&JrGJawr_ zefwD;aejcif;”/ 23 February - http://www.khrg.
org/khrg2007/khrg07f2.html - accessed 22 February 2010. KHRG (2009) (etz) ESifh 'DaubDattzGJ@wdk@. trdef@pmrsm;/ 2008 ckESpf =o*kwfvrS
2009 ckESpf/ ZGefvtxd? Karen Human Rights Group, August- http://www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg0904.pdf -accessed 23 March 2010.
80 Kaladan Press (2008) “&Jrsm;ESifhvkyfom;rsm;yÉdyQjzpfyGm;/ppfawGwGifwpfOD;aoqHk;/ 3- OD; '%f&m&&Sd”/ ppfawGòrd@e,f/ ppfawGc&dkif/ &cdkifjynf
e,f? 14 July - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kaladan/4479-police-and-laborers-clash-one-dead-three-injured-in-sittwe.html - accessed 4 March
2010; Kaladan Press (2010) “&cdkifjynfe,f/ armif;awmwGif twif;tusyftcGefrsm;ESifh tca=u;aiGrsm;aumufcHaejcif;”/ armif;awmòrd@e,f/
armif;awmc&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Kaladan Press, 27 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kaladan/7776-arbitrary-tax-and-toll-imposed-in-
maungdaw-arakan.html - accessed 1 March; Tin Soe (2010) “ppfwyf. tif*sifeD,mwyfzGJ@u &cdkifjynfe,fajrmufydkif;wGif vlrdkuf*dk%f;rsm;ozG,f
ðyrlaejcif;”/ armif;awmòrd@e,f/ armif;awmc&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Kaladan Press, 12 January -http://www.bnionline.net/news/kaladan/7658-army-
engineering-unit-operate-like-gangsters-in-northern- arakan.html - accessed 1 March 2010.
81 Burma Issues (2009) “(etz) wyfrSL;oif;armifqifhu a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk ESdyfpufaejcif;”/ oHawmifòr@e,f/ awmifilc&dkif/ yJcl;wdkif;? MAR-
TUS Bulletin, 1 August; Burma Issues (2009) “(etz) ppfwyfuypfcwfI aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;xHrS &dQmrsm;vk,loGm;jcif;”/ xef;wyifòr@e,f/
awmifilc&dkif/ yJcl;wdkif;? 16 January; HURFOM (2009-10) “yavmòr@e,ftwGif;wGif autJef,l v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ta=umif;jyI cr& (556)
u vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; usL;vGefaejcif;”/ ykavmòr@e,f/ +rdwfc&dkif/ weoFm&Dwdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 17 0ctober 2009 – 20 Oc-
tober 2010; Burma Issues (2009) “(etz) ppfom;rsm;u aus;&GmvlxkydkifyPnf;rsm;vk,ufoGm;jcif;”/ xef;wyifòr@e,f/ awmifilc&dkif/
yJcl;wdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 15 October; HURFOM (2009) “oxHkc&dkifwGif 'DaubDatppfom;rsm;u aus;&Gmvlxkudk&dkufESufI yPnf;rsm;
vk,loGm;jcif;”/ oxHkc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 13 September; HURFOM (2009) “oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,fwGif jrefrmppfwyf wyf&if;
rsm;u a'ocHaus;&Gmtrsm;udk &kyfydkif;/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&m +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;ðyI aiGn‡pfawmif;cHaejcif;”/ oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc&dkif/
rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 September; KHRG (2009) “zm;tHc&dkifwGif 'DaubDattzGJ@u acgif;yHkjzwf tjrwfxkwfaer_rsm;ESifh vlpk
aqmif;aer_rsm;”/ zm;tHc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? Karen Human Rights Group,” 29 June, - www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09f11.pdf - accessed 21
February 2010.

82 A[dktpdk;&. aemufxyfb¾m0ifaiG t&if;tjrpftjzpf 2009 ckESpfwGif ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? 0ifaiG cGeftay: tcGefaumufcHjcif;ESifhtwl

40
axmifpkrsm;tzdk@ tcGefomay;&+yD;/ rdrdwdk@tvdk&Sdaom0efaqmifr_rsm;udk tpdk;&xHrS&&Sd=uonf
r[kwfacs? 0efaqmifr_rsm;ay;&eftwGuf tcGefaumufcHygonf[k ajymaeonfh=um;uyif Todk@
rnfonfh0efaqmifr_rSr&&SdbJ aiGay;ae=u&aomtjzpfodk@ a&mufae&jcif;jzpfonf? om"utjzpf
az:jy&ygv#if/ rD;owfwyfzGJ@[laomtrnfESifhvdkufatmif 0efaqmifr_ray;ygbJv#uf/ rD;owfwyfzGJ@
twGuftcGefaumufcHaejcif;jzpfonf?83 (2009)ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmESifh 'DZifbmvrsm;wGif rD;owfwyf
zGJ@0ifrsm;twGuf oifwef;a=u;[kqdkum tcGefaumufcHcJhonf? trSefwGifoifwef;onf rD;owf
enf;oifwef;r[kwfbJ/ ppfoifwef;omjzpfonf?84 rD;owfum;uJhodk@aom yPnf;rsm;0,f&ef[kqdk
umtcGefaumufcHcJh+yD;/ rD;owfum;udk jrif&jcif;r&SdcJhacs?85 aemufom"uwpfckrSm ucsifjynf
e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,fY tr_dufodrf;p&dwf vHkavmufa&;twGuf[kqdkum tcGefwdk;Iaumuf+yD;/
trd_ufodrf;jcif;udkrl ppfwyf.ajrmufydkif;wdkif;/ ppfXmecsKyfwnf&Sd&me,fajrYom vkyfaqmifay;ae
jcif;jzpfonf?86 87
0efaqmifr_ay;&mYvnf; 0efaqmifr_wdk;wufapa&;twGuf ukefusp&dwfudk oHk;pGJolrsm;
xHrSóuwifaiGtjzpf aumufcHavh&Sdonf? om"utm;jzifh/ &efukefòr@. òr@opf&yfuGufwpfckY
a&ydkufrsm;cs&eftwGuf tpkvdkufykwfjywfaiGaumufcHonf? ajrtus,ft0ef;udkvdkufIaumuf
cHaiGudkowfrSwfonf? &yfuGufae tdrfaxmifpktrsm;pku ,cifa&pnfudk 0,foHk;&onfxufydkI
vnf;tqifajy/ ,lepfjzifhoHk;&ojzifhvnf; ydkItukeftusoufomonfjzpf&m Tpepfopfudk
ydkóuufESpfouf=uonf? odk@&mwGif óuwifaiGay;&ojzifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tzdk@acs;aiG,lIay;
aqmif=u&um‚twGuf twdk;'%fcH=u&onf? ae@pOfa&udk0,foHk;&aom ,cifenf;vrf;ESifh
uGmjcm;onfrSm tdrfaxmifpkrsm;u 0efaqmifr_twGuf bwf*sufaiGxkwfay;&jcif;jzpfonf? &yf
uGuf&Sda&ydkufu rdk;&moDrSmyif wpf&ufv#if ESpf}udrfoma&vmonf? aEG&moDYwpfcgw&Ha&vHk;0
rvmwwfacs?88 a&oG,fcyrm%a=umifh tcsKd@tdrfaxmifpkrsm;rSm a'ocHaiGacs;iSm;pm;olrsm;
xHrSacs;,l=u&+yD;/ twdk;wufI0efxkyf0efydk;jzpf=u&onf?89 a&oG,fcrwwfEdkifolrsm;ua'ocH
=uHhcdkifzGH@òz;a&;tzGJ@acgif;aqmif. ZeD;xHrSacs;iSm;&+yD;/ olua'owGif;wGif aiGacs;iSm;pm;Itouf
arG;onf? tcsKd@ae&mrsm;rSmrl 0efaqmifr_wdk;wufa&;twGufaqmif&Guf&mY aqmufvkyfr_rsm;
rSwfyHkwifoufaocHvufrSwfrsm;xkwfay;+yD;/ xdkif;EdkifiHwGifwESpf tvkyfvkyfudkif&efcGifhðycJhonf? oufaocHu'fjym;udkifaqmifolrsm;u
xdkif;EdkifiHwGif tvkyfvkyfI&aom0ifaiGudk tpD&ifcHwifjy&efvdktyf+yD; tcGefaumufcHEdkifonf? odk@&mwGiftcGefaumufcHrnfhE_ef;xm;udk
a=unmazmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdyg? - Lawi Weng (2009) “jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;u a&$@ajymif;vkyfom;rsm;odk@ EdkifiHul;vufrSwfrsm; xkwfay;jcif;”
Irrawaddy, 16 June - www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=16020 – accessed 16 February 2010.
83 TSYO (2009), “tm%mydkifrsm;u vli,frsm;udk twif;tusyf rD;owfoifwef; wufcdkif;aejcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 2 October.
84 IMNA (2010) “rD;owfum;twGuf tcGefa=umifh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm; pdwf&_yfae=u&jcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? Burma News International,
10 February - http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7871-fire-truck-tax-baffles-villagers.html - accessed 25 February 2010.
85 IMNA (2010) “rD;owfum;twGuf tcGefa=umifh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm; pdwf±_yfae=u&jcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? Burma News International,
10 February - http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7871-fire-truck-tax-baffles-villagers.html - accessed 25 February 2010.
86 KNG (2008) “jrpf}uD;em;wGifppftpdk;&u jrLeDpy,fcGef aumufcHaeaomfvnf; 0efaqmifr_jyefay;jcif;vHk;0r&Sdjcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f?
jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 12 September - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Junta-collects-municipal-taxes-but-
provides-no-service-for-civilians-in-Myitkyina.html - accessed 23 February 2010; KNG (2008) “ucsifjynfe,fwGif zdtm;aygif;pHkatmufY
aexdkifae&jcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f? jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? 30 September - http://www.kachinnews.com/Commentary/Living-under-
duress-in-Kachin-State.html - accessed 23 February 2010.
87 KNG (2008) “ucsifjynfe,fwGif zdtm;aygif;pHkatmufY aexdkifae&jcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f? jrpf}uD;em;c&dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News
Group, 30 September - http://www.kachinnews.com/Commentary/Living-under-duress-in-Kachin-State.html - accessed 23 February 2010.
88 awG@qHkar;jref;cef; (3)? trsKd;orD;/ rJaqmufòr@? 25/08/09, &efukefòrd@e,f/ &efukefwdkif;?
89 TtcsufwGifawG@&onfrSm a&zdk;,lepftvdkuf aumufcHaiGr[kwfbJ qufoG,fcjzpfaeonf? odk@twGufa=umifh qif;&Jolrsm;taejzifh
aomufoHk;a&oef@ &&SdEdkifrnfhta&;udk [ef@wm;xm;&m a&mufaponf? rl0g/t& jzpfoifhonfrSm qif;&Jonfh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;axmufyHhaiG
yHhydk;ay;oifhjcif;yifjzpfonf? odk@rSom qufoG,fp&dwfudk olwdk@ray;aqmif&bJ a&&Sdaprnf jzpfonf? See for example M.Basini, J. Isham and
B. Reilly (2008) “The Determinants of Water Connection and Water Consumption: Empirical Evidence from a Cambodian Household Survey,’
World Development, 36(5), 953-968.

41
 +yD;pD;aomtcgwGif tca=u;aiGaumufcHonf? om"utm;jzifh/ &cdkifjynfe,f/ ppfawGòr@Y(2009)
ckESpfwGif òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@(rtz)u +Adwdo#wdk@ udkvdkeDacwftkyfcsKyfpOfu aqmufvkyfxm;
cJhaoma&ydkufr}uD;udk topfjyefvnfaqmufvkyfcJh&m/ a&rsm;ydkaumif;vmcJhonf?90 ydkufoG,f
aom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf av#mufv$mtwGuf aiG(3˜000) usyfay;&+yD;/ ydkufoG,fctwGuf
usyf (52˜000) ay;&onf? a&ydkuftopf. vrf;a=umif;wGif rusonfhtdrfaxmifpkrsm;tzdk@ydkuf
rsm;udkxyfIquf&ojzifh aemufxyfaiGxyfukefao;onf? ydkufoG,fcray;Edkifaom tdrfaxmifpk
rsm;tzdk@rl tdrfwGifa&ydkufr&Sdojzifh trsm;oHk;a&ydkufacgif;wGif wdk;a0S@+yD;a&cH oHk;pGJ=u&onf?
0efaqmifr_twGuf tca=u;aiG tajrmuftrsm; ay;&aom aemufjzpf&yfwpfckrSmucsif
jynfe,f/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@wGifjzpfyGm;cJhonf? (24)em&D v#yfppfrD;&&Sda&;twGufjzpf+yD;/ (2008)ckESpf
{+yDvwGif pwif&&SdcJhonf? v#yfppf"mwftm;ay; ukþ%Dudk ucsifjynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@ (KIO)
u xdef;csKyfydkifqdkifonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. tjcm;e,fajra'orsm;ESifhrwlbJ/ v#yfppfrD;udk(24) em&D
&aomfvnf; rD;oG,fwef;conf usyfodef;*%ef;txd&Sdonf?91 rD;oG,fwef;c}uD;jrifhonfh=um;
xJ/ xHk;pHtwdkif;ppfwyfu t=urf;zufrnfwuJuJ +cdrf;ajcmufum ‚wdk@twGufv#yfppf"mwf
tm;ESifhywfoufaomukefusp&dwfudk tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tm;uscHcdkif;cJhonf? Ttjzpfonf(2010)
ckESpf/ pufwifbmvu jrpf}uD;em;òr@wGifjzpfyGm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? e,fajrcHppfwyfu ajrmufydkif;wdkif;
ppfXmecsKyfodk@ oGm;&mvrf;r}uD;wav#mufwGif v#yfppfrD;ay;a&;twGuf aiGaumufcHcJhonf?92
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;u rD;oD;rsm;udkyif 0,f,lwyfqifcdkif;onfhtjyif/ vrf;rD;v#yfppfrD;zdk; twGufvnf;
vpOfaiGaumufcHonf?
jzpf±dk;jzpfpOf jzpfaeonfrSm 0efaqmifr_ay;&mY vmbfpm;r_a=umifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tzdk@
0efaqmifcudk usoifhonfxufydkI ay;ae=u&jcif;jzpfonf?93 om"utm;jzifh az:jy&v#if/ jrefrm
EdkifiHwGif vufudkifzkef;rsm;udk yk~vduvkyfief;u xkwfay;onfr[kwfbJ/ tpdk;&uxkwfay;jcif;
jzpfonf? (2010) ckESpf/ ESpfqef;ydkif;wGif tpdk;&. jrefrmEdkifiH pmwdkufESifha=u;eef; qufoG,fa&;0ef
}uD;Xmeu jynfe,fESifhwdkif; (9)ckwGif vufudkifzkef;rsm; aemufxyfwdk;I csay;cJhonf? (ucsifjynf
e,f/ csif;jynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,f/ &cdkifjynfe,f/ &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;ESifh ppfudkif;wdkif;/ rauG;wdkif;/
yJcl;wdkif;ESifh {&m0wDwdkif;wdk@wGifjzpfonf?)94 zkef;oHk;pGJr_twGuf w&m;0ifaps;E_ef;onf (wpfvv#if)
usyf(500˜000)jzpfa=umif;od&onf? e*dk&fuwnf;uaps;E_ef;}uD;jrifhae+yD;jzpfygv#uf/ rGefjynfe,f
wGif zkef;oHk;pGJr_twGuf aps;E_ef;onfonfhxufrsm;pGmydkjrifhaeum/ usyf(700˜000)txd ay;=u&
a=umif;od&onf? 95
90 Narinjara News (2009) “ppfawGòrd@vlxkrsm; a&cGef}uD;jrifhr_a=umifh epfemcHpm;ae&jcif;”/ ppfawGòr@e,f/ ppfawGc&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Narinjara
News, 14 December - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/7554-sittwe-residents-suffer-from-high-taxes-on-water.html - accessed 1 March
2010.
91 KNG (2009) “jynfolrsm; epfemae&onfh tcsdefY ppftpdk;&u aiGpkaqmif;aejcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsif jynfe,f? 23
March - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kng/6028-junta-amasses-money-while-civilians-suffer-.html - accessed 2 March 2010.
92 KNG (2008) “ppftpdk;&u vrf;ab;rD;xGef;&ef jynfolrsm;xHrS aiGay;&eftrdef@ay;cdkif;apaejcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òrd@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin
News Group, 30 September - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Junta-orders-civilians-to-pay-electricity-charges-for-roadside-lighting.html -
accessed 23 February 2010.
93 Kyaw Kha (2010) “=uHhcdkifzGH@òz;a&;tzGJ@u w,fvDuGefjrLeDau;&Sif; qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;udk 0ifajc&_yfaejcif;”/ rGefjynfe,f? Mizzima News, 5
March - http://www.bnionline.net/news/mizzima/8043-usda-dabbles-in-telecommunication-business.html - accessed 8 March 2010.
94 Kyaw Zin Htun (2010) ucsifjynfe,f/ csif;jynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,f/ &cdkifjynfe,f/ &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;ESifh ppfudkif;/ rauG;/ yJcl;/ {&m0wDwdkif;
rsm; “jrefrmhqufoG,fa&;vkyfief; MPT u 450 MHz zkef;rsm;udk csJ@xGif wyfqifaejcif;”/ Myanmar Times, 4 March.
95 Kyaw Kha (2010) “=uHhcdkifzGH@òzd;a&;tzGJ@u w,fvDuGefjrLeDau;&Sif; qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;udk 0ifajc&_yfaejcif;”/ rGefjynfe,f? Mizzima News,
5 March - http://www.bnionline.net/news/mizzima/8043-usda-dabbles-in-telecommunication-business.html - accessed 8 March 2010; Todk@
vpOfzkef;iSm;qufoG,fc jrifhxm;&jcif;. ta=umif;&if;onf A[dktpdk;&u tcGefaumufcHaiG wdk;jrifh,lvdkaoma=umifh jzpfEdkifonf? ,cifu
zkef;iSm;c (vdkifpifa=u;)rSm vufudkifzkef;rsm;twGuf rlvu usyf (150˜000)om owfrSwfcJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif ‚tjyifzkef;zdk;udkyg

42
'PfaiGrsm;
'%faiGrsm;onf wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh tcGefr[kwfaomfvnf; EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;Y
tpdk;&. tcGefb¾m0ifaiG&&Sda&;twGuf csrSwfavh&Sd=uonf? '%faiG±dkufaomjypfr_rsm;udk
Oya'xJwGif txift&Sm; az:jyxm;oifhonfhtjyif/ trsm;jynfolwdk@tm;vnf; today;xm;oifh
ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHY '%faiG±dkufaejcif;onf tpdk;&.tzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;wdk@ tcGefb¾m0ifaiG
&Sm&mY toHk;rsm;aom enf;vrf;wpfckvnf;jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif&&Sdaom tcGefb¾m0ifaiG
trsm;pkudk udk,fydkif0ifaiGtjzpfodk@ cGJa0owfrSwfvdkuf=uonfomjzpfonf? xdk@tjyifjypfr_rsm;udk
Oya'xJwGif txift&Sm;jyqdkxm;onfhwdkif '%faiG±dkufjcif;udk óuwifrodEdkifatmifvkyfwwf=u
onfhtjyif/ tzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;uvnf; vkyfae=ujcif;jzpfonf? wpfcgw&HYtdrfaxmifpkrsm;§
wpfOD;csif;yk~dKvfrsm;onf‘jypfr_’trsKd;rsKd;ESifhywfoufI Oya'vdkufemjcif;r&Sd[laom ta=umif;jy
csufjzifh tpdk;&vufatmufcHtzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;wdk@. '%faiG±dkufjcif;udkcH=u&onf? Tjypfr_
tawmfrsm;rsm;. ta=umif;udkvnf; óuwifrod&acs? 96 '%faiGtcsKd@udk EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;a=umifh
±dkufjcif;jzpfonf? om"utm;jzifh/ tpdk;&usif;yaom vlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm;odk@rwufa&mufjcif;/
e,fajrtm%mydkifrsm;xHodk@ {nfhpm&if;wdkif=um;&ef ysufuGufjcif;wdk@a=umifh '%f±dkufcH&jcif;jzpf
onf?97 &JwyfzGJ@0ifwdk@onf aiGn‡pfa&;twGuf tpdk;&tm%mudkoHk;+yD;/ rawmfrw&m;ojzifh
'%f±dkuf&mY (tvGef}uD;av;aom'%faiGrsm;±dkufonfvnf; &Sdwwfonf) t}uD;tus,fyg0ifae
a=umif;awG@&onf? ppfwyftwGuf uif;apmifhay;&aomtcgY tdyfaysmfrdjcif;a=umifh '%faiG±dkufcH
&onfvnf;&Sdonf?98 w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_r&Sdjcif;ESifh pepfwusvmbfpm;aer_wdk@a=umifh &Jrsm;tzdk@
tpdk;&. zrf;csKyfEdkifcGifhtm%mudk vufudkifðyumae&mwumwGif tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;onfh
vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;&aeonf? rGefjynfe,f/ rk'Hkòr@e,fY Oya'rJhzrf;qD;csKyfaESmif+yD;/ vlcGefusyf(20˜000)
awmif;onf[laom owif;ay;ydk@csufrsm; trsm;tjym;ay:xGufvmcJhonf?99 '%faiG±dkufr_onf
acsmifvnfaecJhaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tygt0if tdrfaxmifpkrsm; ajcrJhvufrJh jzpfoGm;avmuf
atmif jyif;xefonfrsm;&Sdwwfonf? 100

aygif;IaumufcHcJhonf? Tzkef;rsm;rSm wEdkifiHvHk;wGifqufoG,fI&aomfvnf;/ csay;onfh zkef;topfrsm;rSmrl xkwfay;onfh jynfe,f odk@r

[kwf wdkif;twGif;Yom ajymqdkEdkifonf?
96 KWAT (2007) “cvef&yfuGufwGif rD;owfwyfzGJ@xJ tvkyfrvkyfudkifay;onfhtwGuf '%f&dkufaejcif;”/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin;
HURFOM (2009) “yJcl;òrd@wGif ppfwyfuvli,frsm;udk ppfwyfwGif;0if&ef twif;tusyfcdkif;apaejcif;ESifh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u tca=u;aiGr&bJ
tvkyfvkyfudkifay;ae&jcif;”/ ausmuf}uD;òrd@e,f/ anmifav;yifc&dkif/ yJcl;wdkif;? 7 November; KWAT (2008) “jrpf}uD;em wUodkvftwGif;
aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apaejcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òrd@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 November; KWAT (2008) “&Jrsm;u
trsKd;orD;rsm;udk twif;tusyfaiGawmif;aejcif;”/ ylwmtdkòrd@e,f/ ylwmtdkc&dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 10 September; PYNG
(2008) “ukefwifum;rsm;udk ppfwyftwGuf yPnf;rsm;wifaqmifap&ef twif;tusyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ refwHkòrd@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 1 June; PYNG (2008) “a&$vD "mwftm;vdkif;twGuf t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apaejcif;”/ erfhrwlESifh erfhcrf;òrd@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MAR-
TUS Bulletin, 1 June; HURFOM (2007) “rGefaus;&GmwGif &Juvli,frsm;udkzrf;qD;I aiGn‡pfaejcif;”/ rk'Hkòrd@e,f/ armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 14 August.
97 HURFOM (2007) “a&;òrd@e,fwGif vlxkpka0;yGJ rwufa&mufolrsm;udk tm%mydkifrsm;u "%faiG&dkufjcif;”/ a&; òrd@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 24 October, HURFOM (2007) “rk'Hkòrd@e,fwGif vlxkpka0;yGJaemufuG,f rS vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;”/ rk'Hkòrd@e,f/ armfvòrdifc&dkif/
rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 22 October; HURFOM (2007) “a&;òrd@e,fwGif vlxkpka0;yGJaemufuG,frS vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;”/
a&;òrd@e,f/ armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 21 October; HURFOM (2007) “rGefjynfe,fwGif vlxkpka0;yGJ aemufuG,frS vl@
tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;”/ &mrn/ armfvòrdif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 October; PWO (2009) “Zkef*rf;&yfuGufwGif oef;acgifpm&if;
owif;rydk@aoma=umifh rw&m; ‘%f&dkufcH&jcif;”/ erfhcrf; òrd@e,f/ rlq,fc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f?
98 HURFOM (2007) “acgZmòrd@e,fcGJrS t"Rvkyftm; cdkif;apcH&olESifh awG@qHkar;jref;cef;” MARTUS Bulletin, 10 April
99 HURFOM (2006) “&JwyfzGJ@ESifh a&wyfwdk@rS jrefrmEdkifiHawmifydkif;&Sd aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;xHrS aiGn‡pfae=ujcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, March.
100 HURFOM (2009) “awG@qHkar;jref;cef;? obm0 "mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;/ aus;&GmvHkðcHa&;ESifh tpdk;&u aqmif&Gufaeonfh aEG&moDpyg;pDrHudef;rsm;
tygt0if tca=u;trsKd;rsKd; ay;aqmifae&r_”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 October.

43
 tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf aumufcHaomtcGefrsm;
tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; aqmufvkyfa&;pDrHcsufrsm;twGuf rnfolwdk@u tcGefaumufcHjcif;ESifh
vkyftm;qifhqdkjcif;ðyygoenf;?
tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;aqmufvkyfjcif;ESifh ðyjyifxdef;odrf;jcif;twGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;
&ESifhywfoufaeonfhtzGJ@tpnf;Xmersm;onf tpdk;&ESifhroufqdkifonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk&
,ltoHk;ðyI tpdk;&.vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ae=uygonf? tajccHtaqmuftODudPrsm;
twGufvdktyfonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk &efyHkaiGtwGuf&,ltoHk;ðyae=u&mY tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk
tcGefaumufcHouJhodk@yif A[dkrSvufcGJjzef@ wm0efcsxm;ay;+yD;/ Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;.abmif jyif
ywGifaqmif&Gufae=ujcif;jzpfonf? vrf;/ wHwm;/ ausmif;/ ppfwyftaqmuftODESifh tqifhtrsKd;
rsKd;&Sdaom ppftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm;. taqmuftODrsm; aqmufvkyfa&;ESifhywfoufI(etz)ppf
tpdk;&onf ‚.vufatmufcHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@Xmersm;xH tajccHtaqmuftODaqmufvkyf
a&;pDrHcsuftjzpf trdef@'Du&Drsm;xkwfjyefaeqJyif&Sdonf? tcsKd@aomtajccHtaqmuftODaqmuf
vkyfjcif;udPrsm;udk ppfwyf.e,fajrwyfrSL;rsm;u qHk;jzwfowfrSwfonf?101 tcsKd@aomtajccH
taqmuftODrsm;udk e,fajrtvdkuf&Sdaeaom typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJrsm;u rdrdwdk@twGuf
rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif jynfoludktrdef@ay;I wnfaqmufcdkif;wwfygonf?102 rsm;aomtm;jzifhtajccH
taqmuftODaqmufvkyfa&;twGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm;xkwf,l&mYaiGaxmuf yHhay;&onfhtcGef
xrf;jynfolrsm;xufpmv#if/ aiGa=u;aumufcHolrsm;u ydkItusKd;tjrwf&&Sd=uygonf?103 wpfcg
w&H tajccHtaqmuftOD;aqmufvkyf&ef ta=umif;jyr_oufoufomjzpfI/ trSefwu,ftcGef
aumufcHjcif;onf a,bk,stm;jzifhjcpm;r_rsm;/ vmbfpm;r_rsm;twGufjzpfaewwfygonf?104
wcgw&H tajccHtaqmuftODaqmufvkyfa&;twGuf (rtz)òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ppfwyfu&
&Sdonfh&efyHkaiGrsm;udk rdrdwdk@yk~vdutdyfuyfxJodk@xnfhI ‚vkyfief;rsm;twGuf t"Rvkyftm;
cdkif;apjcif;udk tpm;xdk;oHk;=uygonf?105 odk@aomfvnf; t&if;tjrpfxnfh0if&olrsm;udk Tvkyf
ief;pOfrsm;twGif; yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifhjiif;y,fxm;+yD;/ aqmufvkyfa&;ESifhðyjyifxdef;odrfa&;vkyfief;
rsm;twGuf xdkolrsm;. qüoabmxm;udkvnf; azmfjycGifhr&=uay?

101 HURFOM (2006) “rGefjynfe,fwGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ qufjzpfay:aejcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 1 -31 March; HURFOM (2006)
“rGefjynfe,fwGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ qufjzpfay:aejcif;-(2)” MARTUS Bulletin, 4-20 April.
102 Burma Issues (2007) “a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk ppfpcef;aqmufvkyfay;&ef twif;tusyfcdkif;apjcif;”/ armfcsD;òr@e,f/ u&ifeDjynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 11 June; Burma Issues (2008) “'DaubDattzGJ@u ppfpcef;rsm;aqmufvkyfay;&ef twif;tusyfcdkif;apjcif;”/ aumhu&dwfòr@e,f/
'l;yvm,mc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 12 November; Burma Issues (2008) “aus;&Gmvlxkydkif yPnf;rsm;udkodrf;,ljcif;”/ rdkif
arWmaus;&Gmtkyfpk/ rl;xa&mfc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? 19 September.
103 HURFOM (2009) “weoFm&Dwdkif;wGif a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk vrf;jyif&eftwif;tusyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ xm;0,fòr@e,f/ xm;0,fc±dkif/
weoFm&Dwdkif;/ 29 August. http://rehmonnya.org/archives/1003 - accessed 10 September 2009; KHRG (2009) “oxHkc±dkifwGif acgif;yHkjzwfonfh
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;. wkH@jyefr_rsm;”/ oxHkc±dkif/ Karen Human Rights Group, 25 November, p.8 - http://www.khrg.org/
khrg2009/khrg09f20.pdf - accessed 23 March 2010.
104 HURFOM (2009) “[H*Haus;&GmwGifvrf;jyif&ef twif;tusyf tcGefaumufcHaejcif;ESifhjcpm;r_rsm;”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f?
The Mon Forum, 15 July – http://rehmonnya.org/archives/979#more-979 – accessed 26 February 2010; KHRG (2009) “oxHkc&dkifwGif
acgif;yHkjzwfonfh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;.wkH@jyefr_rsm;”/ oxHkc±dkif/ Karen Human Rights Group, 25 November, p.9 -
http://www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09f20.pdf - accessed 23 March 2010.
105 PYNG (2003) “(etz)u aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk tca=u;aiGray;bJ opfckwfapjcif;”/ eRwlòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 8 February.

44
tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf rnfonfht&mtay:wGiftcGefaumufygoenf;?
tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;aqmufvkyf&ef tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay:wGif tcGefaumufcHjcif;?
tcsKd@aomae&mrsm;wGif tajccHtaqmufODrsm; aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf tcGefaumuf
cHr_qufvufjzpfay:aeqJyif&Sdygonf? TtcGefaumufcHr_ yrm%rSmvnf;jy\em}uD;wpfcktjzpf
&Sdaeygonf? wzef tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf (aiGom;)tcGefaumufcHr_
rSmvnf; tcsdefESifhyrm%udk óuwifrSef;qxm;&efrjzpfEdkifyg? a,bk,stm;jzifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;
udk tcsdeftenf;i,fr#omay;+yD;/ &ufoWywf 2- ywfxuf rausmfvGefapbJ TtcGefrsm;udk
ay;aqmifap&ef awmif;qdkavh&Sdygonf? 106
wpfcgw&H wpftdrfaxmifpkcsif;udk wpfvHk;wnf;ykwfjywf aumufcHygonf? odk@aomfvnf;
tcsKd@aom tajctaersm;wGif tdrfaxmifpk. t=urf;zsOf;0ifaiGudk wGufcsufI tcGefyrm%udk
qH;k jzwfrð_ yygonf?107 wpfcgw&H tcGeaf umufco
H nfh tzG@J tpnf;/ Xmersm;u &Gmtvdu
k af umuf cHI
aus;&Gmvl}uD;u wpftdrfaxmifv#if rnfr#ay;aqmif&rnfudk jyefIqHk;jzwfygonf? 108 wpfcgw&H
tcGefaiGudk aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;pDrHcsuf. wpfpdwfwpfydkif;twGufudk uscHay;aqmif&ef aumuf
,lwwfygonf?109 tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: tjcm;aiGom;jzifh tcGefaumufcHr_rsm;vnf;&Sdae&m/
Todk@ tajccHtaqmuftODtwGuf tcGefaumufcHr_rSm yx0Da'otaetxm;ESifhvdkufIodod
omom uGJjym;jcm;em;r_&Sdaeygonf? om"utm;jzifh- (2006) ckESpfwGif a&;òr@e,fY tcsKd@aom
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;rSm vrf;azmufvkyf&eftwGuf wpfvHk;wnf;ykwfjywf usyf 2˜000 aumufcHyg
onf?110 vrf;ESifheD;aomtdrfrsm;twGuf ydkIaumufcHonfvnf;&Sd+yD; wtdrfv#if 3˜000 usyf
aumufcHygonf?111 rGefjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd (2006) ckESpfwGif oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,fY vrf;jyifqif&ef
twGuf tcsdefESifhtr# tdrfaxmifpk0ifaiGtay: t=urf;zsOf;wGufcsufI usyf 1˜500 rS 5˜000
txd tcGefaumufcHcJhygonf?112 (2007) ckESpfwGif a&;òr@e,fY tdrfaxmifpkaygif; 600 udk ppfwyf
u usyf 2˜000 rS 8˜000 txd tcGefaumuf,lcJhonf?113

106 HURFOM (2006) “zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;twGuf tcGefaumufcHr_rsm;”? oHjzLZ&yfESifh a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f/ MARTUS Bulletin,
25 May.
107 Ibid.
108 KHRG (2007) “u&ifjynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif tpdk;&.zdESdyfr_rsm;ESifh qif;&JrGJawr_jzpfay:ap&efzefwD;aejcif;”/ aumhu&dwfc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f?
23 February - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2007/khrg07f2.html - accessed 22 February 2010; KHRG (2009) “zm;tHc±dkifwGif 'DaubDattzGJ@u
acgif;yHkjzwf tjrwfxkwfr_rsm;ESifh twif;tusyf ppfom;pkaqmifr_rsm;”/ zm;tHc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? Karen Human Rights Group,” 29 June,
p.3 - www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09f11.pdf - accessed 21 February 2010; KHRG (2009) “oxHkc±dkifwGif acgif;yHkjzwf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_
rsm;ESifh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;. wkH@jyefr_rsm;”/ oxHkc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? Karen Human Rights Group, 25 November, p.9 - http://www.khrg.org/
khrg2009/khrg09f20.pdf - accessed 23 March 2010.
109 HURFOM (2006) “(etz) u t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_rsm; qufvufusifhoHk;aejcif;”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,fESifh a&jzLòr@e,f/
xm;0,fc&dkif/ weoFm&Dwdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 5 May.
110 HURFOM (2006) “(etz)wyf&if;rsm;uay:wmqGJjcif;ESifh t"Rvkyftm;ay;a=u;rsm; aumufcHaejcif;”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynf
e,fESifh a&jzLòr@e,f/ xm;0,fc±dkif/ weoFm&Dwdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 3 May.
111 Ibid.

112 HURFOM (2006) “zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;twGuftcGefrsm;”/ oHjzLZ&yfESifh a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 25
May.
113 HURFOM (2007) “rGefjynfe,fwGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_rsm; quf&Sdaejcif;”/ acgZmòr@e,fcGJ/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MAR-
TUS Bulletin, 1 January.

45
 t"r® tvkyfapcdkif;jcif;?
Tpmwef;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ESifh ywfoufI rSwfwrf;wif azmfjy&ef
r[kwfyg? odk@ aomfvnf; Tenf;udk usifhoHk;jcif;jzifh tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; aqmufvkyfaejcif;/
ðyjyifxdef;odrf;jcif; wdk@twGuf pD;yGm;a&;t& jzpfay:vmonfh tusKd;qufrsm;udkom tuJjzwf&ef
jzpfygonf? t"Rtvkyfapcdkif;jcif;qdkonfrSm enf;pepfydkif;qdkif&m tcGefaumufcHjcif; r[kwfaomf
vnf;/ jrefrmtpdk;&u yk~vdu u¾rSaeI t&if;tjrpfrsm;xkwf,lEdkif&ef toHk;csaeonfh enf;em
wpfckjzpfygonf? vlrsm;udkt"Rvkyftm;cdkif;ap+yD;/ tca=u;aiGray;bJ ppftajccHpcef;rsm;/
(rtz) ESifh (&tz) tkyfcsKyfa&;taqmuftOD;rsm;/ ausmif;rsm;/ vrf;rsm;/ wHwm;rsm;ESifhtjcm;
aom tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf apcdkif;jcif;cHae=u&onf?114 T udPESifh
ywfoufI tpdk;&.t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;aer_rsm;udk rsufuG,fðyxm;ygutpdk;&.pDrH udef;rsm;
twGuf&efyHkaiG&atmif t&if;tjrpfxkwf,laomenf;udk ra&r&maz:jy&ma&mufoGm;ygvdrfh
rnf? t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_onf tvkyfvkyfay;&ol. tca=u;aiGr&bJ ay;vdkuf&onfh vkyftm;
tay: 100 &mcdkifE_ef; tcGefaumufcHvdkuf&mus+yD;/ aemufqufwGJ tusKd;qufrsm;taeESifh0ifaiG
qHk;±_H;&jcif; &Sdovdk/ aemufqufwGJ tm%mtvGJoHk;r_/ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;vnf;jzpfay:
aponf? 115
t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;jcif;tm;jzifh tajccHtaqmuftOD aqmufvkyfa&; &efyHkaiG&Smaom
tjcm;enf; wpfenf;rSm vkyftm;ay;ysufuGufr_twGuf '%faiG±dkufjcif;yifjzpfonf? wzefvkyf
tm;ay;ysufuGufr_twGuf '%faiGonf ae&ma'otvdkuf tawmftwefuGmjcm;ygonf? om
"utm;jzifh/ (2003) ckESpfu &Srf;jynfe,f/ rdkif;wHkòr@e,fwGif vkyftm;ay;ysufuGufr_twGuf '%f
aiGonf wpf&ufv#if ysrf;r#tm;jzifh 230-usyf rS 330-usyf tjzpfaumufcHonf?116 jynfe,f
wpfckwnf;jzpfaom rdkif;qwfòr@e,fY xdkESpfrSmyif vkyftm;ray;onfhtwGuf wpfajy;nD±dkufaom
114 Burma Issues (2008) “(etz) wyf&if;rSL;atmifwifESifh pdk;jrifhwdk@u aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk trdef@ay;aejcif;”/ anmifav;yifòr@e,f/ yJcl;c±dkif/
yJcl;wdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 13 March; Burma Issues (2008) “wyf&if;rSL;uaus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udktwif;tusyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ anmif av;
yifòr@e,f/ yJcl;c±dkif/ yJcl;wdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 2 March; Burma Issues (2008) “(etz) u aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk ppfwyftwGufvrf; a
zmufvkyfay;&eft"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ anmifav;yifòr@e,f/ yJcl;c±dkif/ yJcl;wdkif;/ MARTUS Bulletin, 25 February; Burma Issues (2008)
“t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_rsm;/ ydkifqdkifr_yPnf;rsm;odrf;,lr_ESifh zsufqD;r_rsm;”/ anmifav;yifòr@e,f/ yJcl;c±dkif/ yJcl;wdkif;? MARTUS Bul-
letin, 9 February; Burma Issues (2009) “yav;[ufpfvdkaus;&GmY (etz)u vlxkrsm;udk t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apaejcif;”/ xef;wyifòr@e,f/
awmifilc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 19 March; HREIB (2008) “t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_”/ +rdwfòr@e,f/ weoFm&Dwdkif;? MAR-
TUS Bulletin, 29 June; HURFOM (2006) “rGefjynfe,fwGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ qufvufusifhoHk;aejcif;”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/
rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 March; HURFOM (2006) “rGefjynfe,fwGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ qufvufusifhoHk;aejcif;- (2)”/ rk'HkESifh
oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 4 April.; HURFOM (2006) “zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf tcGefaumufcHr_
rsm;”/ a&;ESifh oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 25 May; HURFOM (2007) “aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk ðcH&Sif;&efESifh
opfyifikwfrsm;xkwf&ef twif;tusyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ acgZmòr@e,fcGJ/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 9 Janu-
ary; KSWDC (2007) “u&ifeDjynfe,fwGif aus;&Gm 3-ckrS vl 80 udk ppfpcef;twGif; t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apaejcif;”/ vdGKifaumfòr@e,f/ vdGKif
aumfc±dkif/ u&ifeDjynfe,f? 27 July; PYNG (2008) “a&tm;v#yfppfpDrHudef;twGuf a&umwmjyif&ef aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk t"Rvkyftm;
cdkif;apaejcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 21 April; Tin Soe (2010) “&cdkifjynfe,fajrmufydkif;wGif ppfwyf
tif*sifeD,mwyfzGJ@u vlrdkuf*dk%f;ozG,fðyrlaejcif;”/ armif;awmòr@e,f/ armif;awmc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Kaladan Press, 12 January - http://
www.bnionline.net/news/kaladan/7658-army-engineering-unit-operate-like-gangsters-in-northern-arakan.html - accessed 1 March 2010.
115 tcsKd@aoma'orsm;rS tajccHtaqmuftOD aqmufvkyfa&;pDrHudef;rsm;onf a'ocHvlxkrsm; vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmcGifhtay: uef@owf
csKyf cs,fr_rsm;ESifhvnf; ,SOfwGJaeavh&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf;/ TonfrSm pkpkaygif;xkwfukeftay: qdk;usKd;oufa&mufaponfh tcGeftwkwf
r[kwfyg? Oyrmtm;jzifh- 2006 ckESpfwGifa&;òr@e,ftwGif; rwfvrS arvukeftxd vlrsm;oGm;vmcGifhudk uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;onfh twGuf
a=umifh olwdk@.pdkufcif;rsm;odk@ oGm;a&muf tvkyfrvkyfudkifEdkifbJ&SdcJh=uonf? Taus;&GmrSvlxkrsm;udk !$ef=um;xm;&mwGifolwdk@.v,f
uGif;rsm;/ O,smOfjcHrsm;odk@oGm;rnfqdkygu &Gmvl}uD;xHrScGifhðycsuf&,lI oGm;&rnf[kqdkonf? Todk@ cGifhðypmrygyguolykeftjzpf/olykef
tm;ay; axmufcHolrsm;tjzpf pGyfpGJcH&rnf jzpfonf?
116 LWO (2003) “cr& (519) rS AdkvfrSL;}uD;armifyku rdkif;wHkòr@e,ftwGif;&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;rSvlxkrsm;udk vkyfcray;bJ t"Rvkyftm; cdkif;apaejcif;”/
MARTUS Bulletin, 10 April.

46
'%faiGonf wpf&ufv#if usyf 1˜200jzpfonf? (2004)ckESpfu &Srf;jynfe,f/ rdkif;yefòr@ e,fwGif
±dkufaom'%faiGonf wpf&ufv#if usyf (1˜000)jzpfonf? (2006) ckESpfu rGefjynf e,f/
rk'Hkòr@e,fwGifvkyftm;ray;aom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk wpfajy;nD usyf (500)pD '%faiG±dkuf
cJhonf?117 a&;òr@e,fYrl xdkESpfrSmyif vkyftm;ay;ysufuGufaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk wajy;nD
usyf(1˜600)pD '%faiG±dkufcJhonf?118 aemuf (2)ESpft=um (2008)ckESpfwGif/ tca=u;aiGr&aom
vkyftm;ay;ysufuGufr_twGuf a&;òr@e,fwGifwpf&ufv#if'%faiGonf ESpfqjrifhwufoGm;+yD;/
usyf(2˜500) '%f±dkufcJhonf?119 (2008) ckESpfwGif/ weoFm&Dwdkif;/ a&jzLòr@e,f&SdtcsKd@aome,f
ajrrsm;Y wpf&ufv#if usyf (3˜500)'%f±dkufcJhonf?120 tvm;wlyif/ (2009)ckESpfwGif weoFm&D
wdkif;/ xm;0,fc±dkif/ uvdefatmifòr@e,f&Sd tcsKd@e,fajrrsm;wGif wpf&ufpmvkyftm;ay;&ef ysuf
uGufonfhtwGuf tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk±dkufaom '%faiGonf usyf(3˜500)jzpfonf?121 t"Rvkyf
tm;apcdkif;r_ESifh ywfoufaom '%f±dkufr_rsm;onf '%f±dkufrnfh tcsdeftcgESifh ±dkufrnfhyrm%wdk@
udkóuwiftodray;bJ ±dkufjcif;jzpf&m '%faiGyrm%udkwdk;apygonf? ta=umif;rSm tdrfaxmifpk
rsm;onf'%faiGay;aqmif&ef toifhjyifqifxm;Edkifjcif;r&Sd=u aoma=umifhjzpfonf? vkyftm;r
ay;jcif;twGuf '%faiGudkyPnf;jzifhaumuf,lwwf&m tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tzdk@ tajccHtaqmuf
tODaqmufvkyfa&;twGuf vdktyfaom opf/ ausmuf/ oJ/ bdvyfajruJhodk@aom yPnf;rsm;udk
ray;rae& ay;=u&onf?122

tajccHtaqmuftODaqmufvkyfa&;twGuf vdktyfaomypönf;rsm;ay;oGif;apjcif;
tajccHtaqmuftODaqmufvkyfa&;ESifh ðyjyifxdef;odrf;a&;twGuf tpdk;&u tdrfaxmifpk
rsm;qDrS vkyftm;r[kwfaomt&mrsm;udk&,ljcif;onf tajccHtaqmuftOD pDrHcsufrsm;twGuf
tcGefaumufjcif;. tjcm;yHko¾mefwpfrsKd;jzpfonf?123 tcsKd@aom tajctaersm;wGif a'ocH
tm%mydkifrsm;u aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf vdktyfaomyPnf;rsm; axmufyHhay;
&eftrdef@ay; qifhqdkwwfonf?124 tcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif vdktyfaom aqmufvkyfa&;yPnf;rsm;udk
vlyk~dKvfwpfOD;csif;pDrS r[kwfbJ/ aus;&Gmtvdkuf aumufcHwwfonf?125 odk@jzpf&m aus;&Gmtm%m
ydkifacgif;aqmifrsm;u yPnf;rsm;aumuf,la&;twGuf ukefusp&dwfudk wm0ef,l=u&onf? om"
117 HURFOM (2006) “aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk armfawmfum;vrf;ab; ðcHykwfrsm; &Sif;vif;&ef t"Rcdkif;apjcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 31 July.
118 HURFOM (2006) “(etz) ppftpdk;&u t"Rvkyftm; qufvufcdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 5 April – 30 May.
119 HURFOM (2008) “a&;òr@e,frS t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apcH&onfh epfem&olwpfOD;ESifhawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;”/ a&;òr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bul-
letin, 1-7 January.
120 HURFOM (2009) “a&jzLòr@cHvlxkrsm;xHrS armfawmfqdkufu,fESifh aiGa=u;rsm;&,laejcif;”/ a&jzLòr@e,f/ xm;0,fc±dkif/ weoFm&Dwdkif;?
MARTUS Bulletin, 1 January – 1 June.
121 HURFOM (2009) “weoFm&Dwdkif;wGif aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk twif;tusyf vrf;jyifcdkif;jcif;”/ “Villagers forced to repair road in Tenasserim
Division,” 29 August. http://rehmonnya.org/archives/1003 (Accessed 10/09/2009)
122 HURFOM (2007) “rGefjynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif (etz) ppftpdk;&. zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf t"Rvkyftm;qufvufcdkif;apaejcif;”/
a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 17 January – 14 March.
123 HURFOM (2007) “rGefjynfe,fwGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ qufvufjzpfay:aejcif;”/ acgZmòr@e,fcGJ/ a&;òr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bul-
letin, 1 January – 12 February; HURFOM (2007) “rGefjynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif (etz) ppftpdk;&. zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf t"Rvkyftm;
qufvufcdkif;apaejcif;”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 17 January – 14 March. KHRG (2009) “oxHkc&dkifwGif
acgif;yHkjzwf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;. wkH@jyefr_rsm;”/ oxHkc&dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? Karen Human Rights Group, 25
November, p.9 - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09f20.pdf - accessed 23 March 2010.
124 HURFOM (2006) “zGH@òzd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf tcGefaumufcHr_rsm;”/ a&;ESifh oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f/ armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 25 May;
125 HURFOM (2006) “(etz) ppftpdk;&u t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 5 April – 30 May.

47
 utm;jzifh/ tpdk;&pDrHcsuf. tpdwftydkif; wpfcktaeESifh a&;òr@e,frS aus;&Gm (2) &Gmtm;‚
wdk@e,fajr&Sd wHwm;wpfpif;udk ðyjyif&mY yg0ifcdkif;jcif;yif jzpfonf?126 òr@e,fcGJwpfck. aus;&Gm
wpf&Gmu opfom;wHwm; (2) pif;ðyjyifa&;twGuf vdktyfonfh bdvyfajr tdwf (20) xnfh0ifcdkif;
cJhonf?127 usef&Gmu wHwm;ðyjyifa&;twGuf t"dutm;jzifh vdktyfaomopfyif}uD;ESpfyifudk
vrf;r}uD;ESifhuyfv#uf yk~vduydkif jcHwpfjcHqDrS&,lcJhonf?

tajccHtaqmuftODaqmufvkyfa&;wGif usifhoHk;aom tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfaMumifh xdcdkufoufa&muf&rIrsm;

tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tzdk@ (t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_ESifh qufEG,faeaom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;
azmufr_rsm; tjyif) tajccHtaqmuftOD aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf &efyHkaiG&SmazG jznfhoGif;aeaom
jrefrmEdkifiH. vuf&SdpepfrSaeI jzpfyGm;vmonfh {&mrjy\emtrsm;tjym;&Sdaeygonf? yxr
tcsufrSm Tpepfonf aysmhajymif;r_r&Sdaom/ wif;rmaompepfjzpf+yD;/ ta=umif;rSm tajccH
taqmuftODaqmufvkyfa&;twGuf tdrfaxmifpkrsm;xHrSqifhqdk awmif;,lr_rsm;ðy&mY pD;yGm;a&;
twuftusESifh pdkufysKd;&moDwdk@udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;r&Sdwwfay? pdkufysKd;&moDudk xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;jcif;r&Sdjcif;a=umifhvnf; oD;ESHtxGufusqif;,kwfavsmhjcif;/ ukefukefajym&v#if yk~vdu
u¾&Sd tdrfaxmifpkrsm;. 0ifaiG,kwfavsmhoGm;jcif;wdk@rSaeI qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;jzpfay:ap
onf?128 om"utaeESifh (2007)ckESpf/ arvukefydkif;wGif rGefjynfe,f/ acgZmòr@e,f cGJY ppft&m&Sd
}uD;rsm;udk óuqdka&;twGufppfwyfu vlaygif; (600) cef@udk trsm;jynfoloGm;vm&mae&mwGif
(10) &ufwmr#vrf;jyifapjcif;/ vrf;oef@&Sif;apjcif; tvkyfrsm;cdkif;apcJhonf?129 Todk@ t"Rvkyf
tm;apcdkif;r_a=umifh O,smOfjcHrsm;odk@ vlrsm;roGm;a&mufEdkifawmhacs?130 T tcsdefonf'l;&if;oD;
rSnfhcsdefjzpf&m/ 'l;&if;jcHrSaeI0ifaiG&aom&moDjzpfonf? TtcsdefrSmvkyftm;ay;ae&jcif;a=umifh
rdk;rusrDrSmajr,mrsm;udk óuwifjyifqifxm;&rnfh tjcm;oD;ESHrsm; pdkufysKd;olawmifol v,form;
rsm;tay:rSmvnf; qdk;usKd;epfem xdcdkufr_rsm;&SdapcJhonf?
ay;qyf&aom tjcm;wefzdk;wpfckrSm tca=u;aiGr&bJ vkyftm;ay;&olrsm;. yPnf;
ud&d,mysufpD;r_wefzdk;yifjzpfonf?131 t"Rapcdkif;aom tvkyfa=umifh aemufxyfay;&aomwefzdk;
rsm;wGif vlrsm;xdcdkuf'%f&m&jcif;/ t±dkufESufcH&jcif;wdk@tygt0ifjzpf+yD;/ xdkrSaeI aq;uko
p&dwfukefusjcif;/ rpGrf;roefjzpf+yD; a&&Snfaq;ukop&dwf ukefusjcif;wdk@vnf;yg0ifonf?132 aiG
tydktv#Hr&Sdaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf qHk;±_H;oGm;cJhaom0ifaiG/ toHk;ðy&cJhaom udk,fydkifyPnf;
126 HURFOM (2007) “rGefjynfe,f awmifydkif;wGif (etz) ppftpdk;&. zGH@òzd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf t"Rvkyftm;qufvuf cdkif;apaejcif;”/
a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 17 January – 14 March.
127 HURFOM (2007) “rGefjynfe,fwGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ qufvufjzpfay:aejcif;”/ acgZmòr@e,fcGJ/ a&;òr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bul-
letin, 1 January – 12 February; HURFOM (2007) “rGefjynfe,f awmifydkif;wGif (etz) ppftpdk;&. zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf t"Rvkyftm;
qufvufcdkif;apaejcif;”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 17 January – 14 March.
128 HURFOM (2008) “a&;òr@e,frS t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apcH&olwpfOD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 1-7 January; TSYO (2009)
“tm%mydkifrsm;uvli,frsm;udk rD;owfoifwef;wufap&ef twif;tusyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 2 October.
129 HURFOM (2007) “AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifbdkudk óuqdk&ef aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk wywf=um t"Rtvkyfcdkif;apjcif;”/ MARTUS Township, 23 May – 2
June.
130 Ibid.
131 TSYO (2009)“vrf;azmufvkyf&ef t"Rtvkyfcdkif;apjcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 12 October; TSYO (2009)
“(etz) ppfom;rsm;u ajrrsm; odrf;,ljcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 10 October.
132 HURFOM (2008) “a&;òr@e,frS t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apcH&olwpfOD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;” MARTUS Bulletin, 1-7 January.

48
ud&d,mysufpD;r_/ aq;ukop&dwf/ rpGrf;roefjzpfr_wdk@twGuf aiGacs;,l& (odk@r[kwf vufikwf
vuf&if;yPnf;a&mif;cs&) jcif;tm;jzifh qdk;usKd;rsm;udkaemufxyfcH&jyefygonf?133 Ttjzpfrsm;
a=umifh yk~vdu u¾. 0ifaiGyrm%wpfpHkvHk;ESifh yk~vdu u¾&Sd tdrfaxmifpk tcsif;csif;t=um;
t&if;tjrpfcGJa0 jzef@jzL;r_udkyg ,kwfav#mhoGm;apygonf?
tajccH taqmuftODaqmufvkyfa&;twGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm; aumufcHjcif;ESifhywfouf
aom tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfonf vlyk~dKvftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm; trsKd;rsKd;wdk@tay: quf
qH&mYr#wr_r&Sdacs? tajccHtaqmuftOD aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkqifhqdk
awmif;,l&mwGif tdrfaxmifpkrsm;. wwfEdkifonfhtiftm;udk aumif;pGmxnfhoGif; wGufcsufjcif;
rðyaoma=umifh tajccHtaqmuftOD aqmufvkyfa&;wGif qif;&Jaomtdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf csrf;
omaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;xuf tcGefydkI ay;aqmifae=u&onf? Ttcsufu jyqdkonfrSmjrefrm
EdkifiH. tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfonf qkwf,kwfaponfh oabmaqmifapa=umif;yif (qif;&Joludk
tcGefwdk;I aumufonfhozG,f jzpfaea=umif;)jzpfygonf?
xif&mS ;odomonfh rsujf rifu,
kd af wG@rsm;. ajymqdck sut
f & t"Rapcdik ;f aom vkyt
f m;jzifh
aqmufvkyfcJhaom tajccHtaqmuftOD tawmfrsm;rsm;onf t&nftaoG;nHhzsif;=ua=umif;
od&Sd&onf?134 tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;. t&nftaoG;nHhzsif;r_onf aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf
&efyHkaiG&Smaom enf;vrf; ESifhvnf; wdkuf±dkufqufpyfaeygonf? tvkyform;rsm;taeESifh rdrdwdk@
vkyfaomtvkyfudk aumif;pGmvkyfavmufatmif rufvHk;r&Sdoavmufjzpfaejcif;/ tvkyfudk}uD;
=uyf&aom ppfom;rsm;taeESifh tvkyform;rsm;tvkyfudk aumif;pGmvkyfapavmufatmifruf
vHk;r&Sdoavmufjzpfaejcif;/ rufvHk;rSm txuftrdef@twdkif; aqmufvkyfr_+yD;pD;ap&efr#om jzpf
onf? nHhzsif;pGm vkyfxm;aomae&mrsm;udk tvm;wlenf;tm;jzifh t&if;tjrpf&SmIjyefvnf jyif
qif=u&jyefonf? odk@jzpf&m vkyfief;}uD;=uyf&aomrdom;pkrsm;/ ppfom;rsm;ESifh ppfwyftzdk@ t&nf
taoG;aumif;atmifvkyf&eftwGuf ukefusp&dwfrsm; rwwfEdkif=uovdk rufvHk;pdwf0ifpm;rvnf;
r&Sd=uacs?

tao;pm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay:wGif tcGefaumufcHjcif;
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tpdk;&taeESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; 0ifaiGESifhtjrwftay:rSm tcGefaumuf
,lcGifh&Sdonf[k Oya'jyXmef;csuf (1974ckESpf 0ifaiGcGefOya'ESifh/ 1976ckESpf tjrwfcGefOya')&Sdyg
onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ay:rS tcGefaumufcHaomE_ef;xm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHukþ%DOya't&
30 &mcdkifE_ef;jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; tpdk;&Xmersm;. jcpm;r_a=umifhydkI }uD;av;aomtcGefE_ef;
udkay;aqmifae=u&onf?135 aumfydka&;&Sif;Oya't& aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;/ vkyfief;}uD;rsm;tay:
aumufcHaomtcGefudk TtpD&ifcHpmwGif v$rf;ðcHazmfjyxm;r_r&Sdyg? T ukþ%D}uD;rsm;rSmtif
tm;}uD;rm;onfhukþ%D}uD;rsm;jzpfum/ ppftpdk;&ESifhvnf; qufEG,fr_&Sdae=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiH.
133 HURFOM (2009) “weoFm&Dwdkif;wGif aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;. t"Rvkyftm;oHk;I vrf;jyifqifcdkif;jcif;”/ 29 August. http://rehmonnya.org/
archives/1003 (Accessed 10/09/2009); HURFOM (2006) “SPDC continues forced labour,” MARTUS Bulletin, 5 April – 30 May.
134 HURFOM (2009) “weoFm&Dwdkif;wGif aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;. t"Rvkyftm;oHk;I vrf;jyifqifcdkif;jcif;”/ 29 August. http://rehmonnya.org/
archives/1003 (Accessed 10/09/2009)
135 Business Environment Outlook (2008) Business Environment in Focus: Myanmar, October, p.2.

49
 pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tjrwfrS pm&if;rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom tcGef.tcsKd;tpm;onf &-oHk;b¾m
bwf *sufygtcGefpkpkaygif;. (5)ESpftwGif;rSm 15³5µ &Sd&mrSaeI 10µ 0ef;usifodk@ usqif;oGm;
cJhonf?136 tjrwfcGefonf pkpkaygif;tcGef. tcsKd;tpm;taeESifhusqif; oGm;cJhaomfvnf;‚onf
qif;&Jaomtjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifhE_dif;pmv#if pkpkaygif;tcGef. tvGef}uD;rm;aom tcsKd;tpm;
jzpfaeygao;onf? trsm;tm;jzifh qif;&Jaomwdkif;jynfrsm;Y jynfwGif;ESifhEdkifiHjcm; aumfydka&;&Sif;
rsm;xHrSaumuf,laomtjrwfcGefonf wdkif;jynftcGefb¾m0ifaiG. 3µyif rjynfhwwfacs
(csrf;omaomEdkifiHrsm;Y tjrwfcGefonf 6µywf0ef;usif&Sdonf)? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
ti,fpm;rsm;tay: aumufcHaomtjrwfcGefOya' (1976)t&w&m;0iftcGefaumufcHa&;pepf
ESifhywfoufI trsm;jynfolwdk@xHxkwfjyefaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; r&Sdoavmufjzpf
onf?137 odk@&mwGif tvSrf;rSDor# owif;tcsuftvufrsm;t&awG@&Sd&onfrSm Todk@ pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;tay: tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfonf yk~vdu u¾rS tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ñuHawG@&aom
jy\emrsm;ESifhtvm;wlyif (2009)ckESpfrSpI tcGefyrm%wjznf;jznf; }uD;jrifhvmcJhonf?
ta=umif;rSm A[dktpdk;&rScsrSwfvmaom trde@fa=umifhjzpfonf? 138

rnfolwdk@u tcGefaumufygoenf;?
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;enf;wlyif yk~vduydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ti,fpm;rsm;udk(rtz)(&t z)/
ppfwyf/ typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@wdk@tygt0if tzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;wdk@u tcGefaumufygonf?139
om"utm;jzifh/ &cdkifjynfe,f/ ausmufawmfòr@e,fwiG (f 2009)ckESpfY qefpufydkif&Sifrsm;onf
wpfOD;v#if tzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;twGuf pkpkaygif;aiG usyf(60˜000)ay;cJh&onf?140 TaiGxJwGif
wESpfpm rSwfyHkwifa=u; usyf(28˜000)/ (rtz).tkyfcsKyfa&;p&dwftwGuf[k qdkaomusyf(2˜0
00)/ tvkyform;0ef}uD;XmetwGufusyf (4˜000)/ b¾ma&;0ef}uD;Xmeatmuf&Sd jynfwGif;
tcGefOD;pD;XmetwGuf usyf(16˜000)wdk@yg0ifonf? &cdkifjynfe,f. tjcm;òrwpfòrjzpfaom bl;
oD;awmifòr@e,fYvnf; qefpufydkif&Sifrsm;tzdk@ tzGJtpnf;trsKd;rsKd;. tcGefaumufjcif;cH&um/

136 http://www.csostat.gov.mm --accessed 17 September 2009.

137 b¾a&;ESifh tcGef0ef}uD;Xme? “tcGefta=umif;ESifh ywfoufI odaumif;p&m”/ jynfwGif; tcGefrsm;OD;pD;Xme/ rGefjynfe,f?
138 vdkifpifrsm;twGuf avvHypfjcif;onf tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;twGuf b¾m0ifaiG&&Sdap&ef vkyfaqmifavh&Sdonfh enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfonf?
odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGifrl òyifqdkifr_udk uef@owfcsKyfcs,f&ef enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf usifhoHk;aeonf? Tenf;jzifh xkwfvkyfukefyPnf;.
aps;E_ef;udk jrifhwufoGm;ap+yD;/ qufvufrvkyfaqmifEdkifawmhol. 0ifaiGudkusqif;aponf? om"utm;jzifh bdkuav;òr@e,fwGifem*pf
qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;t+yD;Y ig;zrf;vdkifpifrsm;udkavvHqGJcJh+yD; a'ocHrsm;twGuf toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm;aysmufqHk;aponf? Salai
Pi Pi (2009) “ig;zrf;cGifhvdkifpifa=umifh em*pfavab;oifh'kQonfrsm; xdcdkufepfemae&jcif;”/ bdkuav;òr@e,f/ zsmyHkc±dkif/ {&m0wDwdkif;? Miz-
zima News, 1 May - http://www.bnionline.net/news/mizzima/6197-fishing-license-affects-lives-of-nargis-victims.html - accessed 2 March 2010.
tjcm;a'orsm;wGif vdkifpifrsm;a=umifh b¾m0ifaiGwdk;wufap±Hkr#rubJ vdkifpifrsm;udktxl;wif;usyfuef@owf xkwfay;onfhtwGuf
a=umifh xdcdkufepfem&aom tusKd;oufa&mufr_wpfckrSm um;yPnf;tpdwftydkif;rsm; wifoGif;r_udkuef@owfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? May
Kyaw (2009) “um;tpdwftydkif;rsm; wifoGif;r_twGuf Oya'opfrsm;jyXmef;jcif;” Mizzima News, 15 July - http://www.bnionline.net/news/
mizzima/6657-new-regulation-introduced-for-importing-car-parts.html - accessed 2 March 2010. vdkifpifrsm;ESifh um;wifoGif;cGifhudk uef@owf
xm;jcif;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif um;aps;E_ef;rsm; tqrwef jrifhwufaponf?
139 HURFOM (2009) “bDvif;òrd@e,fwGif 'DaubDatu twif;tusyftcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ bD;vif;òr@e,f/ oxHkc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 12 August; Khonumthung News (2010) “qefpufi,fydkif&Sifrsm;u tcGef 60000 usyfay;&jcif;”/ ausmufawmfòrd@e,f/ ppfawGc&dkif/
&cdkifjynfe,f? Khonumthung News, 8 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/khonumthung/7646-small-rice-mill-owner-pays-kyat-60000-as-
tax.html - accessed 1 March.
140 Khonumthung News (2010) “qefpufi,fydkif&Sifrsm;u tcGef 60000 usyfay;&jcif;”/ ausmufawmfòr@e,f/ ppfawGc&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f?
Khonumthung News, 8 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/khonumthung/7646-small-rice-mill-owner-pays-kyat-60000-as-tax.html -
accessed 1 March.

50
tvm;wljy\emrsm;&SdcJhonf?141 om"utm;jzifh(2008§
09)b¾ma&;ESpftwGif;Y òr@e,f&Sd tpdk;&Xme(4)ckrSudk,f
pm;vS,frsm;u pkpkaygif;aiGusyf (57˜000)aumufcJhonf?
tcGefOD;pD;Xmeu usyf(15˜000)/ (rtz) tkyfcsKyfa&;±Hk;u
usyf(25˜000)/ trSwf(2)pufr_0ef}uD;Xmeu usyf(12˜000)
ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;Xmeu usyf (5˜000) aumufcHcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
(20009§10) b¾ma&;ESpftwGif;Yqefpuf toD;oD;tay:
aumufcHaomtcGefyrm%onf 300 &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf(usyf
147˜000)txdjzpfoGm;cJhJonf? jynfwGif;tcGefOD;pD;Xmeu
usyf(25˜000)txdodk@vnf;aumif;/ (rtz) tkyfcsKyfa&;±Hk;
u usyf(35˜000)txdodk@vnf;aumif;/ pdkufysKd;a&;Xmeu
usyf(15˜000)txdodk@vnf;aumif; tcGefyrm%udkwdk;jr‡ifhcJh
jcif;jzpfonf? trSwf(2)pufr_0ef}uD;Xmeu tcGefyrm%
udk wdk;jr‡ifhcJhjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf; wpfckjzpf
aom òr@e,fpnfyifom,ma&;Xme. t&m&Sduqefpuftm;
vHk;udkwpfajy;nDykwfjywf usyf(15˜000) pDtcGefaumufcH
cJhonf?142 pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tay:tcGefaygif;pHk aumufcHjcif;
ESifhywfoufI rGefjynfe,frS om"uwpfckrSm w,fvDzkef;
axmifaomvkyfief;&Sifrsm;tay: tcGefaumufcHjcif;yifjzpf
onf? ay;&aom tcGefrsm;rSm e,fajrcHwyf&if;odk@ vpOfa=u;
usyf (2˜000)/ e,fajrcH ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJrsm;odk@
vpOfa=u; (40˜000) jzpfonf? 143
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; ti,fpm;rsm;tay: tcGefaumuf&mY tcGefaumufaomvkyfief;
ti,fpm;rsm;&Sdaea=umif; taxmuftxm;tcsKd@awG@&ygonf? yk~vdursm;tm; tcGefaumuf
cHcGifhay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? yk~vdutzGJ@rsm;onf owfrSwfxm;aom tcGefaiGyrm%udktm%mydkif
rsm;odk@ay;&+yD;/ T yrm%xufydkI aumufcH&&SdaomaiGudk ukd,fydkifaiGtjzpf pm;oHk;cGifh&
onf?144 Todk@jzpfjcif;a=umifh yk~vduudk,fpm;vS,f at;*sifhrsm;u tjrwftpGef;rsm;rsm;ydkrdkxGuf
&Sdap&ef wd;k jr‡iahf umufc=H u+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;tay: aumufcaH omtcGeyf rm% jrifw
h ufomG ;
cJo
h nf?
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tay:wGifvnf; Todk@wpfzGJ@ESifhwpfzGJ@ nd‡E_dif;r_r&SdbJtcGef
aumufcHae=ujcif;a=umifh aumufcHaom tcGefpkpkaygif;yrm%onf trsm;tm;jzifhwdk;jrifhoGm;
onfhtjyif/ tjcm;aomwef zdk;ay;qyf&r_rsm;vnf; wdk;yGm;oGm;cJhygonf? TtcGefaumufcHr_
141 Narinjara News (2010) “Zefe0g&Dv 6 &ufae@wGif tcGefwdk;jrifhvdkufonfhtwGuf qefpufi,fydkif&Sifrsm; xdcdkufepfem&jcif;”/ bl;oD;awmifòr@
e,f/ armif;awmc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Narinjara News, 6 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/7613-rice-mill-owners-suffer-due-to-
increased-taxesjanuary-5.html - accessed 1 March 2010.
142 Ibid.
143 HFROM (2009) “aocHtm%mydkifrsm;u zkef;=um;jzwfaer_a=umifh zkef;ydkif&Sifrsm; pD;yGm;a&;t&tusyfqdkufae=u&jcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin,
1 January.
144 ASSYC (2010) “&rf;jAJòr@wGif wHigrsm;udk tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ &rf;jAJòr@e,f/ &cdkifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 10 January; PWO (2009)
“erf;qpfaus;&GmESifh refqwfaus;&GmwGif t&ufa&mif;qdkifrsm;udk tcGefwdk;jrifh aumufcHaejcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 31 October.

51
 wGiftcGefay;aqmif& rnfhtcsdefESifhay;
aqmif&rnfhyrm%wdk@udk óuwifrod&Sd&
jcif;a=umifh jzpfay:vmaomjyemrsm;vnf;
&Sdaeygonf?145 tcsdef twdtusr&Sdonfh
tjyif/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay: tcGef
aumufcHaomtcGefyrm%/ tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm; vnf; worwfwnf;r&Sd=uyg? om"u
tm;jzifh/ (2009)ckESpfwGif rk'Hkòr@e,fY pm;
aomufqdkifrsm;onf tydkaqmif;tcGefrsm;
udk vpOf usyf(5˜000)rS(15˜000)txd ay;
ae=u&onf?146 (2009) ckESpfwGif rGefjynf
e,f&Sd bD;vif;òr@Y ppfwyfa&m(DKBA) tzGJ@
uyg e,fajrwGif;&SdpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ txl;ojzifhqefpufESifhopfpufrsm;udk tcGefaumuf
onf?147 vkyfief;vnfywfjcif;twGuf qefpufESifh opfpufrsm;tay:aumufcHaom tcGefwpf
rsKd;onfvpOf usyf (10˜000)jzpf+yD;/ ‚onftenf;qHk; óuwifod&SdEdkifaomtcGefjzpfonf? qef
pufESifhopfpufwdk@tay: aumufcHaomtjcm; tcGefrsm;onf óuwifrod&SdEdkifaom tcGefrsm;jzpf
onf? (DKBA)tzGJ@onf ‚wdk@wyfrsm;.&dQmtwGuf aiGa=u;vdktyfaomtcgrsm;Y vtcsKd@
=umr#tcGef aiGusyf(15˜000)ywf0ef;usifcef@ aumufcHwwfonf? Tvkyfief;rsm;tay:aumufcH
aom tcGefaiGpkpkaygif;onf vpOfusyf (30˜000)rS (40˜000) txdjzpfonf?148 pD;yGm;a&;vkyf
ief;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@ay;aqmif&rnfh tcGefaiGyrm%udk óuwifod&Sd&avhr&Sd&m/ vkyfief;ESifhywf
oufaomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;cs&ef ydkIydkIcufvmaev#uf&Sdonf? a&a&&m&mrod &Sd&jcif;a=umifh
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tzdk@ tcGefay;a&;twGuf aiGacs;,l&onfhtjzpfodk@ a&mufoGm;wwfyg
onf?
tcGefudkrnfonfhtcgrSm ay;aqmif&rnfudk od&SdaomtcgrsKd;rSmyif aumufaomtcGef
yrm%onf vkyfief;tay:rSm rlwnfonfr[kwfbJ trsKd;rsKd;uGJaewwfonf?149 tcGef}uD;jrifhjcif;
a=umifh 0ifaiGudkenf;yg;usqif;oGm;ap+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;u¾wGif tjrwfaumif;aom vkyfief;rsm;
avsmhenf;usqif; vmapygonf?

145 AASYC (2009) “eHywfjym;topfrsm;udk usyf 61000 awmif;cHonfhtwGuf ppfawGòr@rS wUqDrsm; 'kQa&mufae=u&jcif;”/ ppfawGòrd@e,f/
ppfawGc&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 23 July; Burma Issues (2009) “(etz) wGif tcGefOya'r&Sdyg”/ bD;vif;òrd@e,f/ oxHkc&dkif/
rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, MARTUS Bulletin, 22 August; PWO (2009) “atmifcsrf;om&yfuGufwGif qdkifrsm;tay: tcGefopfrsm;aumuf
cHaejcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 15 October.
146 HURFOM (2009) “(rtz) òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;u rk'Hkòr@e,fwGif twif;tusyftcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ 9 September. http://rehmonnya.org/
archives/1003 - accessed 10 September 2009
147 HURFOM (2009) “bDvif;òr@e,fwGif 'DaubDatu twif;tusyftcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ bD;vif;òr@e,f/ oxHkc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? 28 August
http://rehmonnya.org/archives/1003 - accessed 7/09/2009
148 Ibid.
149 Ibid.

52
rnfonfht&mrsm;tay: tcGefaumufcHygoenf;?
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay:wGif aiGom;jzifhaumufcHjcif;
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfudkif&ef vdkifpifcHapjcif;tm;jzifh b¾m0ifaiG&&Sd&ef aqmif&Guf
Edkifaom w&m;0ifenf;vrf;jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. tðytrltay: pnf;=uyfxdef;csKyf
Edkif+yD;/ ‚0efaqmifr_rsm;tay: b¾m0ifaiG&SmazGEdkifaom enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfonf? odk@aomf
vnf; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u 0efaqmifr_rsm;tenf;i,fr#omyHhydk;ay;onfh tajctaewGifyk~vdu
pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk vdkifpifcHapjcif;qdkonfrSm tjcm;r[kwf/ yk~vdu u¾rS tusKd;tjrwfn‡pf
xkwf,l&efom jzpfaeapawmhonf?150 tcsKd@e,fajrrsm;Y tcsKd@aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
vdkifpifcsay;olonf tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@r[kwfbJ/ ppfwyfujzpfaewwfonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;vkyf
vdkolwdk@onf tm%mydkifrsm;xHrS cGifhðycsuf&,l=u&onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ESifh ywfoufaom
rSwfyHkwifa=u;rsm;udk e,fajrtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh aphpyfnd‡E_dif;r_t& aumufcHavh&Sd+yD; trsm;pkrSm
“w&m;r0ifaumufcHjcif;”jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif vdkifpifcHxm;jcif;ESifh rSwfyHkwifa=u;ay;aqmifxm;
jcif; &Sdaomfvnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk Adkvfustm%m tvGJoHk;jcif;ESifhw&m;r0if tcGefaumuf
cHjcif; udPrsm;rS umuG,fay;Edkifr_r&Sdyg? 151
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ESpfpOfrSwfyHkwifa=u;udka'ocH(rtz)§(&tz)tkyfcsKyfa&;
tzGJ@rsm;u aumufcHavh&Sd=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; vltrsm;od&Sdatmif xkwfjyefa=unmxm;
onfhtcsufrsm;tvGefenf;ygonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay: ae@pOfvdkifpifa=u;rsm;vnf;
aumufcHwwf+yD;/ txl;ojzifh aps;qdkifrsm;tay:wGifaumufcHonf?152 ukefoG,fr_wGif yg0ifywf
oufaeolrsm;uvnf; tm%mydkifrsm;xHrS cGifhðycsuf&,l=u&onf? t&ufcsufvdkifpifuJhodkhaom
tcsKd@vdkifpifrsKd;udk òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ (rtz)u xkwfay;avh&Sdonf?153 A[dktpdk;&.trdef@
t&pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay: tcGefwdk;jr‡ifhaumufrnfh t&dyfvQ%mrsm;&Sdaeygonf? tcsKd@
aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf vkyfief;vkyfcGifhvdkifpif av#mufxm;&rnf[laom owday;csufrsm;
xkwfjyefaev#uf&Sdonf? om"utm;jzifh/ (2009) ckESpfu/ yk~vduydkifaq;±HkESifh aq;cef;rsm;/ tjcm;
usef;rma&;0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;onf usef;rma&;0ef}uD;Xmeodk@ vkyfief;vkyfcGifhvdkifpifrsm;
av#mufxm;+yD;/ tcGefay;aqmif=u&rnf[k owday;csufrsm;xkwfjyefcJhonf?154 aq;cef;rsm;
twGuf vdkifpifa=u;onf q&m0efta&twGuftay:rSmtajccH+yD;/ aq;±Hkrsm;twGufvdkifpifa=u;
onf ukwifta&twGuf tay:rSmtajccHygonf? ucsifjynfe,fY pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf
(2009)ckESpfwGif yxrOD;qHk;t}udrftjzpf rSwfyHkwifa=u; usyf(8˜000) ay;&a=umif; owif;rsm;
150 Narinjara News (2009) “ppfqifa&; uGyfuJr_XmecsKyf (puc) -15 u &efyHkaiGtajrmuftrsm; pkaqmif;aejcif;”/ bl;oD;awmifòrd@e,f/
armif;awmc&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Narinjara News, 5 August - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/6803-saka-kha-15-amasses-huge-funds.html
- accessed 2 March 2010.
151 Burma Issues (2009) “ajymif;ukefonfrsm;udk '%faiGcsrSwfaejcif;”/ aumhu&dwfòrd@e,f/ 'l;yvm,mc&dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin,
15 October.
152 KWAT (2009) “armfrl&yfuGufwGif aps;qdkifrsm;udktcGefaumufaejcif;”/ zm;uef@òr@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 December;
KWAT (2009) “armfrlawmifay:wGif aps;qdkifrsm;udk tcGefaumufaejcif;”/ zm;uef@òr@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 9 December;
KWAT (2009) “a*smifcGrf&yfuGufwGif aps;qdkif rsm;udk tcGefaumufaejcif;”/ zm;uef@òr@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 8 December;
KWAT (2010) “zm;uef@wGif aps;qdkifrsm;udk tcGefaumufaejcif;”/ zm;uef@òr@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 5 January; KWAT
(2010) “armfrl&yfuGufwGif aps;qdkifrsm;udk tcGefaumufaejcif;”/ zm;uef@òr@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 12 January.
153 Khonumthung News (2009) “xefwvefòr@e,fwGif t&ufaomufoHk;r_ usqif;oGm;jcif;”/ xefwvefòr@e,f/ zvrf;c&dkif/ csif;jynfe,f?
9 December - http://www.bnionline.net/news/khonumthung/7534-alcohol-consumption-drops-in-thantlang-township.html - accessed 1 March
2010.
154 Irrawaddy (2009) “jrefrmEdkifiHwGif yk~vduaq;±Hk/ aq;cef;rsm;udkvdkifpifxkwfay;aejcif;” Irrawaddy, 8 October - http://www.irrawaddy.org/
article.php?art_id=16954 – accessed 16 Feburary 2010.

53
 vnf; &&SdcJhonf?155
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay: aumufcHaom tcGeftawmfrsm;rsm;onf (tdrfaxmifpkrsm;
uJhodk@yif) ‚pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. 0ifaiG/ odk@r[kwf tjrwf&mcdkifE_ef;ESifhvnf; roufqdkifbJ/
twif;tusyfoabm wpfvHk;wnf;ykwfjywfaumufcHaejcif;jzpfonf?156 om"utm;jzifh(2009)
ckESpfu &cdkifjynfe,f/ ausmufawmfòr@Y qefpufydkif&Siftm;vHk;udk tjrwfodk@r[kwf 0ifaiGudkr
=unfhbJ/ tcGefudk tpkvdkuf ykwfjywfaumufcHcJh+yD;/ wpfOD;v#ifusyf(60˜000)pD ay;=u&onf?157
tpkvdkufykwfjywf aumufcHaomtcGefa=umifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif ti,fpm;rsm; epfemcJh=u&+yD;/
aps;uGufxJrS xGufoGm;&onfhtjzpfrsKd; a&mufapcJhonf? tcsKd@aom tcGefaumufcHr_rsm;onf
tEdkifusifh aiGawmif;onfhoabmrsKd;qef+yD;/ vkyfief;&Sifrsm;.cHEdkif&nf- qufvuf&SifoefEdkifpGrf;
udkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;r&Sdacs?158 om"utm;jzifh/ (2007) ckESpf/ ZGefvu rGefjynfe,f/
rk'kHòr@e,fY qefpufydkif&Sif(100)cef@&Sd&m/ qefpufrsm;. 0ifaiGyrm%udkr=unfhbJ/ (rtz) òr@e,f
tkyfcsKyfa&;u wpfOD;v#ifaiGusyf (50˜000)ay;&rnf[k qefpufydkif&Sifrsm;tay: trdef@xkwfcJhonf?
ray;v#if zrf;csKyfrnf[kvnf; +cdrf;ajcmufcJhonf?159 qefpufti,fpm;ydkif&Sifrsm;onf TaiGudk
ay;aqmif&ef rwwfEdkif=ua=umif;=um;od&onf? &&Sdxm;aom owif;tcsuftvufr#jzifh
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay: aumufcHaomtcGefE_ef;rsm;udk pepfwustuJjzwfIr&acs? odk@&mwGif
tcGefyrm%rsm;onf tqrwefjrifhrm;aea=umif;udkrl ajymEdkifygonf? om"utm;jzifh/ &cdkif
jynfe,f/ ausmufawmfòr@e,fY/ qefpufwvHk;twGuf 0,f&aom}udwfcGJud&d,m. aps;uGufayguf
aps;onf (&&Sdxm;aomowif;t&)usyf (12˜000) jzpfaomfvnf; ESpfpOfay;&aom tcGefu usyf
(60˜000) jzpfae+yD;/ vkyfief;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_. (5) qr# jzpfaeygawmhonf? 160
tcsKd@owif;rsm;t&qdkv#if/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay: aumufcHaom tcGefrsm;onf
ESpfpOf0ifaiG tuJjzwfcsuftay:rSm tajccHonf[kod&ygonf?161 om"utm;jzifh rGefjynfe,f/
oxHkc±dkifwGif 'DaubDattzGJ@u (2009) ckESpfwGif qefpufydkif&Sifrsm;udk qefpuft&G,ftpm;
udktajccHItcGefaumufcHcJhonf? qefpufrsm;udk tcGefaumufcHcJh&mwGif usyf(7˜000)rS (10˜
000)=um; aumufcHcJhonf?162 odk@aomfvnf; 0ifaiGr&ao;onfhtcsdef/ Oyrmtm;jzifhqefrsm;r
155 KNG (2009) “odrf;qnf;xm;aomum;rsm;udk avvHcsay;&mrS ppftpdk;&u oef; 1000 ausmf&dwfoGm;jcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f? Kachin
News Group, 23 June - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Junta-rakes-in-1000-million-Kyat-from-auction-of-seized-cars.html - accessed 23 Feb-
ruary 2010.
156 Khonumthung News (2010) “qefpufi,fydkif&Sifrsm;u usyf 60˜ 000 tcGefay;=u&jcif;”/ ausmufawmfòrd@e,f/ ppfawGc&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f?
Khonumthung News, 8 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/khonumthung/7646-small-rice-mill-owner-pays-kyat-60000-as-tax.html - accessed
1 March.
157 Khonumthung News (2010) “qefpufi,fydkif&Sifrsm;u usyf 60˜ 000 tcGefay;=u&jcif;”/ ausmufawmfòrd@e,f/ ppfawGc&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f?
Khonumthung News, 8 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/khonumthung/7646-small-rice-mill-owner-pays-kyat-60000-as-tax.html - accessed
1 March.
158 KWAT (2008-9) “qGrfy&mbHkòr@e,fwGif um&mtdkauqdkifrsm;udk tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ ylwmtdkòr@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin;
Burma Issues (2009) “(etz)wGif tcGefOya'r&Sdyg”/ bD;vif;òr@e,f/ oxHkc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, MARTUS Bulletin, 22 August;
PYNG (2006) “òr@tpyf&Sd vufvDa&mif;0,folrsm; vdkifpifr&Sdaoma=umifh jypf'%fay;cH&jcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? 27 December.
159 HURFOM (2007) “òr@e,ftm%mydkifrsm;u qefpufydkif&Sif (100)ausmfudk ppfwyftwGuf &dQmay;&efawmif;qdktrdef@ay;aejcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/
armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 9-15 June 2007.
160 Khonumthung News (2010) “qefpufi,fydkif&Sifrsm;u usyf 60˜000 tcGefay;=u&jcif;”/ ausmufawmfòr@e,f/ ppfawGc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f?
Khonumthung News, 8 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/khonumthung/7646-small-rice-mill-owner-pays-kyat-60000-as-tax.html -
accessed 1 March.
161 HURFOM (2009) “bk&m;oHk;qlòr@e,f&SdpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm; ESpfpOf'kwd,t}udrftcGefa=umifh 'kQa&mufae=u&jcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin,
1-30 October.
162 KHRG (2009) “oxHkc±dkifwGif acgif;yHkjzwfonfh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh aus;&Gmvlxk. wkH@jyefr_rsm;”/ oxHkc±dkif? Karen Human
Rights Group, 25 November - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09f20.pdf - accessed 23 March 2010. olwdk@.0ifaiGtay: tcGefaumufcHr_
tcsKd;udk Ed_if;,SOf&ef vdktyfonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; r&&Sdaoma=umifhrjzpfEdkifyg?

54
a&mif;csrxGuf&Sdao;csdefwGif tcGefaumufcHwwfonfhtwGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHtcGefpepf.
aysmhajymif;r_r&Sdonfh taetxm;udkazmfjyaeygonf? tcGefaumufcHa&;tzGJ@rsm; taeESifh (tdrf
axmifpkrsm;tay: tcGefaumufcHaeouJhodk@yif) 0ifaiGtay: tajccHI tcGefaumufonfqdk
onfhwdkif/ tcGefaumufcHa&;pepftwGif;rSm nd‡E_dif;r_r&SdbJ/ tzGJ@trsKd;rsKd;u pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfck
wnf;tay:rSm wpfòyifwnf; tcGefaumufaejcif;a=umifh jy\emrsm;ay:aygufae&ygonf?163
owif;ay;ydk@csuft& az:jy&rnfqdkv#if/ taumufcGefXmeu u&ifjynfe,f/ bk&m;oHk;ql òr@e,f&Sd
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfcktay: ESpfpOf0ifaiG. 15µ tcGefaumufcJhonf?164 TtcGeftay:qifhI
(rtz) òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;uvnf; aemufxyf tcGefaumufcHao;onf?165 0ifaiGtay: tajccHI
tcGefaumufonf qdkaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH. tjcm;a'orsm;wGif tcGefE_ef;rwluGJjym;aer_ &Sdyg
onf? om"utm;jzifh- ucsifjynfe,f zm;uef@e,fajrY pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. 0ifaiGtay:
aumufcHaom tcGefE_ef;onf 20 &mcdkifE_ef;rS 25 &mcdkifE_ef; t=um;jzpfonf? 166

0efaqmifrIay;onfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay: aumufcHaomtcGefrsm;

tdrfaxmifpkrsm; enf;wlyif tpdk;&ay;aom 0efaqmifr_rsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
tay: tcGef aumufcHyg onf? odk@&mwGif (tdrfaxmifpkrsm;enf;wlyif) pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf
xdktcGefay;&aom 0efaqmifr_rsm;udk &&Sd=uonfawmh r[kwfacs? om"utm;jzifh/ ucsifjynfe,f/
jrpf}uD;em;òr@&Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; ‚wdk@.trd_ufrsm;udk odrf;qnf;&eftwGuf[kqdkum
wpfae@v#if(66)usyfrS(800)txd tcGefaumufcJhaomfvnf;/ trd_ufodrf;ay;onf[lI r&SdcJhacs?167
ucsifjynfe,f. tjcm;òr@wpfòr@jzpfaom zm;uef@òr@wGif aps;qdkifydkif&Sifrsm;udkvnf;/ oef@&Sif;a&;
0efaqmifr_ay;a&;twGuf tpdk;&uae@pOfusyf (100)E_ef; tcGefaumufcJhonf?168 odk@&mwGifoef@
&Sif;a&;0efaqmifr_ r&&SdcJh=uacs?
0efaqmifr_rsm;twGuf trSefwu,f tcGefaumufcHonfrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? rGefjynfe,f
&Sd zkef;ydkif&Sifrsm;onf e,fajra'otwGif;rSm zkef;csayay;omtzGJ@udk ESpfpOf usyf(150˜000)
tcGefay;=u&onf?169 tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay: tcGefaumufonfh enf;wlyif 0efaqmifr_ay;&mY
163 HURFOM (2009) “bk&m;oHk;qlòr@e,f&Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESpfpOf 'kwd,t}udrftcGefa=umifh'kQa&mufae=u&jcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin,
1-30 October.
164 Ibid.
165 Ibid.
166 zkef;ajymqdkifrsm;wGif 0ifaiGtay: tcGefaumufcHr_E_ef;rSm 25µ jzpf+yD;/ ausmufpdrf;a&mif;&aiGtay:rS tcGefaumufcHr_E_ef;rSm Tòr@e,fYyif
20µ &Sdonf[kowif;&&Sdonf? KWAT (2010) “òr@r&yfuGufwGif yk~vduzkef;ukþ%Du tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ zm;uef@òr@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 5 January. KWAT (2010) “zm;uef@òr@e,f ,l;rm;wGif ausmufpdrf;ukefoG,fr_tay: tcGefaumufcHjcif;”/ zm;uef@òr@e,f/
ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 17 January.
167 KNG (2008) “ppftpdk;&u jrpf}uD;em;wGif jrLeDpy,fcGef aumufcHaomfvnf; 0efaqmifr_ay;jcif; r&Sdjcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f?
Kachin News Group, 12 September - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Junta-collects-municipal-taxes-but-provides-no-service-for-civilians-in-
Myitkyina.html - accessed 23 February 2010; KNG (2008) “ucsifjynfe,fwGif zdtm;rsm;atmufY aexdkifae=u&jcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/
jr=uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? 30 September - http://www.kachinnews.com/Commentary/Living-under-duress-in-Kachin-State.html - accessed 23
February 2010.
168 KWAT (2009) “armfrl&yfuGufwGifaps;qdkifrsm;udk tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ zm;uef@òr@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 December;
KWAT (2009) “armfrlawmifay:wGif aps;qdkifrsm;udk tcGefaumufaejcif;”/ zm;uef@òr@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 9 December;
KWAT (2009) “a*smifcGrf&yfuGufwGif aps;qdkifrsm;udk tcGefaumufaejcif;”/ zm;uef@òr@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 8 December;
KWAT (2010) “zm;uef@wGifaps;qdkifrsm;udk tcGefaumufaejcif;”/ zm;uef@òr@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 5 January; KWAT (2010)
“armfrl&yfuGufwGif aps;qdkifrsm;udktcGefaumufaejcif;”/ zm;uef@òr@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 12 January.
169 HFROM (2009) “tm%mydkifrsm;u zkef;rsm;udk=um;jzwfaeaoma=umifh zkef;ydkif&Sifrsm;pD;yGm;a&;t&tcuftcJjzpfae=ujcif;”/ MARTUS Bul-

55
 ukefusaomp&dwfESifh ay;&aomtca=u;aiGwdk@ qufpyfaeyHk owif;tcsuftvufrsm;r&Sdacs?
w,fvDuGefjrLeDau;&Sif; qufoG,fa&;tay: EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;ESifh Oya'rsm;
jyXmef;xm;jcif;tm;jzifh EdkifiHawmfydkif zkef;ukþ%DESifh qufoG,fxm;r_ r&Sdonfh rdkbdkif;zkef; ydkif&Sifrsm;
taeESifh '%faiGay;aqmif&jcif;/ aiGn‡pfcH&jcif;rsm; ñuHawG@&Edkifygonf? 170 txl;ojzifh w±kwfEdkifiH/
xdkif;EdkifiHESifh b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHwdk@rS zkef;uGef&ufrsm;ESifh csdwfqufxm;=uonfh rdkbdkif;zkef;ydkif&Sifrsm;
jzpfonf?171 Tzkef;rsm;rSm (omrmeftm;jzifh toHk;ðyae=uaomfvnf;) w&m;0ifr[kwfay? odk@
twGufa=umifh tpdk;&XmetoD;oD;/ tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;u aiGaumufcH&ef tcGifhtvrf;jzpfae
aponf?172 ppfwyft&m&SdwyfrSL;rsm;uvnf; tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiH&Sd zkef;uGef&ufrsm;ESifh csdwfqufxm;
onfh zkef;rsm;udk iSm;&rf;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufaewwfonf? &cdkifjynfe,f/ armif;awmòr@e,fwGif
a'ocHwyfrSL;u b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHrS rdkbdkif;zkef;uGef&ufESifh csdwfqufaeonfh zkef;udkiSm;&rf;I
wpfvv#if usyf (150˜000)a=u;,lonf?173 ppfwyfwyfrSL;xHrS zkef;iSm;&rf;xm;olu wpfOD;csif;
zkef;toHk;ðyolrsm;udk jyifyaps;uGufwGif iSm;&rf;toHk;ðyapEdkifonf? a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;udk aiGr
ay;bJ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;rS zkef;uGef&ufudk toHk;ðyolrsm;onf zkef;udkwdwfwqdwf v#Kd@0SuftoHk;ðy
=u&onf?

tpdk;&ESifh qufpyfywfoufaeonfh tzGJ@tpnf;/ Xmersm;u tcGeftctrsKd;rsKd;udkaumuf

,lae=uaomfvnf; vlxktm; rnfonfh0efaqmifr_udkrS jyefay;jcif;r&Sdwwfay? om"utm;jzifh-
jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&u 0efaqmifr_ ay;aom vdkif;zkef;rsm; wyfqifa&;twGuf a'ocH tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh
qufoG,fnd‡Ed_if;+yD; cGifhðycsufawmif;cH=u&onf? +yD;rSom tjcm;olwpfOD;csif;udk zkef;ac:qdk&ef
iSm;pm;Edkifonf? 174 (2009) ckESpfwGif tvm;wl pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsKd;twGuf a'ocH ppfwyfudk usyf
(2˜000)ay;&+yD;/ a'ocHaxmufvrS ;f a&; wyfz@JG ukd usyf (40˜000) ay;&onf? zke;f ydik &f iS uf 0efaqmifr_
ay;onfXh mejzpfonfh jrefrmpmwdu k Ef iS hf a=u;eef; qufo,
G af &;Xmeod@k vnf; vdik ;f qufo,G cf tjzpf
wpfvv#if usyf (150˜000)ay;&onf? (2009) ckESpf ESpfqef;ydkif;wGif tjcm;tcGefwpf&yfudkajymif
awmif;cHcJhjyefonf? zkef;ydkif&Sifrsm;udk olwdk@azmufonfrsm; ajymqdkr_udk apmifh=unfhrnf[kajym
qdkcJh+yD;aemuf zkef;ac:qdkr_rsm;ESifh zkef;ajymonfhumvtcsdefrsm; usqif;oGm;cJhonf? ta=umif;
letin, 1 January – 30 May.
170 Myo Thein (2010) “pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;uxl;x&dwf'if;ukþ%Dudkrr#wonfhvuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ usifhoHk;aeonf[kpGyfpGJ=ujcif;”/ &efukefòr@e,f/
&efukefwdkif;? Mizzima News, 22 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/mizzima/7742-businesses-accuse-htoo-trading-of-unfair-monopolization-.
html - accessed 8 March 2010; Kyaw Zin Htun (2010) “jrefrmhqufoG,fa&;tm%mydkif “MPT u 450MHz w,fvDzkef;uGef&ufcsay; aw-
mhrnfqdkjcif;”/ Myanmar Times, 4 March http://www.mmtimes.com/2010/info/512/it51201.html - accessed 9 March 2010.
171 Burma Issues (2009) “'DaubDattzGJ@u zkef;cGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ aumhu&dwfòr@e,f/ aumhu&dwfc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin,
30 November.
172 Kaladan Press (2009) “(epu)u aiGn‡pf&efenf;vrf;topfrsm; toHk;ðyaejcif;”/ armif;awmòr@e,f/ armif;awmc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Kaladan
Press, 18 August - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kaladan/6872-nasaka-using-new-strategy-to-extort-money.html - accessed 8 March 2010; Kaladan
Press (2009) “tm%mydkifrsm;u±dk[if*smvlxkrsm;xHrS ta=umif;jycsuftopfjzifhaiGn‡pfaejcif;”/ armif;awmòr@e,f/ armif;awmc&dkif/
&cdkifjynfe,f? – http://www.bnionline.net/news/kaladan/7004-authorities-extort-money-on-new-pretext-from-rohingya-community.html - accessed
22 March 2010; Kaladan Press (2010) “(epu) tm%mydkifrsm;u rw&m;zrf;qD;I twif;tusyfaiGawmif;aejcif;”/ armif;awmòr@e,f/
armif;awmc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? 11 February - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kaladan/7884-nasakas-arbitrary-arrest-and-extortion-in-maungdaw.
html - accessed 22 March 2010.
173 Maung Aye (2010) “(epu)wyfrSL;u vpOfusyf 10 oef; b*Fvm;a'h&Sfzkef;rsm;iSm;&rf;I 0ifaiG&&Sdaejcif;”/ armif;awmòr@e,f/ armif;awmc±dkif/
&cdkifjynfe,f? Narinjara News, 8 March - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/8054-nasaka-commander-makes-10-million-kyat-a-month-rent-
ing-bangladesh-phones.html - accessed 22 March 2010.
174 HURFOM (2009)“tm%mydkifrsm;u zkef;=um;jzwfaer_a=umifh zkef;ydkif&Sifrsm;pD;yGm;a&;t&tusyfqdkufae=u&jcif;”/a&;òr@e,f/armfv
òrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 January. rGefjynfe,f&Sd acgZm/ vrdkif;òr@e,fcGJrsm;wGifowif;rsm;t& rdkbdkif;zkef;rsm;u tvkyf
rjzpfa=umif;od&Sd&onf? odk@twGufa=umifh óu;vdkif;zkef;udkoHk;I jyifyrSqufoG,fajymqdkolrsm;udk iSm;&rf;=uonf? zkef;&Sdoltrsm;pku aiGv$J
onfhvkyfief;udkvnf; yl;wGJ vkyfudkif=uonf?

56
rSm zkef;qufolrsm;u olwdk@ajymqdkonfudk =um;jzwfem;axmifrnfudk pdk;&drfaoma=umifhjzpf
onf?175 Todk@ tpdk;&ESifh qufEG,faeaomfvnf;/ 0efaqmifr_ay;aqmifaeonfh Xmer[kwfol
rsm;udk tca=u;aiGay;&onfrSm yHkrSefjzpf±dk;jzpfpOfozG,f jzpfaeonf?176 EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u w,f
vDuGefjrLeDau;&Sif; qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxdef;csKyfr_ usifhoHk;aeaoma=umifh
aps;E_ef;rsm; ajymif;vJjrifhwufvmaponf?

pufESifh ypönf;ud&d,mwdkYtay:aumufcHaom tcGefrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiH 0ifaiGcGefOya' (1974)t& pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;trsm;pkonf pufud&d,mrsm;
wefzdk;us qif;oGm;aomwefzdk;udk tcGefusoifhaiGrS E_wf,lEdkifygonf? Todk@E_wf,lcGifhudk c|if;csuf
tjzpf ryg0ifaomyPnf;rsm;rSm azsmaf jza&;yPnf;rsm;/ [dw k ,frsm;/ pm;aomufqidk rf sm;/ tvSjyifqikd f
177
rsm;ESifh tm;upm;um,avhusifhcef;±Hkrsm;jzpfygonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;u
ydkifaom yPnf;ud&d,mrsm;tay:wGifvnf; wefzdk;usqif;r_a=umifh tcGefaiGav#mhayghay;&rnfh
tpm; tcGefaumufcHygonf?178 om"utm;jzifh qef}udwfcGJa&;ud&d,m/ v$puf/ ±kyfjrifoH=um;
puf/ toHcsJ@pufESifh um&mtdkaupuf wdk@tay:wGifjzpfonf? 179
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;u ydkifaomyPnf;ud&d,mrsm;tay: tcGefopfrsm;aumufcHaev#uf&Sd
onf? TuJhodk@aom tcGefopfwpfrsKd;rSm ±kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh toHcsJ@puf&Sdaomqdkifrsm;udkaumuf
aomtcGefjzpfonf? om"utm;jzifh rGefjynfe,f/ rk'Hkòr@e,fY (2009)ckESpf Zlvdkifvu ±kyfjrif
oH=um;ESifh azsmfajza&;tpDtpOfrsm; jyoaomvkyfief;rsm;udk tcGefpwifI aumufcHcJhonf?180
rk'Hkòr@e,fY tcGefyrm%onf qdkifuòr@ay:rSm&Sdaeonfvm;/ awm&GmrSm&Sdaeonfvm; [lonfh
tcsuftay:wGifvnf;rlwnfygonf? òr@ay:rS±kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh toHcsJ@puf&Sdaom qdkifwpfqdkif
v#if usyf(10˜000) aumuf,l+yD;/ awm&Gm&Sdqdkif[lI owfrSwfaomqdkifrsm;udkrl onfhxufrsm;
pGmydkjrifhaom usyf(45˜000)rS(50˜000) E_ef;jzifh aumuf,lonf?181 ,cifESpfrsm;url tvm;wl
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfckonf ,cktxd(rtz)òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;odk@ ay;jrJay;ae&ao;aom wESpf
pmtcGefusyf (1˜000)udkom ay;cJh&onf?182 tvm;wl tcGefrsKd;udk (2009) ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvu
&efukefe,fajrtwGif;rSm pwifaumufcHcJha=umif;/ &efukefe,fajrrSm ±kyfjrifoH=um;&Sdaomqdkifrsm;
udk vdkifpifa=u;pwifIaumufcHcJha=umif;od&Sd&onf? tcGefonf tpkvdkuf(wpfajy;nDykwfjywf)
aumufaomtcGefjzpf+yD;/ txufrSmaz:jycJhaom E_ef;rsm;xufrsm;pGmydkjrifhum/ ±kyfjrifoH=um;

175 Ibid.
176 Burma Issues (2009) “'DaubDattzGJ@u zkef;cGef aumufcHaejcif;”/ aumhu&dwfòrd@e,f/ aumhu&dwfc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin,
30 November.
177 “jynfwGif; tcGefrsm;OD;pD;Xme/ rGefjynfe,f? b¾ma&;ESifh tcGef0ef}uD;Xme? “tcGefta=umif; odaumif;p&m”
178 PWO (2009) “tdGKifavmaus;&GmwGif qefpufrsm;rS tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ refwHkòrd@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 20 October; PWO
(2009) “0if;yufaus;&GmwGif qefpufrsm;udk tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ refwHkòrd@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 21 October.
179 KHRG (2007) “u&ifjynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif tpdk;&. zdESdyfr_rsm;ESifh qif;&JrGJawr_ zefwD;aejcif;”/ aumhu&dwfc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f?
23 February - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2007/khrg07f2.html - accessed 22 February 2010; HURFOM (2009) “pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;ESifh
pm;eyf&dQm jy\emt}uD;tus,fqdkufapjcif;”/ uvdefatmifòr@e,fcGJ/ weoFm&Dwdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 10 March.
180 HURFOM (2009) “(rtz) òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;u rk'Hkòr@e,fwGif twif;tusyftcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ 9 September. http://rehmonnya.
org/archives/1003 (Accessed 10/09/2009)
181 Ibid.
182 Ibid.

57
 pufwvHk;v#if usyf(45˜000)E_ef;jzpfonf?183 TtcGefE_ef;a=umifhqdkif &Siftawmfrsm;rsm;u qdkifrS
±kyfjrifoH=um;pufrsm;udk ðzwfypfvdkuf=u&onfh tajctaeqdkufaponf? vdkifpifraqmifygu
axmif'%f(3)ESpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ '%faiG usyf(100˜000)aomfvnf;aumif;/ axmif'%f/ aiG
'%fESpf&yfpvHk;aomfvnf;aumif; uscH&rnf[kowif;&&Sdonf? ±kyfjrifoH=um;pufrsm;udk ðzwfypf
aomqdkifrsm;onf azmufonfrsm;qHk±_H;oGm;cJh&onf? ta=umif;rSm azmufonftawmfrsm;
rsm;onf tdrfrSm±kyfjrifoH=um;pufr&SdI ±kyfjrifoH=um;=unfh&efqdkifodk@ vmxdkif=ujcif;a=umifhjzpfyg
onf? toHk;ðyjcif;r&Sdaom yPnf;ud&d,mrsm;ESifh *dka'gifrsm;udkyif tcGefaumufcHwwfygonf?184

jynfwGif;ukefoG,frItay: aumufcHaomtcGefrsm;
ukefoG,fr_vkyf&eftwGuf vdktyfaomvdkifpifudk aqmif&onfhtjyif/ trSefwu,f
ta&mif;t0,f vkyfaomukefpnftay:rSmvnf; óuwifcef@rSef;od&SdEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ tcGefaumufyg
onf?185 (tjcm;tcGefrsm;ESifhtwl) ukefyPnf;tay: aumufcHaomtcGefudkray;Edkifygu (tcGef
yrm%ESifh nDr#aomukefyPnf;udk odrf;jcif;r[kwfbJ) ta&mif;t0,fvkyfaom ukefyPnf;tm;
vHk;udk tpdk;&uodrf;,lwwfygonf?186 ukefonfrsm;xHrS trsm;tm;jzifhaumuf,laom tcGefrsm;
onf v,f,mxGufypPnf;rsm; 0,f,la&mif;csjcif; tay: aumuf,laom tcGefrsm;jzpfonf?
TtcGefrsm;onf wdkif;jynfrSm ta&mif;t0,fvkyfief;enf;yg;ap+yD;/ tusKd;quftaeESifh0ifaiG
yrm%udkvnf; enf;yg;aponf? ukefyPnf;rsm; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ul;oef;oGm;vmr_tay: tcGef
aumufcHjcif;ta=umif;udk “ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;Y tcGefaumufcHjcif; ”u¾YaqG;aEG;wifjyxm;
ygonf?
EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&ESifh ywfoufonfh tzGJ@tpnf;/ Xmersm;xJwGif pnf;rsOf;rsm;wif;usyfr_
ESifhjcpm;r_rsm; yl;wGJ&Sdaer_a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay:aumufcHaom tcGefrsm;onfEdkifiH
tESH@tjym;wGif uGJjym;jcm;em;r_&Sdaeonf? jzpfyGm;avhtrsm;qHk; vmbfpm;r_yHkpHrSm A[dktpdk;&u
csrSwfonfhtcGefyrm%xuf tcGefaumufcHol0efxrf;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
tay: ydkItcGefcsrSwfjcif;jzpfonf?187 vdkifpifa=u;ESifh rSwfyHkwifa=u;rsm; ray;aqmifonfhtwGuf
tpdk;&u xdkpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. ydkifqdkifr_yPnf;rsm;udk odrf;,ltoHk;ðywwfonfvnf;&Sd
onf?188 pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. yPnf;ud&d,mrsm;udk ppfwyfuomru(rtz) òr@e,ftkyfcsKyf
183 Mizzima News (2009) “vdkifpiftrdef@a=umifh &efukef&Sdqdkifrsm;onf azmufonfrsm;enf;yg;oGm;&jcif;”/ &efukefc±dkif/ &efukefwdkif;? Mizzima
News, 4 December
184 PWO (2009) “tdGKifavmaus;&GmwGif qefpufrsm;rS tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ refwHkòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 20 Octo-
ber; PWO (2009) “0if;yufaus;&GmwGif qefpufrsm;rS tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ refwHkòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 21 Oc-
tober. bk&m;oHk;qlòr@e,f&Sd ukefonfwpfOD;. owif;ay;ydk@csuft& odkavSmif±Hkxm;&Sd&ef wpfvv#ifbwf 10˜000 rS 15˜000 txd
ay;aqmifae&onf[kqdkonf? ydkItwGif;usus oHk;oyfr_rsm;udkzwf&_vdkv#if HURFOM (2008) “Protecting their rice pots: An economic pro-
file of trade and corruption in Three Pagoda Pass,” “olwdk@. xrif;tdk;udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smufaejcif;? bk&m;oHk;qla'o ukefoG,fa&;tajc
taeESifh tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm;” The Mon Forum, 30 December, p.7. tpD&ifcHpmudk =unfhyg?
185 KHRG (2005) “'l;yvm,mc±dkif? typftcwf&yfpJa&; +yD;aomfvnf; wdkufcdkufr_rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;qufvuf&Sdaejcif;”/
Karen Human Rights Group - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2005/khrg05f1.html - accessed 19 February 2010; HURFOM (2009) “=uHESifh u|JEGm;tay:
tcGefaumufcHr_a=umifh tjrwfaiGqHk;yg;oGm;&jcif;”/ uvdefatmifòr@e,fcGJ/ weoFm&Dwdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 28 August.
186 KHRG (2005) “'l;yvm,mc±dkif? typftcwf&yfpJa&; +yD;aomfvnf; wdkufcdkufr_rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;qufvuf&Sdaejcif;”
Karen Human Rights Group - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2005/khrg05f1.html - accessed 19 February 2010;
187 PWO (2009) “erfhppfESifh refqwfaus;&Gmrsm;wGif t&ufqdkifrsm;udk rwefwqtcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 31 October.
188 PWO (2008) “tcGefray;aqmifonfh twGufa=umifh um;'±dkifbmrsm;ESifh axmfvm*sDrsm;udk ausmufwkef;rsm; twif;tusyf o,faqmif&ef
cdkif;apjcif;”/ refwHkòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 13 March.

58
a&;rSmtusKH;0ifaom tzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;wdk@uvnf; vk,uf,liiftoHk;ðy wwfygonf?189
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf (tdrfaxmifpkrsm;enf;wlyif) ppfwyf. (wcgw&H(rtz)ESifh yl;aygif;I)
tEdkifusifh aiGawmif;jcif;udkvnf;cH&wwfygonf?190 tcsKd@aomqdkifrsm;onf typftcwf&yfpJa&;
tzGJ@rsm;. tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;jcif;vnf;cH=u&onf?191 &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;. tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;
jcif;uvnf; ±dk;tDaeonfh jzpf±dk;jzpfpOfvdkjzpfaeonf? &Jrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifhqdkifrsm;udktcGef
aumufjcif;ESifh tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;jcif;ðywwfonf? txl;ojzifh t&ufa&mif;aomqdkifrsm;jzpf
onf? t&ufqdkifrsm;u&Jrsm;ESifh ‚wdk@.taygif;tygrsm;udk tcrJht&ufwdkufau|;&avh&Sd
onf?192 tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;jcif;onf tjcm;aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;u¾rsm;tay:wGifvnf; ±dk;
aeaomudPyrmyifjzpfaeonf? om"utm;jzifh/ &cdkifjynfe,f/ ajryHkòr@e,fYtpdk;&ESifhywfouf
aomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u t=urf;zufenf; (ig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;udkzsufqD;ypfjcif;)oHk;rnf[k +cdrf;
ajcmuf+yD;/ tcGefaiGawmif;,l=uonf? xdk@aemuf/ xdktcGefaiGudk tpdk;&.Xmeqdkif&myk~dKvfrsm;
tcsif;csif;cGJa0,l=uonf? xdk@tjyif tcGefay;&ef xdkig;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tcsdefwdkwdk (15&uf)
omay;I tusyfudkifcJh=uonf?193 &cdkifjynfe,fY vlrsKd;uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;onf tcGefyrm%uGJ
jym;jcm;em;jcif;. ta=umif;tcsufwpfckjzpfonf? ±dk[if*smwdk@ydkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf
tcGefyrm%ydkIrsm;rsm;ay;=u&onf?194 tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;r_tcsKd@onfyHkrSefjzpf+yD;/ óuwifodEdkif
aom udPjzpfonfhwdkifñuHv#ifñuHovdk tEdkifusifh aiGawmif;r_rsm;u tjzpfrsm;ygonf?195 (rtz)
òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rS yk~dKvfrsm;&mxl;rStem;,ljcif;/ odk@r[kwf e,fajymif;jcif;ðyv#ifvnf; (tdrf
axmifpkrsm;enf;wl) pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay: tcGefaumufwwfonf? om"utm;jzifh/ 2007
ckESpfwGif rk'Hk(rtz)OUX e,fajymif;&rnfhtcg a&SmifwciftcGefaumufcHcJhonf?196 vGefcJhaom (3)
vu ppfwyf&dQmtwGuf qefpufydkif&Sifrsm;u pyg;wif; (100)rS(200)txday;cJh=u&+yD;aemuf/
ar#mfvifhrxm;bJ ‚wdk@tay:aemufxyfaumufcHvm jyefaomtcGefjzpfonf?197

189 Burma Issues (2008) “(etz) u u&ifeDjynfolrsm;. yk~vdu axmufyHha&;yPnf;rsm;vk,ljcif;”/ u&ifeDjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 15
February; KNG (2009) “jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufydkif; ucsifjynfe,fwGif aiGn‡pfr_uenf;opfwpfckjzpfvmjcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/
ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 22 May - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kng/6314-extortion-name-of-the-game-in-burmas-northern-kachin-
state.html - accessed 2 March 2010.
190 HURFOM (2007) “òr@e,ftm%mydkifrsm;u ppfwyf&dQmtwGuf qefpufydkif&Sif (100) udk ay;aqmifapjcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/
rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 9-15 June 2007; KNG (2009) “jrefrmEdkifiH ajrmufydkif; ucsifjynfe,fwGif aiGn‡pfr_uenf;opfwpfckjzpfvmjcif;”/
jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 22 May - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kng/6314-extortion-name-of-
the-game-in-burmas-northern-kachin-state.html - accessed 2 March 2010; Tin Soe (2010) “ajrmufydkif; &cdkifjynfe,fwGif ppftif*sifeD,mwyfzGJ@u
vlrdkuf*dk%f;rsm;ozG,f ðyrlaejcif;”/ armif;awmòr@e,f/ armif;awmc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Kaladan Press, 12 January - http://www.bnionline.net/
news/kaladan/7658-army-engineering-unit-operate-like-gangsters-in-northern-arakan.html - accessed 1 March 2010.
191 KHRG (2009) “zm;tHc±dkifwGif 'DaubDattzGJ@u acgif;yHkjzwf tEdkifusifhaer_rsm;ESifh vlopfpkaqmif;aejcif;”/ u&ifjynfe,f? Karen Human
Rights Group,” 29 June, - www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09f11.pdf - accessed 21 February 2010.
192 awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;- 7? trsKd;orD;/ bDvl;u|ef;? acsmif;qHkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? rsufjrifoufao? – 28/08/09 Mae Sot; PWO
(2009) “atmifcsrf;omaus;&GmwGif qdkifrsm;tay:wGif tydkaqmif;tcGef aumufcHaejcif;”? erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulle-
tin, 15 October; PWO (2009) “erfwpfESifh refqwfaus;&Gmwdk@wGif t&ufa&mif;qdkifrsm;Y tqrweftcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/
&Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 31 October.
193 Narinja News (2008) “ykZGefuef ydkif&Sifrsm; aiGn‡pfcHae&jcif;”/ ajryHkòr@e,f/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Narinja News, 18 September - http://www.bnionline.
net/news/narinjara/4980-shrimp-farm-owners-face-extortion.html - accessed 4 March 2010.
194 Kaladan Press (2010) “&cdkifjynfe,f/ armif;awmwGif twif;tusyf tcGefESifhtzdk;tcrsm; aumufcHaejcif;”/ armif;awmòrd@e,f/ armif;awm
c±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Kaladan Press, 27 January -http://www.bnionline.net/news/kaladan/7776-arbitrary-tax-and-toll-imposed-in-maungdaw-
arakan.html - accessed 1 March 2010.
195 KWAT (2009) “rlq,fwGif axmfvm*sDrsm;xHrS aiGn‡pfaejcif;”/ rlq,fc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, March.
196 HURFOM (2007) “òr@e,ftm%mydkifrsm;u ppfwyf&dQmtwGuf qefpufydkif&Sif (100)udk ay;aqmifapjcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/
rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 9-15 June 2007.
197 Ibid.

59
 yk*¾vduv,f,mu@wGif tcGefaumufcHaejcif;
rnfolu tcGefaumufcHaeoenf;?
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tcGefaumufcHouJhodk@yif/ v,f,mu¾
wGif aumufcHaeaom tcGef trsm;pkudk (&tz) ESifh (rtz) aus;&GmESifh òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@
rsm;/ ppfwyfESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; tzGJ@rsm;uaumufcHae=uonf? Tv,f,mu¾tay:wGif
aumufcHonfhtcGefrsm;/ tzdk;tcrsm;ESifh '%faiGrsm;udkrnfodk@ cGJa0oHk;pGJyHkESifhywfoufI owif;
tcsuftvuftenf;i,fom&Sdygonf? odk@aomfvnf; TtcGefrsm;udk v,form;rsm;twGuf
toHk;usrnfh 0efaqmifr_rsm;twGuf aumufcHonfrSefaomfvnf;/ (vlrsm;u tcGefaumufcHr_
pepfESifhywfoufI olwdk@tawG@tñuH&Sdae=uonfhtwdkif;)azmfjyxm;onfh udPrsm;twGuftoHk;ðy
rnfr[kwf/ olwdk@tusKd; jzpfaprnfr[kwf[k oHo, &Sdae=uygonf? 198

ajrvk,lodrf;ydkufrIrsm;
yk~vduydkif v,f,majrrsm;udk(e0w)ppftpdk;& tm%m&&Sdvm+yD;aemufydkif;Y ppfwyfESifh
tjcm;aom tpdk;&.Xmersm;u avsmfa=u;ray;bJ &,lcJh=uonfh ajrtajrmuftrsm;&Sdygonf?199
ajrrsm;udktpdk;&u vlxktrsm;aumif;usKd;wdk;wufap&ef tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;wnfaqmuf
&ef odrf;qnf;avh&Sd=uonfrSm EdkifiHwumuvufcHxm;onfh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;wpfckjzpfygonf?
yk~vduydkifajrrsm;udk trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf aqmif&Guf&efodrf;,lonfhtwGufa=umifh xdk
yk~vduydkif&Sifudk avsmfa=u;jyefay;&efvnf;rvdktyfyg? ajrodrf;r_a=umifh yk~vduxkwfvkyfr_ &yf
qdkif;oGm;aomfvnf;/ trsm;aumif;usKd;jrifhwufvm&m/ topfjzpfvmonfh trsm;aumif;usKd;
odk@r[kwf aiGa=u;qdkif&mtusKd;tjrwfrsm;udk Ed_if;,SOfcsdefq&efvdkygonf? vlr_zlvHka&;aumif;usKd;
jrifhwufvmr_udkcsdefq&ygrnf? vltrsm;aumif;usKd;wpfpHkvHk; jrifhvmap&efaqmif&Gufr_twGuf
avsmfa=u;ay;&efrvdktyfyg? odk@aomfvnf; r#wr_&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf csdefq&efta&;}uD;yg
onf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif (e0w)ppftpdk;&tm%m&&SdvmcsdefrSpI jzpfyGm;cJhonfhtus,ftjyef@jzpf
onfh ajrESifhydkifqdkifr_rsm;udk &,lr_a=umifhjzpfvmonfh rl0g'.tusKd;qufrsm;udk tpdk;&u “w&m;
0if” jyefvnfqef;ppfr_rsm; rðy[koHo,jzpfzG,f&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH. jyifywGifajr
odrf;r_a=umifh yk~vdu u¾tay:wGifjzpfvmonfhtusKd;qufrsm;udk tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u oHk;oyf
avhvmxm;onfh pmwef;rsm;udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0r_ trsm;tjym;&Sdaeygonf?

198 HURFOM (2009) “rk'Hkòr@e,fae vlxkrsm;u &yf&Gmv,fxGefpuftwGufay;aqmif&ef twif;tusyfawmif;cHaejcif;”/ rk'Hkòrd@e,f/ armfv

òrdifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 25 October.
199 HURFOM (2009) “bD;vif;òrd@e,frS twif;tusyf aiGawmif;cH&olESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;”/ bD;vif;òr@e,f/ oxHkc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 1 October – 14 November; HURFOM (2009) “v,f{u 100ausmfudk urm0ufòr@e,fcGJwGif odrf;,lcH&jcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f?
1-30 October; KNG (2007) “ppfwyfu ucsifjynfe,fwGif pyg;cif;ESifh jcH{ursm;pGmudk odrf;,lcJhjcif;”/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 12
July - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Acres-of-orchards-and-paddy-fields-in-Kachin-State-confiscated-by-army.html - accessed 24 February;
LWO (2006) “rdkif;wHk&Gmom;rsm;udk jrefrmppfwyftwGuf twif;tusyfcdkif;apjcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ rdkif;qwfc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 1 January; Narinjara News (2007) “&cdkifjynfe,fajrmufydkif;wGif ppfwyfupkaqmif;r_rsm; rsm;jym;pGm&&Sdaejcif;”/ bl;oD;awmifòr@e,f/
armif;awmc±dkif/ &aohawmifòr@e,f/ ppfawGc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Narinjara News, 20 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/1203-
army-savings-in-northern-arakan-go-up.html - accessed 4 March 2010.

60
jrefrmhwyfrawmfu ajrydkif&Sifrsm;ESifh pmcsKyfrsm;csKyfqdkjcif;
tpdk;&ESifh ywfoufqufpyfaeonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;u¾rStjcm;
aom t&if;tjrpf&,lyHk vkyfaqmifavh&Sdonfh enf;wpfckrSm rlv±dk;&mt& v,fpdkufysKd;ajrydkifqdkif
olrsm;ESifh wyfrawmft=um;‘pmcsKyfrsm;’ twif;tusyfcsKyfqdk&,ljcif;jzpfonf? vkyfaqmifavh&Sd
onfh ‘pmcsKyfrsm;’ teufrS wpfckrSm xGuf&SdvmonfhoD;ESHudk ppfwyfESifh ydkif&Sift=um;cGJ,ljcif;jzpf
onf? tjcm;aemufxyf ‘pmcsKyf’ yHkpHwpfrsKd;rSm ajrudkppfwyfu&,ljcif;jzpf+yD;/ aemufydkif;wGif
a&mif;csvdkufonf? aemufydkif;wGifv,fudk rlvydkifqdkifolxHodk@ jyefa&mif;csonfvnf; &Sdonf? tcsKd@
tajctaersm;wGif aps;aumif;ydkay;Edkifoludk jyefvnfa&mif;csavh&Sdonf?200 wcgw&HwGifajrudk
rlvydkif&SifxH jyefvnfiSm;&rf;onf? xdkolu v,fay:wGif vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdonf? 201 tjcm;aompmcsKyf
yHkpHrSm ,cifydkifqdkifoludk opfyifta&twGuftvdkuf/ odk@r[kwf {utvdkuf ppfwyfxHodk@ olwdk@
ydkifajray:wGif pdkufysKd;&efowfrSwfxm;onfh a=u;wpfckudk ay;aqmifapjcif;jzpfonf?202 iSm;&rf;c/
yHkaoowfrSwfxm;onfh a=u;ay;aqmifapr_/ xGufukefoD;ESHudk cGJa0r_rsm;a=umifh rlvu&Sdaeonfh
pdkufysKd;ajray:wGif txGufE_ef;usqif;oGm;apjcif;r&Sdyg? odk@aomfvnf; Todk@usifhoHk;aer_a=umifh
ra&&mr_rsm;jzpfay:vmap+yD;/ yk~vduv,f,mu¾wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; usqif;jcif;jzpfay:vm
aponf? odk@aomfvnf; Todk@pmcsKyfrsm; csKyfqdkaqmif&Gufaejcif;tm;jzifh yk~vduu¾rS 0ifaiG
udk ppfwyfESifh ‚. tzGJ@0ifrsm;xHodk@ v$Jajymif;&,lvdkuf=uonf?

vuf0g;BuD;tkyf 0,f,ljcif;
v,f,mxGufukefyPnf;rsm;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfI wpfOD;wnf;u0,f,l&efwm;jrpfpnf;
=uyfjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; ppfwyfuyk~vduu¾rSaeI t&if;tjrpfrsm;xkwf,lygonf? TudP
rsKd;rSmwyfrawmf/ odk@r[kwf tpdk;&ESifhqufpyfywfoufaeonfh tzGJ@tpnf;/mXmersm;u xGuf
ukefrsm;udk olwdk@wpfOD;wnf;csKyfI 0,f,lrnf[lI t=urf;zufr_tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/
+cdrf;ajcmufIaomfvnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufonfhtcgjzpfay:avh&Sdonf? Todkaqmif&Gufjcif;
a=umifh aps;uGufaygufaps;xufenf;I a&mif;&jcif;/ oufqdkifonfh v,form;rsm;taeESifhvnf;
0ifaiGav#mhenf;oGm; jcif;rsm;jzpfaponf? Todk@ usifhoHk;r_a=umifh wzef0ifaiGESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk
yk~vdu u¾rSaeI ppfwyfESifhtjcm;aom tpdk;&Xmersm;odk@ jyefvnfcGJa0 jzefjzL;&mwGifvnf;
oufa&mufr_&Sdapygonf? om"utm;jzifh- &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;&Sd erfhqrfòr@e,fwGif ppfwyf
udk,fpm;vS,fu vufzufpdkufysKd;olrsm;odk@ wyfrawmfvufzufajcmufpuf±HkxHodk@ 1 yd\m
v#if 800usyfjzifha&mif;cs&rnf[k trdef@xkwfcJhygonf?203 eD;pyf&ma'orsm;wGif aps;uGufayguf
aps;rSm vufzuf 1 ydomv#if 1˜000usyf&Sdaeygonf? ajymifaumuf,lvdkufaom tcGefrSm 1
200 KHRG (2007) “u&ifjynfe,f awmifydkif;wGif tpdk;&.zdESdyfr_rsm;ESifh qif;&JrGJawr_jzpfay:ap&efzefwD;aejcif;”/ 'l;yvm,mc±dkif/
u&ifjynfe,f? 23 February - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2007/khrg07f2.html - accessed 22 February 2010.
201 Narinjara News (2009) “(puc)-15 u &efyHkaiGtajrmuftrsm; pkaqmif;aejcif;”/ bl;oD;awmifòr@e,f/ armif;awmc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f?
Narinjara News, 5 August - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/6803-saka-kha-15-amasses-huge-funds.html - accessed 2 March 2010.
202 HURFOM (2009) “tnpfta=u;rsm; pkyHkvmjcif;? uefayguf-òrifuav; obm0"mwfaiG@ ydkufvdkif;wav#muf vl@tcGifhta&; tajc-
tae”/ HURFOM, May, aemufqufwGJ-2? wcgw&H tcsKd@aom&mbmyifrsm;u rlvydkif&Sifu ppfwyfESifhoabmwlnDr_ r&,lonfh
tajctaersKd;wGif wefzdk;jrifhwwfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- 0Juvdaus;&GmwGif 2007 ckESpfY/ ydkif&Sifu &mbmyifwpfyifudk &mbmap; jcpf,lr_
twGuf usyf 750 omay;Edkifygonf? tu,fI olwdk@u ‚tyifrsm;udk tap;rjcpfvdkygu wpfyifv#if 1˜000 usyfay;ygonf?
203 PYNG (2007) “ppfwyfpuf±Hka=umifh vufzufaps;E_ef;rsm; av#mhenf;usqif;&jcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 5 May.

61
 ydomv#if usyf (200)jzpfonf?taumuf cGefXmerSvnf; vufzuftay: tcGefxyfIaumufcH
ao;+yD; E_ef;xm;rSmydkIenf;aom wyd\mv#if 5 usyftcGefjzpfygonf?204 xdk@tjyif ppfwyfu
‚a'otwGif;&Sd tjcm;aom pm;a&&dQmrsm;a&mif;csr_udk xdef;csKyfxm;aoma=umifh vufzuf
awmifolrsm;rSm ppfwyfxHwGif taºu;xyfIwif ae=u&ygao;onf? vufzuftay:wpfOD;wnf;
u xdef;csKyfxm;onfh 0,f,loltay:wif&Sdaeonfhtaºu;rsm;udk vufzufawmifoltrsm;pku
olwdk@xGufukefrsm;ay;qyf+yD;=uonfhwdkif rumrd=uao;yg?205 tjcm;aomOyrmtjzpf wpfOD;wnf;
vuf0g;}uD;csKyfI 0,f,ljcif;rsKd;udk &cdkifjynfe,f/ ppfawGESifh ausmufjzLòr@e,frsm;wGifvnf; awG@
&Sd&ygonf?206 a'ocHwHigrsm;xHrS zrf;qD;&&Sdaomig;rsm;udk ppfwyfESifh a&wyfrSzGifhvSpfxm;onfh
ig;'dkif 2-ckwdk@xHom aps;uGufaygufaps;xuf enf;Ia&mif;csapjcif;jzpfonf? ppfwyfu wHigrsm;
tay:zdESdyfae+yD;/ ig;xGufukefrsm;vma&muf0,f,l=uonfh &efukefESifhrœav;rS 0,f,lolrsm;udk
vnf;wm;qD;xm;ygonf? xdkolrsm;udk0,fcGifhðyygu wHigrsm;taejzifh aps;aumif;ydkI&rnfjzpf
onf? &cdkifjynfe,f&Sd tjcm;aomOyrmwpfckrSm- armif;awmòr@e,fwGif qm;xkwfvkyfolrsm;udk
ppfwyfxHodk@ aps;uGufaygufaps;xufav#mhenf;I a&mif;csapjcif;jzpfonf? 207

oD;ESHrsm;tay:xdef;csKyfjcif;ESifh 'PfaiGrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd v,form;rsm;udk tcsKd@aom owfrSwfoD;ESHrsm;udkom pdkufysKd;&ef xdef;csKyf
r_rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? Oyrm tm;jzifh- ZD0avmifpmpDrHudef;/ ae=um/ a&mfbmyifESifh aEGpyg;wdk@
jzpfonf? rdrdudk,fydkifajray:Y rnfonfhoD;ESHpdkufysKd;&rnf[lonfh trdef@rSmtrSefawmh enf;pepfydkif;
t&tcGefaumuf,ljcif;r[kwfyg? odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u Todk@uef@owfxdef;csKyfr_
rsm;ðyjcif;jzifh tpdk;&u rvdkufemolrsm;udk '%fa=u;csrSwfEdkifjcif;ESifh trdef@rvdkufemolv,form;
rsm;tay: ajymiftcGefcsrSwfEdkifjcif;rsm; ðyEdkifygonf?208 odk@ESifh v,form;rsm;. rdom;pk0ifaiGudk
ododomom xdcdkufap+yD;/ Trl0g'ESifh tjcm;aom tcGefaumuf,lr_rsm;vnf; wGJcsdwfaewwfyg
onf?

204 Ibid.
205 Ibid.
206 Narinjara News (2009) “jrefrmppfwyfu ig;zrf;olrsm;tay: acgif;yHkjzwfaejcif;”/ ausmufjzLòr@e,f/ ausmufjzLc±dkifESifh ppfawGòr@e,f/
ppfawGc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Narinjara News, 18 September - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/7068-burmese-army-exploits-fishermen.html
- accessed 2 March 2010.
207 Kaladan Press (2010) “qm;xkwfvkyfolrsm;u (epu)xHodk@aps;av#mhenf;pGmjzifh twif;tusyf a&mif;csapjcif;”/ armif;awmòrd@e,f/
armif;awmc&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Kaladan Press, 9 February - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kaladan/7861-salt-producers-forced-to-sell-to-
nasaka-at-lower-prices.html - accessed 2 March 2010.
208 HURFOM (2009) “v,f{u 100 ausmfudk urm0ufòr@e,fcGJwGif odrf;,lcH&jcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? 1-30 October; HURFOM (2009)
“awG@qHkar;jref;cef;? obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;/ aus;&GmvHkðcHa&;ESifh tpdk;&aEGpyg;pojzifh tcGeftwkwf trsKd;rsKd;udk twif;tusyf ay;aqmif
ae=u&jcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 October; HURFOM (2009) “rk'Hkòr@ae vlxkrsm;udk &yf&Gm xGef-
puftwGuf aiGtwif;tusyfay;aqmifcdkif;aejcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 25 October; KWAT.
“ref*lwGif tpdk;&uxkwfay;onfh rsKd;aphudk rpdkufonfhtwGuf '%faiGay;aqmifapjcif;”/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin; PWO (2006)
“aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk twif;tusyf pyg;pdkufcdkif;aejcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 November.

62
ajrESifh ydkifqdkifrItay: aumufcHjcif; 209

pdkufysKd;ajrtay:{utvdkuf tcGef
aumuf,lEdkif+yD;/ tcsKd@a'orsm;wGif T
ud P ud k r =umao;rD u rS p wif a qmif & G u f
vmcJhygonf?210 &Srf;jynf e,fESifh rGefjynfe,f
&Sd a'otcsKd@wGif Todk@tcGef aumufcHr_
rsKd; pwifñuHcJh&ygonf? 211 om"utm;jzifh/
&Srf;jynfe,f rdkif;wHkòr@e,fwGif (2009)ckESpf
Y a'ocHppfwyfu vufzufpdkufawmifol
rsm;udk vufzufcif;wpf{uv#if usyf 20˜
000 tcGefaumufcHcJhygonf?212 Todk@
tcGeftopfaumufcHr_twGuf aemufxyf
om"urSm rGefjynfe,frk'HkESifh oHjzLZ&yf
òr@e,frsm;rSmñuHawG@&+yD; taumufcGefXm
erS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u (2010)ckESpf/ ESpf
qef; ydkif;rSpI a&mfbmpdkufcif;rsm;udkwpf
{uv#if usyf 30˜000pwif aumufcHcJhyg
onf? TtcGefonf tqdkyga'owGif;&Sd
v,form;rsm;. xdktcsdefu 0ifaiGxufod
odomomrsm;jym;ygonf? &mbmaps;E_ef;
usqif;aer_a=umifh vGefcJhonfhESpfuxuf
pmv#if 0ifaiGododomomusqif;ae+yD; wpf{uv#if usyf(5˜000)r#om&ygonf?213 tjcm;
a'owpfckjzpfonfh u&ifjynfe,f/ 'l;yvm,mc±dkifwGifrl v,fwpf{utay:tajccHI tcGef
aumufcHr_onf tenf;qHk; (2004)ckESpfrSpI wnf&SdaecJhygonf? (2005) ckESpfwGif/ wpf{uv#if
usyf 1˜000 aumufcHygonf?214
209 ajrcGefqdkonfrSm rðyjyif&ao;onfh ajrom;wefzdk;tay: aumufcHonfhtcGefjzpfonf? TonfrSm tdrfjcHajrrsm;tay:aumufcHonfh
tcGefESifhuGmjcm;onf? ‚rSmðyjyifxm;onfh Oyrm- a&wl;ajrmif;azmufvkyfxm;jcif;/ tdrfaqmufxm;jcif; ponfhtajctaetay:
aumufcHjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf;jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aumufcHaeaomtcGefrSm ajrcGefvm;/ tdrfjcHajrtcGefvm;qdkonfudkuGJjym;jcif; r&Sdyg?
210 KWAT (2008) “zdkifaumif;aus;&GmwGif pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay: tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ yefqdkif;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MAR-
TUS Bulletin; TSYO (2009) “vufzufawmifolrsm;xHrS w&m;r0if tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòrd@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulleting, 1 January.
211 IMNA (2010) “taumufcGefXme. ajrcGeftopfa=umifh v,fydkifqdkifolrsm;{utvdkuf tcGef0efxkyf0efydk; ydae&jcif;”/ rk'HkESifh oHjzLZ&yfòrd@e,f/
armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? Independent Mon News Agency, 1 March - http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7996-new-customs-department-
land-tax-overburdens-owners-with-acreage.html - accessed 2 March 2010; TSYO (2009) “vufzufawmifolrsm;xHrS w&m;r0iftcGefaumuf
cHaejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòrd@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulleting, 1 January.
212 TSYO (2009) “vufzufawmifolrsm;xHrS w&m;r0if tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòrd@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bullet-
ing, 1 January.
213 IMNA (2010) “taumufcGefXme. ajrcGeftopfa=umifh v,fydkifqdkifolrsm;{utvdkuf tcGef0efxkyf0efydk; ydae&jcif;”/ rk'HkESifh oHjzLZ&yfòrd@e,f/
armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? Independent Mon News Agency, 1 March - http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7996-new-customs-department-
land-tax-overburdens-owners-with-acreage.html - accessed 2 March 2010.
214 HURFOM (2009) “urm0ufòr@e,fcGJwGif v,f{u&mausmf odrf;qnf;cJhjcif;”/ urm0ufòr@e,fcGJ/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvjrdKifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? 20
November; KWAT ? “ref*lwGif tpdk;&rsKd;aphrsm;udk rpdkufysKd;onfhtwGufa=umifh '%f±dkufjcif;”/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin; KWAT
(2008) “zdkifaumif;aus;&GmwGif pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay: tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ yefqdkif;òrd@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bul-
letin; KHRG (2005) “'l;yvm,mc±dkif? typftwf&yfpJ+yD;aomfvnf; wdkufcdkufr_rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm; qufvuf&Sdaejcif;”/
Karen Human Rights Group - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2005/khrg05f1.html - accessed 19 February 2010;

63
 oGif;tm;pkrsm;tay:wGif tcGefaumufcHjcif;
ukefoG,fcGef Oya' (1990)t& ukefyPnf;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;tay:wGif tcGefaumufcHEdkif
ygonf? v,f,mxGufukefrsm;udkrl tcGefuif;vGwfcGifh ðyxm;ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; yk~vdu
v,f,mu¾wGif rjrifombJ aumufcHaeonfh tjcm;tcGefrsm;pGm &Sdaeygonf? rjrifomonfh
tcGefrsm;wGif tpdk;&xHrS rsKd;aphrsm;ESifh "mwfajr=oZm twif;tusyf 0,f,lapjcif;rsKd;jzpf+yD;/ jyify
aps;uGufaygufaps;xufvnf; aps;jrifhaewwfonf?215 a&tay: tcGefaumufcHaeonfudkvnf;
tjrJwapvdkvdk yHkrSefawG@&onf? TaumufcHr_onf wcgw&HwGif trSefwu,f0efaqmifr_ay;
onfhtajctaeESifh pyfqdkifjcif;r&Sdwwfyg? oabmrSma&udkpDrHcef@cGJr_/ jzef@a0ay;r_/ a&ay;a&;
wl; ajrmif;pepfudk ydkrdkwdk;wufaumif;rGefap&ef ðyjyifxdef;odrf;r_wdk@ESifh roufqdkifbJ&Sdaeonf?216
tm%mydkifrsm;u v,form;rsm;udk ZD0avmifpm=uufqlaph t"R0,fcdkif;+yD; tpdk;&. ZD0avmif
pmpDrHudef;udkvdkufem taumiftxnfazmf&ef cdkif;aponfvnf;&Sdonf? 217

xGufukeftay: tcGefaumuf,lrIrsm;
ukefoG,fcGef Oya' (1990)t& v,f,mxGufukefrsm;tay:wGifvnf; tcGefuif;vGwf
cGifhðyxm;ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; u&ifjynfe,fwGif 'DaubDattzGJ@ESifhppfwyfu v,f,m
xGufukefrsm;tay: tcGefaumufcHr_ yHkrSefozG,f ðyrlae=uqJyif &Sdygonf?218 v,form;rsm;onf
txl;ojzifh qefpyg;tay:wGif oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh tcGefaumufr_ cHae&qJjzpfonf? Todk@
oG,f0dkufaom tcGefaumufcHr_rsm;wGif v,f,mxGufukefrsm;udk aps;uGufaygufaps;xuf enf;
aomE_ef;jzifha&mif;csapjcif;/ xGufukef.wpfpHkw&maom&mcdkifE_ef;udk txl;ojzifhppfwyfuodrf;
,ljcif; ponfhvkyf&yfrsm;yg0ifygonf?219 om"uazmfjy&v#if &Srf;jynfe,f/ wmcsDvdwfòr@e,fwGif
2010 ckESpfwGif (rtz) òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u a'ocHv,form;xHrS pyg;udkjyifyaygufaps;xuf
xuf0ufenf;onfhE_ef;xm;jzifh qufvuf&,l0,f,laeqJjzpfygonf?220 v,form;rsm;. v,f
215 HURFOM (2009) “aEGpyg;udk tajccHI urm0ufaus;&GmwGif vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; wdk;rsm;vmjcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/
rGefjynfe,f? 28 December - http://rehmonnya.org/archives/1244#more-1244 – accessed 7 April 2010; KNG (2009) “ucsifjynfe,fwGif
v,form;rsm;udk pyg;rsKd;opfrsm; twif;tusyf 0,f,l&ef cdkif;apaejcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News
Group, 27 April - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Farmers-forced-to-buy-new-variety-of-paddy-seed-in-Kachin-State.html - accessed 7 April
2010; PWO (2006) “aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk twif;tusyf pyg;pdkufcdkif;aejcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin,
1 November; PWO (2009) “erfhqrfòr@e,fwGif tcGeftrsKd;rsKd;aumufcHaejcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin,
18 August.
216 HURFOM (2009) “aEGpyg;udk tajccHIurm0ufaus;&GmwGif vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; wdk;rsm;vmjcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/
rGefjynfe,f? 28 December - http://rehmonnya.org/archives/1244#more-1244 – accessed 7 April 2010; Karenni Homeland (2008) “jrefrmtm
%mydkifrsm;u v,form;rsm;udk qnfa&twGuf tcGefydkIaumufcHaejcif;”/ vdGKifaumfòrd@e,f/ vGdKifaumfc±dkif/ u&ifeDjynfe,f? 15 Sep-
tember - http://www.karennihomeland.com/NewsArticle.php?ContentID=172 – accessed 9 April 2010; PWO (2006) “aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk pyg;
twif;tusyfpdkufysKd;apjcif;”/erfhqrfòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 November; PWO (2009) “erfhqrfòr@e,fwGif
tcGeftrsKd;rsKd; aumuf,laejcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 18 August;
217 HDRU (2008) “aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk =uufqlrsKd;aphrsm;aps;jrifhI t"R0,f,lcdkif;apjcif;”/ usKdif;wHkESifh vif;ac;òr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 1 April.
218 KHRG (2009) “zm;tHc±dkifwGif 'DaubDattzGJ@u aiGn‡pfjcif;ESifh uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;ðyaejcif;”/ Karen Human Rights Group, 16 March,
p.3 - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09f4.pdf - accessed 23 March 2010;
219 KNG (2007) “ucsifjynfe,fwGif O,smOfjcHESifh v,fajr{ursm;pGm ppfwyfuodrf;,lcJhjcif;”/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 12 July -
http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Acres-of-orchards-and-paddy-fields-in-Kachin-State-confiscated-by-army.html - accessed 24 February; LWO
“refwHk&Sd aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk ppfwyftwGuf twif;tusyf tvkyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ refwHkòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1
(2006)
January; KWAT (2009) “aemif;cdkifwGif tpdk;&upyg;udk aygufaps;xufav#mhI t"R0,f,laejcif;ESifh ynma&;p&dwfrsm;”/ ylwmtdkòr@e,f/
ylwmtdkc&dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? 2000-until now. MARTUS Bulletin.
220 Ta'owGif v,fwpf{uv#ifxGuf&Sdonfh pyg;wif;ta&twGufudk azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdyg? Ta'owGif pyg;wpfwif;aygufaps;rSm usyf

64
,mxGufukefay:rS tcGefaumuf,ljcif; aemufwpfenf;rSm uef@owftrdefay;xm;onfh pdkufysKd;
oD;ESHrsm;rpdkufonfhtay: tajccHIvnf;aumuf,lonf? om"uazmfjy&v#if ucsifjynfe,f/
zm;uef@òr@e,fwGif awmifolrsm;udk ocGm;oD;rpdkufysKd;&efwm;jrpfxm;aomfvnf;/ Ttrdef@udk
±kyfodrf;cJh+yD;aemufydkif;wGifvnf; xkwfvkyfonfh oD;ESHtay:tcGefaumuf,laeao;onf221 T
odk@aomtcGefrsm;rSm tpOfojzifhjrifhrm;jcif;r&Sdyg? tpD&ifcHpmwpfckuazmfjy&mwGif2.5 &mcdkifE_
ef;rS 5 &mcdkifE_ef;=um;om&Sdonf?222 v,f,mxGufukefrsm;udk (tjcm;aomukef yPnf;rsm;ESifh
twl) jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; o,f,lydk@aqmif&mYvnf; tcGefaumufjcif;cH&Edkifygao;onf? T
udPrsm;tao;pdwfudk “ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;Y tcGefaumuf,ljcif;” u¾wGifazmfjyaqG;aEG;xm;
ygonf? (ajrr[kwfbJ) v,f,mxGufukeftay: ajymifvk,uf,ljcif;rsKd;ppfwyfu yk~vduv,f
,mpdkufysKd;olrsm;xHrS t&if;tjrpf&,lpkaqmif;&efvnf;yHkrSef aqmif&Gufwwfygonf? tjcm;aom
enf;emrsm;ESifhtwl jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&utoHk;ðyae&m yk~vdu u¾rSaeI tpdk;&ESifh ppfwyfrsm;
twGuf t&if;tjrpfcGJa0jzef@jzL;jcif; yHkpHudkvnf;odom xif&Sm;pGm ajymif;vJapygonf?

wd&dpäefrsm;tay:wGif tcGefaumuf,ljcif;
wzef wd&d>mefrsm;tay:wGif tcGefaumuf,l&mYvnf; worwfwnf;r&Sdwwfacs?
om"utm;jzifh 2009 ckESpfwGif &Srf;jynfe,f/ erfhqrfòr@e,fY v,f,moHk; u|JEGm;w&d>mef&Sdol tdrf
axmifpkwdkif;udk &JXmeu/ u|JEGm;wefzdk;rnfr#&Sdonfudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;r&SdbJ wpfvHk;wnf;
ykwfjywfusyf 15˜000 aumufcHcJhonf?223 taumif}uD;onfh qifuJhodk@w&d>mefrsm;udktcGef
aumuf,lr_rSm yHkrSefjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; tcGefyrm%jcm;em;r_&SdaernfrSmrvGJjzpfonf? om"
utm;jzifh- u&ifjynfe,f zm;tHòr@e,f&Sd aus;&GmwpfckwGif qifrsm;tay:usyf 200˜000 tcGef
aumufcHcJh+yD;/ xdkòr@e,f&Sdtjcm;aus;&GmwpfckY qifrsm;tay:usyf 100˜000 tcGefaumufcHcJh
onf?224 rGefjynfe,ftwGif;rS owif;rsm;t&vnf; qifrsm;tay: tcGefaumufcHavh&Sd+yD;/
taumifta&twGuftvdkuf wpfaumifv#if usyf 100˜000 aumufcHonf? 225

tjcm;aomtcGefrsm;
txufu azmfjyaqG;aEG;cJhaomudPrsm;tjyif v,f,mu¾wGif tjcm;aom tcGef
aumufcHaer_rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? om"uazmfjy&v#if- rGefjynfe,f opfawmOD;pD;Xmeu &mbm
pdkufcif;rsm;wGif pdkufcif;ydkif&Sifu toHk;r0ifawmhonfh tyifa[mif;rsm; ckwfvSJyguvnf; tcGef
6˜000 &Sd+yD;/ tav;csdef 20 uDvdk*&rfr# &Sdonf? (rtz) òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJ@u pyg;wpfwif;v#if usyf (3˜100)omay;onf? wpfwif;
v#if 23 uDvdk*&rftxd csdef,lonf? Zaw Gyi (2010) “ppftpdk;& ukefonfrsm;u ppfwyftwGufpyg;udkaps;av#mh0,f,laejcif;” Network
Media Group, 25 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/nmg/7745-junta-traders-buy-rice-for-army-at-low-prices-.html - accessed 1 March
2010.
221 SHAN (2008) “a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;u tcGef,l+yD;ocGm;pdkufysKd;cGifhðyaejcif;”/ Shan Herald Agency for News, 21 January, http://www.shanland.
org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1523%3Alocal-authority-allows-planting-of-taxed-cucumber&Itemid=301 – accessed 17
February 2010.
222 Ibid.
223 TSYO (2009)“v,f,moHk;u|JEGm;wd&d>mefarG;jrLonfhtwGuf w&m;r0iftcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 1 October.
224 KHRG (2009) “zm;tHc±dkifwGif 'DaubDatu acgif;yHkjzwftjrwfxkwfaer_ESifh ppfom;pkaqmif;aer_”/ u&ifjynfe,f? Karen Human Rights
Group,” 29 June, p.4 - www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09f11.pdf - accessed 21 February 2010.
225 HURFOM ESifh wpfOD;csif; yk~dKvfa&;t&pma&;om;qufoG,f ar;jref;r_?

65
 aumuf,lygao;onf? tcGefaumufcHr_ }uD;rm;onfomru/ (wpf{uv#ifusyf 20˜000ay;
xm;&onf?) tcGefay;+yD;v#ifvnf; cGifhðycsufwpfESpfom&onf?226 xdk@tjyif pdkufcif;ydkif&Sif u
(opfyifckwfvSJcGifh &&Sd+yD;yguvnf;) a'ocHopfawmt&m&Sdudk olwdk@a&mif;&onfh opfwef
tay:rlwnfI wpfwefv#if usyf 15˜000 rS 20˜000 txday;&onf? ‚yrm%onf a&mif;
ukefwefzdk;. 10 &mcdkifE_ef;r#&Sdonf?227

ppfwyfESifh (rtz)-(&tz) NrdKYe,f^&yfuGuftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;

tjcm;wyfrawmf&Sd wyf&if;rsm;odk@ &efyHkaiGaxmufyHhay;r_ csKd@iJhjcif; aemufxyftusKd;
qufwpfckrSm a'ocH ppfwyfzGJ@ rsm;u odk@r[kwf wyfrSL;rsm;u pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmif=ujcif;
jzpfonf? (v,f,mESifh pm;usufajrrsm; tygt0if) t&if;tESD; trsm;pkudk yk~vdu u¾rSaeI
avsmfa=u;ray;bJ odrf;,l aqmif&Guf=uonf? 228 a'ocH ppfwyf rsm;u TpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
rnfodk@ vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf=uonfudk owif;tcsuftvuf tenf;i,fom&&Sd&m/ tcsKd@tpdk;&
,œ,m;tvdkuf uGJvGJr_rsm;&Sdaeonfudkod&+yD;/ oGif;tm;pkrsm;&,lyHkYvnf;rwljcm;em;csufrsm;
&Sdaeonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap/ TpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm; &,l=u&mYtpOf
ojzifh +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;ESifh t=urf;zufr_rsm; 'GefwGJjzpfay:aewwfonf? xdk@tjyifpD;yGm; a&;
vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;tay:wGif‚/ vdktyfonfhoGif;tm;pktay:wGif‚/ ydkIta&;}uD;onfrSm
a'ocHwyfrSL;rsm;. ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfr_/ qifjcifEdkifpGrf;tay: rlwnfI‚t=urf;zufr_ tedrfh
tjrifhESifh +cdrf;ajcmufr_tjyif;taysmh twdkif;tqvnf; uGmjcm;r_&Sdygonf?229 tajccHtaqmuf
tODrsm;aqmufvkyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;uJhodk@yif/ ppfwyfydkif odk@r[kwf tpdk;&ESifhqufpyfywf oufae
onfhtzGJ@tpnf;/ Xmersm;ydkif‚ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_rsm; yl;
wGJjzpfapwwfonf?230 ppfwyfupDrHonfh/ odk@r[kwf tpdk;&ESifhqufpyfywfoufaeonfh pD;yGm;
226 Kawlawi (2010) “ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmjcpm;aer_a=umifh rGefjynfe,f&Sd a&mfbmpdkufawmifolrsm; 'kQñuHae&jcif;”/ rGefjynfe,f? Independent
Mon News Agency, 1 February - http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7807-years-of-corruption-chafe-mon-state-rubber-farmers.html - accessed 2
March 2010.
227 tcGefESifh tzdk;tcrsm; aumufcHonfhtjyif &mbmpdkufawmifolrsm;xHrS ajrudktcsdefra&G;odrf;,lEdkifao;onf? odk@twGufa=umifh qHk;jzwf
csufcs&ef cufcJwefzdk;}uD;onf?
228 AASYC, PYO & MYPO (2009) “rdrdwdk@ajrrsm;udkodrf;ydkufxm;jcif;? &cdkifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,fESifh &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; ytdk@0fa'owdk@wGif
ajr odrf;ydkufr_rsm;”/ Holding Our Ground: Land Confiscation in Arakan and Mon States, and Pa-O Areas of Southern Shan State, March -
http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs07/HOLDING_OUR_GROUND(en).pdf – accessed 15 March 2010; KHRG (2005) “'kl;yvm,mc±dkif? typf
tcwf&yfpJ+yD;aomfvnf; wdkufcdkufr_rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; qufvuf&Sdaejcif;?” Karen Human Rights Group - http://www.
khrg.org/khrg2005/khrg05f1.html - accessed 19 February 2010; KHRG (2007) “u&ifjynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif tpdk;&.zdESdyfr_rsm;ESifh qif;&J
rGJawap&efzefwD;aer_”/ aumhu&dwfc&dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? 23 February - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2007/khrg07f2.html - accessed 22 February
2010; HURFOM (2007) “rGefjynfe,f acgZmòrd@e,fcGJ&Sd ppfwyfwyf&if;u wzef&Gmom;rsm;udkt"Rcdkif;apI ðcHykwfrsm;ESifhopfjrpfrsm; xkwf&ef
cdkif;apaejcif;”/ a&;òrd@e,f/ armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 9-10 January; LWO (2006) “rdkif;wHk&Sdaus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk
ppfwyftwGuftvkyfvkyfay;&ef t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòrd@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 January; TSYO (2009) “(etz)
ppfom;rsm;u ajrodrf;ydkufaejcif;”/ erfhqrfòrd@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 10 October.
229 HURFOM (2009) “pkyHkaeaomtnpfta=u;rsm;? uefabmuf- òrifuav; obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;wpfav#muf vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmuf
r_rsm;” “Laid Waste: Human Rights along the Kanbauk to Myaing Kalay Gas Pipeline,” HURFOM, May, p.23.
230 AAPPB (2008) “=uufqlyif pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf t"Rvkyftm;ay;”/ ppfawGòr@e,f/ &ckdifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 15 June; Bur-
ma Issues (2007) “=uufqlO,smOftwGuf aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u ajr&Sif;ay;&jcif;”/ zmyGefòr@e,f/ zm;tHc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? 28 June;
HDRU (2006) “aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&; (&tz) tzGJ@0ifrsm;u pdkufysKd;a&;pDrHudef;twGuf aiGaumufcHaejcif;ESifh tvkyform;tjzpf
twif;tusyf cdkif;apaejcif;”/ arWmòr@e,f/ weoFm&Dwdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 15 October; HDRU (2007) “t&yfom; rsm;u
ppfwyfydkifv,fajrtwGuf t"Rvkyftm;ay;ae&jcif;”/ Aef;armfòr@e,f/ Aef;armfc±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 23 August; HRDU
(2008) “tm%mydkifrsm;u csif;jynfe,fwGif a'ocHrsm;udk tvkyf=urf; cdkif;apaejcif;”/ rwlyDòr@e,f/ csif;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 8
November; HDRU (2008) “csif;jynfolrsm;udk vufzufpdkufcif;rsm;wGif aygif;oifðcH&Sif;&ef t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ zvrf;òr@e,f/ csif;jynfe,f?

66
a&;vkyfief;rsm;udkpDrHcef@cGJ&mwGif tusKd;tjrwf/ rufvHk;pdwf0ifpm;r_r&Sd=uaoma=umifh Ed_if;,SOf
v#if yk~vdu u¾rSxkwfvkyfonfxuf xkwfvkyfr_pGrf;tm; av#mhenf;aewwfonf?231 EdkifiH
ydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tay:wGif aiG&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH&efpdwf0ifpm;r_ rufvHk;tenf;i,fr#om&Sd=u
aoma=umifh pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;quft& ta&;ygonfh xdcdkufoufa&mufr_rsm;&Sdaponf? T
tajctaewGifvkyftm;udkvnf; vkyftm;cray;bJ&,l=u+yD;/ t&if;tESD;twGufvnf;yk~vdu
u¾rS ajymifyifcdk;,l&,l=uonf? xdk@tjyif odrf;qnfcH&rnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufcH&r_a=umifh yk~vdu
u¾taeESifh t&if;tESD; xyfrHjr‡KyfESHa&;twGuf qdk;usKd;tusKd;qufrsm;pGm qufjzpfay:aponf?
odrf;qnf;cH&rnfh jzpfEdkifajcrsm;avav/ a&&Snfjr‡KyfESHapmifhqdkif;&rnfhta&; jzpfavav (txl;
ojzifh &mbmyif/ uGrf;oD;yif/ jcHxGufO,smOf pdkufysKd;r_rsm;Y) &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH=u&efpdwf0ifpm;r_ enf;av
avjzpf+yD;/ yk~vdu u¾. zGH@òz;wdk;wufEdkifajc tvm;tvmrsm;vnf; xdcdkufepfem&awmhonf?
oGif;tm;pkrsm;udk ae&ma&$@ajymif; toHk;csr_a=umifh xkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;tay: qdk;usKd;oufa&muf
onfomru/ yk~vdu u¾rSaeI0ifaiGonf tpdk;&Xme/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh ppfwyfxHodk@ cGJa0
jzef@jzL;yHkvnf; ajymif;vJoGm;awmhonf? v,f,majrrsm;udk EdkifiHtpdk;&u &,laejcif;a=umifh
tvkyfvufrJhjzpfr_rsm;udk zefwD;ae±Hkr#ru/ iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_ jy\emtjzpfyg qdkufaponf?232 T
taetxm;wGif vlrsm;u xdkif;EdkifiHtwGif; tvkyftudkif&SmazG&ef ajymif;a&$@tajccs=u&onfh
taetxm; qdkufa&mufaponf?233

11 July; HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyf wyf&if;. aEGpyg;pdkufcif;wGif aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u t"R vkyftm;ay;&ef trsKd;orD;rsm;ygrusef
cdkif;apaejcif;”/ acgZmòr@e,fcGJ/ a&;òr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 27 February; HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfuaus;&Gmvlxk.
yPnf;ud&d,mrsm;oHk;I aEGpyg;pdkufysKd;aejcif;”/ a&;ESifhrk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 22 January; HURFOM
(2007) “wUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;yif =uufqlyifpdkuf&ef t"Rcdkif;apcHae&jcif;”/ armfvòrifòr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 28
June; KHRG (2005) “'l;yvm,mc±dkif? typftcwf&yfpJ+yD;aomfvnf; wdkufcdkufr_rsm;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; qufvuf &Sdae-
jcif;?” Karen Human Rights Group - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2005/khrg05f1.html - accessed 19 February 2010; KHRG (2008) “zm;tHc±dkifwGif
t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_rsm;ESifh aiGn‡pfawmif;qdkr_rsm;”/ KHRG #2008-F11, 8 August - www.khrg.org/khrg2008/khrg08f11.pdf - accessed 11
February 2009; KHRG (2008) “ae@pOfawmif;qkdaer_rsm;ESifh t"Racgif;yHkjzwfaer_rsm;? zm;tHc±dkifwGif(etz)ESifh ('DaubDat) xdef;csKyfr_
atmuf&Sd b0rsm;”/ u&ifjynfe,f? Karen Human Rights Group, 18 September - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2008/khrg08f13.pdf - accessed 21
February 2010; LWO (2006) “refwHk&Sdaus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk ppfwyftwGuf twif;tusyftvkyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ refwHkòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 1 January; LWO (2007) “a'ocHjynfolrsm;xHrS ajrrsm;odrf;,laejcif;”/ rdkif;qwfòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 1 July; LWO (2008) “=uufqlyift"RpdkufysKd;cdkif;aejcif;”/ wmcsDvdwfòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 6 June; LWO (2008)
“a'ocHjynfolrsm;xHrS aus;vufa'orsm;wGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apaejcif;”/ wmcsDvdwfòr@e,f/ wmcsDvdwfc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? 17 Septem-
ber; LWO (2008) “tvkyfvkyf&eftrdef@ay;cdkif;apaejcif;”/ wmcsDvdwfòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? 16 September; LWO (2008) “=uufqlyif pdkufysKd;&ef
t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ wmcsDvdwfòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 6 June; PWO (2005) “refwHkòr@e,frS ausmif;om;rsm;udk wyfrawmf
v,fpdkufcif;twGuf t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 July; PWO (2006) “refwHk&Sdaus
;&Gmvlxkrsm;udkppfwyftwGuf twif;tusyf tvkyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ refwHkòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 January; PYNG (2008)
“ppfwyfuaus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk=uufqlyifpdkufysKd;&ef t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkESifherRwlòrd@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 April;
Yoma 3 News Service (2008) “ppfwyfaxmufyHha&;twGuf pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;ESifh wd&d>mefarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;”/ yvuf0òr@e,f/ rif;wyfc±dkif/
csif;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 3 March;
231 HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfuaus;&Gmvlxk. yPnf;ud&d,mrsm;oHk;I aEGpyg;pdkufysKd;aejcif;”/ a&;ESifh rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 22 January; Khonumthung News (2010) “yk~vduvufzufcif;rsm;u ppfwyfydkifxufydkItxGufrsm;jcif;”/ Khonumthung
News, 12 March http://www.bnionline.net/news/khonumthung/8097-private-tea-plantations-more-productive-than-regimes.html - accessed 15
March 2010.
232 HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyf wyf&if;. aEGpyg;pdkufcif;wGif aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u t"Rvkyftm;ay;&ef trsKd;orD;rsm;ygrusef cdkif;apaejcif;”/
acgZmòr@e,fcGJ/ a&;òr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 27 February.
233 Burma Issues (2007) “=uufqlO,smOftwGuf aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u ajr&Sif;ay;&jcif;”/ zmyGefòr@e,f/ zm;tHc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? 28 June;
KHRG (2008) “zm;tHc±dkifwGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_rsm;ESifh aiGn‡pfaumufcHaer_rsm;”/ KHRG #2008-F11, 8 August - www.khrg.org/
khrg2008/khrg08f11.pdf - accessed 11 February 2009.

67
 a'ocHppfwyfwyf&if;rsm;ESifh ‚wdk@. acgif;aqmifrsm;u pDrH=uonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
trsm;pkonf v,f,m pdu k yf sK;d a&;u¾wGif jzpfonf? 234 Tvkyif ef;rsm;wGif O,smOfjcHvyk if ef;rsm;/235
ig;uefrsm;/236 0g;awmrsm;/237 vufzufpdkufcif;rsm;/238 &mbmpdkufcif;rsm;/239 ae=umcif;rsm;/
pyg;pdkufv,frsm;/240 ZD0avmifpm=uufqlpdkufcif;rsm;241yg0ifonf? v,f,mvkyfief;.tyjzpf
aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif opfcGJpufvkyfief;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vkyfief;/ tkwfzkwfvkyfief;/
ig;zrf;vkyfief;uJhodk@aom t&if;tESD;ao;onfh vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf?242 tcsKd@vkyfief;rsm;udk jynf
axmifpk=uHhcdkifa&;ESifhzGH@òz;a&;toif; (USDA)u csKyfudkifxm;+yD;243 tcsKd@udkrl (rtz)òr@e,ftkyfcsKyf
a&;tm%mydkiftzGJ@u csKyfudkifxm;onf?244 (DKBA)uJhodk@aom tcsKd@typftcwf &yfpJa&; tzGJ@
rsm;onfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfudkif=u+yD;/ txl;ojzifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&; vkyfief;rSm
vkyfudkif=ujcif; jzpfaomfvnf; owif;wpfckYrl (DKBA)u zm;tHòr@wGif uBmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;
udk pwifvkyfudkifaea=umif; az:jyxm;onf?245 ppfwyfESifh tjcm;aom vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;onf
234 Narinjara News (2009) “(puc)-15u &efyHkaiGtajrmuftrsm; pkaqmif;rdaejcif;”/ bl;oD;awmifòr@e,f/ armif;awmc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f?
Narinjara News, 5 August - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/6803-saka-kha-15-amasses-huge-funds.html - accessed 2 March 2010;
Narinjara News (2007) “&cdkifjynfe,fajrmufydkif;wGif ppfwyfupkaqmif;aiGrsm;wdk;rsm;vmjcif;”/ bl;oD;awmifòr@e,f/ armif;awmc±dkifESifh
&aohawmifòr@e,f/ ppfawGc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Narinjara News, 20 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/1203-army-savings-in-
northern-arakan-go-up.html - accessed 4 March 2010.
235 KNG (2007) “ppfwyfu ucsifjynfe,fwGif O,smOfjcHESifh v,fajr{ursm;pGm odrf;,lcJhjcif;” ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 12 July -
http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Acres-of-orchards-and-paddy-fields-in-Kachin-State-confiscated-by-army.html - accessed 24 February;
236 Ibid.
237 Ibid.
238 TSYO (2009) “(etz) ppfom;rsm;uajrodrf;,lcJhjcif;”/ erfhqrfòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 10 October; HRDU
(2008) “csif;jynfe,fwGif tm%mydkifrsm;ua'ocHjynfolrsm;udk tvkyf=urf;cdkif;apaejcif;”/ rwlyDòr@e,f/ csif;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin,
8 November.
239 KHRG (2007)“u&ifjynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif tpdk;&. zdESdyfr_rsm;ESifh qif;&JrGJawap&efzefwD;aer_”/ aumhu&dwfc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? 23
February - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2007/khrg07f2.html - accessed 22 February 2010; HURFOM (2007) “rGefjynfe,facgZmòr@e,fcGJ&Sd ppfwyf
wyf&if;u wzef&Gmom;rsm;udk t"Rcdkif;apI ðcHykwfrsm;ESifh opfjrpfrsm;xkwf&ef cdkif;apaejcif;”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 9-10 January.
240 HDRU (2007)“ppfwyfydkifv,fajrtwGuft"Rvkyftm;ay;&eft&yfom;rsm;udkcdkif;apaejcif;”/ Aef;armfòr@e,f/Aef;armfc±dkif/ucsifjynf
e,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 23 August; KNG (2007) “ppfwyfu ucsifjynfe,fwGifO,smOfjcHESifh v,fajr{ursm;pGmodrf;,lcJhjcif;” uc-
sifjynf e,f? Kachin News Group, 12 July - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Acres-of-orchards-and-paddy-fields-in-Kachin-State-con-
fiscated-by-army.html - accessed 24 February; KHRG (2005) “'l;yvm,mc±dkif? typftcwf&yfpJ+yD;aomfvnf; wdkufcdkufr_rsm;ESifh vl@
tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;qufvuf&Sdaejcif;?” Karen Human Rights Group - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2005/khrg05f1.html - accessed 19
February 2010; HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyf wyf&if;. aEGpyg;pdkufcif;wGif aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u t"Rvkyftm;ay;&ef trsKd;orD;rsm;ygrusef
cdkif;apaejcif;”/ acgZmòr@e,fcGJ/ a&;òr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 27 February; HURFOM (2007) “rGefjynfe,facgZmòr@e,fcGJ&Sdppf
wyf wyf&if;uwzef &Gmom;rsm;udkt"Rcdkif;apI ðcHykwfrsm;ESifh opfjrpfrsm;xkwf&efcdkif;apaejcif;”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 9-10 January; LWO (2007) “a'ocHjynfolrsm;xHrS ajrodrf;,lcJhjcif;”/ rdkif;qwfòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin,
1 July.
241 Burma Issues (2007) “rauG;a'ocHrsm;u tdkift,fvftdktzGJ@udk wdkif=um;=ujcif;”/ yGifhjzLòr@e,f/ rif;bl;c±dkif/ rauG;wdkif;/ MARTUS Bulletin,
27 July; LWO (2007) “a'ocHrsm;xHrS ajrodrf;,lcJhjcif;”/ rdkif;qwfòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 July.
242 HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkifvkyfief;twGuf tkwfzkwfay;&ef aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udkt"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 1-29 January;
HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkif tkwfzkwfpuf&Hkodk@ opfrsm;axmufyHh&ef a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk twif;tusyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS Bul-
letin, 1 January – 5 March; Narinjara News (2009) “(puc)-15 u &efyHkaiGtajrmuftrsm; pkaqmif;rdaejcif;”/ bl;oD;awmifòrd@e,f/ armif;
awmc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Narinjara News, 5 August - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/6803-saka-kha-15-amasses-huge-funds.html -
accessed 2 March 2010; Narinjara News (2007) “&cdkifjynfe,fajrmufydkif;wGif ppfwyfupkaqmif;aiGrsm;wdk;rsm;vmjcif;”/ bl;oD;awmifòrd@e,f/
armif;awmc&dkifESifh &aohawmifòrd@e,f/ ppfawGc&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Narinjara News, 20 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/1203-
army-savings-in-northern-arakan-go-up.html - accessed 4 March 2010.
243 LWO (2008) “aus;vufa'orsm;wGif t"Rtvkyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ wmcsDvdwfòrd@e,f/ wmcsDvdwfc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? 17 September; LWO
(2008) “tvkyfvkyf&ef trdef@ay;cdkif;apaejcif;”/ wmcsDvdwfòrd@e,f/ wmcsDvdwfc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? 16 September.
244 AAPPB (2008) “=uufqlpdkufcif;twGuf t"Rvkyftm;ay;”/ ppfawGòr@e,f/ ppfawGc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 15 June; HRDU
(2008) “tm%mydkifrsm;u csif;jynfe,fwGifa'ocHrsm;udk tvkyf=urf;cdkif;apaejcif;”/ rwlyDòr@e,f/ csif;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 8 No-
vember; HDRU (2008) “csif;jynfolrsm;udk vufzufpdkufcif;rsm;wGif aygif;oifðcH&Sif;&ef t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ zvrf;òr@e,f/ csif;jynfe,f? 11
July; LWO (2008) “=uufqlyifpdkufysKd;&ef t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ wmcsDvdwfòr@e,f/ wmcsDvdwfc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 6 June.
245 Burma Issues (2007) “=uufqlO,smOftwGuf aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u ajr&Sif;ay;&jcif;”/ zmyGefòr@e,f/ zm;tHc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? 28

68
opfvkyfief;/ rl;,pfaq;0g;ta&mif; t0,fvkyfief;uJhodk@aom ‘w&m;r0if’pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
udkvnf; vkyfudkif=uonf?
ppfwyfESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;tkyfpkrsm;onf ‚wdk@. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf
taxmuftul&atmif tcGefaumuf=uao;onf?246 TtcGefrsm;teuf tcsKd@onfóuwifrod
Edkifaom tcGefrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; tcsKd@rSm yHkrSefaumufaomtcGefrsm;jzpfonf?247 twif;t"R
vkyftm;apcdkif;r_ESifh qufEG,faeonfh tjcm;aomoG,f0dkufaumufcHonfh tcGefwpfrsKd;rSm tc
ray;bJ tvkyfapcdkif;&mY tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh wpfOD;csif;yk~vdursm;tm; rdrdwdk@ydkifud&d,mrsm;
tm; tvkyfvkyf&ef ,laqmifvmapjcif;yifjzpfonf?248 om"utm;jzifh/ acgZmòr@e,fcGJY 2007ckESpf
u ppfwyfvkyfudkifaeaom v,fwGifpyg;rpdkufrD v,fxGefay;&eftwGuf tdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf
rdrdwdk@ydkif u|JEGm;ESifhvSnf; (xGefwHk;xGefwH)rsm; pdkufxkwfay;=u&onf?249 ppfwyfESifh typftcwf
&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;u ‚wdk@ydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif xnfh0ift&if;tESD;tjzpf yk~vduu¾rS
t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tca=u;aiGray;bJ ,loHk;jcif;onfvnf; oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifhtcGef
aumufcHjcif;yifjzpfonf?250

June; KHRG (2008) “zm;tHc±dkifwGif t"Rtvkyf cdkif;apaer_rsm;ESifh aiGn‡pfawmif;,laer_rsm;”/ KHRG #2008-F11, 8 August - www.khrg.org/
khrg2008/khrg08f11.pdf - accessed 11 February 2009; KHRG (2008) “ae@pOf awmif;qkdaer_rsm;ESifh t"Racgif;yHkjzwfaer_rsm;? zm;tHc±dkifwGif
(etz) ESifh ('DaubDat) xdef;csKyfr_atmuf&Sdb0rsm;”/ u&ifjynfe,f? Karen Human Rights Group, 18 September - http://www.khrg.org/
khrg2008/khrg08f13.pdf - accessed 21 February 2010; KHRG (2009) “zm;tHc±dkifwGif 'DaubDat xdef;csKyfr_atmufY acgif;yHkjzwfr_rsm;ESifh
ppfom;pkaqmif;aer_”/ u&ifjynfe,f? Karen Human Rights Group,” 29 June, p.1 - www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09f11.pdf - accessed 21 Febru-
ary 2010.
246 HURFOM (2007) “wUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;yif =uufqlyifpdkuf&ef t"Rcdkif;apcHae&jcif;”/ armfvòrifòr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bul-
letin, 28 June; HRDU (2008) “tm%mydkifrsm;u csif;jynfe,fwGifa'ocHrsm;udk tvkyf=urf;cdkif;apaejcif;”/ rwlyDòr@e,f/ csif;jynfe,f? MAR-
TUS Bulletin, 8 November; LWO KHRG (2009) “zm;tHc±dkifwGif 'DaubDat xdef;csKyfr_atmufY acgif;yHkjzwfr_rsm;ESifh ppfom;pkaqmif;aer_”/
u&ifjynfe,f? Karen Human Rights Group,” 29 June, p.1 - www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09f11.pdf - accessed 21 February 2010; (2008)
“aus;vufa'orsm;wGif t"Rtvkyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ wmcsDvdwfòr@e,f/ wmcsDvdwfc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? 17 September; LWO (2008)
“tvkyfvkyf&eftrdef@ay;cdkif;apaejcif;”/ wmcsDvdwfòr@e,f/ wmcsDvdwfc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? 16 September; HDRU (2008) “csif;jynfolrsm;udk
vufzufpdkufcif;rsm;wGif aygif;oifðcH&Sif;&eft"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ zvrf;òr@e,f/ csif;jynfe,f? 11 July; AAPPB (2008) “=uufqlpdkufcif;
twGuftRvkyftm;ay;”/ ppfawGòr@e,f/ ppfawGc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 15 June; LWO (2008) “=uufqlyifpdkufysKd;&ef t"R
cdkif;apaejcif;”/ wmcsDvdwfòr@e,f/ wmcsDvdwfc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 6 June; PYNG (2008) “ppfwyfu aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk
=uufqlyifpdkufysKd;&ef t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ refwkHESifherRwlòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 April.
247 HDRU (2006) “aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&; (&tz) tzGJ@0ifrsm;u pdkufysKd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf aiGESifht"Rvkyftm;ay;&efawmif;qdkaejcif;”/
arWmòr@e,f/ weoFm&Dwdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 15 October.
248 KHRG (2008) “ae@pOf awmif;qkdaer_rsm;ESifh t"Racgif;yHkjzwfaer_rsm;? zm;tHc&dkifwGif (etz)ESifh ('DaubDat) xdef;csKyfr_ atmuf&Sdb0rsm;”/
u&ifjynfe,f? Karen Human Rights Group, 18 September - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2008/khrg08f13.pdf - accessed 21 February 2010; HUR-
FOM (2007) “ppfwyfuaus;&Gm vlxk.yPnf;ud&d,mrsm;oHk;I aEGpyg;pdkufysKd;aejcif;”/ a&;ESifhrk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MAR-
TUS Bulletin, 22 January; HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyf wyf&if;. aEGpyg;pdkufcif;wGif aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u t"Rvkyftm;ay;&ef trsKd;orD;rsm;
ygrusefcdkif;apaejcif;”/ acgZmòr@e,fcGJ/ a&;òr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 27 February
249 HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfuaus;&Gmvlxk. yPnf;ud&d,mrsm;oHk;I aEGpyg;pdkufysKd;aejcif;”/ a&;ESifh rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 22 January.
250 KHRG (2008) “ae@pOf awmif;qkdaer_rsm;ESifh t"Racgif;yHkjzwfaer_rsm;? zm;tHc±dkifwGif (etz) ESifh ('DaubDat) xdef;csKyfr_atmuf&Sd
b0rsm;”/ u&ifjynfe,f? Karen Human Rights Group, 18 September - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2008/khrg08f13.pdf - accessed 21 February
2010; PWO (2006) “(etz)u erfhcrf;òr@e,fwGif =uufqlyifrsm;o,f,l&efum;rsm;udk twif;tusyftrdef@ay;cdkif;apcJhjcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/
&Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 14 July;

69
 a&;NrdKYe,f&Sd tkwfzdkrsm;251
yk~vduu¾rS t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk odrf;,l+yD; e,fajrcHppfwyfu ydkifqdkifvnfywfaeaom
pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;ti,fpm;. om"uwpfckrSm a&;òr@e,fwGif (2006) ckESpfu pwifcJhaom tkwfzdk 4
zdk jzpfonf?252 Ttkwfzdkrsm;teuf (2) zdkudk ajcvsifwyf&if; trSwf (31)u ydkif+yD;/ aemufwpfzdkudkrl
'k- wyf&if;rSL;ESifh aus;&Gmwpf&GmrS OUXa[mif;wpfOD;wdk@u pyfwlydkif=uonf?253 (cv&) (31)
xJrSm t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk rnfodk@ rnfyHk cGJa0ae&mcsxm;a=umif;udkrl rod&acs? tkwfzdkrsm;wnf&m
ajruGufudk avsmfa=u;ray;bJ odrf;,lxm;jcif;jzpfonf? vdktyfaom xnfh0ift&if;tESD;rsm;
udkcGJwrf;csawmif;,l&mY +cdrf;ajcmufr_ESifh t=urf;zufjcif;enf;rsm;udk usifhoHk;onf? twif;
t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;jcif;vnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf?254 tkwfzkwfvkyfief;twGuf pOfqufrjywf vdk
tyfaomxnfh0ift&if;tESD; yPnf;wpfckrSmxif;jzpfonf? tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk t=urf;zufrnf[k
+cdrf;ajcmufum/ tca=u;aiGray;bJtkwfzdkrsm;twGuf xif;&Smapjcif;/ ckwfvSJjzwfawmufjcif;/
o,faqmifjcif;ðycdkif;onf?255 om"utm;jzifh (2007) ckESpftwGif;u tdrfaxmifpk (1˜000)
ywf0ef;usif&Sdaom aus;&Gm (4) &Gmtm; tkwfzdkrsm;twGuf xif;ydk@ay;&ef (tenf;qHk;ESpf}udrf)
trdef@xkwfqifhcJhonf?256 (cv&) (31)twGuf tkwfzdkrsm;qDodk@ ,mOfrsm;jzifhydk@&ef xif;rsm;udk
tvG,fwulaumufwifEdkifap&eftwGuf vrf;r}uD;ab;wGif yHkay;=u&onf?257 wpfcgw&HY
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf xif;rsm;udk tkyfzdkrsm;qDta&muf o,fIydk@ay;=u&onf?258 (2007) ckESpf
twGif; aus;&Gmwpf&Gmomv#if (e,fajrrSbkef;}uD;wpfyg;u &Gmom;rsm;twGuf tcay;&efajym+yD;
251 aus;&GmtkyfpkqdkonfrSm (etz).tqifhvdkuf xuf-atmuftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf zGJ@pnf;yHktwGif;rS ,lepfzGJ@pnf;yHk wpfckjzpfygonf? aus;&Gm
tkyfpkwpfckonf tu,fI&Gm 12-ck odk@r[kwf txufydkI zGJ@pnf;xm;ygu òr@e,fcGJjzpf&eftvm;tvm&Sdygonf? acgZmESifhvrdkif;aus;&Gm
tkyfpkrsm;onf a&;òr@e,fawmifydkif;wGif&Sd&m a&;òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&; (rtz) 2003 ckESpfwGif òr@e,fcGJtjzpftqifhtwef;wdk;ay;cJh ygonf?
a&;awmifydkif; acgZmòr@e,fcGJwGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_rsm; &Sdaea=umif;yHkrSefqdkovdk owif;ay;ydk@r_rsm;&&SdaecJhygonf? acgZmonf aus;
&GmtkyfpkrS òr@e,fcGJtjzpfodk@ wdk;jr‡ifhcHcJh&jcif;jzpfonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;tqifh wdk;jrifhvdkufjcif;a=umifh a'ocHjynfolrsm; tzdk@ tcuftcJrsm;pGm
ñuH&onf? ta=umif;rSm tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;aqmufvkyf&ef t"Rvkyftm;qifhqdkaoma=umifhjzpfonf? odk@rSom òr@e,fcGJtqifhESifh
udkufnDrnf[kqdkonf? Todk@tkyfcsKyfa&;tqifh wdk;jrifhvdkufjcif;a=umifh tqifhjrifhwyfrawmf t&m&Sdrsm;ydkrdkvnfywfvm a&muf&ef
ta=umif; jzpfvm+yD;/ òr@. wdk;wufr_rsm;udk vma&mufppfaq;wwfonf?
252 HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkifvkyfief;twGuf tkwfzkwfay;&ef aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 1-29 January;
HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkif tkwfzkwfpuf±Hkodk@ opfrsm;axmufyHh&ef a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk twif;tusyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin,
1 January; HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkiftkwfzkwfpuf±Hkodk@ opfrsm;axmufyHh&efa'ocHjynfolrsm;udk twif;tusyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ MAR-
TUS Bulletin, 5 March.
253 HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkifvkyfief;twGuf tkwfzkwfay;&efaus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udkt"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 7 February; HUR-
FOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkiftkwfzkwfpuf±Hkodk@ opfrsm;axmufyHh&ef a'ocHjynfolrsm;udktwif;tusyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 11
April.
254 HURFOM (2009) “pkyHkaeaom tnpfta=u;rsm;? uefabmuf- òrifuav; obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;wpfav#muf vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_
rsm;” HURFOM, May, p.24; HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkifvkyfief;twGuf tkwfzkwfay;&ef aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ MAR-
TUS Bulletin, 1 January;
255 HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkif tkwfzkwfpuf&Hkodk@ opfrsm;axmufyHh&ef a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk twif;tusyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS
Bulletin, 1 January – 5 March; HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkiftkwfzkwfpuf&Hkodk@ opfrsm;axmufyHh&ef a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk twif;tusyf
cdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 5 March; HURFOM (2007)“(etz) ppfwyfuaemufwpf}udrfppfwyfydkif tkwfzkwfpuf±Hkodk@opfrsm;
axmufyHh&ef a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk twif;tusyf cdkif;apaejcif;”/ acgZmòrd@e,fcGJ/ a&; òr@e,f/ armfvòrdifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bul-
letin, 11 April; HURFOM (2007) “AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifbdkvma&mufvnfywfr_udk óuqdk&efaus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u wpfywfausmf=um t"Rvkyf
tm;ay;=u&jcif;”/ acgZmòr@e,fcGJ/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 23 May; HURFOM (2009) “pkyHkaeaom
tnpfta=u;rsm;? uefabmuf- òrifuav; obm0"mwfaiG@ ydkufvdkif;wpfav#muf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;” HURFOM, May, p.24.
256 HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkif tkwfzkwfpuf±Hkodk@ opfrsm;axmufyHh&ef a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk twif;tusyfcdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS
Bulletin, 1 January – 5 March; HURFOM (2007) “(etz) ppfwyfu aemufwpf}udrf ppfwyfydkif tkwfzkwfpuf±Hkodk@ opfrsm;axmufyHh&ef
a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk twif;tusyf cdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 11 April.
257 HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkif tkwfzkwfpuf&Hkodk@ opfrsm;axmufyHh&ef a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk twif;tusyf cdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS Bul-
letin, 1 January.
258 HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkif tkwfzkwfpuf&Hkodk@ opfrsm;axmufyHh&ef a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk twif;tusyf cdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS Bul-
letin, 11 April.

70
aemufydkif;rSm)ppfwyfqDrS tca=u;aiG&&SdcJhzl;onf?259 xif;rsm;udktkwfzdkodk@ ydk@aqmif&mwGif ,mOf
iSm;ctwGuf ppfwyfu&Gmom;rsm;xH ukefusp&dwfxkwfay;jcif;jzpfonf?2602007 ckESpf/ ESpfqef;
ydkif;wGif e,fcHaus;&Gmrsm;rS &Gmom;(15)OD;tm; (cv&) (31)u ae@rSm tkwfzdkwGif tvkyfvkyf
ay;&efESifh ntcgtapmifhvkyfay;&efapcdkif;cJhonf?261 Todk@cdkif;jcif;rSm tkwfzdktwGufiSm;xm;
aom tvkyform;rsm;onf ,refESpf/ 'DZifbmv v,fuwnf;u rnfonfhtca=u;aiGr#r&I
xGufajy;oGm;cJh=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf?262
tcsKd@aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd tdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf tkwfzdkrsm;rSxGufaom tnHhpm;tkwfrsm;udk
aygufaps;E_ef;xuf ydkjrifhaom aps;E_ef;jzifh cGJwrf;csay;onfhtwdkif; r0,frae&0,fcJh=u&onf? xnfh
0ift&if;tESD;yPnf;rsm;udk twif;t"Renf;jzifh&,lcJhjcif;a=umifh txGufyPnf;t&nftaoG;
nHh+yD;/ aps;E_ef;vnf;jrifhoGm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? tkwft&nftaoG;nHhzsif;r_a=umifh yk~vdu u¾vkyf
ief;rsm;tzdk@ tòyiftqdkif xkwfvkyfa&mif;csaomtkwfrsm;udk 0,f,loHk;pGJ&onfxuf aemifrSm
ukef usp&dwfydkrsm;vmzG,f&Sdygonf (tkwfrsm;udktcdsefapmI tpm;jyefxnfh&jcif;a=umifhjzpf
onf)? yk~vdu u¾rSt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;tm;jzifh vkyfudkifaeaom T pD;yGm;a&;vkyf
ief;rsm;. aemufxyf&v'fwpfckrSm yk~vdu u¾rS0ifaiGudk ppfwyfESifh tjcm;vufeufudkiftzGJ@
rsm;qDodk@ v$Jajymif;cGJa0ay;jcif;yifjzpfonf?

ZD0avmifpmqD (Muufql)yifrsm;ESifh avmifpmqDxGufrvmonfh tjzpf

(2005) ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvwGif (etz)u ppfwdkif; (9) wdkif;. wpfwdkif;pDwGif ZD0avmifpmqD
(=uufql) yif {u(50˜000)pdkufysKd;&rnf[k a=unmcJhonf?263 (2006) ckESpfukefqHk;csdefwGif xGuf
ay:vmcJhaom (2010 ckESpftxd qufvufjzpfay:aeqJ jzpfonf?) tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t&/ tpdk;&ESifh
qufpyfywfouf&m tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u t=urf;zufenf;oHk;rnf/ tdrf,mjcHajrrsm;odrf;rnf[k
+cdrf;ajcmufvsuf/ trsm;jynfolwdk@tm; ZD0avmifpmqDyif (=uufqlyif) rsm; pdkufcdkif;onfhtjyif/
tpdk;&csKyfudkifaom ZD0avmifpmqDyif (=uufqlyif) pdkufysKd;a&;pDrHcsufvkyfief;twGuf t&if;tjrpf
rsm;&,lpkaqmif;cJhonf?264 tcsKd@aome,fajrrsm;Y tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh awmifolv,form;
259 Ibid.
260 Ibid.
261 HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkifvkyfief;twGuf tkwfzkwfay;&ef aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udkt"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ acgZmòr@e,fcGJ/ a&;òr@e,f/
armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1-29 January; HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkif tkwfzkwfpuf±Hkodk@ opfrsm;axmufyHh&ef a'ocH
jynfolrsm;udk twif;tusyf cdkif;apaejcif;”/ acgZmòr@e,fcGJ/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 5 March.
262 HURFOM (2007) “a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk ppfwyfydkif tkwfzkwfpuf±HkwGif t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ acgZmòr@e,fcGJ/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/
rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 7 February; HURFOM (2007) “ppfwyfydkifvkyfief;twGuf tkwfzkwfay;&ef aus;&Gm vlxkrsm;udk t"Rcdkif;
apaejcif;”/ acgZmòr@e,fcGJ/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 January.
263 Myanmar Times (2006) “ZD0avmifpmtwGuf =uufqlyifrsm; pdkufysKd;rnf”/ jrefrmwdkif;rfowif;pm? Myanmar Times, 9-15 January.
264 HREIB (2006) “vif;ac;òr@e,fwGif aus;&Gmtkyfpk tawmfrsm;rsm;Y cv& (99)u ajrrsm;odrf;ydkufI =uufqlyifpdkufysKd;&ef t"Rcdkif;ap
pdkufysKd;aejcif;”/ vif;ac;òr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 20 March; HURFOM (2006) “tdrfaevlxkrsm;udk olwdk@tdrfa&S@rsm;wGif
=uufqlyifpdkufysKd;&ef t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ rk'HkESifhoHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1-31 May; HURFOM
(2006) “aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk armfawmfum;vrf;ab;&Sd ðcHykwfrsm; xkwfxGif&ef t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 31 July; HURFOM (2007) “rk'Hkòr@e,fwGif tm%mydkifrsm;u =uufqlO,smOf tvSqif&ef t"Rvkyftm; toHk;ðyaejcif;”/
rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 10-21 May; HURFOM (2007) “aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk =uufqlyifrsKd;aphESifh tyif
aygufrsm; t"R0,f,lpdkufysKd;cdkif;aejcif;”/ rk'HkESifhoHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1-25 May; HURFOM
(2007) “rk'Hkòr@e,f&Sd aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk =uufqlyif t"RpdkufysKd;cdkif;aejcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? 24-31 August; KHRG
(2007) “u&ifjynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif tpdk;&.zdESdyfr_rsm; ESifhqif;&JrGJawap&ef zefwD;aer_”/ aumhu&dwfòr@e,f/ u&ifjynfe,f? 23 February -

71
 rsm;onf (2006) ckESpfupI ZD0avmifpmqDyifrsm;udk wpfESpfv#if (2) }udrfpdkufysKd;ay;&onfh
tjyif/ t&if;tjrpfyPnf;rsm;udkyg ay;=u&onf?265 ausmif;ESifhwUodk,frsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;
rsm;ygrusef rdrdwdk@. usmif;ajrrsm;wGif ZD0avmifpmqDyifrsm; pdkufysKd;=u&onf?266 trSefwGif
yk~vduydkifyPnf;rsm;udk qGJoHk;jcif;onf tcGefaumufjcif;[k rqdkEdkifaomfvnf; Trl0g'rsm;onf
tcGefaumufjcif;ESifh wdkuf±dkufaomfvnf;aumif;/ oG,f0dkufIaomfvnf;aumif; qufpyfaeyg
onf? =uufqlyifpdkufysKd;a&;twGuf vdktyfaomyPnf;rsm;udk r0,frae&0,fapjcif;/ twif;
t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apjcif;wdk@yg0ifaom pdkufysKd;a&;pDrHudef;udk t}uD;tus,faz:aqmifcJhonfhwdkif
xGufukefyPnf;oD;ESHrsm;udk tpdk;&u0,f,lonf[kvnf;aumif;/ ToD;ESHrsm;udk avmifpmqDxkwf
vkyfa&;twGuf toHk;ðyonf[kvnf;aumif; owif;rsm;ay:xGufvmcJhjcif;r&Sdacs?

ZD0avmifpmqDyif pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf b@maxmufyHhjcif;

ZD0avmifpmqDyif (=uufqlyif) pdkufysKd;a&; tpDtpOfudk tcGefaiGaumufjcif;/ pdkufysKd;
a&;twGuf vdktyfaomyPnf;rsm;udk aygufaps;E_ef;xufjrifhaom aps;E_ef;jzifh r0,frae&0,fap
jcif;/ vkyftm;qifhqdkjcif;/ tyifrsm;pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf yk~vduydkifajrrsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;wdk@tm;jzifh
axmufyHhchyJ gonf? om"utm;jzifh/ (2006) ckESpfarvwGif/ rGefjynfe,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rk'Hkòr@e,fESifh
oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,ft=um;&Sd vrf;r}uD;teD;wGifaexdkifae=uaom &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm; (rtz)
òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;u vrf;r}uD;ab;wpfbufwpfcsufpDwGif ZD0avmifpmqDyif(=uufqlyif)rsm;
pdkufysKd;apcJhonf?267 Ttdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf rdrdwdk@. tdrfa&S@wGif tyiftenf;qHk; (5) yifrS (7)
yiftxd pdkufysKd;=u &onf?268 tyifrpdkuf=u&aom teD;tem;&Sd tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udkrl tyifwefzdk;
ukefusp&dwftwGuf usyf (1˜050) rS (1˜500) txd tcGefaumufcJhonf? vrf;r}uD;wav#muf&Sd
avmifpmqDyifpdkufysKd;a&; tpDtpOf rpwif&ao;aomae&mrsm;Y oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;
(rtz)u aemifrSmvkyfrnfh pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;twGuf wpftdrfaxmifv#if usyf(300)pD aumufcHcJh
onf? 269
vkyftm;ray;r_twGuf ±dkufaom '%fa=u;aiGrsm;onf =uufqlyif pdkufysKd;a&;tpDtpOf
twGuf t&if;tjrpf&Smaom tjcm;enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfonf? om"utm;jzifh/ 2006 ckESpfu

http://www.khrg.org/khrg2007/khrg07f2.html - accessed 22 February 2010; PYNG (2008) “aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk ppfwyfu twif;tusyf =uuf
qlyifpdkufysKd;cdkif;aejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkESifheRwlòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 April; PWO (2006) “(etz) u erfhcrf;òr@e,fwGif =uufql
yifrsm; o,f,l&efum;rsm;udk twif;tusyf cdkif;apaejcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 14 July;
265 HURFOM (2006) “aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk armfawmfum;vrf;ab;&Sd ðcHykwfrsm;xkwfxGif&ef t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/
rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 31 July; HURFOM (2007) “rk'Hkòr@e,fwGif tm%mydkifrsm;u =uufqlO,smOftvSqif&ef t"Rvkyftm;
toHk;ðyaejcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 10-21 May.
266 PYNG (2007) “ausmif;rsm;udk =uufqlyif t"R pdkufysKd;cdkif;aejcif;”/ ausmufrJòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 15
June; HURFOM (2007) “wUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;yifv#if =uufqlyif twif;tusyf pdkufysKd;cdkif;aejcif;”/ armfvòrif òr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 28 June;
267 tm%m&Sifpepf usifhoHk;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif trsKd;om;zGH@òz;a&; pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;twGuf tm%mydkifrsm;uay;xm;aomtrdef@twdkif; wkH@jyef
a=umif;jyo&ef vljrifaumif;onhfae&mrsm;Y a'ocHrsm;udk yg0ifjznfhqnf;cdkif;avh&Sd=uonfrSm txl;jrifomonfh vQ%mwpf&yfjzpfyg
onf?
268 HURFOM (2006) “tdrfaevlxkrsm;udk olwdk@tdrfa&S@rsm;Y =uufqlyifpdkufysKd;&ef t"R cdkif;apaejcif;”/ rk'HkESifh oHjzLZ&yf òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/
rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 May.
269 Ibid.

72
rk'Hkòr@e,fY '%fa=u;onf wpf&ufv#if usyf (500) E_ef; jzpfonf?270 (2007) ckESpfwGif a&;òr@e,fY
wpf&ufv#if '%fa=u; usyf (500)E_ef;±dkufcJhonf?271 =uufqlyif pdkufysKd;a&;tpDtpOfY tpdk;&u
tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tm; pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf vdktyfaomysKd;yifESifh rsKd;aphrsm;udk r0,frae& 0,fcdkif;
aomtjzpfrsm;&SdcJhonf?272 om"utm;jzifh/ (2007) ckESpfwGif rk'HkESifhoHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f(rtz)rsm;
u tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tm; rsKd;aphwpfAl;v#if usyf (3˜000) rS (5˜000) E_ef;jzifh rsKd;aph(2) Al;rS(3)Al;
txd r0,frae&0,fapcJhonf? (2006) ckESpfu Todk@ r[kwfacs? xdkESpfu tdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf
ysKd;yifESifh rsKd;aphrsm;udk yk~vdu u¾qDrS0,f,lcJh=u&onf? (2007) ckESpfusumrS e,fajrtm%m
ydkifrsm;u csKyfudkifvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf?273 =uufqlyifysKd;yifrsm;udk rlvuaps;uGufwGif a&mif;cscJh
jcif;jzpf+yD;/ (2007)wGif e,fajrtm%mydkifrsm;u Ttyifrsm;a&mif;csr_udk csKyfudkifvmcJhjcif;jzpf
onf? tjcm;aom (oG,f0dkuf) tcGefrsm;enf;wlyif rsKd;aphESifh ysKd;yifrsm;. aps;E_ef;onftcsdeftcg
ESifh ae&ma'otvdkuf t}uD;tus,fuGmjcm;aeygonf?
=uHESifh aq;&Guf}uD;yifrsm;pdkufysKd;aom tjcm;e,fajra'orsm;Y Ttyifrsm;pdkufysKd;cJh
aom awmifolrsm;onf =uufqlyifudk rpdkufraepdkufysKd;=u&onf?274 tdrfaxmifpkrsm; =uufql
yifpdkufysKd;&rnfh ajrtus,f t0ef;yrm%onf tdrfaxmifpk. OPm"eESifhywfoufI t=urf;zsif;cef@
rSef;csuftay:wGif rlwnfygonf?275 =uufqlyifrsm; o,f,la&; twGuf armfawmf,mOfrsm;(ESifh
armfawmf,mOfarmif;olrsm;)udkvnf; ñuHv#if ñuHovdk qGJoHk;wwfao;onf?276

ZD0avmifpmqDyif pdkufysKd;a&;aMumifhjzpfyGm;aom pD;yGm;a&;t&qHk;&IH;epfemrIrsm;

ZD0avmifpmqDyif (=uufqlyif) pdkufysKd;a&;tpDtpOf. t"duusaomjy\emrSmtyif
rsm; pdkufysKd;+yD;aemufydkif;wGif tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tzdk@ rufvHk;pdwfapwem r&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf? trsm;
tm;jzifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf rdrdwdk@pdkufysKd;xm;aomtyifrsm;ESifh ywfoufIydkifqdkifcGifhr&Sd=u
acs? om"utm;jzifh/ rk'Hkòr@e,f&Sd aus;&Gmom;rsm;tm; (rtz) òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifESifh
jrefrmppfwyfrS ppfom;rsm;u tdrfjcHxJ/ jcHpnf;±dk;ab;ESifh tdrfa&S@rsufESmpmwdk@wGif =uufqlyifrsm;
270 HURFOM (2006) “aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk um;vrf;ab;&Sd ðcHykwfrsm;&Sif;&ef twif;tusyf cdkif;apjcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 31 July.
271 HURFOM (2007) “rk'Hkòr@e,fwGif =uufqlpdkufcif;O,smOfudktvSqif&ef tm%mydkifrsm;u t"Rvkyftm;toHk;csaejcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/
armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 10-21 May.
272 HREIB (2006) “vif;ac;òr@e,fwGif aus;&Gmtkyfpk tawmfrsm;rsm;Y cv& (99) u ajrrsm;odrf;ydkufI =uufqlyifpdkufysKd;&ef t"Rcdkif;appdkuf
ysKd;aejcif;”/ vif;ac;òr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 20 March; HURFOM (2006) “tdrfaevlxkrsm;udk olwdk@tdrfa&S@rsm;wGif =uuf
qlyifpdkufysKd;&ef t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 5-31 May; HURFOM (2007)“aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk =uufqlyif rsKd;aphESifh tyifayguf
rsm; t"R0,f,l pdkufysKd;cdkif;aejcif;”/ rk'HkESifhoHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1-25 May; HURFOM (2007)
“rk'Hkòr@e,f&Sd aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk =uufqlyift"RpdkufysKd;cdkif;aejcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? 24-31 August; KHRG (2007)
“u&ifjynfe,f awmifydkif;wGif tpdk;&.zdESdyfr_rsm; ESifhqif;&JrGJawap&ef zefwD;aer_”/ aumhu&dwfòr@e,f/ u&ifjynfe,f? 23 February -
http://www.khrg.org/khrg2007/khrg07f2.html - accessed 22 February 2010; PYNG (2008) “aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk =uufqlyif pdkufysKd;&ef ppfwyfu
t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ refwHkESifh eRwlòr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 April.
273 HURFOM (2007) “aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk =uufqlyif rsKd;aphESifh tyifaygufrsm; t"R0,f,lpdkufysKd;cdkif;aejcif;”/ rk'HkESifhoHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f/
armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1-25 May;
274 HREIB (2006) “ajcv#ifwyf&if; 99 u vif;ac;òr@e,fwGif aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;ydkif v,fajrrsm;udk aus;&Gmtrsm;wGif odrf;,lI =uufqlyif
pdkufysKd;&ef t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ vif;ac;òr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 20 March.
275 Ibid.
276 PWO (2006) “erfhcrf;òr@e,fwGif (etz) tm%mydkifrsm;u =uufqlyifrsm; o,faqmif&ef um;rsm;udk trdef@jzifhcdkif;apaejcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/
&Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 14 July;

73
 pdkufcdkif;cJhonf?277 Todk@jzifhESpfpOf twif;tusyfpdkufcdkif;cJhaomfvnf; pdkufysKd;&olrsm;tzdk@ tyif
rsm;udkðypkapmifha&Smufay;avmufp&m rufvHk;r&Sdojzifh tyiftrsm;pkonfaoukef=uonf? odk@r
[kwfyguvnf; u|J/ EGm;ESifh tjcm;wd&d>mefrsm;u pm;ypfvdkuf=uonf?278
xdk@tjyif/ (rjzpfrae pdkufysKd;&olrsm;xH a&mif;csaom ysKd;yifESifh rsKd;aphrsm; rSvGJI) =uufqlyif
oD;ESHtwGuf a&&maomaps;uGuf&Sdraeacs? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ZD0avmifpmqDxkwfvkyfa&;twGuf
enf;ynmqdkif&mpGrf;&nfvnf; &Sdonfr[kwfacs? oD;ESHaps;uGufr&Sdojzifh twif;t"Rvkyftm;
apcdkif;r_a=umifh pGef@v$wfepfemcJh&aomvkyfcrsm;/ tyifpdkufysKd;jcif;ESifh ðypkapmifha&Smufjcif; ukefus
p&dwftwGuf tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tay:aumufcHaomtcGefrsm; (aiGESifhyPnf;rsm;)/ rsKd;aphESifhysKd;yif
rsm; 0,f,la&;twGuf 0ifaiGxJrSzJhoHk;vdkuf &aomaiGrsm;uJhodk@aom t&if;tESD;rsm;udk tdrfaxmif
pkrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tvdk&SdaomyPnf;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&;twGuf
toHk;ðy&mra&mufcJhacs? Tt&if;tESD;rsm;onftpdk;&/ ppfwyfESifhyk~vdu u¾wdk@pGef@v$wfvdkuf
&aom0ifaiGrsm;udk udk,fpm;ðyygonf? TtpDtpOfa=umifh jzpfyGm;cJhaom t&if;tjrpfwefzdk;t&
pD;yGm;a&;qHk;&_H;r_rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;wnfaqmufa&;
twGuf tpdk;&ut&if;tjrpfrsm;aumufcH&,ljcif;xufyifrsm;pGm ydkqdk;ygonf? xdkudPrsm;twGuf
aumufcH&,laom t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh yk~vdu u¾rS0ifaiGudk tpdk;&u¾odk@
v$Jajymif;ay;vdkuf&jcif;jzpf+yD;/ 0ifaiGtvHk;pHkqHk;&_H;r_r[kwfacs? ZD0avmifpmqDtpD tpOfonf
tpdk;&u¾tzdk@a&m/ yk~vdu u¾tzdk@ygtvHk;pHk0ifaiGudk avsmhusoGm;apygonf? tcsKd@ae&m
rsm;Y ZD0avmifpmqD (=uufqlyifpdkufysKd;a&;)tpDtpOfa=umifh tjcm;pdkufysKd;yifrsm;/ txl; ojzifh
ZD0avmifpmqDyifpdkufcif;rsm;ESifh rvGwfaom tyifrsm;zsufqD;cHcJh&ygonf? Todk@zsufqD;cH&jcif;
a=umifh vwfwavm0ifaiGqHk;&_H;r_udkomru t&Snfojzifh0ifaiGqHk;&_H;r_udkygcH=u&onf? om"u
tm;jzifh/ rGefjynfe,f/ rk'Hkòr@e,fY =uufqlyifrsm;pdkufysKd;&eftwGuf &mbmjcHydkif&Sifrsm;tm; &m
bmyifrsm;udkckwfvSJcdkif;cJhonf?279 (2009)ckESpftukefwGif ay:xGufvmcJhaom owif;ay;ydk@csuf
rsm;t& tpdk;&onf trsm;jynfolwdk@tm; =uufqlyifpdkufysKd;cdkif;aomtpD tpOfrSaeI =uufql
qD}udwfpufrsm; wnfaqmufa&;twGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm;aumuf,lpkaqmif;aom tpDtpOfodk@
ajymif;oGm;cJha=umif;od&onf?280

277 HURFOM (2007) “rk'Hkòr@e,f&Sd aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;tm; =uufqlyifpdkufysKd;&ef t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGef jynfe,f?
24-31 August.
278 HURFOM (2007) “òr@aevlxkrsm;udk =uufqlyifpdkufysKd;&ef taphESifh tyifaygufrsm; t"R0,f,lIpdkufysKd;&efcdkif;apaejcif;”/ rk'HkESifhoHjzL
Z&yfòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1-25 May; HURFOM (2007) “rk'Hkòr@e,f&Sd aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;tm; =uufqlyif
pdkufysKd;&ef t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGef jynfe,f? 24-31 August.
279 HURFOM (2006) “òr@aevlxkrsm;udk olwdk@.tdrfa&S@wGif =uufqlyifpdkufysKd;&ef t"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 5 May.
280 HURFOM (2009) “usKdufra&mòr@e,f&Sd aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;tm; =uufqlqD}udwfcGJpuftwGuf aiGxnfh0if&eft"Rcdkif;apaejcif;”/ usKdufra&m
òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 15 October.

74
ppfaq;a&;*dwfpcef;rsm;rSm aumuf,laomtcGefrsm;
ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;tay:aumufcHaom w&m;0iftcGefrsm;
a&mif;ukefyPnf;rsm;/ ukefpnfrsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;tay:aumufcHaom tcGeftrsKd;
tpm;rsm;pGm&Sdygonf? ‚wdk@teuftcGefwpfrsKd;rSm jynfwGif;wGif a&mif;csae=uaomukefpnf
ESifh0efaqmifr_rsm;tay: aumufcHaomtcGefrsm;jzpfonf? TtcGefrsm;udk aumufcH&mYaumuf
cHaeus a,bk,senf;(2)enf;&Sdygonf? wpfenf;rSm ta&mif;cGef odk@r[kwf pm;oHk;cGef[kac:yg
onf? xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOft+yD;wGif aumufcHjcif;jzpfonf? odk@wnf;r[kwf xkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOf.
tqifhtoD;oD;wGifvnf; wefzdk;jznfhpGufjcif;vkyfief;qdkif&mtcGef (value added tax) udk aumuf
cHEdkifonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a&mif;csaomukefpnfESihf 0efaqmifr_rsm;tay: aumufcHonfhtcGefrsm;
ESifhywfoufI Oya'jyXmef;csuf (Commercial Tax Law 1990) &Sdygonf? TOya't& ukefpnfrsm;
udkxkwfvkyfa&;jzpfpOft+yD;wGif tcGefaumufcGifhðyxm;ygonf? ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifr_rsm;tay:
aumufcHaomtcGefrsm;ESifhywfoufI TOya'ujyXmef;xm;aomfvnf; tcGefaumufcHolrsm;
u &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;em;vnf=uonfr[kwfacs? ukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifr_tay:aumufcHaom tcGef
rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh5µrS 25µ txd trsKd;rsKd;jzpfaeonf? xdk@tjyif/ Oya'uukefpnf(72)rsKd;udk
tcGefuif;vGwfcGifhay;xm;ao;onf? Tukefpnfrsm;wGif tajccHpm;ukef/ ausmif;oHk;yPnf;ESifh
t0wftxnfrsm;/ pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfqdkif&m xGufukefyPnf;rsm;ESifhvkyfief; oHk;yPnf;rsm;yg0ifonf?
ausmufpdrf;/ ausmufrsuf&wemrsm;/ a&eHESifha&eHqDuJhodk@aom yPnf;rsm;tay:wGiftcGefE_ef;
jrifhrm;pGmaumufcHonf? tcGefE_ef;onf 30µ rS 200 µ txd trsKd;rsKd;jzpfonf? w&m;0ifpm&if;
Z,m;rsm;t&qdkv#if ukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;tay:aumufcH&&Sdaom tcGefonf (5ESpftwGif;
rSm) pm&if;ðypkxm;aom tcGefb¾m0ifaiG. tvGef}uD;rm;aom tcsKd; tpm;jzpfae+yD;/ 40µrS
45µ txd&Sdonf?281 ukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifr_tay:aumufcHaom tcGeftrsKd;tpm;rsm;teuf
taumufrsm;aom aemufxyftcGefwpfrsKd;rSm ,pfrsKd;cGefjzpfonf? t&uf/ pD;u&uf/ avmif;
upm;0dkif;wdk@ESifhywfoufI xyfaqmif;aumufcHaom tcGefrsm;jzpfonf? T odk@aumuf&jcif;
rSm tqdkygyPnf;rsm;udkoHk;pGJr_ESifhqufEG,faeonfh qdk;usKd;rsm;a=umifh[kqdkavh&Sdonf?282 jrefrm
EdkifiH. w&m;0iftcGefaumufcHa&;pepft& aq;vdyfaomufaq;ESifh qufEG,faom ukefyPnf;
rsm;wefzdk;. 75 µudk tcGefE_ef;tjzpfaumufcHygonf?283 tjcm;ukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;
tay:aumufcHaom ,pfrsKd;cGefrsm;onf 30 µ rS 300 µ txd trsKd;rsKd;jzpfonf?284
jrefrmEdkifiHwGifydk@ukef/ oGif;ukefrsm;tay: tcGefaumufcHa&;ESifh ywfoufI jyXmef;xm;
aom yifv,fjyif taumufcGef Oya'ESifh ukef;wGif;taumuftcGef Oya'(Sea Customs Act and
Land Customs Act) wdk@ tygt0if Oya'rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf? odk@&mwGif ydk@ukefESifh oGif;ukef wdk@tay:
trSefwu,faumufcHaomtcGefrsm;onf A[dktpdk;&. xdyfydkif;rSvmaom trdef@'Du&Drsm; tay:
rlwnf onfjzpf&m/ w&m;0ifaumufcHaom tcGefE_ef;rsm;ESifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &Sm;yg;yg
281 http://www.csostat.gov.mm – accessed 17 September 2009.
282 tpdk;&rsm;twGuf b¾m0ifaiG&&Sd&ef tjcm;aomt&if;tjrpfae&mwpfckrSm tpdk;&uzGifhvSpfonfh xDjzpfonf? A[dktpdk;&twGuftcGefrsm;
rsm;&&Sdatmif aqmif&GufcsuftaeESifh aemufxyfawG@&onfh azmfjycsufwpfckrSm xDwefzdk;udk 2009 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif ESpfqwdk;jr‡ifhvdkufjcif;
jzpfonf? ,cifu xDvufrSwfwefzdk; wdk;jrifhr_udk 2005 ckESpfwGif w}udrf aqmif&GufcJh+yD;/ vufrSwfwefzdk;udk 50 usyfrS 100 usyfodk@
wdk;jr‡ifhcJhonf? Kyi Wai (2008) “Cost of Burmese lottery ticket to double,” “jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd xDvufrSwfwefzdk;udk ESpfqwdk;jr‡ifhvdkufjcif;” Ir-
rawaddy, 27 October - www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=14509 – accessed 16 February 2010.
283 “jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aq;vdyfESifh aq;&Guf}uD;qdkif&mxdef;csKyfr_ - http://www.moh.gov.mm/file/tobacco.pdf - accessed the 15 February 2010.
284 http://www.csostat.gov.mm – accessed 17 September 2009.

75
 onf? taumufcGefOD;pD;Xmeonf oGif;ukefESifh ydk@ukeftcGefrsm; aumufcHa&;twGuf pDrHtkyfcsKyf
a&;wm0efay;tyfcHxm;&aom w&m;0iftzGJ@tpnf;jzpfaomfvnf; vufawG@rSmrl tpdk;&ESifhywf
ouf&mywfoufa=umif; tzGJ@tpnf;trsm;tjym;u TtcGefrsm;udk aumufcH&mwGifyg0ifae
=uonf? ydk@ukefESifh oGif;ukeftcGefrsm;onf qif;&Jaom EdkifiHrsm;wGif w&m;0ifaumufcH&&Sdaom
tcGefrsm;wGif tcsKd;tpm;t}uD;qHk; jzpfaeavh&Sdonf? txl;ojzifh EdkifiHjcm;ukefpnfrsm;tzdk@ jzwf
oef;&rnfh ae&mta&twGuf odyfr&SdaomEdkifiHrsm;ESifh vufum;a&mif;0,fol ta&twGuf
tenf;tusOf;avmufu oGif;ukef/ ydk@ukefrsm;udk csKyfudkifxm;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGifjzpfonf? odk@
jzpfIoGif;ukef/ ydk@ukefvkyfief;vkyfudkifaom ukþ%Drsm;tay: tcGefaumufcH&jcif;onf jynfwGif;
ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;vkyfudkifaom ukþ%Drsm;tay: tcGefaumufcH&jcif;xuf ydkIvG,fulavh&Sd
onf? jrefrmEdkifiHYrl vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf; trsKd;rsKd;wdk@csKyfudkifxm;&m/ &Snfvsm;+yD;/ 0ifayguf
xGufaygufrsm;aom e,fjcm;a'orsm; &Sdaejcif;a=umifh TtcGefrsm;aumufcH&jcif;onf wpfpHk
w&m&_yfaxG;ayGvDaom udPjzpf+yD;/ aumufcH&&Sdr_vnf;enf;yg;onf? w&m;r0ifaom e,fpyf
jzwfvrf;rsm;rSaeI ydk@ukef/oGif;ukefa&mif;0,folrsm;onf tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;cH&onfh tjzpfodk@
a&mufoGm;wwfygonf? om"utm;jzifh/ w±kwfjynfwGifukefpnfrsm;0,f,l+yD;/ (autdkifat)
xdef;csKyfxm;aom vdkifZme,fpyfjzwfausmfvrf;udk oHk;cJhaomukefonfrsm;onf jrpf}uD;em;odk@
oGm;&mY jrefrmppfwyfrS ppfom;rsm;.tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;jcif;udk cH&wwfygonf?285 vGefcJhaom
5 ESpftwGif;u qdyfurf;ESifh e,fpyfwGifoGif;ukeftay: pm&if;0ifaumufcH&&Sdaom tcGefaiGrsm;
onf pm&if;0iftcGefaiG pkpkaygif;. 4µ rS 8.5 µ txd&SdcJh&m TtcsKd; tpm;onftvGefenf; aom
tcsKd;tpm;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh qif;&JaomEdkifiHwpfcktwGuf tvGefenf;aom tcsKd;tpm;jzpf
onf?286 Todk@jzpf&jcif;onf wpfpdwfwpfydkif;tm;jzifh ydk@ukefrsm;rSaumufcH&&Sdaom tcGefb¾m
0ifaiGESifhywfoufI w&m;0ifESifh trsm;od&SdEdkifaom pm&if;Z,m;rsm;r&Sdjcif;a=umifhvnf;jzpfEdkif
ygonf? 287
rGefjynfe,f/
armfvòrif-
oHjzLZ&yf
vrf;ay:&Sd
&Jtaumuf
cGef*dwfwpfck
(HURFOM)

285 KNG (2009) “e,fpyfukefoG,fvrf;&Sd um;ydkif&Sifrsm;udk aiGn‡pfaejcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òrd@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 6 November
– http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Extortion-from-car-owners-on-border-trade-route.html - accessed 9 April 2010.
286 Ibid.
287 jynfyydk@ukefESifh oGif;ukeftm;vHk;udk taumufcGefE_ef; wpfajy;nDraumufcHoifhyg? olwkd@tay:tcGefaumufcHr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI oabm
wlnDxm;=uonfh a,bk,spHowfrSwfcsufrsm;&Sdygonf? yxrtcsufrSm/ vdkifpif&,lxm;onfh ukþ%Dtenf;i,fuomxkwfvkyfonfh ukef
yPnf;rsm;udk tcGefaumuf,loifhygonf? xdktcgtcGefa&Smifjcif;udkumuG,fEdkifrnfjzpfonf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm/ jynfyydk@ukefESifh oGif;ukefrsm;
tay: tcGefraumufcHoifhyg? ta=umif;rSm yPnf;rsm;aps;wufoGm;ygu 0,fvdktm;udk usqif;ydwfqdk@aprnf jzpfaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
wwd,tcsufrSm/ 0ifaiGrsm;ol tkyfpkrsm;uom pm;oHk;rnfh jynfyydk@ukefrsm;ESifh oGif;ukefrsm;tay:wGifomtcGefaumufcHoifhygonf?

76
ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifr_rsm;. aps;E_ef;tay:oufa&mufr_ &SdaomtcGefonfw&m;0if aumufcH
aomtcGefwpfckwnf; r[kwfacs? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aps;E_ef;/ ukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifr_a&mif;csjcif;wdk@
tay:oufa&mufv#uf&Sdaeaom tcGefrsm;teuf tcsKd;tpm;tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm EdkifiH.o,f,l
ydk@aqmifa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;wav#mufwGif jyef@usJwnf&Sdae=uaom ppfaq;a&;*dwfpcef;rsm;u
aumuf,lae=uaom tcGefrsm;jzpfonf? vlrsm;ESifhukefpnfrsm;u wdkif;jynfw0Srf; v_yf&Sm;oGm;vm
&efóu;pm;aecsdefwGif xdkppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;Y tpdk;&ESifhywfouf&mywfoufa=umif; tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;u t=urf;zufenf; oHk;rnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufum/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkn‡pf,l=uonf? TtxJwGif
t"duvrf;r}uD;rsm;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm; ay:&Sdppfaq;a&; *dwfpcef; rsm;yg0ifonf?288
oGif;ukef/ ydk@ukefrsm;udk tcGefaumuf&mae&mrsm;jzpfaom e,fpyfjzwfvrf;rsm;onfvnf;ppfwyf
(wyfrawmf)/ typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh tpdk;&ESifhywfouf&mywfoufa=umif;tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;tzdk@ aiGt&acsmifaomae&mrsm;jzpfonf?289 EdkifiHtwGif;&Sdonfh xufao;i,faomvrf;rsm;
ay:wGifomru/ òr@e,frsm;ESifhaus;&Gmrsm;&Sd ppfaq;a&;*dwfpcef;rsm;wGifvnf; tcGefaumufcyH g

288 HURFOM (2007) “um;ydkif&Sifrsm;uc&D;onf tcGeftajrmuftrsm;ay;aqmifae&jcif;”/ oHjzLZ&yfòrd@e,f/ armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f ESifh

bk&m;oHk;qlòrd@e,f/ u&ifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 April; HURFOM (2008) “olwdk@. xrif;tdk;udk umuG,fae=ujcif;? bk&m;oHk;qla'o&Sd
ukefoG,fa&; tajctaeESifh tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm;? The Mon Forum, 30 December - http://www.taigress.info/politics/p_82.html - accessed 10
February 2010; Kaladan Press (2010) “armif;awmòr@e,fwGif (epu) *dwf 7 ck&Sdaejcif;”/ armif;awmòr@e,f/ armif;awmc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f?
“Kaladan Press, 17 March - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kaladan/8143--seven-nasaka-gates-in-maungdaw.html - accessed 22 March 2010; KNG
(2009) “jrefrmppfwyf. vufeufrsm;ESifh&dQmrsm; o,f,lydk@aqmifay;&ef ukefwifum; 6 pif;udk twif;tusyfacsmqGJ cdkif;apcJhjcif; Kachin
News Group, Muse Township, Shan State, 9 October - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Six-trucks-forced-to-transport-Burmese-Army-arms-
and-rations.html - accessed 23 February 2010; KNG (2009) “tusifhysufjcpm;r_ oHo&mwGif jrefrmppfwyfu }uD;yGm;aejcif;” Kachin News
Group, Kachin State, 9 December - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Burmese-military-junta-thrives-on-cycle-of-corruption.html - accessed 23
January 2010; KNG (2009) “tusifhysufjcpm;r_u ajrmufydkif;ucsifjynfe,fwGif vltrsm;upm;yGJwpfckozG,f jzpfaejcif;jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/
jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 22 May - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kng/6314-extortion-name-of-the-game-in-burmas-
northern-kachin-state.html - accessed 2 March 2010; KHRG (2009) “taumuf*dwf wpfck+yD;wpfck? ? at;&Sm; ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD;wav#muf
aiGn‡pfawmif;cHaer_rsm;”/ KHRG #2009-F17, 5 October - www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09f17.pdf - accessed 11 February 2009; KNG (2009)
“e,fpyfukefoG,fa&; vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif um;ydkif&Sifrsm;xHrS aiGn‡pfawmif;cHaejcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News
Group, 6 November - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Extortion-from-car-owners-on-border-trade-route.html - accessed 7 April 2010; Narinjara
News (2008) “ukefonfrsm;u ppfwyf*dwfwGif jzwfoef;cay;&ef twif;tusyf awmif;cHaejcif;”/ bl;oD; awmifòr@e,f/ armif;awmòr@e,f/
&cdkifjynfe,f? 15 July - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/4489-traders-forced-to-pay-toll-at-army-gate.html - accessed 4 March 2010;
Khonumthung News (2009) “aysmufqHk;oGm;onfh rSwfyHkwifu'fjym;rsm;twGuf vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&;Xmeu wm0ef,lvdrfhrnf r[kwf”/
csif;jynfe,f? Khonumthung News, 22 December - http://www.bnionline.net/news/khonumthung/7598-immigration-will-not-be-responsible-for-
lost-ids.html - accessed 1 March 2010; Myo Gyi (2010) “w&kwfEdkifiH vkyf armfawmfqdkufu,frsm;udk wifoGif;cGifh ðyaejcif;”/ rlq,fòr@e,f/
rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? Mizzima News, 12 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/mizzima/7659-china-made-motorcycles-allowed-to-import-.
html - accessed 1 March 2010; PWO (2006) “ppfom;rsm;ESifh &Jrsm;ua':at;qif;udk vrf;azmufvkyf&ef t"Rcdkif;apcJhjcif;”/ rlq,fòr@e,f/
&Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 April; PWO (2009) “[dkqdkif;aus;&Gm ul;wdk@qdwfY tcGefudkrwefwqawmif;cHaejcif;” MARTUS Bulle-
tin, 18 September; PWO (2009) “refwHkòr@e,fY trfyD- o&D;yav;,mESifh vufudkifzkef;rsm;udkodrf;,laejcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 15 August;
SHAN (2005) “wUqDrsm;u wHwm;jzwfoef;ctwGuf qENjyae=ujcif;”/ Shan Herald Agency for News, 13 September - http://www.shan-
land.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1376%3Ataxis-boycott-bridge-tolls&Itemid=301 – accessed 19 February 2010; TSYO
(2009) “armfawmf,mOfydkif&Sifrsm;tay: tcGeftydkwdk;jrifhvmjcif;”/ rlq,fESifh erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin,
10 September; TSYO (2009) “armfawmf,mOfydkif&Sifrsm;tay: tcGeftydkwdk;jrifhvmjcif;”/ rlq,fESifh erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 9 August;
289 KNG (2007) “tpdk;&Xme trsKd;rsKd;u ukefonfrsm;xHrS twif;tusyf tcGefaumuf,lae=ujcif;”/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 3
July – http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Multi-government-agencies-forcibly-collect-tax-from-traders.html - accessed 25 February 2010; KNG
(2009) “tusifhysufjcpm;r_ oHo&mwGif jrefrmppfwyfu tusKd;tjrwfjzpfxGef;aejcif;” Kachin News Group, Kachin State, 9 December -
http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Burmese-military-junta-thrives-on-cycle-of-corruption.html - accessed 23 January 2010; TSYO (2009) “ae@
pm; tvkyform;rsm;xHrS aiGESifhyPnf;rsm;odrf;,laejcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 5 July; Myo Gyi (2010)
“w&kwfEdkifiHvkyf armfawmfqdkufu,frsm;udk wifoGif;cGifhðyaejcif;”/ rlq,fòr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? Mizzima News, 12 January -
http://www.bnionline.net/news/mizzima/7659-china-made-motorcycles-allowed-to-import-.html - accessed 1 March 2010.

77
 onf?290 wHwm;rsm; qdyfurf;
rsm;ESifh jrpfrsm;rSmvnf; tcGef
aumufygonf?291 ukefpnfESifh
0efaqmifr_rsm;tay: Tw&m;
r0if tcGefaumufcHaer_trsm;
tjym;onf w&m;0ifpepf u
aumufcHaomtcGefrsm;xuf
tcGefE_ef; ydkrdkjrifhrm;aea=umif;
awG@&SdEdkifygonf? aumufcH
aom tcGefyrm%rsm;onf
wdkif; jynf&Sdppf aq;a&;*dwfpcef;
rsm;tvdkufESifh ESpftvdkufuGm
jcm;r_rsm;pGm&Sd+yD;/ tcGefE_ef;rsm;
udktwdtusod&efrjzpfEdkifacs? om"utm;jzifh/ (b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHrS wqifhwifoGif;aom)
tüd, armfawmfqdkufu,frsm;udk wpfpif;v#if aumufcHaomtcGefonfusyf(100˜000)rS(150˜
000)txdjzpf+yD;/ xdkif;ESifh w±kwfEdkifiHwdk@rS oufqdkif&me,fpyf0ifaygufrsm;rSm wifoGif;aomarmf
awmfqdkufu,frsm;udkrl wpfpif;v#ifusyf(30˜000)rS(50˜000)txdom tcGefaumufonf?292
owif;rsm;t&qdkv#if50µaumufcHaom tcGefE_ef;onf txl;tqef;r[kwfacs?293 tcGef
aumufaom ppfaq;a&;*dwfpcef;rsm;rd_vdkaygufaejcif;a=umifh ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifr_rsm;aps;E_ef;
rsm;jrifhwufaevsuf&Sd+yD;/ tusKd;jzpfxGef;Edkif aoma&mif;0,fr_rsm; ,kwfavsmhaevsuf&Sdonf? p
pfaq;a&;*dwfpcef;rsm;rSmaumufcHaom tcGefyrm%}uD;av;aejcif;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHe,fajr
a'otawmfrsm;rsm;&Sd jynfolrsm;tzdk@rdrdwdk@.ukefpnfrsm;udk aps;uGufodk@wifydk@Edkifaom tcGifh
tvrf;rsm;enf;oGm;Edkif+yD;/ ‚wdk@.0ifaiGvnf; enf;oGm;Edkifonfhtjyif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;rSm yif
aps;E_ef;rsm;vnf; wpfae&mESifhwpfae&mrsm;pGm uGmjcm;oGm;Edkifygonf? ukefoG,fvkyfief; udkyif
uef@owf&ma&mufEdkifzG,f&Sdonfh T tcGefrsm;a=umifh tcsKd@aome,fajr a'orsm;Y tajccH
290 KHRG (2007) “u&ifjynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif tpdk;&.zdESdyfr_rsm;ESifh qif;&JrGJawap&ef zefwD;aer_”/ aumhu&dwfc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? 23 Feb-
ruary - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2007/khrg07f2.html - accessed 22 February 2010; Mehm Oa, Tuka (2010) “a&;òr@e,fwGifppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;
a=umifh um;orm;rsm;. 0ifaiGusqif;vmjcif;”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? Independent Mon News Agency, 18 January - http://
www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7699-checkpoints-cut-truck-driver-income-in-ye-township.html - accessed 1 March 2010; PWO (2009) “[dkqdkif;
aus;&Gmul;wdk@*dwfY tcGefrsm; tqrwefaumufcHaejcif; MARTUS Bulletin, 18 September; PWO (2009) “refwHkòr@e,fYtrfyD- o&D;yav;
,mESifh vufudkifzkef; rsm;udk odrf;,laejcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 15 August; TSYO (2009) “tcGefwdk;jrifhvmjcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/
&Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 12 September; TSYO (2009) “armfawmf,mOfydkif&Sifrsm;tay:tcGeftydkwdk;jrifhvmjcif;”/ rlq,fESifh erfhcrf;òr@
e,f/ rlq,fc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 10 September.
291 HURFOM (2008) “olwdk@.xrif;tdk;udk umuG,fae=ujcif;? bk&m;oHk;qla'o&Sd ukefoG,fa&;tajctaeESifh tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm;? The Mon
Forum, 30 December; KNG (2009)“vspfvsL&_ypfxm;onfhwHwm;ay:rSuav;rsm;ðywfusIaoqHk;&jcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ ucsifjynfe,f?
Kachin News Group, 27 July - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Children’s-death-after-fall-from-bridge-ignored.html - accessed 23 February
2010; Karenni Homeland (2007) “wHwm;jzwfoef;onfh ,mOfrsm;tay:jzwfoef;ctcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ u&ifeDjynfe,f? 13 September
- http://www.karennihomeland.com/NewsArticle.php?ContentID=107 – accessed 9 April 2010.
292 Takaloo (2010) “&cdkifjynfe,fwGif tdNd,armfawmfqdkufu,frsm;vlóudufrsm;aejcif;”/ armif;awmESifhppfawGc&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Narinjara
News, 22 March - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/8175-indian-motorcycles-popular-in-arakan.html - accessed 23 March 2010.
tdNd,EdkifiHxkwf armfawmfqdkufu,frsm;ay:wGif oGif;ukefcGef }uD;jrifhaejcif;ESifhtwl vdkifpifvkyf&ef aps;}uD;jrifhaejcif;a=umifh xdkif;EdkifiHESifh
w&kwfEdkifiHxkwf armfawmfqdkufu,frsm;xufpmv#ifaps;ydkrsm;aejcif;jzpfonf? odk@twGufa=umifhtenf;qHk;&cdkifjynfe,frStcsKd@aom0,f,l
olrsm;rSm tdNd,armfawmfqdkufu,frsm;udk cdkifcef@r_ESifh jynfe,ftwGif; qdk;&Gm;aomvrf;rsm;wGiftoHk;wnfr_a=umifh ydkIóuduf=uaomf
vnf;/ xdkif;ESifh w&kwfvkyf qdkufu,frsm;udkom 0,f,loHk;pGJ=u&awmhonf?
293 TSYO (2009) “armfawmf,mOfydkif&Sifrsm;tay: tcGefwdk;jrifhvmjcif;”/ erfhcrf;òrd@e,f/ rlq,fc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 8 Septem-
ber.

78
a&mif;ukefyPnf;rsm; &Sm;yg;oGm;Edkifygonf? tcGefay;+yD;vkyfae=u&aom Tta&mif;t0,fvkyf
ief; rsm;onf ukefpnfrsm;. aps;E_ef;udkjrifhapygonf? ppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;wGif aumufcHaom
tcGefrsm;.yrm%}uD;av;r_a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; ydwfvdkuf&onfhtjzpfrsm; &Sda=umif;
owif;ay;ydk@csuf tawmfrsm;rsm;t&od&ygonf? om"utm;jzifh/ (2010) ckESpftwGif; u&ifjynf
e,f/ aumhu&dwfòr@e,fY ppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;wdk;vmjcif;ESifh tcGefyrm%}uD;av;vmjcif;wdk@
a=umifh ukefoG,fa&;ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;wGiftusKd;jzpfxGef;Edkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
ydwfvdkuf&onf? 294
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; r_dvdkaygufaeonfh ppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;wGif aumufcHaomtcGefrsm;
ESifhywfoufI jy\em}uD;wpf&yfrSmaumufcHrnfhtcsdefESifh aumufcHrnfhtcGefyrm%wdkudktpdk;
r&Edkifjcif;yifjzpfonf? om"utm;jzifh/ u&ifjynfe,f/ =umtif;qdyf}uD;òr@wGifaumufcHaom
u|J/ EGm;cGefonf (wpfESpfxJrSmyifv#if)trsKd;rsKd;jzpfaeonf? wpfcgw&H u|JEGm;wpftkyfvHk;udk usyf
(50˜000)ay;&+yD;/ wpfcgw&HY u|JEGm;wpfaumif/ ESpfaumiftay:wGif usyf(30˜000) aumuf
onf?295 qufpyfaeaom tjcm;jy\emwpf&yfrSm ppfom;rsm; tydk0ifaiG&SmaomtcsdefESifhñuH
óuufrdygu rar#mfvifhbJ tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;cH&wwfjcif;yifjzpfonf? om"utm;jzifh ucsif
jynfe,f&Sdjrpf}uD;em;òr@ESifh w±kwfe,fpyfteD;&Sd vdkifZm+rdK@t=um;vrf;r}uD;ay:Y TtjzpfrsKd;onf
(óuIrodEdkifaomfvnf;) ±dk;ae+yDjzpfonf?296 aumufcHaomtcGefyrm% trsKd;rsKd;tvDvDjzpfae
jcif;a=umifh tpdk;r&Edkifaom tajctaersKd;jzpfaeum/ tusKd;jzpfxGef;Edkifaom ta&mif; t0,fvkyf
ief;rsm;enf;yg;oGm;&onf? Todk@jzifh ukefonfrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udk tpDtpOfjzifhvkyfEdkif
pGrf;r&SdawmhbJ/ ñuHovdkusovdk qHk;jzwfvkyfudkif=u&um/ tusKd;tjrwf&Edkifonfh ta&mif;t0,f
vkyfief;rsm;vnf; enf;oGm;cJhonf?297 tusKd;quftaeESifh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;.0ifaiGrsm;vnf;us
qif;oGm;+yD;/ EdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;}uD;xGm;r_ wpfpHkvHk;vnf; usqif;oGm;cJhonf?
vrf;ESifh wHwm;rsm;&Sd ppfaq;a&; *dwfpcef;rsm;rS tcGefaumufcH&mY (rtz)§(&tz)/
0ef}uD;XmeESifh tpdk;&XmetrsKd;rsKd;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ &JwyfzGJ@rsm;/ ppfwyfrsm;ESifh typftcwf&yfpJ
a&;tzGJ@rsm;yg0ifygonf? EdkifiH. qdyfurf;tcsKd@Y jrefrma&wyfESifh tjcm;aomtpdk;&ESifh ywfouf
&mywfoufa=umif; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u tcGefaumufygonf?298 jrpfrsm;ESifh yifv,fjyifYtaumuf
tcGefOD;pD;Xme/ &JwyfzGJ@/ a&wyf wdk@tygt0if tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u tcGefaumuf
ygonf? ig;zrf;avSESifh yifv,foGm;a&,mOfrsm;udkvnf; tcGefaumufygonf? avSrsm;udk typf
tcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh &JwyfzGJ@uvnf; tcGefaumufygonf?299 TtxJrS tcsKd@tcGefrsm;udk
294 HURFOM (2010) “2010 ckESpfwGif 'DaubDat. twif;tusyf aiGawmif;cHaer_a=umifh aumhu&dwfòrd@e,fwGif 'kQñuHae&jcif;”/ aumhu
&dwfòr@e,f/ aumhu&dwfc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? 18 February- http://rehmonnya.org/archives/979#more-979 – accessed 26 February 2010.
295 HURFOM (2009) “}udrfESifh u|JEGm;tcGefrsm;a=umifh tjrwfrsm; av#mhenf;usqif;vmjcif;”/ xm;0,fòr@e,f/ xm;0,fc±dkif/ weoFm&Dwdkif;?
MARTUS Bulletin, 28 August; KHRG (2007) “u&ifjynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif tpdk;&.zdESdyfr_rsm;ESifh qif;&JrGJawap&efzefwD;aer_”/ aumhu
&dwfc±dkif/ u&if jynfe,f? 23 February - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2007/khrg07f2.html - accessed 22 February 2010
296 KNG (2009) “e,fpyfukefoG,fa&; vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif um;ydkif&Sifrsm;xHrS aiGn‡pfaejcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;c±kif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News
Group, 6 November - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Extortion-from-car-owners-on-border-trade-route.html - accessed 7 April 2010.
297 KHRG (2007) “u&ifjynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif tpdk;&. zdESdyfr_rsm;ESifh qif;&JrGJawap&ef zefwD;aer_”/ aumhu&dwfc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f?
23 February - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2007/khrg07f2.html - accessed 22 February 2010; SHAN (2005) “wUqDum;rsm;u wHwm;cGefudk
qENjyae=ujcif;” Shan Herald Agency for News, 13 September - http://www.shanland.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=
1376%3Ataxis-boycott-bridge-tolls&Itemid=301 – accessed 19 February 2010.
298 AASYC (2009) “jrefrma&wyfu c&D;oGm;vmcGifh cGifhðyrdef@a=umifh &cdkifjynfe,fwGif jynfolrsm; 'kQñuHawG@ae&jcif;”/ ppfawGòr@e,f/ ppfawG
c&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 July.
299 HRG (2008) “ae@pOfawmif;qdkaer_rsm;ESifh acgif;yHkjzwf tjrwfxkwfaer_rsm;? ? zm;tHc&dkifwGif (etz) ESifh ('DaubDat) tkyfcsKyfa&;atmuf
aexdkifae&onfh b0rsm;”/ zm;tHc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? Karen Human Rights Group, 18 September - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2008/khrg08f13.pdf

79
 ñuHv#ifñuHovdk aumufjcif;jzpf&m rawmfrw&m;aumufjcif;jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf? tcsKd@
tcGefrsm;udkrl yHkrSefaumufaeusjzpfI óuIodEdkifygonf? e,fajra'owpfckxJodk@ jrefrmppfwyf
rSjzpfap/ typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;rSjzpfap aemufxyfwyfzGJ@opfrsm; a&muf&Sdvmyguvnf;
aemufxyfI tcGefrsm;aumufavh&Sdygonf? 300
ppfaq;a&; *dwfpcef;trsm;pkY aumufcH&&Sdaom tcGefaiGrsm;udk tpdk;ESifhywfouf&m
ywfoufa=umif; tzGJ@tpnf; rsm; tcsif;csif; cGJa0,l=uonf? om"utm;jzifh/ ucsifjynfe,f&Sd
t"du ppfaq;a&;*dwfpcef;}uD; (3)ckY jrefrm tpdk;&ESifh ywfouf&mywfoufa=umif; tzGJtpnf;
aygif; (18) zGJ@u tcGefaumufcHaea=umif; owif;&&Sdygonf?301 0ifaiGaumif;aumif;&aom
tcsKd@ ae&mrsm;Y jrefrmppfwyf.wyf&if;rsm; tvSnfhus0ifaiG&atmif wyftajymif;tvJvkyfay;
onf?302 xdk@tjyif rnfonfhvrf;wGifrqdk tzGJ@tpnf; trsKd;rsKd;u ae&mtrsKd;rsKd;cGJI tcGefaumuf
wwf+yD;/ aumufcHrnfh tcGefyrm%ESifhywfoufIvnf; tzGJ@tpnf;tcsif;csif; nd‡E_dif;r_r&Sdwwf
acs? tzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;u tcsif;csif;nd‡E_dif;r_r&SdbJ/ tcGefudktvkt,ufaumufaejcif;onf
vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif tvGeftu|HtcGefaumufcH&jcif;. ta=umif;&if;wpfckjzpfonf? om"utm;
jzifh/ 2007 ckESpftwGif;wGif oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,fESifh bk&m;oHk;qlawmif=um;vrf; e,fajrt=um;wGif
ppfaq;a&;pcef; (19) ckcef@&Sd+yD;/ TtxJwGif rGeftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf. pcef;
(2) ck/ u&iftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf. pcef; (2) ck yg0ifonf? tjcm; pcef;rsm;onf
jrefrmppfwyf/ 'DaubDatESifh u&if+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ (Karen Peace Front) wdk@. *dwfpcef;rsm;
jzpfonf? 303
ppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;wGif aumufcHaom tcGeftrsm;pkonf tajccHtaqmuftODaqmuf
vkyfa&;ESifh ðyjyifxdef;odrf; a&;&efyHkaiGtwGufvrf;/ wHwm;jzwfoef;ctwGuf aumufcHjcif;r[kwf
bJ tcGefaumufcHaepOfumvtwGif; pcef;wGif&SdaeaomtzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;. udk,fa&;udk,fwm
0ifaiGtwGuf aumufcHaejcif;jzpfygonf?304 tajccHtaqmuftOD &efyHkaiGtwGuf vrf;wHwm;
jzwfoef;c aumufcHonfhtjzpfrsKd;&SdcJvSygonf? Todk@aom jzpf&yfwpfckrSm,kZeukþ%D.
vrf;wHwm;jzwfoef;c aumufcHr_jzpfonf? ,kZeukþ%Dudk jrefrmtpdk;&u jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f
twGif; vD'dk-pwD;0Jvf (S llwell)vrf;r}uD;. tydkif;wpfydkif;udk jyefvnfazmufvkyf&efuefx±dk
ufay;cJhonf? TtwGuf ukþ%Duvrf;wHwm;jzwfoef;c aumufcGifh&cJhonf?305 vrf; azmuf
- accessed 21 February 2010; PWO (2009) “[dkqdkif;ul;wdk@*dwfwGif tcGeftqrwef aumufcHaejcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 18 September.
300 Tin Soe (2010) “ppfwyf tif*sifeD,mwyfzGJ@u &cdkifjynfe,f ajrmufydkif;wGif vlrdkuf*dk%f;ozG,f ðyrlae=ujcif;”/ armif;awmòrd@e,f/ armif;awm
c&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Kaladan Press, 12 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kaladan/7658-army-engineering-unit-operate-like-gangsters-in-
northern-arakan.html - accessed 1 March 2010.
301 KNG (2007) “tpdk;&Xme trsKd;rsKd;u ukefonfrsm;xHrS twif;tusyftcGefaumuf,lae=ujcif;”/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 3
July – http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Multi-government-agencies-forcibly-collect-tax-from-traders.html - accessed 25 February 2010.
302 KNG (2009) “tusifhysufjcpm;r_oHo&mwGif jrefrmppfwyfu }uD;yGm;aejcif;” Kachin News Group, Kachin State, 9 December - http://www.
kachinnews.com/News/Burmese-military-junta-thrives-on-cycle-of-corruption.html - accessed 23 January 2010.
303 HURFOM (2007) “um;ydkif&Sifrsm;u c&D;onfrsm;twGuf ydkIjrifhrm;aom tcGefay;aqmifae=u&jcif;”/ oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/
rGefjynfe,f ESifh bk&m;oHk;qlòrd@e,f/ zm;tHc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 April
304 Narinjara News (2008) “ukefonfrsm;u ppfwyf*dwfwGif jzwfoef;c ay;aqmif&ef twif;tusyf awmif;qdkaejcif;”/ bl;oD;awmifESifh
armif;awmòrd@e,f/ &cdkifjynfe,f? 15 July - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/4489-traders-forced-to-pay-toll-at-army-gate.html - accessed
4 March 2010; TSYO (2009) “tcGefwdk;jrifhvmjcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc&dkif/&Srf;jynfe,f MARTUS Bulletin, 12 September; TSYO (2009)
“um;ydkif&Sifrsm;xHrS tkyfcsKyfa&;tcGef aumufcHaejcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f MARTUS Bulletin, 10 September; Min Lwin
(2009) “ucsifvlrsKd;rsm;udk ppfom;pkaqmif; odrf;oGif;r_a=umifh wif;rmr_jrifhrm;vmjcif;”/ Irrawaddy, 16 June - http://www.irrawaddy.org/
article.php?art_id=16022 – accessed 16 February.
305 KNG (2007) “ppftpdk;&u vD’dkvrf; jyefvnfazmufvkyf&ef ,kZeukr`%Dudk uefx±dkufay;cJhjcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin
News Group, 21 November - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Junta-gives-Yuzana-Company-contract-to-rebuild-Ledo-Road.html - accessed 23

80
vkyfa&; &efyHkaiGtwGuf vrf;wHwm;jzwfoef;crsm;udk trSefwu,faumuf,laecsdefrSmyif vrf;
wGifjy\emrsm; &SdaeqJjzpfonf? aqmufvkyfa&;ukefusp&dwf/ aumufcHrnfhjzwfoef;crsm;.
yrm%wdk@tygt0if uefx±dkufpmcsKyfESifhywfoufI trsm;odowif;tcsuftvuf xkwfjyef
ay;jcif;r&SdcJhacs?306 tcsKd@ae&mrsm;Y aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief; rvkyfcifuwnf;uyif e,fcHvlxkxH
rSvrf;/ wHwm;jzwfoef;crsm;ESifh tjcm;tcGefrsm;udk aumufygonf? Todk@jzifh a&S@tzdk@wGif
wm0ef,lr_ESifh ywfoufI jy\emrsm;&Sdvmygonf? ta=umif;rSm TtcGefrsm;udktqdkyg &nfrSef;
csuftwGuf trSefwu,foHk;pGJatmif wm0ef,lwm0efcHr_&Sdrnfh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; r&Sdaom
a=umifhjzpfonf?307

February 2010. vD'dk (pwD;0Jvf)vrf;r}uD;onf 1079 rdkif &Snfvsm;+yD;tmoHjynfe,f/ vD'dkaus;&GmrSw±kwfEdkifiH/ ,leefjynfe,f/ ulrif;òr@odk@
qufoG,fxm;onf?
306 KNG (2009) “at;&Sm;a0gur k `%Du aqmufvyk qf v
J rf;twGuf tcGeaf umufcaH ejcif;/ zm;uef@ausmufprd ;f wGi;f vrf;”/ zm;uef@òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;
em;c±dik /f ucsijf ynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 2 January – http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Asia-World-collects-road-tax-on-under-construction-
Hpakant-jade-mining-road.html - accessed 23 February 2010; SHAN (2005) “wUqDrsm;u wHwm;jzwfoef;ctwGuf qENjy ae=ujcif;”/ Shan
Herald Agency for News, 13 September - http://www.shanland.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1376%3Ataxis-boycott-bridge-
tolls&Itemid=301 – accessed 19 February 2010.
307 KNG (2009) “at;&Sm;a0gu` k %Duaqmufvyk q f v
J rf;twGut f cGeaf umufcaH ejcif;/ zm;uef@ausmufprd ;f wGi;f vrf;”/ zm;uef@òr@e,f/jrpf}uD;
em;c±dik /f ucsijf ynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 2 January – http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Asia-World-collects-road-tax-on-under-construction-
Hpakant-jade-mining-road.html - accessed 23 February 2010;

81
 ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;wGif &Jrsm;u w&m;0ifE_ef;xm;xuf tcGefydkrdkaumufcHaeonfhtwGufa=umifh
rœav;&Sd tv,fydkif;wdkif;pmXmecsKyfxHodk@ wdkif=um;pmrsm; (&dk;r-3)

vrf;/ wHwm; toHk;ðyolrsm;u ppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;wGif tcGefaiG weifhwydk;ay;&aomf

vnf; vrf;/ wHwm;rsm; ,dk,Gif;vmaeonfrsm;ESifh ñuHawG@&wwfonf?308 om"utm;jzifh &Srf;
jynfe,fajrmufydkif;/ rlq,fc&dkifY erfhcrf;ESifh erhfyumt=um;wGif vrf;onf,dk,Gif;ysufpD;vmae
vsuf&Sdaomfvnf; (2009) ckESpfu vrf;wav#muf&Sd ppfaq;a&;*dwfpcef; trsKd;rsKd;twGuf ukef
wifum;wpfpif;onf pkpkaygif;tcGefaiG usyf(450˜000)txday;&onf? vrf;,dk,Gif;ysufpD;
jcif;r&SdrDu um;wpfpif;onf "gwfqDyHk;}uD; (7) yHk; oHk;cJh&aomfvnf; vrf;ysufpD;+yD;aemufwGif
yHk;}uD; (20) oHk;&um/ ukefusp&dwfonf ododomomyif usyf (52˜000) wdk;jrifhvmcJhonf?309
Tc&D;twGuf armif;&aomtcsdefwmonfvnf; (7)em&DrSaeI (3)&uftxd=umjrifhvmcJh
onf?310 aemufxyf om"uwpfckrSm &cdkifjynfe,f/ bl;oD;awmifESifh armif;awmòr@oGm;vrf;r}uD;
wGif jzpfyGm;cJhonf? awmifòyjcif;rsm;a=umifh vrf;rSm,dk,Gif;ysufpD;r_rsm; jzpfyGm;+yD;v#ifwHwm;rsm;
vnf;usKd;us+yD;/ armfawmfqdkufu,frsm;aomfvnf;aumif; c&D;onfwifum;rsm;aomfvnf;
aumif;/ ukefum;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif; vrf;ay:armif;ESifr&awmhonhfaemufrSmyif ppfaq;a&;
*dwpf cef;wpfck vmaqmufxm;cJo h nf? òr@EpS òf r@t=um;wGif wGe;f vSn;f rsm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ txrf;
tydk;jzifhvnf;aumif; ukefyPnf;rsm;o,faqmifvmolrsm;tay: tcGefaumufcJhonf?311
308 Narinjara News (2008) “ukefonfrsm;u ppfwyf*dwfwGif jzwfoef;c ay;aqmif&ef twif;tusyf awmif;qdkaejcif;”/ bl;oD;awmifESifh
armif;awmòr@e,f/ &cdkifjynfe,f? 15 July - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/4489-traders-forced-to-pay-toll-at-army-gate.html - accessed
4 March 2010; TSYO (2009) “armfawmf,mOfydkif&Sifrsm;tay:wGif tcGef wdk;jrifhvm jcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS
Bulletin, 8 September;
309 "mwfqDwpfyHk; - usyf (4˜ 000)
310 TSYO (2009) “armfawmf,mOfydkif&Sifrsm;tay:wGif tcGef wdk;jrifhvmjcif;”/ erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 8
September;
311 Narinjara News (2008) “ukefonfrsm;u ppfwyf*dwfwGif jzwfoef;cay;aqmif&ef twif;tusyfawmif;qdkaejcif;”/ bl;oD;awmifESifh
armif;awmòrd@e,f/ &cdkifjynfe,f? 15 July - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/4489-traders-forced-to-pay-toll-at-army-gate.html - accessed

82
tjcm;om"uwpfckrSm ucsifjynfe,f/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f&Sd Avrif;xifwHwm;wGifjzpfonf? T
wHwm;xdyf ESpfzufpvHk;Y ppfwyfutcGefaumufonf? odk@&mwGif aumufcH&&SdaiGwpfjym;wpf
usyfudkr# wHwm;ðyjyif xdef;odrf;a&;twGuf cGJa0owfrSwfay;jcif;r&Sdacs? Todk@jzifh wHwm;vl
oGm;vrf;rSm av#muf&if; uav;oli,ftrsm;tjym; toufqHk;&_H;cJhonf?312 aumufcH&&Sdaom
vrf;/ wHwm;jzwfoef;crsm;ESifh tcGefaiGrsm;udk vrf;ðyjyifa&;ESifh wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGuf
cGJa0owfrSwfay;jcif;r&Sdaom aemufxyf om"uwpfckum; rGefjynfe,f/ oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,frSu&if
jynfe,f/ bk&m;oHk;qlòr@e,f (‚òr@e,fonf xdkif;EdkifiH.e,fjcm;òr@ wpfòr@jzpfaom qefcvbl&DESifh
uyfvsufwnf&o Sd nf) od@k omG ;aom (63) uDvrkd Dwm&Snv
f rf;jzpfonf? Tvrf;onfreG fjynfe,f ESihf
u&ifjynfe,fwdk@rSvlrsm; xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ tvkyfvkyf&efoGm;aom t"duvrf;a=umif;jzpfonfhtjyif/
ta&;}uD;aom ukefoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif; wpfckvnfjzpfonf? 313 rGefjynfopfygwDu 1995ckESpf
wGif(etz)ppftpdk;&ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsufvkyft+yD;/ rdk;&moDtukefwGifvrf;
jyifqifr_tcsKd@ vkyfcJhaomfvnf; vrf;.tqifhtwef;uedrfhusygonf?314 vrf;onf ajrcif;vrf;jzpf
+yD;/ Edk0ifbmvESifh ZGefv yxrywftwGif;rSm (rdk;&moDtyrSm)om oGm;vmI&onf?315 (63)
uDvdkrDwmt&Snf&Sdaom vrf;wav#mufY typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;tygt0if tpdk;&ESifhywf
ouf&mywfoufa=umif; tzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;wdk@u ppfaq;a&;pcef;aygif; 2 'gZifausmf zGifhxm;
onf?316 (2006) ESifh (2007) ckESpftwGif; oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,fESifh bk&m;oHk;qle,fajrt=um;wGif pkpk
aygif;aumufcHaom tcGefaiGyrm%onf aemufxyfppfaq;a&;pcef; (2)ckzGifhvdkufjcif;ESifhtwl
wdk;rsm;vmcJhonf?317 (2007)ckESpf/ {+yDvodk@ ta&mufwGif ppfaq;a&; *dwfpcef;wpfckpDu
aumufcHaom tcGefaiGyrm%onf usyf (500) ESifh(3˜000)t=um;jzpfonf?318 Tppfaq;a&;
*dwfpcef;rsm;wGif aumufcHaom tcGefrsm;onf ,mOftrsKd;tpm;ESifh ukefpnftrsKd;tpm;ay:
rlwnfI aumufcHjcif;jzpfonf? (2007) ckESpf/ {+yDvtwGif; c&D;onfwif um;ydkif&Sifrsm;u
Tc&D;twGuf c&D;onfwpfOD;v#if usyf (30˜000) awmif;onf? T0ifaiGteuf w0ufrS (3) yHk
(2) yHktxd aiG(17˜000) udk vrf;wav#muf&Sd ppfaq;a&;pcef; (19) cktwGuf z,fxm;&onf?319
(2008) ckESpf/ qücH,lyGJumv twGif;wGif armfvòrif/ rk'HkESifh oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,fwdk@Y t"du ppfaq;a&;
*dwfpcef;rsm;udk vma&mufzGifhxm;cJh+yD;/ qücH,lyGJ+yD;aemufydkif;wGif ±kyfodrf;oGm;cJhonf?320odk@
4 March 2010.
312 KNG (2009) “vspfvsL&Ixm;onfh wHwmrS uav;rsm; ðywfusI aoqHk;=u&jcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f?
Kachin News Group, 27 July - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Children’s-death-after-fall-from-bridge-ignored.html - accessed 23 February
2010.
313 TpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm; tajctaetay: ydkI tao;pdwfusonfh avhvmoHk;oyfcsufudk “olwdk@. xrif;tdk;udk umuG,fae=ujcif;? ?
bk&m;oHk;qla'o&Sd ukefoG,fr_ESifh tusifhysufjcpm;r_ tajctaersm;” HURFOM (2008) “Protecting their rice pots: An economic profile of
trade and corruption in Three Pagoda Pass,” tpD&ifcHpmwGif =unfhyg? The Mon Forum, 30 December.
314 HURFOM 2007 “um;ydkif&Sifrsm;udk c&D;onfcGef ydkI jrifhrm;pGm aumufcHaejcif;”/ rGefESifh u&ifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 April
315 Ibid.
316 HURFOM (2008) “olwdk@. xrif;tdk;udk umuG,fae=ujcif;? ? bk&m;oHk;qla'o&Sd ukefoG,fr_ESifh tusifhysufjcpm;r_ tajctaersm;” The
Mon Forum, 30 December.
317 Op cit.
318 ppfaq;a&;*dwf (2) ckudk rGeftrsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf (MNLA)u xdef;csKyfxm;+yD;/ *dwf(2) ckudk u&iftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;
wyfrawmf (KNLA)u xdef;csKyfxm;um/ usef*dwfrsm;udkwyfrawmf/ 'DaubDatwyfzGJ@ (DKBA) ESifh u&if+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ (KPF) wdk@u xdef;
csKyfxm;onf? (HURFOM) 2007 “um;ydkif&Sifrsm;udk c&D;onfcGefydkI jrifhrm;pGmaumufcHaejcif;”/ rGefESifhu&ifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1
April.
319 awG@qHkar;jref;cJhol wpfOD;uajymjy&mwGif c&DonfwpfOD;v#ifjzwfoef;c (17˜000)usyfr# ukefuscJh&onf[kqdkonf? tjcm;vlpD;,mOfi,f
(eDeDbwfpf) ydkif&SifwpfOD;uc&D;onf(20)wifaqmifvm+yD;/ vrf;wav#muf jzwfoef;crsm;/ tcGefrsm;ay;+yD;onfhtcg ol@twGuf0ifaiG
(200˜000) usyfom usefawmhonf? qdkvdkonfrSm c&D;onfwpfOD;twGuf jzwfoef;cusyf (30˜000) r#ukefusr_&SdEdkifonf? (HURFOM)
2007 “um;ydkif&Sifrsm;udk c&D;onfcGefydkI jrifhrm;pGmaumufcHaejcif;”/ rGefESifh u&ifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 April
320 HURFOM (2009) “rGefjynfe,fwGif c&D;oGm;vmcGifhuef@owfjcif;udk qef@usifae=ujcif;”/ oHjzLZ&yfòrd@e,f/ armfvòrdifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 12 August.

83
 &mwGif (2009) ckESpf/ =o*kwfvwGif vma&mufzGifhxm;jyef+yD;/ armfawmf,mOfrsm;udk usyf (3˜
000) rS (5˜000) txd tcGefaumufonf?321 jrefrmppfwyfu ppfqifa&;vkyfaeaom ae&mrsm;Y
trsm;jynfolwdk@tm; aus;&Gmydkifeuf. jyifyodk@oGm;vma&;twGuf pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;0,fap
onf?322 ppfaq;a&;pcef; tawmfrsm;rsm;Y tzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;wdk@rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf
tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;r_rsm;udkvnf; cyf=urf;=urf;vkyfavh&dS+yD;/ ukefyPnf;rsm;udk xifovdkodrf;,l
=ujcif;onfvnf; &dk;aeaomudP jzpfonf?323

a&jyifrSmaumufcHaom tcGefrsm;
tpdk;&u tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; jznfhqnf;ay;xm;jcif; odyfr&Sdaom t&yfa'orsm;
wGif vlESifhukefpnfrsm;udk avSjzifho,f,lydk@aqmifjcif;tay:rSmvnf; tcGefaumufcHygonf?
om"utm;jzifh/ oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,fESifh bk&m;oHk;ql awmif=um;e,fajrt=um;&Sd vrf;r}uD;udktoHk;
ðyIr&aom rdk;&moDY o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vrf;a=umif;onf Zrdjrpfa=umif;yifjzpfonf? Tc&D;
vrf;onf u&ifjynfe,f/ =umtif;qdyf}uD;òr@e,fwGifpwif+yD;/ bk&m;oHk;qlòr@e,fESifh(15) rdkifcef@
uGma0;aom acsmif;qHkt&yfYqHk;onf? Tjrpfa=umif;wav#mufYvnf; a=u;ESifhtcGefrsm;aumuf
,laom ppfaq;a&;*dwfpcef;rsm;trsm;tjym;&Sdaeonf?324 Zrdjrpfurf;ay:&Sd ppfaq;a&;*dwfpcef;
ta&twGufonf (oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,frS bk&m;oHk;qlawmif=um; e,fajroGm;vrf;r}uD;ay:rS ppf
aq;a&;pcef;rsm;. ta&twGufuJhodk@yif) vHkðcHa&;tajctaetay:rSm rlwnfIaomfvnf;
aumif;/ vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;ESifh tpdk;&ESifhywfouf&m ywfoufa=umif;tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;.pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_ESifh vdktifqütay:rSm rlwnfIaomfvnf;aumif; twuftus&Sdwwf +yD;/
tcGefaumufyHkaumufenf; trsKd;rsKd;tay:rlwnfIvnf; tcGefyrm%uGmjcm;r_&Sdwwfonf?325
om"utm;jzifh/ (2008) ckESpftukefY Zrdjrpfurf;ay:&Sd ppfaq;a&;pcef; (13) ck udkcsKyfudkifxm;
aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf avSrsm;udktpkvdkuf ykwfjywfaumufcHaomenf;jzifh tcGefaumufae
cJh&m aumufcHaoma=u;onf usyf (4˜000) rS (10˜000)txd jzpfonf?326 tjcm;ppfaq;a&; *dwf
pcef;rsm;Y c&D;onf wpfOD;v#if usyf (1˜000) rS (1˜500)txd aumuf,la=umif;od&onf?327
ppfaq;a&;pcef;wpfckYrl wifvmonfhukefpnftay:rlwnfI ukefwifavSwpfpif;udk aumufcH
aomtcGefonf usyf (20˜000) rS (30˜000) txd jzpfa=umif; od&onf?328 2008 ckESpf tukefY
(2) &ufwm c&D;tqHk;txd vlwpfOD;. c&D;p&dwfukefusp&dwfonf usyf (35˜000)jzpfonf? 329

321 Ibid.
322 HURFOM (2009) “weoFm&Dwdkif;&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;wGif &Gmvlxkrsm;udk oGm;vmcGifh uef@owfaejcif;”/ a&jzLòr@e,f/ xm;0,fc±dkif/ weoFm&Dwdkif;?
MARTUS Bulletin, 10 August – 14 October.
323 PWO (2009) “[dq k ikd ;f aus;&GmwGiu
f ;l wd@k qyd Yf tcGerf sm;wd;k wufaumuf,al ejcif;”/ MARTUS Bulletin, 18 September; PWO (2009)
“refwòkH r@e,fwiG f trfy-D o&D;zGiphf ufEiS hf zke;f rsm;udo
k rd ;f ,laejcif;”/ refwòkH r@e,f/ ausmufrcJ ±dik /f &Sr;f jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 15 August.
324 HURFOM (2008) “olwdk@. xrif;tdk;rsm;udk umuG,fae=ujcif;? bk&m;oHk;qla'owGif ukefoG,fr_ESifh tusifhysufjcpm;r_ tajctaersm;”/
The Mon Forum, 30 December.
325 Ibid, p.3.
326 Ibid.
327 Ibid.
328 Ibid, p.4.
329 Ibid.

84
 jrefrmEdkifiH. tjcm;a'owpfckwGif vlESifhukefpnfrsm; o,f,lydk@aqmifaom avSrsm;qD
rS tcGefaumuf,laom aemufxyfom"uwpfckrSm &cdkifjynfe,f/ ppfawGòr@wGifjzpfonf? ppfawG
òr@e,frSaeI c&D;pxGufawmhrnfqdkv#if e,fajr&JwyfzGJ@qDrS cGifhðycsufvufrSwf,l&onf? cGifhðy
csufvufrSwftwGuf a=u;usyf(500)awmif;onf?330 vrf;c&D;wav#muf&Sd qdyfurf;toD;oD;
wGif e,fajr&JtzGJ@u aemufxyfusyf(200)pDawmif;cHonf? tu,fI avSwm0efcHrSmay;p&maiG
tqifoifhr&Sdygu "gwfqD/ odk@r[kwf 'DZ,fqDay;Edkifonf? tcsKd@aomqdyfurf;rsm;Ytaumuf
cGefOD;pD;Xmeu qdyfurf;wGifqdkufuyfjcif;twGuf aemufxyfa=u;aumuf,ljyefao;onf?331
Tqdyfurf;rsm;udka&Smif&efrSm tvGefcufaomudPjzpfonf? avSrsm;onfrqdkufrae&qdkufay;=u
&onf? rqdkufygu &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u aoewfypfazmuf+yD;owday;onf? qdyfurf;rScGm +yD;aemuf
wGif a&wyfudkvnf;a=u;ay;&jyefonf?332 e,fajrppfwyfuvkyftm; vdkaomtcgYavSrsm;onf
acsmqGJcH&+yD;/ tvkyform;rsm;udk ppfwyfydk@cdkif;aom e,fajrodk@ydk@ay;&onf? e,fajrqdyfcHwHwm;
wGifwm0efusaom taumuftcGeft&m&Sdrsm;uvnf; tcGefaumufonf? aumufcHyHkrSmyk~vd
uydkifa&,mOfrsm;. a&,mOfpD;vufrSwfrsm;udka&mif;ay;+yD;/ vufrSwfa&mif;cs&aiG. 20 &mcdkif
E_ef;udk&,ljcif;jzpfonf? Te,fajrY (2006)ckESpftwGif;u vlESifhukefpnfrsm;o,f,lydk@aqmif
aom a&,mOftao;pm;rsm;qDrS aumuf,laomaiGonf usyf(8˜000)ywf0ef;usif&SdcJhonf?
avSydkif&Sifrsm;&&Sdaom0ifaiG. xuf0ufudk tpdk;&.tzGJ@tpnf; trsKd;rsKd;tm;tcGef trsKd;rsKd;
tjzpfay;vdkuf&onf? tjcm;ukefusp&dwfrsm; txl;ojzifhavmifpmqDzdk;ESifh vkyftm;cwdkhudk E_wf
vdkufv#if tjrwfrusefwwfawmhay?333 a&,mOft}uD;pm;rsm;tzdk@rl qufqHa&;ukefusp&dwfydk
oufomygonf? ta=umif;rSm tcGefaygif;pHktwGuf vpOfa=u;ay;xm;+yD;/ tcGefay;xm;+yD;jzpf
a=umif; axmufcHpm&xm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf?334 weoFm&Dwdkif;/ aumhaomif;òr@e,fY(2002)
ckESpfywf0ef;usifavmufrSpI a&wyfue,fajrwGif; ig;zrf;avSrsm;tm;yPnf;jzifh tcGefay;
aqmifaponf? yifv,fxJodk@ avSwpfacgufxGufv#if 'DZ,fqD(5)*gvHE_ef;ay;aqmifapjcif;jzpf
onf?335 tcGefaumufjcif;/ txl;ojzifh avmifpmqDaps;E_ef;wufaeaomumv twGif;wGif
tcGefaumufjcif;a=umifh ig;zrf;avSrsm;onf yifv,fodk@txGufusJoGm;cJhonf? zrf;qD;&rdaomig;
a&mif;&aiGonf ukefusp&dwfudk rumrdaoma=umifh jzpfonf?336 rGefjynfe,f/ a&;òr@e,fYvnf;
jrefrma&wyfu yifv,fodk@xGufaom ig;zrf;pufavSrsm;tay: avmifpmqDjzifhtcGefaumuf
onf?337 owfrSwfay;xm;aom tif*sifpuft&G,ftpm;twdkif; wyfqifrxm;aompufavSrsm;
ESifh armfawmfum;tif*sifpufwyfqifxm;aom pufavSrsm;udk a&wyfu'%faiG±dkufonf? e,f
ajrwpfckY TuJhodk@aom pufavSrsm;udkwpfpif;v#if '%faiGusyf(10˜000)txd '%f±dkufa=umif;
od&Sd&onf?338

330 awG@qHkar;jref;cef;-8? trsKd;om;? ppfawGòrd@e,f/ ppfawGc&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? epfem&ol? (rJaqmuf) 28 August 2009,
331 Ibid.
332 Ibid.
333 Ibid.
334 Ibid.
335 (2006) ckESpfwGif ‚ae&m&Sd qDaps;rSm wpf*gvHv#if (4˜540)usyf&Sdaeonf? HURFOM (2006) “jrefrmEdkifiH awmifydkif;wGif &Jrsm;ESifh a&wyfu
aiGn‡pfawmif;cHaejcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,fESifh aumhaomif;òr@e,f/ +rdwfc±dkif/ weoFm&Dwdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 17
March.
336 Ibid.

337 Ibid.

338 Ibid.

85
 ppfaq;a&; *dwfpcef;rsm; ta&twGufwdk;wufvmr_ESifhtwl/ rlvaumufaeustcGef
aiGyrm%onfvnf; tcGeftrsKd;tpm;ESifhtwl wdk;wufoGm;cJha=umif; taxmuftxm;rsm;awG@
&Sd&onf? tcGefaiGyrm%rsm;onf yk~dKvfa&;ESifh vlrsKd;a&;t& qufqHa&;tay:wGifrlwnfI
aomfvnf;aumif;/ ppfaq;a&;pcef;wGif wm0efusaeaom vlyk~dKvftay:wGifrlwnfIaomfvnf;
aumif; trsKd;rsKd;jzpfwwfonf?339 (DKBA)tzGJ@udke,fjcm; apmifhwyfzGJ@tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJzGJ@
pnf;&ef zdtm;wdk;rsm;vmjcif;a=umifh (2009) ESifh (2010) ckESpfrsm;twGif;/ u&ifjynfe,fwGif
ppfaq;a&;*dwfpcef;rsm; wdk;vmonfhtjyif/ aumuf,lonfh a=u;aiGyrm%onfvnf; wdk;wuf
vmcJhonf?340 a&;òr@e,fYvnf; a=u;ESifhtcGefrsm;. yrm%rsm;onf (2010) ckESpfqef;wGifwdk;
wufvmcJhonf?341 om"utm;jzifh/ (2009) ckESpfu a&;òr@. qifajczHk;aus;&Gmwpf&GmrS c&D;
onfwifpufavSrsm;onf ppfwyf. ppfaq;a&; *dwfpcef;wGif usyf (4˜000) pDay;aqmif=u&
onf?342 xdka&;òr@qifajczHk;&Sd ppfaq;a&; *dwfpcef;wpfckurl tcGefaumufjcif;r&Sdacs? odk@&mwGif
(2010) ckESpfqef;Y txufaz:jyyg ppfaq;a&;*dwfpcef;u rlvtcGefE_ef;udk usyf (5˜000) odk@ wdk;
jr‡ifhvdkufonf? a&;òr@ qifajczHk;&Sd wHwm;wGif ppfwyfuaemufxyf ppfaq;a&;pcef;wpfckxyfzGifh
vdkufjyef+yD;/ xdkpcef;url tcGefusyf(1˜000) aumufcHonf? òr@xJodk@ pufavS0ifonfESifhpufavS
ydkif&Sifu rGefjynfopfygwD (NMSP)udk usyf (5˜000)ay;&jyefonf? xdk@tjyif òr@wGif;wGif rlvuppf
aq;a&;*dwfpcef;wpfckom&SdcJh&mrS ,ck (3) ck&SdvmcJh+yD;/ pcef;wpfckcsif;pDu pufavSwpfpif;v#if
usy(f 1˜000) aumufcH onf? ppfaq;a&; *dwpf cef;ta&twGuaf &m/ aumuf,al oma=u; yrm%yg
wdk;wufvmcJhonf jzpf&m c&D;onfwif pufavSydkif&SifwpfOD;tay: aumufcHaomtcGefonf
(2009)ckESpfwGif usyf (4˜000) &SdcJh&mrS (2010)ckESpfwGif usyf (14˜000) txd jzpfvmcJhonf?343
,mOf/ vlESifhukefpnfrsm;tay: aumufcHaom tcGefyrm%udk owfrSwfjcif;ESifh ywf
oufI jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf;wGif wnDw!Gwfwnf; &Sdonfr[kwfacs?344 tcGeftawmfrsm;rsm;udk
tpkvdkuf ykwfjywfaumufcHaompepfjzifh aumufcHaejcif;jzpf+yD;/ trsm;tm;jzifh tcGefyrm%onf
,mOftrsKd;tpm;ay:rlwnf+yD;/ ,mOfwefzdk;}uD;v#if }uD;oavmuf tcGefyrm%}uD;}uD;aumuf
onf?345 ukefwifpufavStay: aumufcHaom tcGefyrm%onfvnf; avSt&G,ftpm;tay:
339 TSYO (2009) “um;ydkif&Sifrsm;twGuf tydktcGefrsm;”/ rlq,fESifherfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc&dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 10 September;
HURFOM (2010) “2010 ckESpfwGif 'DaubDat. aiGn‡pfaumufcHr_rsm;a=umifh aumhu&dwfòr@e,fwGif 'kQawG@ae=u&jcif;”/ aumhu
&dwfòr@e,f/ aumhu&dwfc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? 18 February- http://rehmonnya.org/archives/979#more-979 – accessed 26 February 2010; Mehm Oa,
Tuka (2010) “a&;òr@e,f&Sd ppfaq;a&; *dwfpcef;rsm;a=umifh um;orm;rsm;. 0ifaiGusqif;apjcif;”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f?
Independent Mon News Agency, 18 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7699-checkpoints-cut-truck-driver-income-in-ye-township.html
- accessed 1 March 2010.
340 HURFOM (2010) “2010 ckESpfwGif 'DaubDat. aiGn‡pfaumufcHr_rsm;a=umifh aumhu&dwfòr@e,fwGif 'kQawG@ae&jcif;”/ aumhu&dwfòr@e,f/
aumhu&dwfc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? 18 February- http://rehmonnya.org/archives/979#more-979 – accessed 26 February 2010.
341 Mehm Oa, Tuka (2010) “a&;òr@e,f&Sd ppfaq;a&; *dwfpcef;rsm;a=umifh um;orm;rsm;. 0ifaiGusqif;apjcif;”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/
rGefjynfe,f? Independent Mon News Agency, 18 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7699-checkpoints-cut-truck-driver-income-in-ye-
township.html - accessed 1 March 2010.
342 Tvrf;c&D;rSm 4-em&D=um oGm;&onf? rdk;&moDwGif oGm;vmIr&Edkifay? 2006 ckESpf/ vrf;razmufvkyfrDu Tvrf;a=umif;twdkif;yif
vlrsm;u 2-3 &uf=um vrf;av#muf=u&onf? rdk;&moDwGif a&vrf;udkom toHk;ðyI oGm;vm=u&onf?
343 Mehm Oa, Tuka (2010) “a&;òr@e,f&Sd ppfaq;a&; *dwfpcef;rsm;a=umifh um;orm;rsm;. 0ifaiGusqif;apjcif;”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/
rGefjynfe,f? Independent Mon News Agency, 18 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7699-checkpoints-cut-truck-driver-income-in-ye-
township.html - accessed 1 March 2010.
344 KNG (2009) “at;&Sm;a0guk`%Du azmufvkyfqJvrf;tay: tcGefaumufcHaejcif;? zm;uef@ausmufpdrf;rdkif;vrf;”/ zm;uef@òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;
em;c&dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 2 January – http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Asia-World-collects-road-tax-on-under-construction-
Hpakant-jade-mining-road.html - accessed 23 February 2010; TSYO (2009) “armfawmf,mOfydkif&Sifrsm;tay: tydktcGefrsm;aumufcHaejcif;”/
rlq,fESifh erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 10 September; TSYO (2009) “armfawmf,mOfydkif&Sifrsm;tay: tcGefrsm;
wdk;jrifhvmjcif;”/ erfhcrf;òrd@e,f/ rlq,fc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 8 September.
345 TSYO (2009) “armfawmf,mOfydkif&Sifrsm;tay: tydktcGefrsm; aumufcHaejcif;”/ rlq,fESifh erfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS

86
wGif rlwnfonf?346 um;/ odk@r[kwf pufavS armif;oltay: aumufcHaomtcGeftjyif/ c&D;onf
wpfOD;csif; xHrSvnf; tcGefaumufcHwwfonf? c&D;onfwpfOD;wifaqmifvmaom yPnf;onf
vnf; tdrfoHk;twGufjzpfap/ a&mif;cs&eftwGufjzpfap tcGefaumufjcif;cH&wwfjyefonf?347
v,f,mxGufyPnf;wifvmaom EGm;vSnf;udkyifv#if tcGefaumufcHwwfonf?348

armfawmf,mOfvdkifpifaMu;ESifh tjcm;aMu;rsm;
rSwfyHkwifa=u;ESifh vdkifpifa=u;wdk@onf trSefwu,fwGif tcGefrsm; r[kwfacs? Todk@aom
tca=u;aiGrsm;onf tpdk;&u 0efaqmifr_p&dwfrsm; umrdap&ef aumuf,laom tzdk;tcaiGom
jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHY vdkifpifa=u;rsm;rSaeI &&SdaomtcGefb¾m0ifaiG yrm%ESifhywfoufI
owif;csuftvufrsm; r&Sdoavmufjzpfonf? vGefcJhaom (2)ESpf twGif;u vdkifpifa=u;rsm;rwef
wqay;aqmif&ef armfawmfqdkifu,f ydkif&Sifrsm;tm;,cifxufydkI xl;xl;uJuJ tpdk;&uwdkuf
wGef;cJhonfhwdkif/ Tvdkifpifa=u;&&SdaiGESifhywfoufI owif;csuftvufrsm;ydkI r&&SdEdkifcJhacs?

armfawmfqdkifu,fESifh um;rsm;
jrefrmEdik if .
H ae&m tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif armfawmf,mOf armif;vdik f pifEiS ahf rmfawmfqikd u
f ,f
,mOfarmif; vdik pf ifrsm;r&Sw d wf=uyg? od@k aomfvnf; tjcm;tcGerf sm;enf;wlarmf awmf,mOfarmif;vdik f
pifut kd oH;k csI vnf;b¾m0ifaiGw;kd atmif aqmif &Gurf r_ sm;&Sad eygonf? om"utm; jzif(h 2009)
ckEpS w
f iG f &Sr;f jynfe,fY (rtz)òr@e,f tkycf sKyfa&;tzG@J u armfawmf,mOf armif;vdkifpifvkyf&ef[kazmf
jyum tca=u;aiGrsm;aumufcHcJhonf?349 ,mOfarmif;vdkifpifr&SdbJ ,mOfarmif;olrsm;udk'%faiG
±dkufrnf/ zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufcJhonf? rdkif;,ef;òr@e,fY armfawmfqdkifu,f,mOf
armif;vkdifpifa=u;onf usyf (5˜300) jzpfa=umif;ESifh usdKif;wHkòr@e,fY onfhxufydkrsm;+yD;/ usyf
(8˜500)jzpfa=umif; od&Sd&onf?
w&m;0iftaetxm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odk@ armfawmfqdkifu,fESifh um;rsm;wifoGif;r_
udk tpdk;&ucsKyfudkifxm;+yD;/ wifoGif;cGifhvdkifpifudk tenf;tusOf;r#om xkwfay;onf? armfawmf
qdkifu,fESifh um;wifoGif;&m w&m;0ife,fpyf0ifaygufrsm;onfvnf; tenf;tusOf;r#om&Sdyg
onf?350 (2010)ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvu ‚rl0g'udk wpfpHkw&mav#mhcsay;cJh&m/ aemufxyf uk`%DtcsKd@
w±kwfjynfvkyf armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;udk w&m;0ifwifoGif;cGifh &vmcJhonf? armfawmfqdkifu,f
tydkyPnf; t}uD;tus,f &Sm;yg;r_a=umifh (2009) ckESpf ukefavmuf uvnf; tydkyPnf; wifoGif;cGifh
Bulletin, 10 September.
346 AASYC (2009) “jrefrma&wyfu c&D;oGm;vmcGifh cGifhðyrdef@rsm;a=umifh vlxkrsm;'kQawG@ae=u&jcif;”/ ppfawGòr@e,f/ ppfawGc±dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 1 July.
347 Ibid.
348 KNG (2007) “jrefrmppfwyfu EGm;vSnf;rsm;udk twif;tusyf tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News
Agency, 22 March - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Burmese-Military-Forces-to-Collect-Tax-on-Bull-Carts.html - accessed 1 March 2010.
349 SHAN (2009) “tm%mydkifrsm;u ,mOfarmif;vdkifpifxkwfay;jcif; r&SdbJ aiGaumufcHaejcif;”/ Shan Herald Agency for News, 30 April - http://
www.shanland.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2558%3Aauthorities-collecting-money-for-driving-licenses-without-issu-
ing-them&Itemid=301 – accessed 17 February 2010.
350 Myo Gyi (2010) “w&kwfEdkifiHvkyf armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;udk wifoGif;cGifhðyaejcif;”/ rlq,fòr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? Mizzima
News, 12 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/mizzima/7659-china-made-motorcycles-allowed-to-import-.html - accessed 1 March 2010.

87
 &aom uk`%DOD;a& wdk;vmcJhonf? 351 wifoGif;r_udk xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;a=umifh armfawmfqdkifu,f
aps;E_ef;onfvnf; rvdkvm;tyfbJ}uD;jrifhaecJhonf? xdk@tjyif w±kwfEdkifiHESifh xdkif;EdkifiHwdk@rS armf
awmfqdkifu,frsm;udk arSmifcdkwifoGif;r_rsm; tESH@tjym;jzpfay:vmapcJhonf?

u&ifjynfe,f&Sd/ wdk;wufaom Ak<bmom u&iftrsKd;om;

tpnf;t±Hk; ('DaubDat) . ppfaq;a&;*dwfwpfck (HURFOM)

,mOfvdkifpifxkwfay;jcif;ESifh ywfoufaom Oya'/ odk@r[kwf w&m;0ifxkwfjyefxm;aom

pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;[lIr&Sdacs? tpdk;&xdyfydkif;u vdkifpifa=u;ESifh ywfoufaom!$ef=um;pmrsm;
xkwfay;xm;jcif; &SdEdkifygonf? odk@&mwGif trsm;jynfolwdk@ &&SdEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs? armfawmf,mOf oHk;pGJcGifh
vdkifpifa=u;onf wpfcsDwnf;t+yD; ykwfjywf aumufcHaomtcGefrsKd;jzpfonf? Tvdkifpifa=u;onf
tvGefw&m }uD;jrifhae+yD;/ ,mOfaygufaps;. tawmf}uD;rm;aom tcsKd;tpm;jzpfaeonf? vdkifpif
a=u; yrm%}uD;rm;jcif;a=umifh vltawmfrsm;rsm;u vdkifpifraqmifbJ ae=u&m/ tpdk;&ESifhywf
ouf&m ywfoufa=umif; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tzdk@ vdkifpifrJh,mOfrsm;udkt}udrf}udrf'%faiG ±dkuf&ef
tcGifhtvrf;&apcJhonf?352 TuJhodk@vmbfpm;r_rsm; tESH@tjym;&Sdaeonfhtjyif/ tEdkifusifh aiG
awmif;r_rsm;&Sdaeum/ ,mOfrSwfyHkwif vdkifpifudkifaqmifxm;olrsm;onf ta=umif;jycsufa&a&
&m&mr&SdbJaomfvnf;aumif;/ vdrfnmta=umif;jycsufjzifhaomfvnf;aumif; '%f±dkufcH&jcif;/
tcGefaumufjcif;cHae=u&onf? vdkifpifaqmifxm;aom armfawmf,mOfrsm;udktm%mydkif
rsm;uodrf;,l+yD;aemuf/ tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;wwfonf?353 TtjzpfrsKd;a=umifh vdkifpifaqmif
xm;v#if vnf; wpfenf;enf;jzifhaiGawmif;jcif;/ '%f±dkufjcif;cH&OD;rnf[kqdkum vltawmfrsm;
rsm;u ,mOfvdkifpifraqmifbJae=uonf?354 armfawmf,mOfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom'%faiGrsm;udk tpdk;&ESifh
351 May Kyaw (2009) “armfawmfum; tpdwftydkif;topfrsm; wifoGif;r_tay:wGif pnf;rsOf;Oya'topfrsm; xkwfjyefjcif;” Mizzima News, 15
July - http://www.bnionline.net/news/mizzima/6657-new-regulation-introduced-for-importing-car-parts.html - accessed 2 March 2010.
352 KNG (2009) “ucsifjynfe,f ajrmufydkif;wGifaiGn‡pfawmif;,ljcif;u upm;yGJwpfckozG,f jzpfaejcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/
ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 22 May - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kng/6314-extortion-name-of-the-game-in-burmas-northern-kachin-
state.html - accessed 2 March 2010; KNG (2008) “armfawmf,mOfydkif&Sifrsm;tay: tydktcGefrsm;aumufcHaejcif;”/ rlq,fESifh erfhcrf;òr@e,f/
rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? KNG (2008) “pmar;yGJumvwGif vdkifpifrSwfyHkrwifxm;onfh armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;udkwdwfwqdwf odrf; ,lae-
jcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 12 March - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Quiet-confisca-
tion-of-unlicensed-motorcycles-during-examinations.html - accessed 7 April 2010.
353 KNG (2009) “jrpf}uD;em;òr@wGif o}uFefumvY armfawmfqdkifu,fESifh qdkufum;rsm;udk wm;jrpfxm;jcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/
ucsifjynfe,f? 13 April - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kng/6125-motorcycle-rickshaws-banned-during-thingyan-in-myitkyina.html - accessed 2
March 2010.
354 PWO (2009) “tdGKif;avmaus;&GmwGif pufrsm;ESifh armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;udk tcGefaumufaejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f?

88
ywfouf&m ywfoufa=umif;tzGJ@
tpnf;wpfjyHKwpfr}uD;u awmif;
,lae=ujcif;jzpfonf? tEdkifusifhaiG
awmif;jcif;udkrl&JwyfzGJ@u t"du
tm;jzifh vkyfaqmifa=umif;awG@&
onf? armfawmf,mOfrsm;udk vdkifpif
aqmifatmifvkyfonfhoabmjzifh
tm%mydkifrsm;u vdkifpifrJh,mOfrsm;
udk odrf;,lr_rsm; a&Smifwcifvkyfavh
&Sdonf?355 wpfcgw&HY vdkifpifrJharmf
awmfqdkifu,fodrf;,lr_udk EdkifiHa&;
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh tEdkifusifhonfhoabmt& vkyfaqmifwwfonf?356 ,mOfvdkifpifaqmifapjcif;
ESifh qufEG,faom tcGefb¾0ifaiG&Sm enf;aemufwpfrsKd;rSm ,mOfrsm;udkodrf;,l+yD;/ avvHwif
a&mif;csjcif;yifjzpfonf? om"utm;jzifh/ (2009) ckESpfu/ ucsifjynfe,f/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@wGif
vdkifpifrJh armfawmfqdkifu,f tpD; (400)udk a&mif;cs&aiGonf usyfoef; (1˜000)cef@&SdcJhonf?357
odrf;,lxm;aom armfawmfqdkif u,frsm;udk tvm;wl avvHwifa&mif;csr_rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH.
tjcm;aom e,fajra'orsm;rSmvnf; jzpfyGm;cJhonf? 358
tzGJ@tpnf;trsdL;rsKd;wdk@ tcGefaumuf+yD;0ifaiG&Sm&mY jzpfcsifwdkif;jzpfyGm;aeaomtusifh
ysufjcpm;r_ESifhywfoufI ta&;ay:ajz&Sif;enf; ukxHk;[lIr&Sdacs? odk@&mwGif ,mOfvdkifpifaqmif
&mY rwefwq awmif;,laeaomvdkifpifa=u;udk av#mhayghvdkufygu armfawmf,mOfoHk;pGJolrsm;
taeESifh vdkifpifaqmifvdkpdwf&Sdvm=urnf jzpfygonf? tjcm;tcGefrsm; aumufcHonfhenf;wlyif
aemufxyfjy\emwpfrsKd;rSm A[dkrScsrSwfxm;aom rl0g'&SdaeygvsufESifh tcGefaumufcH&mwGif w
nDw!Gwfwnf;r&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf? ,mOfvdkifpifxkwfay;yHkpepfonf jynfe,fESifhwdkif;rsm;tvdkuf
rwluGJjym;r_rsm;&Sdaeonfhtjyif/ wdkif;wpfwdkif;- jynfe,fwpfckxJrSmyifv#if trsKd;rsKd;uGJaejyefao;
MARTUS Bulletin, 19 October.
355 KNG (2007) “jrpf}uD;em;òr@wGif vdkifpifrJh armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;odrf;,lr_ wpfzef jyefjzpfyGm;aejcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/
ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 18 May - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Resuming-unlicensed-motorcycles-confiscation-in-Myit-
kyina.html - accessed 7 April 2010; KNG (2008) “pmar;yGJumvwGif vdkifpifrSwfyHkrwifxm;onfh armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;udk wdwfwqdwf
odrf;,laejcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c&dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 12 March - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Quiet-
confiscation-of-unlicensed-motorcycles-during-examinations.html - accessed 7 April 2010; KNG (2009) “Junta peeved over lack of applicants for
two wheeler license,” Myitkyina Township, Myitkyina Distict, Kachin State, 29 July - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Junta-peeved-over-lack-
of-applicants-for-two-wheeler-license.html - accessed 9 April 2010;
356 KNG (2008) “yGaJ wmf+yD;aemuf,mOfxed ;f &Jrsm;uvdik pf ifrahJ rmfawmfqikd u
f ,frsm;udo
k rd ;f ,laejcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/jrpf}u;D em;c&dik /f
ucsijf ynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 15 January - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Traffic-police-seize-unlicensed-motorcycles-after-festival.html -
accessed 7 April 2010; KNG (2008) “Living under duress in Kachin State,” Myitkyina Township, Myitkyina District, Kachin State, 30 September - http://
www.kachinnews.com/Commentary/Living-under-duress-in-Kachin-State.html - accessed 23 February 2010; KNG (2009) “jrefrmtm%mydik rf sm;u
wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;. c&pfprwfyaJG wmfukd aESmif, h uS af ejcif;”/ refpòD rd@e,f/ Aef;armfc&dik /f ucsijf ynfe,f? 27 December - http://www.kachin-
news.com/News/Burmese-authorities-disturb-minority-Christmas.html - accessed 7 April 2010; KNG (2010) “jrefrm ppftpd;k &. aESmuf,u S rf r_ sm;
t=um;rSwikd ;f &if;om;ucsiw f @kd . raemyGaJ wmfpwifcjhJ cif;”/ jrpf}u;D em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}u;D em;c&dik /f ucsijf ynfe,f? 6 January - http://www.kachinnews.
com/News/Ethnic-Kachin-Manau-festival-starts-amidst-Burma-junta’s-harassment.html - accessed 7 April 2010.
357 KNG (2009) “odrf;qnf;xm;aom um;rsm; avvHwifa&mif;csaiGrS ppftpdk;&u usyfoef; 1˜000 ausmf &dwfoGm;jcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f?
ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 23 June - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Junta-rakes-in-1000-million-Kyat-from-auction-of-seized-cars.
html - accessed 23 February 2010.
358 Hseng Khio Fah (2009) “odrf;qnf;xm;aom um;rsm;avvHyGJwGif 0wdk@u t}uD;qHk;0,f,loljzpfaejcif;”/ usKdif;wHkòr@e,f? usKdif;wHkc±dkif/
&Srf;jynfe,f? Shan Herald Agency for News, 23 October - http://www.bnionline.net/news/shan/7290-wa-biggest-buyers-of-seized-cars-at-auction.
html - accessed 1 March 2010. wdk,dkwm qvGef;um;wpfpif;twGuf avvHaps;rSm vdkifpifyg0ift+yD;v#if usyf 1.25 oef; &Sdaeonf?

89
 onf? odk@&mwGif wpfEdkifiHvHk;wGifwlnDaom tcsuftcsKd@vnf;&Sdygonf? Todk@aomf wlnDcsufrsm;
&Sd&jcif;onf A[dktpdk;&.rl0g'a=umifh[kqdkEdkifonf? trsm;tm;jzifh armfawmfqdkifu,fESifhum;vdkif
pifa=u;yrm%onf ,mOfwefzdk;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufaom xkwfvkyfonfhESpfESifh ,mOfyHkpH
tay:rlwnfaejcif;jzpfonf?359 trsm;tm;jzifh,mOfvdkifpifa=u;udk ,mOf.oufwrf;wpfckvHk;
twGufaumufcHjcif;jzpfonf (ESpfpOfr[kwfyg)? (2009) ckESpf rukefrDu armfawmfqdkifu,fvdkifpif
a=u;onf qdkifu,ftopfwefzdk;. wpf0ufrS (3) yHk (1) yHk txdjzpfonf?360 om"utm;jzifh/
&cdkifjynfe,f/ ppfawGòr@e,fY w±kwfEdkifiHESifh xdkif;EdkifiHvkyf armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;twGuf vdkifpif
a=u;onf usyf (150˜000) ESifh (300˜000) t=um;jzpfonf? 361 tdNd,EdkifiHvkyf armfawmfqdkif
u,frsm;twGufvdkifpifa=u;url &cdkifjynfe,fY E_ef;tvGefjrifh+yD;/ usyf (750˜000) rS (900˜ 000)
txd jzpfonf?362 rGefjynfe,f/ bDvl;u|ef;Y vdkifpifa=u;onf rGefjynfe,f. tjcm;e,fajrrsm;
rSmxufydkrsm;+yD;/ usyf (150˜000) rS (500˜000)txdjzpfonf? 363 (2008) ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvrSEdk0if
bmvtwGif; ucsifjynfe,fY/ e,fajro,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESifh taumuftcGef±Hk;u0ifaiGydkrdk&
&Sdatmif vdkifpifa=u; wdk;aumuf&eftwGuf armfawmfqdkifu,fvdkifpifudk ,cif wpfvcef@=um+yD;rS
xkwfay;cJh&mrS (2) &uft=umrSm xkwfay;cJhonf?364 ucsifjynfe,fY (2009) ckESpftxd w±kwf
jynfvkyf armfawmfqdkifu,ftwGuf vdkifpifa=u;onf usyf (150˜000) ESifh (300˜ 000) t=um;
jzpfonf? 365
armfawmfqdkifu,fvdkifpif xkwfay;onfhXme ,œ,m;r&Sdaom e,fajra'orsm;rSmyif
v#if armfawmf,mOfrsm;udk odrf;,l+yD;/ rSwfyHkrwifjcif;twGuf ydkif&Sifrsm;udk '%faiG±dkufonf? om"
utm;jzifh/ (2008) ckESpfwGif jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f twGif;Y qdkifu,fydkif&Sifrsm;tzdk@ rSwfyHkwifp&m±Hk;
r&SdygbJvsuf/ &JwyfzGJ@u w±kwfjynfvkyf oHk;bD;qdkifu,frsm;udk rSwfyHkwifrJhr_jzifhodrf;,lcJhonf?
Todk@ rodrf;rDuvnf; &Jrsm;urSwfyHkwifrJhr_jzifh ydkif&Sifrsm;udk '%faiGusyf (3˜000) pD '%f±dkufcJh
ao;onf? 366 r=umao;rD umvtxd jrefrmEdkifiH. tcsKd@aome,fajra'orsm;Y tm%mydkif
wdk@u ,mOftrsKd;tpm;rSefor#udk vdkifpifaqmif&rnf[k trdef@xkwfqifhxm;jcif;r&Sdao;acs?367
359 HURFOM (2008) “olwdk@. xrif;tdk;rsm;udk umuG,fae=ujcif;? bk&m;oHk;qla'owGif ukefoG,fr_ESifh tusifhysufjcpm;r_tajctaersm;”
The Mon Forum, 30 December - http://www.taigress.info/politics/p_82.html - accessed 10 February 2010;
360 Takaloo(2009)“(u-n-p).vdkifpifopfpepfa=umifh&cdkifjynfe,fwGifarmfawmfqdkifu,foHk;pGJolwdk@'kQjzpfae=ujcif;”/ppfawGòr@e,f/ ppfawGc
±kdif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Narinjara News, 17 December - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/7580-ka-nya-nas-new-license-troubles-motorcycle-
users-in-arakan.html - accessed 1 March 2010.
361 awG@qHkar;jref;cef; (8)/ trsKd;orD;/ bDvl;u|ef;/ acsmif;qHkòr@e,f? armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f?
362 Takaloo (2010) “&cdkifjynfe,fwGif tdNd,xkwf armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;udk vlóuufrsm;aejcif;”/ ppfawGESifh armif;awmc±dkif/ &cdkif jynfe,f?
Narinjara News, 22 March - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/8175-indian-motorcycles-popular-in-arakan.html - accessed 23 March 2010.
363 HURFOM (2008) “olwdk@. xrif;tdk;rsm;udkumuG,fae=ujcif;? bk&m;oHk;qla'owGif ukefoG,fr_ESifhtusifhysuf jcpm;r_tajctaersm;” The
Mon Forum, 30 December - http://www.taigress.info/politics/p_82.html - accessed 10 February 2010; awG@qHkar;jref;cef; (8)/trsKd;orD;/ bDvl;
u|ef;/ acsmif;qHkòr@e,f? armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f?; Takaloo (2009) “(u-n-p) . vdkifpifopfpepfa=umifh &cdkifjynfe,fwGifarmfawmf
qdkifu,foHk;pGJolwdk@ 'kQjzpfae=ujcif;”/ ppfawG òr@e,f/ ppfawGc&kdif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Narinjara News, 17 December - http://www.bnionline.net/
news/narinjara/7580-ka-nya-nas-new-license-troubles-motorcycle-users-in-arakan.html - accessed 1 March 2010.
364 KNG (2009) “ucsifjynfe,fwGif armfawmfqdkifu,f vdkifpifðyvkyf&efoufwrf;wdk;ay;jcif;”/ Kachin News Group, 10 November - http://www.
kachinnews.com/News/Deadline-for-motorcycle-licenses-extended-in-Kachin-State.html - accessed 7 April 2010.
365 KNG (2009) “jynfolvlxkrsm;'kQawG@ae&csdefY ppftpdk;&u ºu,f0aejcif;”/ Aef;armfòr@e,f/ Aef;armfc&dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News
Group 23 March - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Junta-amasses-money-while-civilians-suffer.html - accessed 7 April 2010; KNG (2009)
“jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;u wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;. c&pfprwfyGJawmfudk aESmifh,Sufaejcif;”/ refpDòr@e,f/ Aef;armfc±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? 27
December - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Burmese-authorities-disturb-minority-Christmas.html - accessed 7 April 2010.
366 KNG (2008) “ucsifjynfe,fwGif zdtm;rsm;atmufY aexdkifae&jcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? 30 September -
http://www.kachinnews.com/Commentary/Living-under-duress-in-Kachin-State.html - accessed 23 February 2010.
367 KNG (2009)“odrf;qnf;xm;aom um;rsm; avvHwifa&mif;csaiGrS ppftpdk;&u usyfoef; 1˜000 ausmf &dwfoGm;jcif;”/ jrpf}uD; em;òr@e,f?
ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 23 June - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Junta-rakes-in-1000-million-Kyat-from-auction-of-seized-cars.
html - accessed 23 February 2010.

90
 2009 ckESpfwGif (17§,) vdkifpifeHygwfudk csay;vdkufjcif;ESifhtwl/ vdkifpifa=u;onf ,cif
vdkifpifa=u;. ESpfqausmf jrifhwufoGm;cJhonf?368 A[dktpdk;&u csrSwfay;aomrl0g'&Sdaeonfh
=um;xJuyif/ jrefrmEdkifiHt&yf&yfY vdkifpifa=u;yrm%rsm; uGm[r_tcsKd@&Sdaeygao;onf?
e,fajra'otqifh tusifhysufjcpm;r_a=umifh vdkifpifa=u;wdk;aumufjcif;onf ae&ma'otm;
vHk;rSm wlnD=uonfr[kwfacs? vdkifpifa=u;wdk;I aumufcH&mYvmbfpm;r_a=umifh armfawmfqdkif
u,fcsif;wlygvsuf vdkifpifa=u;csif;rwlnD=uacs? Todk@jzifh armfawmfqdkifu,faps;E_ef; t}uD;
tus,fjrifhwufoGm;cJhonf? vdkifpifa=u;udk t}uD;tus,fwdk;jr‡ifh aumuf,l+yD;aemufydkif;wGif rSwf
yHkwifr&Sdonfh armfawmfqdkifu,fpD;olrsm;udk wdk;Izrf;qD;jcif;ESifh armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;vdkifpif
aqmif&rnfhe,fajrrsm;udk wdk;csJ@jcif;ðycJhonf? om"utm;jzifh/ ucsifjynfe,f&Sdtenf;qHk;jrpf}uD;
em; ESifh Aef;armfòr@e,fwdk@Y (2009) ckESpftwGif;u armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;udk usyf (100˜000)
rS (300˜000) txd vdkifpifa=u; }uD;}uD; pwifaumuf,lcJhonf?369 vdkifpifrsm; topfcsay;+yD;
onfESifh rSwfyHkwifrJh armfawmfqdkufu,f pD;eif;olrsm;udk zrf;qD;r_rsm;wdk;vmcJhonf? xdk@tjyif
&cdkif jynfe,f/ ppfawGòr@Y (2009) ckESpfukefwGif (17§ ,) vdkifpifa=u;onf ,cifvdkifpifa=u;.
ESpfq (usyf 150˜000) ESifh (300˜ 000) t=um;rS aeI usyf (300˜000 ESifh 600˜000 t=um;odk@ )
jrifhwufoGm;cJhonf?370 pepfa[mif;jzifh rSwfyHkwifxm;aom armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;onfaemuf
xyfvdkifpifa=u; usyf(25˜000) ay;aqmifjcif;tm;jzifh vdkifpiftopfxyfrHvkyf&onf? rGefjynf
e,fY (2009) ckESpf tukefwGif/ vdkifpifa=u;rsm;udk tvm;wlyif t}uD;tus,fwdk;vdkufa=umif;ESifh
usyf (300˜ 000) rS (620˜ 000) txd jzpfa=umif;od&Sd&onf? 371
(17§ ,) vdkifpifudk pwifcsay;cJhaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;wGif rSwfyHkwifay;aom
±Hk;rsm;&Sdonf r[kwfojzifh/ armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;udk rSwfyHkwifcsifwdkif; wifI&onf r[kwfacs?
om"utm;jzifh/ rGefjynfe,frS armfawmfqdkif u,f ydkif&Sifrsm;onf (17§ ,) vdkifpifudk òr@awmf
armfvòrifòr@rSmomv#if rSwfyHkwifI &onf? vdkifpifopfrsm;udk tenf;i,fom xkwfay;onfjzpf&m
&Jrsm;u armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;udk c%c% vdkufzrf;aea=umif; od&onf?372 vdkifpifopfrsm;udk
(2010) ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvukefrS xkwfay;aomfvnf; xdktcsdefrwdkifrDuyif armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;udk
'%f±dkufESifh aecJhonf?373 jrefrmEdkifiHY armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;onf vludko,f,lydk@aqmifay;p&m
t"du pufwyf,mOfjzpfaomfvnf; vdkifpifa=u;}uD;vGef;aoma=umifh armfawmfqdkifu,ftawmf
rsm;rsm;onf rSwfyHkwifxm;jcif;r&Sd=uacs? Todk@jzifh ae&mwumwGif tEdkifusifhp&mESifh '%f±dkuf
p&m ypfrSwfwpfck jzpfaecJhonf? 374
368 IMNA (2009) “armfawmfqdkifu,f vdkifpifopfpepfa=umifh jy\emjzpfae&jcif;”/ rGefjynfe,f? Independent Mon News Agency, 9 December
- http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7537-new-motorbike-licenses-spark-conflict.html - accessed 1 March 2010; Takaloo (2009) “(u-n-p)
. vdkifpifopfpepfa=umifh &cdkifjynfe,fwGif armfawmfqdkifu,foHk;pGJolwdk@'kQjzpfae=ujcif;”/ ppfawGòr@e,f/ ppfawGc±kdif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Na-
rinjara News, 17 December - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/7580-ka-nya-nas-new-license-troubles-motorcycle-users-in-arakan.html - ac-
cessed 1 March 2010.
369 KNG (2009) “jynfolvlxkrsm; 'kQawG@ae&csdefY ppftpdk;&u ºu,f0aejcif;”/ Aef;armfòr@e,f/ Aef;armfc±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? 23 March - http://
www.bnionline.net/news/kng/6028-junta-amasses-money-while-civilians-suffer-.html - accessed 2 March 2010.
370 Takaloo (2009) “(u-n-p) . vdkifpifopfpepfa=umifh &cdkifjynfe,fwGif armfawmfqdkifu,foHk;pGJolwdk@ 'kQjzpfae=ujcif;”/ ppfawGòr@e,f/
ppfawGc±kdif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Narinjara News, 17 December - http://www.bnionline.net/news/narinjara/7580-ka-nya-nas-new-license-troubles-mo-
torcycle-users-in-arakan.html - accessed 1 March 2010.
371 IMNA (2009) “armfawmfqdkifu,f vdkifpifopfpepfa=umifh jy\emjzpfvmjcif;”/ rGefjynfe,f? Independent Mon News Agency, 9 December -
http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7537-new-motorbike-licenses-spark-conflict.html - accessed 1 March 2010;
372 Ibid.
373 Myo Gyi (2010) “w±kwfEdkifiHvkyf armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;udk wifoGif;cGifhðyaejcif;”/ rlq,fòr@e,f/ rlq,fc±dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? Mizzima News,
12 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/mizzima/7659-china-made-motorcycles-allowed-to-import-.html - accessed 1 March 2010.
374 KNG (2010)“ucsifwdkif;&if;om;wdk@.raemyGJudk jrefrmppftpdk;&u zdESdyfaESmifh,Sufaeonfh=um;rSpwifcJhjcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;
em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 6 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kng/7624-ethnic-kachin-manau-festival-starts-amidst-

91
 vdkifpifa=u;udk t}uD;tus,f wdk;jr‡ifhvdkuf&jcif;. ta=umif;jycsufrSm vdkifpifvkyfxm;&m
jynfe,f/ odk@r[kwf wdkif;. jyifyodk@oGm;vmcGifhr&Sd[k ydwfyifxm;aom ,cifpnf;rsOf;udk y,fzsuf
&efjzpfonf[k qdkygonf? Tpnf;rsOf;onf (17§ ,) vdkifpif xkwfay;vdkufaomtcgY y,fzsuf+yD;
jzpfoGm;cJhonf? (17§,)vdkifpifjzifh armfawmfqdkifu,fydkif&Sifrsm;onf EdkifiH. rnfonfht&yfa'o
odk@rqdk armif;ESifoGm;vmcGifh&Sdonf? &efukefESifhaejynfawmfonf c|if;csufjzpfonf? Tae&m
rsm;Y tpdk;&. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;omv#if armfawmfqdkifu,f ydkifqdkif pD;eif;cGifh&Sdonf? jrefrmEdkifiH.
e,fajra'o tawmfrsm;rsm;Y Tpnf;rsOf;udk av#mhcsvdkufjcif;a=umifhvnf; ta=umif;xl;vm
onfawmh r[kwfacs? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf jynfe,fwpfckrS wpfckodk@ armfawmfqdkifu,fjzifhoGm;
Edkifavmufatmif vrf;raumif;aom a=umifh jzpfonf?
(2010) ckESpfwGif armfawmfum;vdkifpifa=u;rsm;udkvnf; wdk;vdkufa=umif; owif;&&Sdyg
onf? odk@&mwGif armfawmfum; vdkifpifa=u;onf armfawmfqdkifu,fvdkufa=u;avmuf rsm;rsm;
wdk;onfawmh r[kwfacs? om"utm;jzifh/ (2010) ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dvu (xdkif;EdkifiH rJaqmufòr@
teD;&Sd) u&ifjynfe,f/ jr0wDòr@wGif armfawmfum; ESpfpOfvdkifpifa=u;udk um;wefzdk;. 10&mcdkif E_ef;
rSaeI 15 &mcdkifE_ef;odk@ wdk;jr‡ifhvdkufonf?375 um;ESpfpOf vdkifpifa=u;wdk;+yD;aemufwGif xdkif; EdkifiHrS
0,f,lvmcJhaomum;rsm; (odk@r[kwfcdk;um;rsm;)udk e,fajra'otwGif;rSmom armif;ESifcGifhðycJh
aom rl0g'udkav#mhayghay;cJhonf? (2009) ckESpfwGif tjcm;,mOfrsm;tay:rSmvnf; vdkifpifa=u;
wdk;I aumufcHcJhonf? om"utm;jzifh/ ppfawGòr@e,fY oHk;bD; tiSm;,mOfrsm;. vdkifpifa=u;udk
wdk;vdkuf+yD;/ vdkifpifeHygwfjym;rsm;udk t0dkif;yHkrSaeI }wd*HyHkodk@ ajymif;vJvdkufonf? 376

avS vdkifpifaMu;rsm;
a&,mOfrSefor#onf aqmuf
vkyfr_a=u;ESifh vdkifpifa=u;rsm;udkw&m;
0if ay;aqmif=u&onf? odk@&mwGif T
a=u;rsm;ESifhywfoufI trsm;jynfolodk@
xkwfjyefaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
r&Sdoavmuf&Sm;yg;onf? Todk@ owif;
tcsuftvufrsm; &Sm;yg;onfhwdkif/ t
jcm;vdkifpifa=u;rsm;ESifhtvm;wlaom
jy\emrsm;&Sda=umif; awG@&ygonf? om
"utm;jzifh/ (2008) ckESpfu u&ifjynf
e,f/ zm;tHòr@e,f&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;Y pufwyfavSrsm;tay: aumufcHaom tcGefrsm;onf usyf

burma-juntas-harassment-.html - accessed 1 March 2010; Salai Pi Pi (2010) “trSefw&m;udkowif;ay;ydk@cJhonfhtwGufa=umifhjrefrmowif;

axmufrsm;udk todtrSwfðy*k%fðy=ujcif;”/ Mizzima News, 27 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/mizzima/7768-imprisoned-burmese-
journalists-recognized-for-reporting-truth-.html - accessed 1 March 2010.
375 Usa Pichai (2010) “aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk armfawmf,mOfrsm; tcdk;rcH&ap&ef apmifh=unfhcdkif;aejcif;”/ jr0wDòr@e,f/ jr0wDc±dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f?
Mizzima News, 25 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/mizzima/7754-villagers-told-to-keep-an-eye-on-vehicles-to-prevent-theft-.html -
accessed 23 March 2010.
376 IMNA (2009) “armfawmfqdkufu,f vdkifpifopfxkwfay;&mY jy\emrsm; pwifjzpfay:aejcif;”/ rGefjynfe,f? Independent Mon News Agency,
9 December - http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7537-new-motorbike-licenses-spark-conflict.html - accessed 1 March 2010;

92
(22˜000) rS (100˜000)txd trsKd;rsKd;jzpfaeonf?377 Todk@ trsKd;rsKd;jzpfaejcif;onf avStrsKd;
tpm; odk@r[kwf avSwefzdk; tay:wGif tajccHjcif; r[kwfa=umif; od&onf?

tjcm;,mOfqdkif&maMu;rsm;
armfawmf,mOfydkif&Sifrsm;onf vdkifpifa=u;rsm;tjyif e,fajra'otqifhwGif awmif;ae
us tjcm;a=u;rsm;udkvnf;ay;=u&onf? TtcGef§a=u;rsm;onf e,fajra'owpfckESifhwpfck
wGif wl=uonfr[kwfacs? odk@jzpf&m Ta=u;rsm;udk A[dktkyfcsKyfa&;Xmeu csrSwfonf r[kwfbJ/
e,fajrtm%mydkifrsm;u csrSwfonf[k,lq&onf? om"utm;jzifh rGefjynfe,f/ bDvl;u|ef;Y
armfawmfqdkifu,frsm;twGuf tpOD;qHk;aqmif&aom vdkifpifa=u;tjyif Tr#avmuf rrsm;vS
aom ESpfpOfa=u; usyf(1˜000)udkvnf; aumuf,lcJhonf?378 xdk@tjyif/armfawmf qdkifu,fwpfpif;
udk 0,f,l+yD;prSmyif ,mOfxdef;&JtzGJ@udk w&m;0ifa=u; r[kwfaom usyf (30˜000) udkvnf;ay;&
onf?379 aiGay;xm;ol tm; vufrSwfwpfapmif xkwfay;onf? &Ju armfawmfqdkifu,fydkif&Sif§
pD;oludk&yfcdkif;aomtcgY TvufrSwfudkxkwfjy&onf? vufrSwfudkxkwfrjyEdkifaom armfawmf
qdkifu,fydkif&Sif§ pD;olrSefor#onf armfawmfqdkifu,ftodrf;cH&onf? Te,fajrY armfawmf
qdkifu,fonfomv#if o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;twGuf tm;xm;ae&aom wpfckwnf;aom,mOfjzpf
&m/ tdrfaxmifpktrsm;pktzdk@ Ta=u;udkygay;aqmifae=u&onf? 380
um;ydkif&SifESifh armfaqmfqdkifu,fydkif&Sifwdk@onf (ppfaq;a&; *dwfpcef;rsm;rSm aumufcH
aom tcGefrsm; tjyif) tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;r_tygt0if óuwifrodEdkifaom a=u;rsm;ESifhtcGefrsm;
udkvnf; wpfavS}uD; ay;ae=u&onf? 381 om"utm;jzifh/ a&;òr@e,f/ acgZmòr@e,fcGJY rlvwef;
ausmif;aqmufvkyf&eftwGuf[kqdkum armfawmfqdkifu,fydkif&Sifrsm;xHrS wpfajy;nDusyf (30˜
000) pDaumufcHcJhonf?382 tcsKd@e,fajra'orsm;Y aumufcHaoma=u;rsm;onf ydkIyHkrSefjzpfvmcJh
onf? vpOfaumufcHavh&dSonf? vrf;jyif&eftwGuf[k ta=umif;jyonfursm;onf?383 om"u
tm;jzifh/ xdkif;e,fpyfteD; u&ifjynfe,f/ bk&m;oHk;qlòr@e,fY (2006) ckESpfu um;ydkif&Sifrsm; onf
um;trsKd;tpm;tay: rlwnfvsufvpOf bwf (300) rS (1˜000)txd ay;=u&onf? armfawmf
qdkifu,fydkif&Sifrsm;udk vpOf bwf (50) aumufcHcJhonf? 384 vpOfa=u;tjyif ,mOfydkif&Sifrsm; onf
yHkrSefr[kwfaom tcGefrsm;udkvnf; ay;=u&onf? om"utm;jzifh (2010) ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D vu
ukefwifum;ydkif&Sifrsm;udk um;trsKd;tpm;ay:rlwnfvsuf wpfOD;v#if bwf(500) rS (3˜600) txd
377 KHRG (2008) “ae@pOfawmif;qdkaer_rsm;ESifh acgif;yHkjzwf tjrwfxkwfr_rsm;? zm;tHc±dkifwGif(etz)ESifh 'DaubDatwdk@xdef;csKyfr_atmuf
aexdkifae&aomb0”/ u&ifjynfe,f? Karen Human Rights Group, 18 September - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2008/khrg08f13.pdf - accessed 21
February 2010.
378 awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; -8? trsKd;orD;/ bDvl;u|ef;/ acsmif;qHkòr@e,f? armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f?
379 Ibid.
380 Ibid.
381 HURFOM (2006) “tm%mydkifrsm;u e,fpyfòr@wGifaiGn‡pfae=ujcif;”/ bk&m;oHk;qlòr@e,f/ u&ifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 March; HUR-
FOM (2006) “rGefjynfe,fwGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ qufvuf&Sdaejcif; -2”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 4
April; KNG (2009) “ucsifjynfe,fwGifaiGn‡pfr_jzifh tvkyfjzpfaejcif;”/ jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c±dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News
Group, 22 May - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kng/6314-extortion-name-of-the-game-in-burmas-northern-kachin-state.html - accessed 2 March
2010.
382 HURFOM (2006) “rGefjynfe,fwGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ qufvuf&Sdaejcif; -2”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc±dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bul-
letin, 4 April.
383 HURFOM (2006) “tm%mydkifrsm;u e,fpyfòr@wGif aiGn‡pfae=ujcif;”/ bk&m;oHk;qlòr@e,f/ u&ifjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 March.
384 Ibid.

93
 aumufcHcJhonf?385 TtcGefaiGrsm;udk xdkif;EdkifiHe,fpyfESifh eD;uyfaeonhfa'ojzpfaoma=umifh
xdkif;bwfaiGESifh aumufcHonf?

,m,Dodrf;,ljcif;
óuwifrodEdkifaom aemufxyf ‘tcGef’wpfrsKd;rSm ppfwyf/ (rtz) òr@e,f tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh
tjcm;aom tpdk;&ESifh ywfouf&mywfoufa=umif; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; toHk;ðy&eftwGuf ,mOfrsm;
udk ,m,Dodrf;,ljcif;jzpfonf?386 ,m,Dodrf;,lonf[kqdk&mYvnf; tdrfaxmifpkrsm;u ,mOfrsm;
. ðyjyifa&;ESifh xdef;odrf;a&; p&dwfrsm;udkuscH=u&onf?387 txl;ojzifh ukefwifum;rsm;onf
ppfwyf/ typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;/ tpdk;&ESifhywfouf&mywfoufa=umif; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
twGufyPnf;rsm;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;wGif toHk;ðy&ef,m,Dodrf;,ljcif;udk cH&wwfonf?388
,mOfrsm;udk odrf;,lr_rSaeI aiGom;jzifh tcGefay;aqmifapjcif;tjzpfodk@ ajymif;oGm;wwfonf?
om"u tm;jzifh xdkif;EdkifiH. e,fpyfòr@ qefcvbl&D teD;/ rGefjynfe,f/ bk&m;oHk;qlòr@e,fY (2010)
ckESpf/ ESpfqef;wGif (rtz) òr@e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;u ukefwifum; (4 bD;um;ESifh 10 bD;um;rsm;)ydkif&Sif
rsm;tm; aemufaemifwGif ‚wdk@.um;rsm;udk ppfwyftwGuf yPnf;rsm;wif&ef acsmqGJawmhrnf
r[kwfa=umif;/ TtwGuf ukefwifum;ydkif&Siftm;vHk;onf ppfwyf.,mOfiSm;c ukefusp&dwf
twGuf (6)v v#ifwpf}udrf tcGefay;&rnfjzpfa=umif; today;cJhonf?389 (6)v twGuf 4 bD;
um; ydkif&Sifrsm;tay:wGif tcGef bwf (1˜500) ESifh 10 bD;um; ydkif&Sifrsm;tay:bwf (3˜000)
aumufcHcJhonf?

385 HURFOM (2010) “tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u aiGtajrmuftrsm; acs;,l+yD;aemuf x&yfum;ydkif&Sifrsm;udk tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ bk&m;oHk;qlòrd@e,f/

u&ifjynfe,f? HURFOM, 15 January - http://rehmonnya.org/archives/1280 - accessed 15 February 2010.
386 HURFOM (2006) “rGefjynfe,fwGif t"Rvkyftm;cdkif;apr_ qufvuf&Sdaejcif; -2”/ a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? MARTUS Bulle-
tin, 4 April; Burma Issues (2008) “rkef;òr@e,fodk@ ppfwyf&dQmyPnf;rsm; o,f,lydk@aqmif&efum; 300 ausmftoHk;ðycJhjcif;”/ anmifav;yifc&dkif/
yJcl;wdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 16 December; HURFOM (2009)“a&jzLòrd@aevlxkrsm;xHrSarmfawmfqdkufu,fESifh aiG& ,laejcif;”/ a&jzLòrd@e,f/
xm;0,fc&dkif/ weoFm&Dwdkif;? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 January – 1 June; KNG (2009) “jrefrmppfwyf.vufeufESifh &dQm ypPnf;rsm; o,f,l&ef
x&yfum; 6 pif;udk acsmqGJ toHk;ðy cJhjcif;”/ rlq,fòrd@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 9 October - http://www.kachinnews.com/News/Six-
trucks-forced-to-transport-Burmese-Army-arms-and-rations.html - accessed 23 February 2010; PWO (2008) “‘&dkifbmESifh axmfvm*sDorm;rsm;udk
tcGefray;aqmifonfhtwGuf ausmufwHk;rsm;o,faqmifapjcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòrd@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 13 March; PYNG (2007)
“ppfwyfoHk;ypPnf;rsm; o,f,l&ef ukefwifum; trsm; twif;tusyf toHk;ðyaejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòrd@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MAR-
TUS Bulletin, 22 May; PYNG (2008) “a&$vDa&tm;v#yfppf pDrHudef;twGuf u|efðycHae&jcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòrd@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f?
MARTUS Bulletin, 15 February; PYNG (2008) “ppfwyfoHk;yPnf;rsm;o,f,l&ef ukefwifum;trsm;twif;tusyftoHk;ðyaejcif;”/
rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 1 June; PYNG (2008) “tpdk;&qücH,lyGJ v_H@aqmfpnf;&Hk;r_twGuf a'ocHrsm;.
armfawmf qdkufu,frsm;udk twif;tusyf cdkif;apaejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkESifh erfhqrfòrd@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 4 May;
PYNG (2008) “ppfom;rsm;u +cdrf;ajcmufIaiGodrf;,ljcif;”/ erfhqrfESifhrdkif;wHkòrd@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 18 Feb-
ruary; PYNG (2008) “a&$vDa&tm;v#yfppf pDrHudef;twGufu|efðycHae&jcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòrd@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin,
15 February; PWO (2008) “armfawmfqdkufu,frsm;udk ay:wmqGJaejcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòrd@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? MARTUS Bulletin, 10
January.
387 PYNG (2008) “a&$vDa&tm;v#yfppf pDrHudef;twGuf u|efðycHae&jcif;”/ rdkif;wHkòr@e,f/ ausmufrJc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? 15 February, MARTUS
Bulletin,
388 HURFOM (2010) “tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u aiGtajrmuftrsm; acs;,l+yD;aemuf x&yfum;ydkif&Sifrsm;udk tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ Rehmonnya.org, 15
January - http://rehmonnya.org/archives/1280 - accessed 15 February 2010.
389 IMNA (2010) “bk&m;oHk;qlòr@e,fwGif,mOfydkif&Sifrsm;u ppfwyfyPnf;o,faqmifctwGuf aiGay;ae&jcif;”/bk&m;oHk;qlòr@e,f/ u&ifjynf
e,f? Independent Mon News Agency, 6 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7623-vehicle-owners-pay-the-price-for-military-shipments-
in-three-pagoda-pass.html - accessed 1 March 2010.

94
oufarG;0rf;ausmif;rItay: pD;yGm;a&;t& xdcdkufoufa&mufrI
Todk@w&m;0ifa&m/ w&m;r0ifyg tcGefaumufcHaer_rsm;. pkaygif;oufa&mufra=umifh
vlxktrsm;rSm qif;&JrGJawr_ '%fudkcHpm;ae=u&ygonf? vlrsm;. 0ifaiGESifhydkifqdkifr_rsm; tay:
oufa&mufaeonfh Tr#}uD;av;aom tcsKd;tqudk(etz)ppftpdk;&ESifh tjcm;w&m;r0iftzGJ@
tpnf;aygif;pHku aumufcHaeaoma=umifh jynfolrsm;. oufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_ vkyfief;rsm;odod
omom xdcdkufusqif;vmap+yD;/ aºu;wif&jcif;/ vlwef;aphraeEdkifjcif; jy\emrsm;ñuHawG@&yg
onf? aemufwifjyrnfhtcef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tcGefpepf. pD;yGm;a&;t& xdcdkufoufa&mufr_
onf jynfolrsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;tay:wGifyg rnfodk@rnfyHk xdcdkufouf a&mufr_&Sdonfudk azmfjy
xm;ygonf?

95
 awmif,mrS oD;ESHrsm;cl;jyD;jyefvmonfh ajr;tzGm;ESpfOD; (rGefjynfe,f) (HURFOM)

96
(3) vlYtcGifhta&;tay: jrefrmEdkifiHtcGefaumufcHaerIpepf\ qdk;usKd;xdcdkuf ouf
a&mufrIrsm;

“tvkyfvkyfzdk@tcsdefvnf;r&Sdbl;/ olwdk@udkay;p&mydkufqHvnf; r&Sdawmhbl;? xrif;eyfrSef

atmif pm;p&mvnf; r&Sdawmhbl;” t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;jcif;ESifh ppfwyfrsm;tEdkifusifh
tcGefaumufjcif; &efrSvGwfatmif rdrdESifh rdrd.rdom;pk(2009)ckESpf/ arvqef;wGif &GmrS
xGufajy;vmcJha=umif; &Sif;jycJhonfh vli,fwpfOD;?390

vuf&Sd tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfonf tvGefyifqdk;&Gm; jcpm;ysuf,Gif;ae+yD;/ Edkifvdkrif;xuf

ðyaeonfjzpf&m jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd trsm;jynfolwdk@. (txl;ojzifh uav;oli,fwdk@. touf&Sifae
xdkifa&; tajctaeudk) ,dk,Gif; ysufpD;ae apv#uf&Sdonf? tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfonf tdrfaxmif
pkrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;taqmuftOD wpfckvHk;tay: ‚.oufa&mufr_rsm;udk
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;aomtm;jzifh “a&;qGJcsrSwf”xm;jcif;ESifh usifhoHk;jcif;ðyaeonfr[kwfacs? trSef
wGif Tpepfonf tcGefaumufcHjcif;enf;jzifh wdkuf±dkufaxmufyHhau|;arG;xm;aom ppfom;
tajrmuftrsm;udk vufudkifðyxm;onfh jrefrmppftpdk;&. vdktyfcsufrsm;t& wnf&SdvmcJhjcif;
jzpfygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm t&yfom;jynfolwdk@u axmufyHha&;tcGef0efxkyf0efydk;}uD;udk xrf;ae
&jcif;jzpfygonf? tcGefrsm;u}uD;jrifhvGef;vS+yD;/ yrm%udkvnf; yHkaoowfrSwfxm;avh&Sdonf
jzpf&m/ tqif;&JqHk;vlrsm;onf tcH&qHk;jzpfonf? tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tzdk@
vnf; t}uD;tus,f0efydapum/ aºu;wifonfhtjzpfodk@ a&mufapcJhonf? 0ifaiGav#mhenf;oGm;
apr_a=umifhvnf; yk~vdu u¾wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_avsmhenf;oGm;ap+yD;/ tusKd;quftm;jzifhpD;yGm;
a&;wpfpHkvHk; zGH@òz;}uD;xGm;r_udk xdcdkufapygonf? ra&rwGuf Edkifavmuf atmifrsm;jym;vSaom
ppfaq;a&;*dwfpcef;rsm;rSm tcGefaumufcHaer_rsm;a=umifh yk~vduu¾ pD;yGm;a&;vkyf aqmifcsuf
rsm;onf tvGef@tvGef}uD;rm;aom t[ef@twm;rsm;ESifhñuHawG@ae=u&um/ vkyfpm;udkifpm;&
onfrSm ydkIydkIraocsm ra&&mjzpfaev#uf&Sdonf? tusKd;&Sdaom a&mif;0,fazmufum;r_vkyf
ief;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufwpfckvHk;rSm vkyfudkifEdkifaom vkyfief;ta&twGufvnf; avsmh
enf;vmcJhonf? rlvuwnf;uyifv#if 0ifaiGedrfhusaecJhonfjzpf&m TtcsufESifh aygif;vdkufaom
tcgY tdrfaxmifpkrsm;. tajccHpm;oHk;ukefyPnf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_twGuf 0,fEdkiftm;onf
t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufusqif;aev#uf&Sdonf?
odk@jzpf&m/ vltawmfrsm;rsm;tzdk@ 0ifaiGtvHktavmuf&Sm&efrSmrjzpfEdkifacs? xdk@tjyif
tcGefaiGESifh &&Sdaomb¾maiGrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH jynfolwdk@ tvdkqüvnf;&Sd/ vdkvnf;vdktyfaom
aumif;usKd;qdkif&mudPrsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_rsm;twGuf oHk;pGJaeonfvnf;r[kwfacs? A[dk&-oHk;
aiGp&if; bwf*sufrSm p&if;0ifaom tcGefb¾m0ifaiGrsm;udk ppfwyfESifh ppfwyftwGuftaxmuf
tulðyay;aom Xmersm;twGufom cGJa0owfrSwfay;onf? yk~vdu u¾rS0ifaiGESifh t&if;tESD;
yPnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyfr_ESifhrqdkifaom ae&mXmersm;odk@ v$Jajymif;cGJa0csrSwfay;jcif;onf yk~vdu
390 HURFOM (2009) “oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,frS tcGefaumufcHr_a=umifh epfem&oludke,fpyfwGif awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;”/ rGefjynfe,f? Martus Bulletin

97
 u¾&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ESifh a&&Snfjrefrmh pD;yGm;a&;}uD;xGm;r_udk qkwf,kwfapygonf? tusKd;quftm;
jzifh vlwef;aphraeEdkifavmufatmif zlvHkaomvlaer_tqifhtwef;&&SdcGifhudk qkwf,kwfapyg
onf?

jrefrmEdkifiH\ vlYtcGifhta&;qdkif&m uwdu0wfESifh wm0ef&SdaerIrsm;

qif;qif;&J&J aexdkifae&&Smaom rdom;pkwpfpk (HURFOM)

“ppfwyfeJ@ tm%mydkifawGudk c%c%tcGefay;ae=u&awmh vltawmfrsm;rsm;u

aºu;wifwJhb0udk a&mufoGm;=uw,f? opfckwfvkyfief;rvkyf&bl;vdk@ Oya'xkwfae
wmuvnf; tJ'Dyk~dKvfawGyJ jzpfaewwf=uawmh/ vlawGrSm toufqufp&menf;
vrf;r&Sd=uawmhbl;?”391

tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifha&;a=unmpmwrf; (UDHR) onf tm%mwnfaomoabm

wlpmcsKyfwpf&yf r[kwfaomfvnf; ukvor~tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHtm;vHk;taeESifh jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;/ um
uG,fapmifha&Smufay;jcif; ðyvdrfhrnf[kar#mfvifhxm;aom tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udkjyqdkxm;yg
onf? xdk@tjyif tmqD,Htoif;. yÉdnmOfpmwrf; (ASEAN Charter)t&vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHonf
tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;ESifh vlr_w&m;r#wr_rsm;udkjr‡ifhwifay;
jcif;pojzifh av;pm;vdkufem&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf? ukvor~tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHvnf;jzpf/ ta&S@awmif
tm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif;0if EdkifiHvnf;jzpfaom jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh tjynfjynf&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=u
nmpmwrf;rSma&m/ tmqD,Htoif; yÉdnmOfpmwrf;rSmygyg&Sdaom jyXmef;csufrsm;udkav;pm;vdkuf
em&ef wm0ef0W&m;&Sdygonf?
EdkifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&;Oya'u rnfodk@aom pD;yGm;a&;pepfwpfck &Sdoifhonf[kvnf;
aumif;/ b¾ma&;qdkif&m/ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m/ vlr_a&;qdkif&mrl0g'udk rnfodk@ðyjyifajymif;vJoifhonf
[k vnf;aumif; !$ef;qdkxm;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; wdus&Sif;vif;aom OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhpnf;
391 ERI (2010) “a&jzLòr@e,fwGif opfxkwfvkyfr_tay: weoFm&Dwdkif;rS tcGefaumuf,laer_rsm;”/ weoFm&Dwdkif;? Martus Bulletin

98
abmifrsm;udkjyqdkxm;ygonf? odk@jzpf
&m jrefrmEdkifiHtaeESifh Oya'yg wm0ef
0W&m;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&aom
tcsdefrsm;Yjzpfap/ tajccHpHE_ef;rsm;
t& aqmif&Gufoifhonf[kar#mfvifh
xm;aomudP&yfrsm;udk aqmif&Guf
&aomtcsdefrsm;Yjzpfap owfrSwf
xm;aomrlrsm;ESifhtnD rdrd.jynfol
jynfom;wdk@tm; qufqHðyrl&ayvdrfh
rnf? tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifh
ta&;a=unmpmwrf; (UDHR)onf
vlyk~dKvfrsm;tm; vlrsKd;a&;t&jzpfap/ tjcm;o¿mefrsm;t&jzpfapcGJjcm;qufqHjcif;/ odk@r[kwf
&rf;um;zdESdyfjcif;/ odk@r[kwf 0efaqmifr_±kyfodrf;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf tjcm;aom+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;rS
umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;&eftwGuf xda&mufaomtpDtrHrsm;csrSwfxm;um/ EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;
taeESifh vl@tcGifhta&;udk rawmfrw&m;aESmifh,Sufxdyg;r_rsm;r&Sdatmif ydwfyifwm;jrpfay;aom
tm;jzifh vl@tcGifhta&; “jr‡ifhwifr_udkav;pm;”&ef jyXmef;ay;xm;ayonf? tjynfjynfqdkif&m
vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; (UDHR)onf vl@tcGifhta&;“&&Sda&;twGuf wdk;wuf&&Sdatmif
aqmif&Gufay;jcif;”ðy&efvnf; jyXmef;xm;ao;onf? qdkvdkonfrSm tpdk;&rsm;taeESifhwdkif;jynf
. pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ tqifhrnfr#yif&Sdap/ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sdapa&;twGuf wpfqifh+yD;
wpfqifh qufvufaqmif&GufoGm;&rnf[lIjzpfygonf?392 Twm0efwGif trsm;jynfolrsm;
twGuf aiGa=u;oHk;pGJr_/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifhywfoufaom tpdk;&pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;/ tajccHusaomtrsm;
jynfolqdkif&m 0efaqmifr_rsm;ESifhtajccHtaqmuftOD/ tcGefaumufcHr_/ pD;yGm;a&; ESifhywfoufI
b¾maiGa=u;cGJa0owfrSwfay;aom tpDtrHrsm;ponfhudP&yfrsm; yg0ifEdkifygonf? Trlt&qdk
v#if pD;yGm;a&;w&m;rr#wr_ESifh uGm[r_rsm;jzpfyGm;apaomrl0g'rsm;/ pepfrsm;udk cGifhðyxm;jcif;
odk@r[kwf wrifusifhoHk;jcif;rðy&acs? jrefrmEdkifiHonf wav#mufvHk;rSm tajccHvlr_0efaqmifr_
rsm;twGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm; vHkavmufpGmcGJa0owfrSwfray;bJxm;jcif; tusifhysufjcpm;r_
a=umifh wdkif;jynf. trsm;jynfolqdkif&m0efaqmifr_rsm; qkwf,kwfysufpD;aeonfudk cGifhðyxm;
jcif;/ xdkodk@0efaqmifr_rsm;ay;&rnfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. wnfaqmufyHkrsm;udk *±krpdkufbJ ypfxm;
jcif;tm;jzifh Trlrsm;udkvspfvsL&_aeygonf? ,cktpD&ifcHpmu jrefrmEdkifiH. tusifhysufjcpm;+yD;/
rawmfrw&m;ðyaom tcGefaumufcHyHkrsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;r&SdyHkwdk@a=umifh T
tajccHrlrsm;ESifh pnf;abmifwdk@udk vspfvsL&_aeonfh tqifhodk@a&mufaea=umif;óu;yrf;az:jyxm;
jcif;jzpfygonf?
qif;&JpGm aexdkifae&olrsm;. vlaer_tqifhtwef; wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGuf
EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;. tpDtrHrsm; a&;qGJcsrSwfjcif;ESifhywfoufI EdkifiHwum todtjrifonfvnf;
tvGefododomom wdk;wufjzpfay:vmcJhonf? ukvor~0ifEdkifiH tm;vHk;taeESifhvnf; vltm;
vHk; *k%fodQm&Sd&Sd aeEdkifa&;twGuf tedrfhqHk;&Sdtyfaom tajctaersm;udk tmrcHEdkif&efaqmif
392 ukvor~pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m txl;pHkprf;tpD&ifcHwifjyol the UN Special Rapporteur on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights (ESCR) ',feD&,fwkuf(Danilo Turk) u rSwfcsufðyonfhtwdkif; “EdkifiHrsm;onf olwdk@.pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_
tqifhtwef;rnfodk@ &Sdaeonfjzpfap/ vlwdkif;twGuf touf&Sif&yfwnfEdkif&ef aocsmaqmif&Gufay;&rnfhwm0ef&Sdygonf?”

99
 &GufoGm;rnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm vkyk~dKvfwpfOD;csif;ESifh vlom;tm;vHk; tay:
vl@tcGifhta&;udk cHpm;apEdkifaom zGH@òz;wdk;wufcGifhonf vl@tcGifha&;ESifhcGJjcm;Ir&Edkif[k ukvor
~u (1986) ckESpfwGif a=unmxm;cJhaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? zGH@òz;wdk;wufcGifhqdkif&m a=unmpm
wrf;. ed'gef; (The Premable of the Declaration of Right to Development) Y “zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_
qdkonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh EdkifiHa&;wdk@yg0ifaom zufpHkjzpfpOfwpf&yfjzpf+yD;/ jynf
olwpf&yfvHk;ESifh wpfOD;csif;yk~dKvftm;vHk;wdk@taeESifh zGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;vkyfief;wGifvnf;aumif;/
xdkvkyfief;. tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk r#wpGmcGJa0&mYvnf;aumif; rdrdwdk@.wufºu/ vGwfvyf+yD;/
t"d`g,f&Sdaom yg0ifr_ay:rlwnfv#uf b0tajctaewdk;wufaumif;rGefap&ef &nf&G,fonf”[k
az:jyxm;onf?
EdkifiHom;wdk@. yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_vnf;&Sd/ wm0ef,lr_vnf;&Sdaom b¾ma&;qdkif&mvkyf
ief;wm0efrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;p&m vufoHk;
ud&d,mwpf&yfjzpfonf [kqdkEdkif+yD;/ EdkifiH tpdk;&tm;vnf; wef;wlrnDr#r_ av#mhcsjcif;ESifh t&if;
tjrpfrsm;udk TtcGifhta&;rsm; wdk;Iwdk;I&&Sda&;qDodk@OD;wnfv#uf csrSwfcGJa0ay;jcif;wdk@udk
aqmif&GufapEdkifygonf? odk@&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH.b¾ma&;rl0g'rsm;a=umifh trsm;jynfolwdk@onf
*k%fodQm&Sd&SdaeEdkifa&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom tajccHpm;0wfaea&; yPnf;rsm;vufvGwf
qHk;±_H;ae=u&+yD;/ xdkrSaeI vl@tcGifhta&;&&Sda&; tajctaeonf ydkIqdk;&Gm;vmcJhonf? (etz)
ppftpdk;&onf rawmfrw&m;ojzifh yPnf;OPmodrf;jcif;/ t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;jcif; vkyf&yfwdk@udk
tpOfwpdkuf usL;vGefvkyfaqmifaeygonf? vkyf&yfESpfrsKd;pvHk;onf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;
jzpfonfhtjyif 0ifaiGqkwf,kwf usqif;r_udkvnf;jzpfay:apygonf? 0ifaiGqkwf,kwfusqif;r_
a=umifh vHkavmufaom vlaer_tqifhtwef;jzifh aexdkifEdkifcGifhudk xdcdkufepfemapyg onf?

(etz) ppftpdk;&. tcGefaumufcHa&;pepftwGif; tusifhysufjcpm;rIrsm;

“aemufawmh olwdk@u &Gmom;awGudk ppfvm;aq;vm;/ +cdrf;vm;ajcmufvm;vkyf+yD;

tcGeaf y;&r,f? ray;&if w&m;pGcJ &H r,fv@kd ajymygw,f? &Gmom;awGu w&m;pGcJ &H rSmudk
a=umufawmh &GmxJrSmaiGvdkufpk+yD;/ &JawGudk aiGusyf (50˜000) ay;vdkuf=uw,f?
t}udrfb,favmuf&Sd+yDvJ qdkwm usaemfrrSwfrdayr,fh/ olwdk@tvdk&SdwJhtcg tjrJ
vmvm+yD; aumufaeusyJ? 'DudPeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ b,fvdkvkyf&rvJqdkwm rodawmh
olwdk@awmif;&if usaemfwdk@u ay;vdkuf&wmbJ?”393
jrefrmEdkifiH. tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfonf tusifhysuf jcpm;r_rsm;jzifh jynfhESufaeum
Tjcpm;r_rsm;a=umifh vl@tcGifhta&;rSmxdcdkufaev#uf&Sdonf? tusifhysufjcpm;r_a=umifh r&Sdrjzpf
vdktyfaom trsm;jynfolqdkif&m0efaqmifr_rsm; jznfhqnf;ay;EdkifpGrf;rSm tpdk;&wGifav#mhyg;oGm;
&+yD;/ xdkrSaeI ‚onf zGH@òz;wdk;wufcGifhudk taESmifh t,Sufðyonf[k ukvor~zGH@òz;a&; tpDtpOf
okawoeðycsufu aumufcsufcsxm;ygonf? tusifhysufjcpm;r_onf tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@
tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;wGifxnfhoGif;xm;aom vlom;wdk@. pdwful;ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;tzdk@
393 PWO (2009) “ZD;yefaumufaus;&GmwGif opfawmðyef;wD;r_ESifh rw&m;tcGefaumufcHaer_rsm;”/ &Srf;jynfe,f? Martus Bulletin

100
tusifhodQmvnf;uif;rJh/ w&m;r#wr_vnf; uif;rJhonfhtjyif/ pufqkyf&GH&SmzG,f vnf;jzpfonf[k
qdk;vfòr@ tpnf;ta0;. avhvmawG@&Sdcsufrsm;Y394±_wfcsxm;onfhtjyif/ vlom;tm;vHk;onf
tusifhysufjcpm;r_uif;vGwfaom vl@abmiftzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yfwGif aexdkif&eftajccHvl@tcGifh
ta&;wpf&yf&Sdonf[laom oabmwlnDcsufudktwnfðycJhonf? tusifhysufjcpm;r_onf pD;yGm;
a&;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_udkvnf; xdcdkufepfemapygonf? ta=umif;rSm ‚onf uarmufurr_rsm;ESifh
t&mrxifr_rsm; jzpfyGm;apaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif w&m; r0ifay;urf;&r_rsm;vkyf &jcif;/
tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh oabmwlnDcsuf&,l&mY ukefusp&dwf&Sdjcif;wdk@a=umifh trsm;jynf olwdk@.
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm ukefusp&dwfwdk;apygonf? ae&mtESH@jzpfyGm;aeaom tusifhysufjcpm;r_
a=umifh wef;wlnDr#r_vnf;r&Sd/ *k%fodQmvnf; r&SdEdkifojzifh tusifhysufjcpm;r_onf vl@tcGifh
ta&;csKd;azmufr_udk tm;ay;onfhtjyif usL;vGef&mvnf; a&mufa=umif;udk todtrSwfðyxm;
&efvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? T tcsufudk ukvor~oabmwlpmcsKyftzGJ@rsm;ESifh ukvor~
txl;tpDtpOfrsm;u todtrSwfðyygonf? ae&mtESH@tusifhysuf jcpm;aer_a=umifh tpdk;&rsm;rSm
vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m wm0ef0W&m;rsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemEdkifpGrf;/ umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;Edkif
pGrf;ESifh az:aqmifay;EdkifpGrf;rsm; av#mhyg;&a=umif;‚wdk@u aumufcsufcsxm;ygonf?395
jrefrmEdkifiH. tusifhysufjcpm;r_ta=umif;udk (Heritage Foundation) [m&Dwdcsfazmif
a';&Sif;u az:jyxm;onfhtjyif a0gpx&d*sme,f (Wall Street Journal) . (2010)ckESpf pDyGm;a&;
vGwfvyfr_tn$ef; (Index of Economic freedom) Y jrefrmEdkifiHrSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
udPwGift}uD;tus,f 0ifa&mufpGufzufaom ESdyfuGyftkyfcsKyfr_&Sdae=umif;ESifh tusifhysufjcpm;
jcif; uif;&Sif;r_ tvGeftm;enf;aea=umif; az:jyxm;onf? *sme,fu jrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;vGwf
vyfcGifhqdkif&m&rSwfudk (36.7)tjzpf owfrSwfay;xm;+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;tqifhudkEdkifiH
aygif; (179) EdkifiHteuf tqifh(175)tjzpf owfrSwfay;xm;onf?396 jrefrmEdkifiHonfukvor~
. tusifhysufjcpm;r_ qef@usifa&;oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf (UN Coonvention against Corruption
– UNCAC) udk (2005)ckESpfu vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;cJhonf(twnfrðyao;)? Toabm wlpm
csKyft& tpdk;&rsm;onf trsm;jynfolqdkif&m0efaqmifr_rsm;ESifh b¾maiGa=u;rsm;udPrsm;wGif
xda&mufr_/ yGifhvif;jrifomr_ESifhwm0efcHr_&Sdatmif tmrcH&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif jynhfol0efxrf;
rsm;onf usifh0wfOya'udkvdkufemjcif;/ b¾ma&;udP&yfrsm;/ tjcm;udP&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufI
xkwfaz:&Sif;vif;jcif;/ oifhawmfpGmcsrSwfxm;aom pnf;urf;rsm;udkemcHjcif;wdk@&Sd&rnf? (UNC
AC)u vmbfpm;jcif;/ tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;ðyjcif;/ w&m;r0ifenf;jzifh csrf;omatmifvkyfjcif;/
w&m; pD&ifr_udk taESmifht,Sufay;jcif;wdk@udk ydwfyifwm;jrpfxm;onf? odk@aomfvnf;tqdkygudP
rsm;onf rawmfrw&m;tcGefaumufcHjcif;ESifh ywfoufI (ND-Burma). pkaqmif;&&Sdxm; aom
tcsuftvufrsm;wGif xyfjyefwvJvJjzpf yGm;aea=umif;awG@&onfh &mZ0wfr_rsm;jzpfonf? xdk@
tjyif Tvkyf&yfrsm;onf cGJjcm;qufqHr_/ wef;wlnDr#r_wdk@ESifh ywfoufaomt"duvl@tcGifhta&;
rlrsm;ESihfvnf; zDvmqef@usifjzpfaeygonf? vlyk~dKvfwdkif;onf jynfol@0efxrf;t&m&Sdrsm;. wef;
wlnDr#qufqHr_udk cH,lcGifh&Sdonfhtjyif trsm;jynfolqdkif&m 0efaqmifr_rsm;udkvnf;wef;wlnDr#
394 qdk;vf avhvmawG@&Sdcsufrsm;? (11-}udrfajrmuf tusifhysuf jcpm;r_ dkufzsufa&;EdkifiHwum nDvmcH)/ qdk;vfòrd@/ arv 2003 ckESpf?
395 (See, for example, statements by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights that “states face serious problems of corruption, which
have negative effects on the full exercise of rights covered by the Covenant [ICESCR]” E/C.12/1/ADD.91(CESCR, 2003, para. 12); and by the
Committee on the Rights of the Child that it “remains concerned at the negative impact corruption may have on the allocation of already limited
resources to effectively improve the promotion and protection of children’s rights, including their right to education and health” CRC/C/COG/CO/1
para 14. See also the statement by the UN Special Rapporteur on independence of judges and lawyers in E/CN.4/2006/52/Add.4. para 96).
396 http://www.heritage.org/index/Country/Burma

101
 cHpm;cGifh&Sdonf? tusifhysufjcpm;r_onf jrefrmEdkifiH. tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfwGif;rSm&Sdae+yD;/ T
pepfwGif tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;u rdrdwdk@.tm%mudk udk,fusKd;twGuftvGJoHk;pm;ðy=u&m/ trsm;
jynfolwdk@tzdk@ A[dktpdk;&owfrSwfxm;aomtcGef/ tcrsm;xufydkI}uD;av; pGmay;aqmif=u&+yD;/
rdrdwdk@. b0qufvuf&yfwnfa&;twGuf tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;jcif;ESifh vmbfpm;jcif;wdk@udk +idrfcH
ae=u&onf?397 trsm;jynfolwdk@onftcGef/ tctwGuf(om"utm;jzifh tcef;tem;rsm;/ wnf
aqmufa&;vkyfief;pDrHudef;rsm;)[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh awmif;cHvmonfrsm;twGufyPnf;
ESifhaiGrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;jcif;/ uav;oli,frsm;udk ppfwyfxJqGJoGif;jcif;/
tao;tzGJjypfr_rsm;twGuf axmifcsjcif;&efwdk@rS vGwfatmif vmbfaiGrsm;udkvnf;aumif;ay;
aqmifae=u&onf?398 T tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;jcif;ESifh tusifhysufjcpm;jcif;wdk@onf trsm;jynfol
wdk@. zGH@òz;cGifh&&SdEdkifpGrf;tay: wdkuf±dkuftusKd;oufa&mufygonf? ta=umif;rSm rdom;pk0ifaiG
av#mhoGm;jcif;tusKd;qufrSaeI pm;p&mrzlvHkjcif;ESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_vkyfief;rsm; qkwf
,kwfoGm;jcif;wdk@ jzpfwwfaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif trsm;jynfolwdk@onf usef;rma&;ESifh
ynma&;0efaqmifr_uJhodk@aom tajccH0efaqmifr_rsm; &&Sda&;twGufvnf; tydka=u; odk@r[kwf
vmbfaiGrsm;udk tjrJvdkvdkay;ae=u&onf? TuJhodk@aom tusifhysufjcpm;r_vkyf&yfrsm;udkcGifhðy
xm;jcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. tcGefaumufcHa&; pepfwGif±dk;ae+yDjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf pD;yGm;
a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sda&;twGuf wdk;wufvkyfaqmifjcif;r&Sdacs?
“olwdk@u usaemfwdk@udk enf;aygif;pHkeJ@ +cdrf;ajcmufrSmqdkawmh usaemfwdk@u ray;bJae
vdk@r&bl;? olykef@bufom;awG/ tpdk;& qef@usifa&;orm;awG/ twdkuftcHawG
bmnmeJh usaemfwdk@udk pGyfpGJcsifwdkif; pGyfpGJ=uw,f? tJ'Dtr_ awGeJ@ pGyfpGJcHvdkuf&+yDqdk&if
usaemfwdk@&J@tdrfawG/ O,smOfawGysufpD;qHk;&_H;oGm;r,fhtjyif tcef@roifh&if vlawmif
'kQa&mufoGm;vdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ &Gmom;awGqDu olwdk@bmbJ awmif;awmif;bm
rSrajymbJ/ ay;vdkufwmbJaumif;w,f? &Gmom;awGqDu 'DvdktEdkifusifhaiGawmif;ae
awmh tm%mydkifawGeJ@/ &Gmvl}uD;udkay;Edkifzdk@ usaemfwdk@rSm aiGwdk;ay;pm;wJhvlawG
qDuae aiGacs;=u&w,f? wcsKd@vlawGusawmh aqGrsKd;awG/ nDtpfudkarmifESpfrawG
qDuae acs;,l=u&w,f? usaemfeJ@ywfoufvdk@ajym&&ifawmh/ olwdk@aiGvmaumuf
awmh/ usaemfhrSmydkufqHwpfjym;rSr&Sdbl;? usaemfhrdwfaqG wa,mufqDuae aiGacs;+yD;/
aemufrStwdk;eJ@ jyefqyfvdkuf&w,f?”399

397 PWO (2009) “erfwpfESifh refqwfaus;&Gmrsm;wGif t&ufa&mif;csr_tay: tcGefwdk;jr‡ifh aumufcHaer_?” erfcrf;òr@e,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f? Martus
Bulletin, 31 October.
398 Burma Issues (2008) “(etz) u u&ifeDvlxk yk*~vduydkif yPnf;rsm;udk vk,ufcJhjcif;”? 'Darmqdk;òr@e,f/ vdGKifaumfc&dkif/ u&ifeDjynfe,f?
Martus Bulletin, 15 February; KNG (2009) “jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufydkif; ucsifjynfe,fwGif aiGn‡pfawmif;cHr_u
upm;enf;wpfckozG,fjzpfaejcif;”?
jrpf}uD;em;òr@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;c&dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 22 May - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kng/6314-extortion-name-of-
the-game-in-burmas-northern-kachin-state.html - accessed 2 March 2010. HURFOM (2007) “òrd@e,ftm%mydkifrsm;u qefpufydkif&Sif 100
ausmfudk ppfwyftwGuf &duQm ay;aqmif&ef awmif;qdkjcif;”/ rk'Hkòr@e,f/ armfvòrifc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? Martus Bulletin, 9-15 June 2007;
KNG (2009) “jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufydkif; ucsifjynfe,fwGifaiGn‡pfawmif;cHr_uupm;enf;wpfckozG,fjzpfaejcif;”? jrpf}uD;em;òrd@e,f/ jrpf}uD;em;
c&dkif/ ucsifjynfe,f? Kachin News Group, 22 May - http://www.bnionline.net/news/kng/6314-extortion-name-of-the-game-in-burmas-north-
ern-kachin-state.html - accessed 2 March 2010; Tin Soe (2010) “ppfwyftif*sifeD,mwyfu &cdkifjynfe,fajrmufydkif;wGif vlrdkuf*dk%f;ozG,f
usL;vGefðyrlaejcif;”/ armif;awmòr@e,f/ armif;awmc&dkif/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Kaladan Press, 12 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/
kaladan/7658-army-engineering-unit-operate-like-gangsters-in-northern-arakan.html - accessed 1 March 2010.
399 ERI (2006) “rdrdwdk@uolwdk@tvdk&Sdaom tcsdefwdkif;Yay;ae=u&jcif;? rdrdwdk@tpmtdrftwGuf Adkufa[mif;avmif;ESifh aexdkifae&jcif;”/
a&;òr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f? Martus Bulletin

102
 jrefrmEdkifiHonf ‚. tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfwGif tusifhysufjcpm;aom vkyf&yfrsm;udk
cGifhðyxm;jcif;ESifh Tvkyf&yfrsm;udk[ef@wm;&ef tpDtrHrsm; rcsrSwfbJaejcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmjynf
olwdk@tay: vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk qufvufjzpfyGm;aeapv#uf&Sdonf?
“trawmfa=u;(v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;twGufacs;aiG) &zdk@twGuf aus;&Gmtkyfpk
wdkif;u v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; tkyfcsKyfa&; refae*smudkusyf (20˜000)/ vufaxmufref
ae*smudk (3˜000)/ tkyfcsKyfa&; twGif;a&;rSL; (2) a,mufudk (2˜000) pD/ v,f,mpdkuf
ysdK;a&; tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme&J@ axmufcHpmtwGuf (8˜000)/ajrwdkif;Xme&J@axmufcHpm
twGuf aemufxyf (8˜000)ay;&ygw,f? v,form;wpfa,mufpDu av#mufv$m
yHkpHtwGuf (500)eJ@ av#mufv$myHkpHjznfhctwGuf (100)usyf ay;&ygw,f? +yD;awmh
aus;&GmtkyfpktaeeJ@ pm&if;ppfctwGuf aemufxyf(15˜000) ay;&ygao;w,f?”400

aiGa=u;/ yPnf;ESifhvkyftm;wdk@udkqifhqdk awmif;,ljcif;.aemufuG,fY oG,f0dkufIaomf

vnf;aumif; wdkuf±kduftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ t=urf;zufrnf[laom+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;&Sdae
ygonf? Todk@aom tœ&m,frsm;&Sdaeonfh=um;uyif tcsKd@&Gmrsm;rS&Gmom;rsm;u tay;&ouf
omatmifenf;rsKd;pHkusifhoHk;=uonf? wpfcgw&HY&Gmvl}uD;rsm;u av#mhayghay;a&;twGufppfwyfrS
yk~dKvfrsm;tm; toem;cH+yD;/ &atmifajymqdkEdkif=uonf? aus;&Gmtay: qifhqdkxm;onfwdk@udk a
v#mhayghay;&eftwGuft&m&Sdrsm;tm; vmbfxdk;jcif;vnf; yg0ifaumif;yg0ifEdkifonf? awmif;qkd
onfh yrm%av#mhoGm;ap&eftwGuf aus;&Gm. vlOD;a&/ odk@r[kwf tdrfaxmifpkOD;a&udk vdrfnmI
av#mhayghwifjyonfh tcgrsKd;vnf;&Sdonf? Todk@jzifh wpf&GmvHk;ðcHIawmif;,laom yrm%udk
av#mhoGm;apygonf? ydkaomaiGudk &Gmom;rsm; tcsif;csif;cGJa0,l=ujcif; odk@wnf;r[kwf T aiGjzifh
ydkIcsdK@wJhEGrf;yg;olrsm;jzpfonfh rkqdk;rOD;pD;onfh tdrfaxmifpkudkaomfvnf;aumif;/ rdbrJhuav;
rsm;udkaomfvnf;aumif; olwdk@ay;aqmif&rnfh0efudk oufomaponf? odk@jzpf&m tultnD/
odk@r[kwf zGH@òz;a&;taxmuftyHhrsm;ay;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taeESifh&Gmom;rsm;uolwdk@ tay:
tcGefaumufcHr_ avsmhenf;oGm;ap&ef TuJhodk@aom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk rxdcdkufatmifowd
xm;&efta&;}uD;ygonf? om"utm;jzifhqdk&ygv#if wrifvdrfvnf az:jyxm;aome,fajrowif;
tcsuftvufrsm; (txufygOyrmt&)ESifh qef@usifbufjzpfaom vlOD;a&trSefwu,frnfr#
&SdonfudkodEdkifonfh rSwfyHkwifonfh vkyfief;rsm;vkyfjcif;/ rSwfyHkwifvkyfief;udk taxmuftyHhay;
jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf? txufaz:jyygenf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk u&ifvl@
tcGifhta&;tzGJ@ (Karen Human Rights Group)u avhvmawG@&Sdxm;yg onf?401

400 Burma Human Rights Yearbook 2008, Human Rights Documentation Unit, November 2009
401 KHRG (2008) “aus;&Gmvkyfief;Xme? ppfwyfv$rf;rdk;xm;aom u&ifjynfe,fwGifaus;vuftcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ckcHqef@usifr_rsm;” tpD&if
cHpm? “Village Agency: Rural rights and resistance in a militarized Karen State”

103
 ypönf;ydkifqdkifrIudk rawmfrw&m; [efYwm;aESmifh,Sufjcif;ESifh vufvGwfqHk;&IH;apjcif;
tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; (UDHR) .yk'fr (117)
1? vlwdkif;onf vlwpfOD;csif;taeESifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;olrsm;ESifh oif;yif;zGJ@Iaomf
vnf;aumif; yPnf;OPmydkifqdkifcGifh&Sdonf?
2? rnfolr# olwyg;. yPnf;OPmydkifqdkifr_udk rawmfrw&m;ojzifh vufvGwfqHk;±_H;apjcif;rðy&?

“'grw&m;bl;? vGefcJhwJh arvwkef;u usaemfh&mbmjcHudk olwdk@odrf;cJhvdk@ usaemfh

rdom;pku olwdk@udk ydkufqHay;cJh&w,f? usaemfh&mbmjcHudk jyefvdkcsif&if ydkufqHay;&
r,fqdkvdk@/ usaemfaiG (500˜000)ausmf ay;cJh&w,f? 'DudPrSm wjcm;(vl) wpfa,muf
qDu usaemf aiG (400˜000)udk twdk;}uD;ay;+yD; acs;,lcJh&w,f?”402
(etz) ppftpdk;&/ ‚. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh (wpfcgw&H) vufeufudkif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u
yPnf;OPmydkifqdkifcGifhudk csKd;zsufum/ ajr,m/ tdk;tdrfESifh tjcm;ydkifqdkifr_ yPnf;OPmrsm;udk qDavsmf
aom Oya'r&SdygbJv#uf rawmfrw&m;odrf;,l=uonf? trsm;jynfolwdk@. TuJhodkaomyPnf;
rsm;udkodrf;,ljcif; twdkif;tq}uD;rm;pGm jzpfay:aeaoma=umifh jynfolwdk@.toufarG;0rf;
ausmif;r_ESifh vlaer_tqifhtwef;wdk@udk xdcdkufapygonf? tcGefaumufcHjcif;udPwGif ydkifqdkifr_
yPnf;OPmudkxdyg;jcif;onf rawmfrw&m;vkyfonfhoabm/ odk@r[kwf cGJjcm;qufqHr_oabm
roufa&mufap&/ usKd;a=umif;r#wnD!Gwfr_&Sd&rnfhtjyif/ vlyk~dKvfrSmtqrwef0ef}uD;av;jcif;
r&Sdap&[k EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;uaz:jyxm;ygonf? TOya'udk jynfwGif;Oya'rSmxnfhoGif;
oifhonfhtjyif/ r#w- oifhawmfaom usifhxHk;rsm;ygxnfhoGif;+yD;v#if oifhawmfaomtm%mydkif
tzGJ@wpfzGJ@u udkifwG,fusifhoHk;oifhonf?403 odk@&mwGif avsmfa=u;ray;bJ ajr,mESifhtjcm;ydkifqdkif
yPnf;rsm;udk twif;t"Rodrf;,lr_rsm; qufwdkufvkyfaqmifaejcif;tm;jzifh Trlrsm;udkqufwdkuf
csKd;azmufaeaom tcGefaumufcHa&;pepfudk (ND- Burma)rS aumufcHxm;onfh tcsuftvuf
rsm;wGif jrifawG@ae&ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif yPnf;OPmydkifqdkifcGifhonf tvGeftm;enf;ae+yD;/ ajr
,mudkvnf;ydkifqdkifcGifhrðyacs? wcsdK@tajctaersdK;wGifom ajr,mudktoHk;jyKcGifh&Sdonf? ajr,m
rsm;udkodrf;,l+yD;/ ppfpcef;ESifh ppfavhusifha&;uGif;twGufvnf;aumif;/ ppfom;rsm;.tydkaqmif;
&dQmxkwfvkyfa&;twGufvnf;aumif; toHk;ðyae=uonf? axmufyHha&;vdktyfcsufrsm;udke,f
ajrtvdkuf udk,fhtm;udk,fudk; jznfhqnf;=u&rnf[k ppfwyfrsm;udk!$ef=um;csufxkwfqifh+yD;
aemuf rdrd&yfwnfa&;twGuf ppfwyfu&Gmom;ydkifyPnf;rsm;odrf;,lonfudk ta&;r,lbJaecJh
aom (1997)ckESpfupI tqdkygrawmfrw&m;r_rsm;onf tESH@tjym;jzpfvmcJh+yD;/ ydkIvnf; rsm;vm
aev#uf&Sdonf? =uufqlyifrsm;pdkufysd;a&;/ a&tm;v#yfppfqnfpDrHudef;/ ta0;ajy;vrf;rrsm;
azmufvkyfa&;uJhodk@aom zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;twGufvnf; ajr,mrsm;todrf;cH=u&onf?
vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom vl@tcGifhta&;tpD&ifcHpmtrsm;tjym;wGif ajr,modrf;,lr_rsm;
ta=umif;udk rSwfwrf;ðyazmfjyxm;=uygonf?404
402 HURFOM (2009) “ppftpdk;&u bD;vif;òr@e,fwGif aiGn‡pfawmif;qdkcH&onfhepfem&olESifhawG@qHkjcif;”? rGefjynfe,f? Martus Bulletin,
403 http://www.echr.coe.int/library/DIGDOC/DG2/HRHAND/DG2-EN-HRHAND-04(2003).pdf
404 AASYC & PYO & MYPO (2009) “rdrdwdk@ajrrsm;udkodrf;ydkufxm;jcif;”? “Holding our ground”, AASTY (2010) “ajrodrf;ydkufr_tay:taxG
axGtjrif”? “Overview of Land Confiscation”, The Arakan Oil Watch (2010) “The Shwe Gas bulletin” Vol 3, Issue 10, Amnesty international

104
 todrf;cH&aom yPnf;OPmrsm;wGif todrf;cH&ol yk~dKvfrsm;. oD;ESHcif;/ u|JEGm;wd&>mefESifh
pufud&d,mrsm;uJhodk@aom tjcm;ydkifqdkifyPnf;rsm;tygt0ifjzpfonf? aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;Y
rwefwqtcGefaumufjcif;/ ydkifqdkifr_yPnf;rsm;odrf;,ljcif;ESifh tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifh t&if;tjrpf
yPnf; rsm;udk csKyfuikd x
f m;jcif; wd@k a=umifh awmifov
l ,form;wd@k onf tajccHvt
kd yfcsurf sm;&&Sad &;
twGuf ukef;&kef;&SmazGae=u&&Smonf? awmifolv,form;rsm;onf pyg;udkaygufaps;E_ef;xuf
edrfhaom aps;E_ef;jzifh ppfwyfodk@cGJwrf;twdkif; a&mif;ae=u&ao;onfhtjyif/ ajr,mt&nftaoG;
tqkwf,kwfcHv#uf wpfESpfv#ifpyg;udk ESpfoD;pdkuf=u&onf? Todk@rvkyfygu v,f,majrtodrf;
cH=u&Edkif+yD;/ v,fajrrsm;udk jyef&p&menf;vrf;vnf;r&Sdacs?405 TtjzpfrsKd;onf ppfwyf.zdESdyfr_
ydkI jyif;xefaom jrefrmEdkifiH. tpGeftzsm;e,fajrrsm;Y txl;ojzifhtjzpfrsm;onf?

“tJ'Dwkef;u usaemfwdk@òr@rSm ae@wdkif;bJ armfawmfqdkifu,f todrf;cH&wmawGcsnf;yJ

jzpfaew,f? &Gmom;awG[m '%faiGt}uD;tus,f t&dkufcH&rSmudk a=umufae=u
w,f? ,mOfxrd ;f &JawGu &GmjyifrmS yke;f apmifah e+yD;/ bGm; ueJ xGuv
f m=uwwf=uw,f?
'ga=umifh olwdk@[m "g;jyawGeJ@ awmfawmfwlw,f? cdk;a=umif cdk;0Sufvkyf+yD;zrf;/ zrf;+yD;
awmhrS &Gmom;awGudk +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; '%faiGawmif;=uw,f?”406

ppfaq;a&;pcef;wGif wm0efusol. yk~dKvfa&;ESifh vlrsKd;a&;t& qufqHa&;ay:rlwnf+yD;

tcGef aumufjcif;/ odk@r[kwf '%f&dkufjcif;ðywwfaom ppfaq;a&; *dwfpcef;rsKd;Y vlrsKd;pkjzpfjcif;
a=umifhypfrSwfxm;ygv#if Todk@ rawmfrw&m;yPnf;odrf;aomp±dkufonf cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;
tqifhodk@a&mufoGm;Edkifygonf?407 xdk@tjyif trsm;jynfolwdk@. ydkifqdkifr_ yPnf;rsm;udka&$@ajymif;
&mYvnf; tcGefaumufcHa&; pepfwGif e,fajra'o tvdkuf rnDr#r_rsm; wdk;I jzpfyGm;aev#uf&Sd&m/
e,fpyfjynfe,frsm;rS t&yfom;jynfolwdk@onf ydkI}uD;av;aom tcGef0efxkyf0efydk;udk xrf;aqmif
ae=u&onf?
vkyfudkifpm;ae&aomajrudk avsmfa=u; tvHktavmuf ray;bJodrf;,ljcif;a=umifh0ifaiG
qkwf,kwfoGm;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf0ifaiGjywfvyfoGm;jcif;jzpfyGm;um/ xdkrSwqifh &dQmvHkðcHr_ESifh ynm
a&;/ usef;rma&; 0efaqmifr_rsm;&&SdEdkifr_wdk@onf +cdrf;ajcmufcHae=u&onf? xdkodk@ 0ifaiG&Sm jcif;
(2010) “jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wdkif;&if;om; wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk zdESdyfaejcif;”?
405 Moo Ko Htee (2008) “rjzpfEdkifonfh rpf&Sif? jrefrm ppftpdk;&vufatmufwGif touf&Sifaexdkif&jcif;”? www.burmaissues.org/En
406 Burma Human Rights Yearbook 2008, Human Rights Documentation Unit, November 2009
407 TSYO (2009) “um;ydkif&Sifrsm;xHrS tcGeftydkrsm;aumufcHaejcif;”? rlq,fESifherfhcrf;òr@e,f/ rlq,fc&dkif/ &Srf;jynfe,f? Martus Bulletin, 10
September; HURFOM (2010) “2010 ckESpfwGif ('DaubDat). aiGn‡pfawmif;cHr_a=umifh aumhu&dwfòr@wGif'kQa&mufae=ujcif;”? aumhu
&dwfòrd@e,f/ aumhu&dwfc&dkif? u&ifjynfe,f? 18 February- http://rehmonnya.org/archives/979#more-979 – accessed 26 February 2010; Mehm
Oa, Tuka (2010) “a&;òr@e,fwGif ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;a=umifh um;armif;olrsm;. 0ifaiGav#mhusapjcif;”? a&;òr@e,f/ armfvòrifc&dkif? Indepen-
dent Mon News Agency, 18 January - http://www.bnionline.net/news/imna/7699-checkpoints-cut-truck-driver-income-in-ye-township.html - ac-
cessed 1 March 2010, HURFOM (2009) “ppftpdk;&ubD;vif;òrd@e,fwGif aiGn‡pfawmif;qdkcH&onfhepfem&olESifhawG@qHkjcif;”? bD;vif;òrd@e,f/
oxHkc&dkif/ rGefjynfe,f? Martus Bulletin, 1 October; HURFOM (2009) “jr0wDòrd@om;rsm; qefa0yGJwGif cdkuf&ef jzpfyGm;=ujcif;”? jr0wDòrd@
e,f/ aumhu&dwfc&dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? Martus Bulletin, 10 October; HURFOM (2009) “('DaubDat) tzGJ@u aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;xHrS aiGESifh
pm;eyf&dQmrsm; vk,lae=ujcif;”? =umtif; qdyf}uD;òrd@e,f/ aumhu&dwfc&dkif/ u&ifjynfe,f? Martus Bulletin, 9 September; HURFOM (2009)
“aus;&Gmvlxkrsm; u (etz) ppftpdk;& ppfom;rsm;ESifh olykeftzGJ@rsm;udk twif;tusyf aiGay;qmifae&jcif;”? a&jzLòrd@e,f? xm;0,fc&dkif?
weoFm&Dwdkif;? 7 August.

105
 o¿mefonf yPnf;OPmydkifqdkifcGifhudk csKd;azmuf&m a&mufonfomru ‚a=umifhjzpfyGm;vmaom
0ifaiGqHk;&_H;r_onf vHkavmufaom vlaer_tqifhtwef;&&SdcGifh csKd;azmufjcif;udkvnf;tm;ay;&m
vnf; usa&mufEdkifygonf?

qif;&JpGmaexdkif=u&onfh rdom;pkrsm; (rGefjynfe,f) (HREIB)

106
twif;t"r®vkyftm;apcdkif;rI
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; (UDHR) .yk'fr (4)
rnfolwpfOD; wpfa,mufudkr# aus;u|efrðy&? aus;u|efðyjcif;/ u|efukeful;jcif;o¿mefrSef
or#udk ydwfyifwm; jrpf&rnf?

“ydkufvdkif; pDrHudef;pvkyfawmh usaemfwdk@u wpfvrSmowif;ywfwpfywfeJ@/ (3)

vavmuf tc r&bJ tvkyf vkyfay;cJh&ygw,f? udk,fh&dQm udk,f,loGm;cJh=u&ygw,f?
wu,fvdk@ udk,foGm;rvkyfEdkifbl;qdk&if vlpm;&Smxnfhay;&ygw,f? wjcm;vl wpf
a,mufa,mufudk iSm;&ygw,f? vliSm;cu awmfawmfaps;}uD;ygw,f? (wpfae@) usyf
(3˜000) ay;&ygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@vnf; ydkufvdkif;aqmuf&mrSm rdef;rawGeJ@ uav;
awG tvkyform;tjzpfeJ@ ygae=uwmaygh?”408

t"Rvkyftm;ay;cdkif;apjcif;/ rGefjynfe,f? (HREIB)

twif;t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_onf trsm;jynfolwdk@xHrS t&if;tjrpfrsm;xkwf,l&Y

(etz) ppftpdk;&usifhoHk;aeaom tjcm;enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfonf? t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_onf ‚
udk,fwdkifu vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ wpfckjzpfonfhtjyif/ zGH@òz;wdk;wufcGifhESifh zlvHkaomvlaer_
tqifhtwef; &&SdcGifhwdk@udkygxdcdkufapygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_udk ydwfyif
wm;jrpfaom EdkifiHwumtvkyform;tzGJ@ oabmwlnDcsuf trSwf-29 (International Labour
Organization Convention No. 29)udk oabmwlcJh+yD;/ Tvkyf&yfudk w&m;r0ifa=umif;(2000)
ckESpfwGif trdef@xkwfjyefcJhonf? odk@&mwGif t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_onf ppfwyf. rl0g'ESifh tavh
408 HURFOM (2009) “pkyHkaeaomtnpfta=u;rsm;? uefabmuf- òrifuav;"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;wav#muf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;”
tpD&ifcHpm? “Laid Waste: Human Rights along the Kanbauk to Maying Kalay gas pipeline”

107
 tusifhtjzpf qufvuf&Sdae&m/ tjynfjynfqdkif&mtvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf (ILO)ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;
tawmfrsm;rsm;u jrefrmEdkifiHonf ToabmwlnDcsufudk t}udrfaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm csKd;azmufcJh
a=umif; pGyfpGJxm;onf?409
TtpD&ifcHpmwGif t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_ESifhywfoufI tav;xm;wifjyae&jcif;rSm
‚onf 100 &mcdkifE_ef; tcGefaumufcH&ma&muf+yD;/ ‚a=umifh trsm;jynfolwdk@tzdk@ rdrdwdk@.
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;/ odk@r[kwf v,f,mvkyfief;udk vkyfudkifEdkifjcif; r&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfygonf? tvkyf
ysufjcif;/ vkyftm;ay;roGm;&atmif vmbfay;&jcif;wdk@a=umifh 0ifaiGt}uD;tus,fqHk;±_H;rjzpfap
aom Tt"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_onf ae&mtESH@tjym;rSm qufvuf&Sdaeao;a=umif;/ (ND
Burma) ESifh tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;t&od&Sd&ygonf?
om"u tm;jzifhaz:jy&ygv#if/ (2009)ckESpfu rGefjynfe,f/ oxHkòr@e,fwGif&Gmaygif;(4˜000)cef@
onf ppfwyfxJodk@ ppfom;tjzpf qGJoGif;rcH&a&;twGuf wpf&Gmv#if usyf (3˜000˜000) ESifh
(5˜200˜000) t=um;ay;cJh=u&onf?410 u&ifjynfe,fESifh &Srf;jynfe,fwdk@Yvli,f/ vl&G,frsm;
ppfwyfxJodk@ qGJoGif;rcH&a&;twGufaus;&Gmrsm;u jrefrmppfwyf/ odk@r[kwftypf tcwf&yfpJa&;
tzGJ@rsm;udk '%fa=u;ay;ae=u&onf?411 xdk@tjyif Tenf;jzifh t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;jcif; cH&olrsm;
onf a&&Snfum,usef;rma&;ESifh pdwfusef;rma&;wdk@udkxdcdkufaponfh =urf;wrf;aomvkyfief;
cGiftajctaexJwGif tvkyfvkyf=u&ojzifh ‚wdk@.xkwfvkyfa&; pGrf;&nfusqif;um/ xdkrSwqifh
0ifaiGqHk;±_H;onfhtjzpfodk@vnf; a&mufEdkifygonf? trsm;jynfolwdk@tzdk@ Tt=urf;zufr_jyemudk
ajz&Sif;a&;ESifhywfoufI wdkif=um;p&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;r&Sdacs? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf (1923)
ckESpf/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;& v#dK@0SufcsufOya'u v#dK@0Sufcsuftjzpf EdkifiHawmftpdk;& owfrSwfxm;aom
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &&Sdxm;olrnfolrqdk jypfr_usL;vGef&ma&mufonf[kqdkxm;+yD;/
t"Rvkyftm;apcdkif;r_ ta=umif; “r[kwfrrSef wdkif=um;”oltjzpf,lq&oludk(etz)ppftpdk;&
u w&m;pGJqdkaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
“'DwpfvvHk;vHk; wpftdrfrSm wa,mufxGuf+yD; &mbmjcHxJrSmtvkyfvkyfcJh=u&w,f?
vlwdkif;vkyfief;cGifxJrSm vdktyfwJh"m;wdk@/ aygufwl;wdk@udk,loGm;=u&w,f? tvkyfcGifxJ
rSmpm;zdk@twGuf oDwif;wpfywfpm&dQmudkvnf; ,loGm;=u&w,f? ysyfuGufwJhvludk
'%faiGusyf(2˜000)±dkuf+yD;/ ppfpcef;xJu tcsKyfcef;xJudkydk@w,f? 'D&mbmjcHawGu
usaemfwdk@awG&J@ vkyfief;awGyg? vkyfcGifxJrSmtvkyfvkyf&wm vlaygif;(300)avmuf&Sd
w,f? tJ'DtxJrSm (50)ausmf avmufu rdef;rawG/ (20) ausmfu olwdk@rdbawGtpm;
vmwJh ausmif;om;awG/ a,mufsm;u (4)a,mufavmufyJ (ouf}uD;&G,ftdkawG)?
409 International Labour Office (2010-06-17 GB.307/6) “GB March 2010 (307th session): Developments concerning the question of the observance by
the Government of Myanmar of the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)” KHRG (2006) “vlom;xuftqifhedrfhusjcif;? ucsifjynfe,f
2005-2006 ckESpfxdk;ppftwGif; qifhac:cH&onfhay:wmrsm;”? www.khrg.org/khrg2006/khrg0603.html, KHRG (2006) “t&dyfatmufY
&Sifoefae&jcif;? oxHkc&dkifudkxdef;csKyf&ef aqmif&Gufaeonfh ppfqifa&;wGiftus,ftjyef@ ppfwyftiftm;wdk;csJ@csxm;jcif;rsm;ESifh t"Rvkyf
tm;udkpepfwustoHk;csaer_”? www.khrg.org/khrg2006/khrg0601a.htm, Burma Issues (2005) “tusOf;axmifrSonf a&S@wef;odk@”? www.bur-
maissues.org/En/reports/porters.html, ERI (2009) “trSm;udk ðyae=ujcif;”? “Getting it Wrong”, ERI (2009) “wdkw,f. oufa&mufr_”? “Total
Impact”, Burma Issues (2006) “jrifonfhae&m ypfcwfaejcif;”? “Shoot on Sight” http://www.burmaissues.org/En/reports/shootonsight.html
410 KHRG (2009) “zm;tHc&dkifwGif 'DaubDattzGJ@u aiGn‡pfawmif;qdkaer_rsm;ESifh csKyfcs,fuef@owfaer_rsm;”? Karen Human Rights Group, 16
March, p.3 - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09f4.pdf - accessed 23 March 2010; KHRG (2009) “oxHkc&dkifwGif
acgif;yHkjzwfaomzdESdyfr_rsm;ESifh
aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;. wkH@jyefr_”? oxHkc&dkif? Karen Human Rights Group, 25 November - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09f20.pdf - accessed
23 March 2010.
411 KHRG (2009) “oxHkc&dkifwGifacgif;yHkjzwfaom zdESdyfr_rsm;ESifh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;.wkH@jyefr_”? oxHkc&dkif? Karen Human Rights Group, 25 Novem-
ber - http://www.khrg.org/khrg2009/khrg09f20.pdf - accessed 23 March 2010.

108
 oDwif;wpfywf=um tvkyfvkyfaewJhtcsdeftawmtwGif;rSm ppfwyfuusaemfwdk@udk
bmwpfckrSrau|;bl;? a&awmifrwdkufbl;? tvkyfvkyfwJhtwGuf ydkufqHvnf;ray;
bl;?”412
tvm;wlyif uav;ppfom;pkaqmif;jcif;udkvnf; t&if;tjrpfxkwf,laom enf;vrf;
wpf&yftjzpf usifhoHk;wwfonf? Todk@jzifh 0ifaiGqHk;&_H;r_ jzpfapygonf? uav;ppfom;toHk;ðyr_
onf uav;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf(Convention on the Rights of the Child) .
yk'fr(38)ESifh/ vufeufudkifyÉdyQwGif uav;rsm;udkxnfhoGif; toHk;csjcif;ESifh ywfoufaomuav;
tcGifhta&; oabmwlnDcsuf (Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child
on the involvement of children in armed conflict)wdk@udk csKd; azmuf&ma&mufygonf? T oabm
wlnDcsufESpfckpvHk;udk jrefrmEdkifiHu vufcHoabmwlcJh+yD;jzpfonf? vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufrtjzpf
uav;ppfom;pkaqmif;jcif;ta=umif; tao;pdwfwifjyaom tpD&ifcHpmtrsm;tjym;&Sdyg
onf?413 (ND Burma) taeESifh TtpD&ifcHpmwGif jznfhpGufwifjyvdkonfrSm uav;udkppfwyfxJ
qGJroGif; atmif odk@r[kwf uav;udk jyef&atmif vmbfxdk;&jcif;ESifh tdrfwGifuav;. taxmuf
tulqHk;±_H;jcif;tm;jzifh uav; ppfom;pkaqmif;r_onf t"Rvkyftm; apcdkif;r_enf; wlyif0ifaiGqHk;
±_H;r_jzpfapa=umif;/ xdk@tjyifuav;. ynma&;qHk;±_H;r_vnf; jzpfapa=umif;wdk@yifjzpfygonf?

“{&m0wDwdkif;/ bdkuav;òr@e,fu ausmif;om;i,fav; wpfa,mufudk ppfwyfxJ

qGJoGif;awmh/ uav;&J@rdbawGu uav;udkppfwyfxJuae jyefE_wf,lbdktwGuf
ydkufqHay;vdkuf&w,f? aumifav;u touf (15) ESpf/ (2009) ckESpf/ =o*kwfv
(16)&ufae@naeu aysmufoGm;cJhwm? ol@udkppfwyfpcef;xJu wjcm;uav;awG=um;
xJrSm&SmawG@cJhw,f? ol@udk jyefv$wfay;zdk@twGuf aiGusyf (500˜000) ay;&r,fvdk@
ppfwyfxJuvlawGuajymw,f? aumifav;rdbawGrSm ydkufqHygrvmawmholwdk@ òr@
udk ydkufqHjyef,lcJh&w,f?”414

zlvHkaom vlaerItqifhtwef;
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; (UDHR) .yk'fr (22)
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;0if wpfOD;taeESifh vlwdkif;onf vlr_a&;vHkðcHcGifh&Sd+yD;/ EdkifiHtoD;oD;. zGJ@
pnf;yHkESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; xdk@tjyif/ ‚.yk~dKvfa&; *k%fodQm/ ‚.vGwfvyfpGm zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_
wdk@twGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. zGJ@pnf;
yHkESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifhtnD trsKd;om;a&;vkyfaqmifr_/ EdkifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_wdk@tm;
jzifh vlr_a&;vHkðcHr_udk &&SdydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
412 ERI (2006)“tu,fI wpfpHkwpfOD;uysufuGufv#if 2000usyfay;&rnf? pcef;&Sd tcsKyfodk@ydk@aqmif&rnf? ykÀm;u|ef;òrd@e,f? &cdkifjynfe,f?
Martus Bulletin

413 HREIB (2008) “arhav#mhcHae&aom b0? jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvufeufudkif yÉdyQtwGif; xdcdkufepfem&aom uav;rsm;”/ www.hreib.com/
“(etz) wyfrawmftwGif;&Sd uav;ppfom;rsm;”/ www.hreib.com/images/pb/csreport.
images/pb/childrightsreport2008.pdf, HREIB (2006)
pdf, Yoma3 (2009) “uav;ppfom;rsm;? jrefrmEdkifiH. 0rf;enf;zG,fuav;rsm;”/
414 “ppfwyftwGufoGyfoGif;cH&onfh uav;udkaiGay;+yD;aemufjyefvnfa&G;,l&jcif;”rS xkwfE_wfxm;ygonf? Yoma 3 Internet News 2009 (www.
Yoma3.org)

109
 tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; (UDHR) . yk'fr (25)
1? vlwdkif;onf ‚ESifhwuG ‚.rdom;pkwdk@. usef;rma&;/ aumif;rGefpGmaexdkifEdkifa&;wdk@
twGuf pm;p&m/ t0wftxnf/ aetdrf/ aq;0g;ukor_ESifh tjcm;vdktyf&m 0efaqmifr_rsm;
tygt0if vHkavmufaom vlaer_tqifhtwef;udk &&SdcGifh&Sdonf? xdk@tjyif/ tvkyfvufrhJ
jzpfaeaomtcgYjzpfp/ rusef;rmaomtcgYjzpfap/ rpGrf;roefjzpfaeaomtcgYjzpfap/ rkqdk;
rjzpfaeaom tcgYjzpfap/ tdkrif;rpGrf;jzpfaeaom tcgYjzpfap/ rdrdrpGrf;omaomtajc
taerSm tjcm;wpfenf;enf;t& touf&Sif&yfwnfp&m uif;rJhaomtcgYjzpfap/ vHkðcHr_
cHpm;cGifh&Sd&rnf?
2? rdcifb0ESifhuav;oli,fb0wGif txl;apmifha&Smufr_ESifh txl;tultnDwdk@udk cHpm;cGifh
&Sdonf? xdrf;jrm;vufxyfxm;aomrdbrsm;rS arG;zGm;vmcJhonfjzpfap/ xdrf;jrm;vuf
xyfjcif;r&Sdaom rdbrsm;rS arG;zGm;vmcJhonfjzpfap/ uav;oli,ftm;vHk;onf tvm;wl
aom vlr_a&;umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_udk cHpm;cGifh&Sdonf?
uBmhvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; (UDHR)u trsm;jynfolqdkif&m 0efaqmifr_rsm;cH
pm;cGifh tygt0ifzlvHkaom vlaer_tqifhtwef;&&SdcGifhudk jyqdkxm;onf? xdk@jyifjrefrm EdkifiHu
oabmwlcJhaom uav;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf (Convention on the Rights of the
Child) uvnf; uav;oli,fwpfOD;onf zlvHkaomvlaer_tqifhtwef;/ ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;
apmifha&Smufr_wdk@udk cHpm;cGifh&Sdonf[kaz:jyxm;onf? zlvHkaom vlaer_tqifhtwef;&&SdcGifhonf
(etz)ppftpdk;&u rdrd.jynfolwdk@xHrS tcGefb¾maiG&,l&mYusifhoHk;aomenf;vrf; (qdkvdk
onfrSm tusifhysufjcpm;aom tcGefaumufcHa&;pepf/ yPnf;OPmodrf;,ljcif;ESifh t"Rvkyftm;
apcdkif;jcif;pepfjzpfonf)a=umifh xdcdkufaev#uf&Sdonf? Tpepf. pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mqdk;usKd;ouf
a&mufr_rsm;udk TtpD&ifcHpm. tcef; (1) ESifh (2) wdk@wGif ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyf jyxm;cJhygonf? xdk@
tjyif/ vl@tcGifhta&;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;ta=umif;udk avhvm&mYvnf; rdrdwdk@onf
TtcGefrsm; oHk;pGJa&;ESifhywfoufaom(etz)ppftpdk;&. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;u jrefrmjynfolwdk@.
vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;tay: qdk;usKd;oufa&mufaer_rsm;udkvnf; tusOf;±Hk;az:jyxm;ygonf? T
ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfcsufonf pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfcsuf abmifxufausmfvGefaeygonf? odk@
&mwGif ynma&;ESifhusef;rma&;0efaqmifr_wdk@twGuf t&if;tjrpfudk Tr#pdk;pOf;r#omoHk;pGJ&ef
jrefrmEdkifiHppftpdk;&.qHk;jzwfcsufonf jynfolwdk@. T0efaqmifr_rsm; wef;wl&&SdcGifhudk t}uD;
tus,fxdcdkufapygonf? ynma&;avmuwGif tESH@tjym;jzpfyGm;aeaom tusifhysufjcpm;r_ESifh
tEdkifusifhaiGawmif;r_wdk@ ta=umif;udk (ND-Burma)tzGJ@. tcsuftvufrsm;wGif txl;wvnf
rSwfwrf;ðyxm;ygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;±@_axmifhr_=unfhv#if jrefrmEdkifiHjynfolwdk@. vlaer_tqifh
twef;onf tcGefaumufcHr_rSaeI jzpfyGm;vmaom 0ifaiGqkwf,kwfusqif;r_a=umifhxdcdkuf±Hk
omru T0efaqmifr_rsm;twGuf (etz)ppftpdk;&. rjzpfpavmufoHk;pGJr_rSaeI jzpfay:vmaom
ynma&;/ usef;rma&;0efaqmifr_ rjzpfpavmuf&&Sdr_a=umifhvnf; ydkIxdcdkufepfemcJhygonf? vl@
tcGifhta&;tay: T tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;ta=umif;ESifhywfoufI ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGifavh
vmxm;onfxufydkI qufvufavhvmoGm;&ef vdktyfaeygonf? T ta=umif;t&mrsm;xJrS
tcsKd@udk tzGJ@tpnf;trsKd;rsKd;u qufvufI tpD&ifcHwifjyxm;+yD;jzpfygonf?415
415 TYSO (2010) “tvif;rJhb0”tpD&ifcHpm? &cdkifjynfe,f? www.palaungland.org/wpcontent/uploads/2010/Report/ED/Education%20Pub-
lication%20Report.pdf, Burma Issues (2008), “Living Ghosts” www.burmaissues.org/En/reports/livingghosts.html, Burma Issues (1998)

110
 rGefjynfe,fwGif qif;qif;&J&J aexdkifae&&Smaom
rdom;pk (HURFOM)

(ND Burma) tzGJ@ESifh tjcm; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;t& qdkv#if jrefrmEdkifiH. jynfolwdk@

onf vlaer_tqifh twef;edrfhusaea=umif;ESifh Todk@edrfhusonfhtjzpfodk@ a&mufaatmif tjypf
usL;vGefolonf jynfolwdk@rSm yPnf;OPmESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;wdk@ vufvGwfoGm;
atmif rawmfrw&m;vkyfaom tusifhysuftcGefaumufcHa&;pepfyifjzpfa=umif; wifjyxm;onf?
TtpD&ifcHpm. tydkif;(1)rSmaz:jycJhonfhtwdkif;yif/ tcGefaumufcHaomtqifhonf jynfolwdk@
tm; aºu;wifjcif;/ qif;&JrGJjymusoGm;jcif;tjzpfodk@ a&mufoGm;apavmufatmif jynfolwdk@.
0ifaiGudk t}uD;tus,fqkwf,kwfoGm;aponfh tqifhrsKd;jzpfonf? yl;wGJ ukvor~zGHòz;a&;tpD
tpOf (UNDP) (jrefrmtpdk;&u tdrfaxmifpkrsm;. 2007-ckESpf vlaer_ tajctaetuJjzwf
csuf ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_rSm yl;aygif;yg0ifcJhonf)u qif;&JrGJawr_E_ef;udk 23 &mcdkifE_ef; owfrSwf
azmfjyxm;cJhonf? aus;vufqif;&JrGJawr_E_ef; (36)&mcdkifE_ef;u òr@jyqif;&JrGJawr_E_ef; (22)&mcdkifE_
ef;xuf ydkrsm;aeonfudk awG@&Sd=u&rnfjzpfonf? (UNDP)u xkwfjyefaom aemufqHk; xkwf
(2007) ckESpf/ vlom;zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_!$ef;udef;Y ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;cH&aom EdkifiHaygif;(182)
EdkifiHteuf jrefrmEdkifiH.tqifhudk (138)tjzpfowfrSwfay;cJhonf?416 tpdk;&.axmufyHhr_ rvHk
avmufjcif;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tpm;tpmESifh a&csKd@wJhyHkudk csif; vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@ESifh tm&S
Oya'a&;&m&if;jrpfXme (Asian Legal Resource Centre)uJhodk@aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u jy\em
wpf&yftjzpf wifjyvmcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umcJh+yDjzpfygonf?417

“z,fcsefxm;cH&aom u&ifvlxkrsm;twGufynma&;”/ www.burmaissues.org/En/reports/educationfor.html, HURFOM (2009) “pD;yGm;a&;

ysufokOf;&jcif;? rGefjynfe,fwGif tcGefaumufcHr_/ aiGn‡pfawmif;,lr_ESifh trdef@ay;apcdkif;aer_rsm;”? http://rehmonnya.org/archives/686,
BPHWT (2006) “emwm&Snfta&;ay: tajctae”tpD&ifcHpm? “Chronic Emergency”, www.backpackteam.org/wp-content/uploads/reports/
ChronicEmergency(English%20version).pdf, ABFSU (2000) “oU&mZf2000 ynma&;tpD&ifcHpm?igwdk@. OD;acgif;onfaoG;wdk@jzifhcsif;csif;
eD./ odk@aomf !Gwfum;r!Gwf”/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ynma&;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhtay: zdESdyfaer_rsm;? “Year 2000 Education Report” http://burmali-
brary.org/docs/ABFSUedu_report.pdf, Over Heads are Bloody but Unbowed, Suppression of Educational Freedoms in Burma, December 1992,
http://www.article19.org/pdfs/publications/burma-educational-freedoms.pdf
416 Asian Development Bank & Myanmar factsheet April 2010
417 “ta&;ay: tajctae? jrefrmEdkifiHcsif;jynfe,fwGif tpm;tpm&Sm;yg;jcif;ESifh iwfrGwfaejcif;? 2008”? Critical Point- Food Scarcity and hun-
ger in Burma’s Chin State 2008 http://www.chro.ca/publications/special-reports.html, Written statement* submitted by Asian Legal Resource Centre
(ALRC), COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Fifty-ninth session Item 10 of the provisional agenda E/CN.4/2003/NGO/84 10 March 2003, May
2010, Yoma3 Internet News, May 2010 www.mizzima.com

111
 “(2007) ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv (1) &ufae@u &cdkifjynfe,f/ armif;awmòr@e,f/ abmvd
bZm;rSm 0rf;ysuf0rf;av#m a&m*gawGjzpfyGm;w,fvdk@ owif;&ygw,f? &moDOwk
tajctae ±kwfw&uf ajymif;oGm;wma=umifh jzpfyGm;wmvdk@,lq&ygw,f? a&m*g
ul; pufcH&wJh vltawmfrsm;rsm;udk abmvdbZm;rSm&SdwJh aq;cef;udk ydk@cJh=uygw,f?
'gayr,fh vlemawGudk bmrS [kwfwdywfwdvkyf ray;Edkifygbl;? "gwfqm;xkyfeJ@ ta&;
}uD;wJhaq;0g;awG rvHk avmufvdk@yg? Edk0ifbmv (6) &ufeJ@/ (8) &uftwGif;rSm 0rf;
ysuf0rf;av#m a&m*gjzpfwJhvlem (4) a,mufaoqHk; oGm;cJhygw,f?”418
jrefrmEdkifiH. b¾ma&;rl0g'a=umifh awmifolv,form;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@.tajccHvdktyf
csufrsm; &&Sda&;twGuf ukef;±kef;&SmazGae=u&onf? awmifolv,form;rsm;onf pyg;udk ayguf
aps;E_ef;xuf edrfhaomaps;E_ef;jzifh ppfwyfodk@cGJwrf;twdkif; a&mif;ae=u&ao;onfhtjyif/ ajr,m
t&nftaoG; tqkwf,kwfcHv#uf wpfESpfv#ifpyg;udkESpfoD;pdkuf=u&onf? Todk@vkyfjcif;rðyygu
v,f,majrtodrf;cH=u&onf? wpfcgw&H aºu;EGHepf=u&onfvnf;&Sdonf?419 T tjzpfrsKd;onf
ppfwyf. zdESdyfr_ydkIyifjyif;xefaom wdkif;jynf. tpGeftzsm;e,fajrrsm;Y txl;ojzifh tjzpfrsm;
onf?
“v$pufydkif&SiftaeeJ@ usaemf usyf (60˜000)uae(80˜000)txd tcGefaumufwJh
vltay: rlwnf+yD;/ ay;&ygw,f? usaemfwdk@&Gmem;u rD;&xm;blwm&HkeJ@ uyfv#uf
&Jpcef;uvnf; usaemfhqDu aiGawmif;ygw,f? wcsKd@vawGrSmqdk&if usyf (100˜
000)ausmfavmufukefygw,f? opfcGJorm;taeeJ@ wpfvrSm usyf (60˜000)/ (70˜
000) avmuf&ygw,f? 'DxJrSm "gwfqDzdk;vJygao;w,f? 'geJ@ tcGefray;Edkifawmh&if
'kQa&muf&csnf&J@qdk+yD; usaemf&GmuxGufvmcJhyg w,f?420
vlaer_tqifhtwef;tay:
oufa&mufr_ jyif;xefvGef;vSaoma=umifh
vltawmfrsm;rsm;tzdk@ jynfyodk@xGufoGm;
&onfhtjzpfodk@ a&mufoGm;wwfygonf?
jynfyodk@xGufcGmjcif; ta=umif;ESifhywf
oufaom avhvmcsufrsm;t& od&onf
rSm qif;&Jusyfwnf;onfxuf usyfwnf;
vmaejcif;/ vkyfudkifpm;p&m tcGifhtvrf;
r&Sdjcif;/ tEdkifusifh aiGawmif;jcif;ESifh rawmf
rw&m; tcGefaumufcHjcif;wdk@onf jrefrm
EdkifiHrSvlrsm; jynfyodk@xGufcGmatmifwGef;
ydk@aom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;teufta&;
tygqHk; ta=umif;tcsufrsm;jzpfonf?421
418 Burma Human Right Yearbook 2007 by the Human Rights Documentation Unit, Chapter 7
419 Moo Ko Htee (2008) “rjzpfEdkifonfh rpf&Sif? jrefrmppftpdk;& vufatmufwGif &Sifoefaexdkif&jcif;”/ www.burmaissues.org/En
420 HURFOM (2009) “pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;r_rsm;ESifh &dQmjywfvyfr_rsm;jzpfyGm;vmjcif;”/ uvdefatmifòr@e,fcGJ/ weoFm&Dwdkif;? Martus Bulletin,
10 March.
421 Sean Turnell, Alison Vicary and Wylie Bradford for Burma Economic Watch, “Migrant Worker Remittances and Burma: An Economic Analysis of
Survey Results” “a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;. jyefv$JaiGESifh jrefrmEdkifiH? ppfwrf; aumuf,lr_ &v'frsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;t&oHk;oyfr_”? Andrew

112
 (etz) ppftpdk;&u ynma&;wGif
rjzpfpavmufaom yrm%jzpfonfh EdkifiH
.pkpkaygif; trsKd;om;xGufukefwefzdk;(GD
P) . (0.9) &mcdkifE_ef;omoHk;pGJjcif;a=umifh
ausmif;rsm;onf trsm;jynfolwdk@xHrS aiG
aumufcH=u&m/ tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm;w
oD}uD;jzpfyGm;vmcJhonf? tcsKd@aomolrsm;
twGuf Tpm;&dwfrsm;onf tvGef}uD;
jrifhvSaoma=umifh uav;rsm;ausmif;rae
Edkifawmhonfhtjzpfodk@ a&mufcJh&onf?
(etz)ppftpdk;&onf ynma&;0efaqmifr_
udk tvHktavmuf ray;bJxm;jcif;tm;
jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ausmif;rsm;wGiftusifh
ysufjcpm;r_udk cGifhðyxm;+yD;/ ynmoif,lcGifh
udkxdcdkufapjcif; tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ uav;tcGifhta&;oabmwlnDcsuf (CRC)u twdtus
cGifhðyxm;aom jrefrmEdkifiHrSuav;rsm;. ynmoif,lcGifhudk rav;pm;rvdkufembJae v#uf&Sdonf?
rdom;pkrsm;onf uav;rsm;ausmif;aeEdkifa&;twGuf tydka=u;ESifh tcGefrsm;udkray;rae&ay;
ae=u&a=umif; (ND- Burma) tzGJ@. tcsuftvufrsm;t&awG@&Sd&onf? a=u;rsm;wGif ausmif;
rSmoifray;aom t"duoif±dk;udk oifay;&jcif;twGuf q&m§ q&mrrsm;udk ay;&aomtca=u;
aiG/ tpdk;&xkwfay;aom ausmif;oHk;yPnf;u&d,mrsm;udk 0,f&aomaiGa=u;/ ausmif;aqmifopf
rsm;aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf xnfh&aom“tvSLaiG”wdk@tygt0ifjzpfonf? Todk@ tca=u;aiGay;&
jcif;onf rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;rSmyif jzpfyGm;aeygonf? rlvwef;ynma&;onf tcrJhjzpf&rnf[k
uav;tcGifhta&;qdkif&moabmwlnDcsuf (CRC)u qdkxm;onfhwdkif/rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;Y
ray;rae& ay;ae&aomtcESifha=u;rsm;onf wpfESpfv#if usyf (60˜000) rS (100˜000) (tar&d
uefa':vm 100 cef@ ) txd&Sdaeonf? tcsKd@aom aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;tzdk@ Ta=u;rsm;onf }uD;jrifh
vGef;vSaoma=umifh uav;rsm; ausmif;raeEdkif=u&Smacs? ausmif;tawmfrsm;rsm;Yq&mESifh
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tajccHtusqHk; ausmif;oHk;yPnf;rsm;csKd@wJhaeojzifh ausmif;om;rdbrsm;
upmtkyf/ rifwHuJhodk@aomausmif;oHk;yPnf;rsm;twGuf rwefwqaps;E_ef;jzifhuscHae=u&onf?
“usaemfwdk@uav;u yxrwef;a&mufaeyg&ufeJ@ usaemfwdk@rSm ausmif;0ifa=u;
rwwfEdkifvdk@ uav;uausmif;raeEdkifcJhygbl;? wpfcgwav/ ydkufqHr&SdwJhtcg ydkuf
qHray;Edkifvdk@ (2)&uf (3)&ufavmuf qdkif;ay;ygvdk@ajym&ygw,f? wpfcgwav
usawmhvnf; tdrfeD;em;csif;awGqDuacs;+yD;/ ay;&wmaygh? usaemfhvc usyf (32˜
000)eJ@ uav;awG&J@ausmif;pm;&dwfray; Edkif±Hkru/ pm;0wfaea&;twGufawmif
rwwfEdkifygbl;? 'DacwfxJrSm ydkufqHukefp&mawG 'Davmufrsm;aeawmh/ wjcm;vdk
tyfcsufawGtwGuf roHk;Edkifygbl;? 'g[mtcGefaumufwmyJ/ 'gudkusaemfwdk@u ray;
bJaevdk@vnf;r&bl;/ olwdk@awmif;wmxuf av#mh+yD;ay;vdk@vnf;r&bl;? bmjzpf
vdk@vnf;qdkawmh ausmif;rSmwm0ef&SdwJhyk~dKvfu aumufaewmudk;? 'ga=umifh
“jrefrmEdkifiHwGif twif;tusyf
Bosson “Forced Migration/Internal Displacement in Burma with an Emphasis on Government Controlled areas”
a&$@ajymif;&apjcif;ESifh jynfwGif; a&$@ajymif;&r_? tpdk;&xdef;csKyfxm;aom ae&mrsm;udk tav;xm;avhvmjcif;”?

113
 rdk@ udk,fhuav;udk ausmif;rxm;bJraebl;qdk&if olwdk@awmif;wmudkusaemfwdk@
ay;&rSmyJ? usaemfwdk@&GmrSmqdk&if ausmif;0ifa=u;ray;Edkif=uvdk@/ uav;tawmfrsm;
rsm;ausmif;rae=ubl;? uav;tawmfrsm;rsm;[m i,fi,fav;awG&Sdao;ayr,fh/
olwdk@rdbawGudk tvkyf0dkif;ulvkyfay;zdk@twGuf ausmif;xGufvdkuf=u&ygw,f?”422

“usaemfhuav;awG (5) wef;wufr,fqdk&if/ wjcm;ausmif;udk ajymif;wuf&ygw,f?

ausmif;ajymif;vufrSwf twGuf usyf (2˜500)/ (5)wef;ausmif;0ifa=u;twGuf usyf
(9˜000)/ avhusifhcef;pmtkyfa=u;twGuf usyf(1˜500)ay;&+yD;/ vdkwJhpmtkyftm;
vHk;udk a&mif;wmr[kwfawmh ausif;qDuyJ aemufxyf avhusifhcef;pmtkyfawG0,f&
ygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf usyf(1˜700)? +yD;awmh/ pma&;u&d,ma=u;/ zwfpmtkyfa=u;
awGvnf;ay;&ygao;w,f? tJ'gawGu yk~vduqdkifawGuaps;E_ef;xuftrsm;}uD;
ydk}uD;ygw,f? tJ'Da=u;awGtwGuf ydkufqHtukeftusrsm;wmeJ@/ usaemfvnf;
usaemhfuav;udk ausmif;uxkwfvdkuf+yD;/ ol@tpfreJ@twl &mbmjcHxJrSm tvkyfoGm;
vkyfcdkif;cJhygw,f? ol@tpfru(7)wef;rSm wufaewkef; ausmif;xGufxm;wmyg?”

jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onf uBmay:wGif &Sd&Sdor#wdkif;jynfrsm;xJwGif usefrma&;apmifha&Smufr_

ESifhywfoufI jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfr_ wefzdk;pkpkaygif; (GDP) . tcsKd;tpm;tenf;qHk; oHk;pGJygonf?
usef;rma&;toHk;pm;&dwfonf (GDP). 0.5 &mcdkifE_ef;jzpfonf? Todk@oHk;pGJjcif;. tusKd;ouf
a&mufr_rsm;udk trsm;jynfolwdk@. aexdkifr_b0wGifjrifawG@Edkifygonf? arG;uif;puav;aoqHk;
r_E_ef;onf jrifhjrJjrifhaev#uf&Sd+yD;/ uav;(10)a,mufarG;v#if(1)a,mufaoqHk;onf[k cef@rSef;&
onf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd uav;oli,frsm;. 30 &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfonf emwm&Snf tm[m&csKd@wJhr_
a&m*gpGJuyfcHpm;ae&onf? wdkif;jynfw0Srf;vHk;&Sd touf(5)ESpfatmuf uav;oli,frsm;. 32
&mcdik Ef e_ ;f onf ud, k t f av;csed v
f nf;rjynf/h }uD;xGm;r_vnf; aESmifah ES;aeonf? ud,
k cf t
H m;usa&m*g
(HIV/AIDS)uyfa&m*gonf jrefrmEdkifiHjynfolwdk@tm; t}uD;tus,f+cdrf;ajcmufaeonf?
(2007)ckESpf twGif;u/ jrefrmEdkifiHrS(AIDS) a&m*gonf (25˜000) cef@aoqHk;cJhonf? udk,fcHtm;
usa&m*gtwGufumuG,faq;(Anti-Retroviral Therapy) aq;ESifhoifhawmfaom ukor_wdk@jzifh
wm;qD;EdkifygvsSuf ,ckvdkaoqHk;=u&jcif;jzpfonf?423 wDbDa&m*gESifh iSufzsm;a&m*gwdk@onfvnf;
usef;rma&;twGuf }uD;rm;aomtœ&m,f}uD;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ iSufzsm;a&m*gonf aoqHk;r_E_ef;trsm;
qHk;jzpf apaoma&m*gjzpfonfhtjyif uav;rsm;rSmtvGeftjzpfrsm;onf?424 vl@oufwrf;/ ynm
t&nftcsif;/ nd‡Ed_if;wGufcsufxm;+yD;trSefwu,f0ifaiGwdk@udk wdkif;wmowfrSwfaom(UN DP) .
vlom;wdk;wufzGH@òz;r_!$ef;udef; (Human Development Index) u (2006) ckESpfwGif EdkifiHaygif; (177)
EdkifiHteuf jrefrmEdkifiHudk tqifh(130)tjzpfowfrSwfcJhonf? aq0g;ukor_pm;&dwftvGef}uD;+yD;/
aus;&Gmrsm;wGif usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_vnf;r&Edkifacs? aq;0g;ukor_pm;&dwfudkvnf;rwwf
Edkif=uojzifh/ aoa&;&Sifa&; ta&;}uD;aomaq;0g;ukortwGuf &Sdor#yPnf;udktqHk;cHum jzpf
422 PWO (2009) “erfhcrf;òr@e,fwGif ynma&;twGuf tcGefaumufcHaejcif;”/ &Srf;jynfe,f? Martus Bulletin
423 http://www.msf.org/source/countries/asia/myanmar/2008/PreventableFate/PreventableFatereport.pdf

424 http://www.who.int

114
n‡pf+yD; pm;&dwf&Sm=uH=u&onf?

“usra,mufsm;u uifqma&m*g'%f(3)ESpfcHcJh&ygw,f? usra,mufsm;&J@touf

udku,fzdk@twGuf aq;uk&atmifv,fajr (4){ueJ@ ig;zrf;ydkuf (2)zHkudk usrwdk@
a&mif;cJh&ygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u a'oaygufaps;eJ@ v,fajr wpf{uudk usyf (70˜000)
ywf0ef;usifeJ@ ig;zrf;ydkuft}uD;wpfzHkudk usyf(25˜000)&ygw,f? v,fajr(4){ueJ@
ig;zrf;ydkuf (2)zHka&mif;vdkufwm/ aiGusyf (350˜000)avmuf&ygw,f? òr@rSm aq;
oGm;ukzdk@twGufqdkawmhvufpGyfwdk@/ qGJóu;wdk@vdk a&$wcsKd@udkvnf; a&mif;vdkuf&yg
w,f? 'ghtjyif tdrfeD;em;csifawGqDuvnf; ydkufqHacs;&ygao;w,f? usr a,mufsm;
&J@toufudk u,fzdk@twGuf aiG(600˜000)ausmfavmuf tukefcHcJh&ygw,f? 'gay
r,fhru,fEdkifcJhygbl;? olu'Du|ef;rSmqdk&if awmfawmfaumif;wJh vlwa,mufyg?
'Dawmhol@udk vlwdkif;uawmfawmfcif=uygw,f?”425

trsm;jynfolwdk@ aiGa=u;wwfEdkifzG,fvnf;&Sd/ tvSrf;rSDEdkifzG,fvnf;&Sdaom usefrma&;

apmifha&Smufa&;/ ynma&;ESifh vlr_vHkðcHa&;cHpm;cGifhrsm; &&Sdap&eftwGuf trsm;jynfolqdkif&m
0efaqmifr_u¾wGif tav;teufxm;I &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH&ef tylwjyif;vdktyfaea=umif; ukvor~
vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m txl;oHwrmef awmrwf tdka[; uGifwm;em; (Thomas Ojea Quintana) u
r=umao;rDuyif ajym=um;cJhygonf?426 usef;rma&;ESifhynma&; 0efaqmifr_rsm;udk tvHktavmuf
jznfhqnf;ay;a&;wGif (etz) ppftpdk;&. ysufuGufr_ta=umif;ESifh TysufuGufr_u jrefrmEdkifiH
jynfolwdk@tay: oufa&mufr_rsm; ta=umif;wdk@udkydkI tao;pdwfusus pHkprf;avhvmoGm;&ef
vdktyfygonf? tcGefaumufcHa&; pepfwpfckonf óuwifod&SdEdkifjcif;&Sd&rnf/ yGifhvif;jrifom&rnf/
wm0efcHr_&Sd&rnf/ pepfwus Oya'owfrSwfxm;jcif;&Sd&rnf omruw&m;r#wr_vnf;&Sd&ygrnf?
TpepfwGif tcGefaumufcHjcif;ESifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfjcif;enf;emrsm; yg&Sd&rnfomru trsm;jynfolwdk@
tusKd;twGufwm0efodod/ xdxda&mufa&muf aiGa=u;oHk;pGJr_vnf;yg&Sd&ygrnf?

425 RI ( 2010) “ra';u|ef;&Sd &cdkifa'ocHjynfolrsm;u a&$obm0"mwfaiG@ pDrHudef;ESifhywfoufI olwdk@.v,fajrrsm;avsmfa=u;r&bJ odrf;,l

cH& rnfudk pdk;&drfae=ujcif;”/ &cdkifjynfe,f? Martus Bulletin
426 Human Rights Council (13th Session) Progress report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, Tomás Ojea Quin-
tana10 march 2010

115
 etz/ e,fajrcHtm%mydkifwdk@rS trsdK;rsdK;aomn‡if;yef;ESdyfpufr_rsm;udkrcHEdkifI rGefjynfopfygwD
tkyfcsKyf&mae&mopfodk@ rdbrsm;ESifhtwl a&muf&SdvmcJh=uonfhuav;rsm;
(a&; ta&S@buf/ rGefjynfe,f) (HURFOM)

116
ed*Hk;
“jrefrmEdkifiHu jynfolawGu qif;&Jygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; olwdk@udkzdESdyfxm;wJh tpdk;&u
rqif;&Jygbl;?”427

“usaemfh rdom;pktwGuf pm;zdk@qefawmif vHkavmufatmif

r0,fEdkifygbl;? usaemf 4-5 jynf (wpfjynfv#if 2.5 uDvdk*&rf)
avmufyJ0,fEdkifygw,f?” (oHjzLZ&yfòr@e,f/ rGefjynfe,f)
jrefrmEdkifiHonf ‚ydkifqdkifonfh obm0o,HZmwrsm;ESifh vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzifh
rdrdudk,fydkif xlxlaxmifaxmif &yfwnfEdkifoifhonf? wpfcsdefu ta&S@awmiftm&SwGif tcsrf;
omtºu,f0qHk; EdkifiHwpfck jzpfcJh+yD;/ uBmht"du qefwifydk@onfhEdkifiHvnf;jzpfcJhzl;onf? (1950)
ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHESifh xdkif;EdkifiHwdk@. vlwpfOD;csif;0ifaiG (GDP per capita) ESifh wGufcsufv#if wef;
wleD;yg;&SdaecJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHwpfckvHk;ESifh jynfolvlxktrsm; pkrSmqif;
&Jc|wfðcHusoGm;cJh&+yD;/ tm%mydkifrsm;u tusifhysufjcpm;um twif;t"RtcGefaumufcHonfh
pepfudk zdESdyfa&;ud&d,mwpfcktjzpftoHk;ðyI w&m;r0iftkyfcsKyfa&; oufqdk;&Snfapa&;twGuf
aqmif&Gufaeonf? q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm=um ppftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh vGJacsmfonfhpDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;/ tus,f
tjyef@jzpfay:aeonfh tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm;a=umifh wpfEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmESifh qif;&JrGJawvmcJh
onf? usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_rsm;vnf; c|wfðcHusatmifedrfhusae+yD;/ ynma&;tqifhtwef;
vnf;edrfhusvmcJhonf? tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;vnf; nHhzsif;qdk;&Gm;ae+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;tajctae
427 Sean Turnell Burma Isn’t Broke “The junta, not a lack of resources, is to blame for the people’s poverty”. online.wsj.com, AUGUST 6, 2009,

117
 vnf; qufvufusqif;aev#uf&Sdonf? usef;rma&;/ tm[m&&&Sdr_ESifh ynma&;udPrsm;uvlwdkif;
&&Sdoifhonfh tcGifhta&;wpfckxufpmv#if vlenf;pkomcHpm;Edkifaom txl;tcGifhta&;jzpfvmcJh
onf? odk@twGufa=umifh vltrsm;u edP"l0touf&Sif&yfwnfEdkifa&;twGufomvHk; yrf;ae=u&
aoma=umifh xdef;csKyf&efydkIvG,fulvmcJhonf? Todk@ tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm; jiif;y,fcsKd;azmuf
cH&aoma=umifh vlaer_tqifhtwef;tvGeftrif;edrfhusvm+yD;/ jrefrmjynfolrsm;qif;&JwGif;euf
vmcJhonf? EdkifiHwpfckvHk;u rao±Hk&Sifoef&yfwnfae&onfh pD;yGm;a&;tajctaewGif vltrsm;
pk.b0rsm;xHrS acgif;yHkjzwfxkwf,laomp&dwfrsm;jzifh ppfwyftiftm;udk csJ@xGif}uD;xGm;apcJhonf?
Todk@jzifh jynfoltrsm; b0qif;&Jysuf,Gif;cJh&onf?428
(ND-Burma) tzGJ@rS aumuf,lpkaqmif;EdkifcJhaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;t& tcGef
aumufcHr_pepfwGif tusifh ysufjcpm;r_vkyf&yfrsm; a&m¹yrf;ae+yD;/ ‚onfukvor~ (UNCAC)
EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyfESifh tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&;trsm;tjym;udk csKd;azmufae&m
a&mufygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;aeonfh tusifhysufjcpm;r_ a&m¹yrf;aeaom tcGefpepf.
xdcdkufoufa&mufr_rsm;tm;vHk;udk tuJjzwf&efrjzpfEdkifyg? odk@aomfvnf; a,bk,sjrifomonfh
tcsufrsm;taeESifh yk~vdu u¾rSxkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;usqif;oGm;+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;t&tusKd;tjrwf
jzpfxGef;Edkifaom tjyeftvSefzvS,fr_rsm;vnf; usqif;av#mhenf;oGm;cJh&onf? yk~vduu¾wGif
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;vnf; usqif;oGm;cJh&onf? Ttcsufrsm; aygif;qHkonfhtcg pD;yGm;a&;wpfpHkvHk;
zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_ usqif;oGm;+yD;/ vlaer_tqifhtwef; usqif;vm&onf? xdk@tjyifvltrsm;.
vlwef;aphtqifhrD aexdkifEdkifr_ESifh zGH@òz;r_&&SdydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;vnf; jiif;y,fcsKd;azmufcHae&
onf? jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf;jzpfay:aeonfh tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkif&eftwGufqdkv#if
Oya'enf;ustkyfcsKyfr_udk jr‡ifhwifusifhoHk;&rnfjzpf+yD;/ rnfonfhtpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;rqdk tjypfay;
ta&;,lcH&jcif;r&SdbJ w&m;vufvGwfðyrlEdkifcGifh&aejcif;udk ed*Hk;csKyftqHk;owfap&ef xda&mufonfh
apmifh=unfhxdef;odrf;r_rsm; aqmif&Guf&efvdktyfaeonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;udPrsm;udk jypfwifa0zefr_
twGuf pdk;&GH@xdwfvef@v#uf aqmif&Gufae&aomtajctaersm;udk tqHk;owfap&efvdktyf
onf?429 ukvor~. vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m txl;pHkprf;avhvmwifjyol t&m&Sdawmrwf tdka[;
uGifwmem (Thomas Ojea Quintana)u ajymcJh&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif (etz) ppftpdk;&a=umifh
jzpfyGm;aeonfh pepfwusESifhtus,ftjyef@ jzpfyGm;aeonfh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;&Sdae+yD;/
tcsKd@udPrsm;onf vlom;rsKd;EG,fwpf&yfvHk;tay: usL;vGefcsKd;azmufonfh &mZ0wfjypfr_rsm;tqifh
wdkif oufa&mufr_&SdaeEdkifa=umif; a0zefajymqdkcJhonf?430 odk@twGufa=umifh ukvor~avhvm
pHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sifwpfck zGJ@pnf;oihfa=umif;vnf; oluawmif;qdkcJhonf? (ND-Burma) tzGJ@.
tcsuftvufrsm;t&vnf; (etz)ppftpdk;&u tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm;ESifhtwl t"Rvkyftm;
cdkif;apr_/ jynfoltrsm;xHrS ydkifqdkifr_t&if;jrpfrsm; &,laer_wdk@onftus,ftjyef@ jzpfay:aeonfh
tav#muf Tt=uHðycsufudk xyfqifhaxmufcHvdkygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;pHE_ef;rsm;ESifh avsmfnDonfh/ EdkifiHwum
vufcHxm;aompHE_ef;rsm; ESifhudkufnDonfh tcGefpepfopf wpf&yf vdktyfae+yD;/ jynfoltrsm; tay:
428 Myo Nyunt & Nancy Hudson-Rodd, 2002, ‘Burma development: Hostage of the Junta’, Asian Exchange Vol. 17, No. 2 (2001)/ Vol. 18, No. 1 (2002),
pp. 151-176, Hong Kong: ARENA Press

429 Richard Goode (1984) Government Finance in Developing Countries, Washington, Brookings Institution.
430 Human Rights Council (13th Session) Progress report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, Tomás Ojea Quin-
tana10 March 2010

118
ynmay;r_rsm;ESifh tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefcGifhrsm;vnf; vdktyfaeygonf? vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiHwGif
aumufcHaeonfh tcGefrsm;onf jynfolrsm; tusKd;&Sdapa&;twGuf vlxk0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;
twGuf cGJa0csxm;oHk;pGJjcif;r&SdbJ/ jynfolvlxktrsm;u vdkvm;aeonfh udPrsm;twGufvnf;
oHk;pGJr_r&Sdyg? tcGefpepfðyjyifajymif;vJr_ESifhtwl tjcm;udPrsm;jzpfonfh p&if;Z,m;xdef;odrf;r_pepf/
w&m;Oya'pepf/ tcGeftkyfcsKyfa&;/ tpdk;&pepftwGif; b¾ma&;qufqHr_udPrsm;udkvnf;wpfòyif
eufwnf; ðyjyifajymif;vJoifhygonf? rl0g'topfrsm; csrSwfa&;qGJoifh+yD;/ w&m;0iftjzpfjyXmef;
um/ ‚ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;udkxda&mufpGm/ r#wpGmaqmif&GuftaumiftxnfazmfEdkifrnfh tkyf
csKyfa&;,œ,m;rsm; wyfqifay;&rnfjzpfygonf?431 Tðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udPrsm;wGif EdkifiHawmf
tpdk;&.tm%mudk EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,frsm;wGif uef@owf&efvnf;vdktyfvm+yD;/ jrefrm
ppfwyf (wyfrawmf)ESifh tjcm;aomvufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm; tcGefaumufcHr_udPrsm;wGiftus,f
tjyef@yg0ifywfoufae=uonfh tajctaeudkvnf; &yfqdkif;&efvdktyfygonf? tedrfhqHk; tcGefpepf
ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&;udPrsm;wGif atmufygtcsufrsm;yg0ifoifhygonf?432
Ô ppftoHk;p&dwfESifh qufpyfyHhydk;aeonfh zGJ@pnf;yHk,œ,m;rsm;twGuf toHk;p&dwfav#mhcs&ef/
wyfrawmf&Sd ppfom;trsm;pkudk tiftm;av#mhcs&efESifh ppfwyfudkvuf&Sd yHhydk;r_enf;vrf;
tjzpfusifhoHk;aeonfh “ajrtay:rSDcdk&yfwnfaeonfh” rl0g'±kyfodrf;&ef/ ppfwyftwGuf
b¾maxmufyHha&;udPrsm;udk A[dkcsKyfudkifr_ðy&ef?
Ô vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;jzpfay:aponfh/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ðzef;wD;ovdk jzpfaeap
onfh tpdk;&. zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;udk&yfqdkif;&ef/ (txl;ojzifh ZD0avmifpm =uufqlyif
pDrHudef;rsKd; jzpfonf?)
Ô (t"Rvkyftm;tygt0if) ±kyf0ˆKjzifhyg ay;aqmifapaom EdkifiHawmftpdk;&twGuf twif;
tusyf tcGef aumufcHaeonfhpepfudk &yfqdkif;&ef/ aiGom;jzifh tcGeftwif;tusyfaumufcH
aer_rsm; tm;vHk;udkvnf; &yfqdkif;&ef/
Ô 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf vdkifpifcsrSwfay;r_ enf;vrf;opfrsm; taumiftxnfazmf
&ef/ (ta=umif;rSm ,cktcGefaumufcHaer_pepfonf twif;tusyf aiGn‡pfawmif;qdkr_rsm;/
t"R'%fwyfr_rsm;udk jzpfapygonf? )
Ô vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:cGifh/ azmfjyajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmpk±Hk;cGifh/ twif;t"Rzrf;qD;xdef;odrf;
cH&r_rsm;rS uif;vGwfpGmaexdkifEdkifcGifhtygt0if vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;csKd;
azmufcHae&r_rsm;udk&yfqdkif;I zGH@òz;a&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;rl0g'udPrsm;wGif aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefcGifhrsm;
cGifhðy&ef?
Ô obm0 t&if;tjrpfa&mif;csr_rS &&Sdvmaom b¾m0ifaiGrsm;udk tpdk;&bwf*suf (&oHk;
b¾maiG) p&if;xJ 0ifa&mufvmapa&;twGuf aocsmap&ef?
Ô jynfoltrsm; aumif;usKd;csrf;omESifh 0efaqmifr_udPrsm;twGuf b¾maiGrsm;jyefvnfcGJ
431 Richard Goode (1984) Government Finance in Developing Countries, Washington, Brookings Institution; Wayne Thirsk (1997) “Overview: The
Substance and Process of Tax Reform in Eight Developing Countries,” In Wayne Thirsk (ed) Tax Reform in Developing Countries, Washington,
World Bank.
432 For a more detailed look at tax reform in Burma see Appendix “The Basics of Tax Reform by Alison Vicary”

119
 a0csxm;oHk;pGJ&efESifhpD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;tygt0if vl@
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk txl;wdk;wufjr‡ifh wifay;&ef?
Ô tpdk;&toHk;p&dwf pm&if;Z,m;rsm;udk jyefvnfxkwfjyefjzef@csday;&ef/ (odk@rSom jrefrmjynf
olrsm;taeESifh b¾maiGrsm;udkrnfodk@rnfyHk oHk;pGJae=uonfudk od&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf?)
Ô tcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_udk 'Drdkua&pD ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;ESifhtwlwuG taumiftxnf
azmfaqmif&ef t=uHðyvdkygonf?
tcGefpepfðyjyifajymif;vJr_onf vuf&SdEdkifiHtwGif;jzpfay:aeonfh tajctaersm;udkxnfh
oGif;pOf;pm;&efvdktyf+yD;/ tcGefpepf&Sif;vif;vG,fulapa&;ESifh vltrsm;vdkufem&ef vG,fulrnfhvkyf
ief;aqmifwmrsm;csrSwfygu ydkrdkatmifjrif&ef ta=umif;&Sdygonf? 433 tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif atmifjrif
pGmaqmif&GufEdkifcJhonfh ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;onf enf;pepfydkif;qdkif&mt& acgif;aqmifr_tcef;
u¾tjyif/ EdkifiHa&;t&qüjyif;jyr_vnf; oufqdkifaecJhygonf?434 jrefrmEdkifiHwGifrl (etz)ppf
tpdk;&onf rl0g'rsm;ESifhywfoufI EdkifiHa&;t&wGufcsufaeoljzpf+yD;/ olwdk@. &nf&G,fcsufrSm
t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;pepftay:wGif olwdk@.xdef;csKyfr_ ydkrdkcdkifrmap&efom &nf&G,faeygonf?
,ckwnf&Sdaeonfh tcif;tusif;onf jynfolvlxktrsm; yg0ifywfoufEdkifr_udk cGifhðyxm;jcif;r&Sd
bJ/ (etz) ppftpdk;&. tusKd;pD;yGm;udkom A[dkðypOf;pm;aeygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd 'Drdkua&pDtwdkuf
tcH tiftm;pkrsm;taeESifh tcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; udPrsm;twGuf pwifaqG;aEG; =u&efta&;
}uD;ae+yDjzpfI/ oifhavsmfonfhrl0g'rsm;vnf; tqifoifhjyifqifxm;&Sdoifh+yD jzpfygonf? rnfodk@
yifjzpfap trSefwu,ftcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udPrsm; vkyfaqmifawmhrnfqdkv#if trSef
wu,f 'Drdkua&pDa&;t& ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udPrsm;vnf;vdktyfygonf? (2008)ckESpf/ jrefrm
EdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya't& ppfwyfuudk,fpm;vS,ftrwfae&m 25&mcdkifE_ef;udk &,lxm;
rnfjzpf+yD;/ odk@qdkv#if(2010)ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;onfhwdkif EdkifiHtrsm;vufcHxm;onfhpHE_ef;rsm;/
rl0g'rsm;ESifh av#mfnDonfh tcGefpepfðyjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfaqmifrnfqkdv#ifyif ppfwyfu T odk@
óu;yrf;r_rSefor#udk zsufvdkzsufqD;ðyaeOD;rnfomjzpfonf? odk@twGufa=umifh jrefrmjynfolrsm;
cHpm;ae&onfh pD;yGm;a&;t&qif;&J'kQrsm;ESifh ‚ESifhoufqdkifaeonfh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_
rsm; csKyf+idrf;apa&;twGuf tcGefpepfðyjyif ajymif;vJr_udk 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJr_ESifh twlwuG
vkyfaqmifoifhyga=umif;?

433 Birger Nerre (2001) “The Concept of Tax Culture,” in National Tax Association, Proceedings 94th Annual Conference. , Malcolm Gillis (1989)
“Comprehensive Tax Reform: The Indonesia Experience 1981-1988,” In Malcolm Gillis (eds) Tax Reform in Developing Countries, Durham NC,
Duke University Press.
434 Miguel Urrutia and Setsuko Yukawa (1989) “Economic Growth, Fiscal Policy and Democracy,” In Miguel Urrutia, Shinichi Ichimura and Setsuko
Yukawa (eds) The Political Economy of Fiscal Policy, Tokyo, United Nations University.

120
 twdkaumuf a0g[m&rsm;ESifh jrefrmtac:ta0:rsm;

(AAPPB) EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; ulnDapmifha&Smufa&;toif;

(AASYC) &cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t±Hk;
(ASEAN) ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif;
(DKBA) wdk;wufaomAk<bmom u&iftrsKd;om; tpnf;t±Hk;
(GONGO) tpdk;&u urxuðyzGJ@pnf;xm;ay;onfh vlxkvlwef;pm;tzGJ@rsm;
(HRDU) vl@tcGifhta&; rSwfwrf;wifXme
(HREIB) vl@tcGifhta&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdkifiH)
(HURFOM) rGefjynf vl@tcGifhta&;azmifa';&Sif;
(IMNA) vGwfvyfaom rGefowif;at*sifpD
(KIO) ucsifvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@
(KNG) ucsifowif;Xme
(KSWDC) u&ifeDvlr_ zlvHka&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumfrDwD
Kyat jrefrmEdkifiHY oHk;pGJaomaiGa=u;
(KWAT) ucsif trsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk; xdkif;EdkifiH
(LWO) vm;[ltrsKd;orD; tpnf;t±Hk;
(MMCWA) jrefrmEdkifiH rdcifESifh uav;apmifha&Smufa&;toif;
(MWFA) jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf
(MYPO) wdk;wufaom rGefvli,frsm;tpnf;t±Hk;
(NMSP) rGefjynfopfygwD
(PWO) yavmiftrsKd;orD; tpnf;t±Hk;
(Pyi) jrefrmhtwdkif;twm,lepf? wpfjynfv#if 2. 5 uDvdk*&rf&Sdonf?
(PYNG) yavmifvli,fvkyfief;uGef&uf

121
 (PYO) ytdk@vli,ftzGJ@
(SHAN) &Srf;oHawmfqifhowif;Xme
(SLORC) EdkifiHawmf jidrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@
(SPDC) EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumifpD
Tatmadaw jrefrmppftpdk;&. vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ (wyfrawmf)
(TPDC) òr@e,fat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumifpD
(TSYO) watmif; ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t±Hk;
(USDA) jynfaxmifpk=uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;toif;
Ya Ya Ka/ VPDC &yfuGuf§ aus;&Gm at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òz;a&;aumifpD

122
 tcGefpepf tajccHjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rlrsm;435
t,fvDqif Apfua&; (Alison Vicary)
jrefrmEdkifiHonf aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh av#mfnDonfh tcGefpepfopfwpf&yf vdktyfae
ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; rnfonfhtcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rqdk EdkifiH.vuf&Sdtajctaeudktao
tcsmxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. ppfEdkifiHozG,fjzpfaeonfh vufawG@tajc
taewGif usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfonfh rnfonfhtcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsKd;rqdk atmifjrifzG,f
ta=umif;rjrifrdyg? jynfoltrsm; tusKd;jzpfxGef;&efxufpmv#if ppfwyfudkomydkI tusKd;&Sdaprnf
jzpfonf? ,ck tcGefpepf tajccHðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rlrsm;wGif vuf&Sdppftpdk;& atmufYyif t"d`g,f
&Sdaom tcGefpepfðyjyifajymif;vJr_ jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf jzpfEdkifajc&Sdonfh tenf;tusOf;aom
jzpfEdkifajcrsm;udk tav;ay;wifjyxm;ygonf?

1? aumif;rGefonfh rl0g'rsm; csrSwf&ef vdktyfonf? oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;t& aumif;rGef

onfh tcGefpepf'DZdkif;yHkpHrsm;wGif tcsuftvuftcsKd@ qufpyfaeygonf?
Ò tcGefpepfðyjyifajymif;vJr_ yHkpH'DZdkif;onfawG;ac:pOf;pm;r_t& &Sif;vif;jrifomaeoifhonf?
Ò tcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_twGuf tpdk;&twGif;ydkif;Y EdkifiHa&;t&qüjyif;jyxufoefr_&Sd
ae&rnf? Todk@ tcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_twGuf rnfolu rl0g'topftwGuf wm0efcH
rnf/ wm0ef,lrnfudkvnf; aocsm&Sdaeoifhonf?
Ò tcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ avhvmr_rsm;onfta&;ygonfh ynmay;a&; vkyfief;tpDtpOf
tjzpf toHk;csoifh+yD;/ tus,ftjyef@jzef@a0oifhonf? TudPrsm;wGif tcGefpepfðyjyifajymif;
vJr_udPrsm;ESifhywfoufI vltrsm;uaqG;aEG;jiif;ckefr_&Sdvmrnfjzpf+yD;/ vltrsm;u olwdk@
udk,fwdkifyg0ifywfouf ydkifqdkifonf[laom cHpm;r_&vmaprnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGifrl
tpdk;&,œ,m;AsL±dkua&pDrS uif;vGwfIrnfodk@aom rl0g'ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rqdk jzpfEdkifajcr&Sd
ay/ tpdk;&,œ,m;twGif;Yyif vGwfvyfpGmaqG;aEG;jiif;ckefcGifh&&efrSm jzpfEdkifajctcGifhtvrf;
r&SdbJ/ zdESdyfta&;,lr_rsm;omñuH&rnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sdjynfolrsm;rSm rl0g'csrSwfr_Y rnf
onfhtcef;u¾ur#yg0ifcGifhr&SdbJ/ vGwfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;EdkifcGifh/ jiif;ckefwifjyEdkifcGifhtwGuf
zGifhxm;ay;aom vkyfxHk;pepfrsm;vnf;&Sdraeacs?
Ò tu,fI awmif;qdkvmygu EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS t=uHay;r_rsm; ðyEdkifaomfvnf;/ rawmif;qdkbJ
t=uHðyr_rsKd;udk vufcHvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?
Ò tcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_onf zufpHkðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;ESifhtwl aqmif&Guf&efvdktyf+yD;/
txl;ojzifh pm&if;Z,m;xdef;odrf;r_/ w&m;Oya'pepf/ tcGefpepftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh tpdk;&Xme
rsm;twGif; b¾ma&;pepfðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;ESifhtwl qufpyfaqmif&Guf&efta&;}uD;yg
onf? jrefrmEdkifiHtajctaeYrl tcGefpepfðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;raqmif&GufrDY/ EdkifiHawmf
tpdk;&.tm%mudk EdkifiHa&;t&a&m/ pD;yGm;a&;t&yg av#mhcsr_rsm;ESifhyg qufpyfaqmif&Guf
435 Bird, Richard (2003) “Administrative Dimensions of Tax Reform,” Practical Issues of Tax Policy in Developing Countries, World Bank, 28 April

123
 &ef vdktyfygonf?

2? Trl0g'rsm;udk w&m;0if jyXmef;&ef vdktyfonf?

Ò TudPY u|rf;usifr_ ynm&Sifqdkif&mtao;pdwfudPrsm; tav;ay;aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyf+yD;/
rdrdwdk@ pOf;pm; xm;csufudk Oya'rsm;/ pnf;rsOf;rsm;/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;tjzpf qufvufjy
Xmef;&efvdktyfonf?
Ò TudPtwGuftpdk;&,œ,m;AsL&dkua&pDpepftwGif;Y Xme,lepf(3)rsKd;vdktyfrnfjzpfonf?
Ô tcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ Oya'jyXmef;Edkifa&;twGuf rl=urf;a&;qGJrnfh tzGJ@tpnf;
,lepf? jrefrmEdkifiHYrl Todk@aom tzGJ@tpnf; ,lepfrsKd;u tom;rusvSyg? ta=umif;
rSmrl0g'trsm;pkrSm tpdk;&,œ,m; tjcm;Xme,lepfrsm;rS jyifyt=uH^m%f xnfhoGif;r_
tenf;i,fr#ESifhom aqmif&Gufaejcif;jzpfonf?
Ô tcsuftvufowif;rsm; aumuf,lpkaqmif;&efESifhoHk;oyf&ef tzGJ@tpnf;,lepf?
vuf&SdtajctaewGif Todk@aom,lepfrsKd;u vkyfief;wm0efudk xrf;aqmif&efjzpfEdkif
ajcr&Sday? t"d`g,f&Sdonfh owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,lpkaqmif;r_ESifh oHk;oyfr_ðy
rnfqdkv#if ppfwyfESifhtjcm;aom vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;u aumufcHaeonfhtcGefrsm;
udkvnf; xnfhoGif;&rnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ppftm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhtwl
wnf&Sdaeonfh t=urf;zuf+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;a=umifh Todk@tcsuf tvufaumuf,lpk
aqmif;r_rsm;udk [ef@wm;apvdrrhf nfjzpfonf? xd@k tjyif owif;tcsut
f vufaumuf,l
pkaqmif;r_rsm;wGif jrefrmtpdk;&Xmersm;u ‘w&m;r0if’ aumuf,lae=u onfhtcGefrsm;
udk z,fcsefxm;I azmfjy=uOD;rnfjzpfonf?
Ô tcGefpepfðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf tjrJwap=uHq/ tpDtpOfa&;qGJaernfhtzGJ@
tpnf;,lepf? TtzGJ@wGif pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;/ a&S@aeOya'ynm&Sifrsm;/ pm&if;tif;
ynm&Sifrsm; vdktyfrnf jzpfonf?
Ò jrefrmEdkifiH tajctaeYrl rl0g'tajymif;tvJ vkyfrnfqdkv#if (etz) ppftpdk;&tzGJ@.
xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifu qHk;jzwftm%may;&ef vdktyfygonf? Tacgif;aqmifr_. tusKd;pD;
yGm;udkxdcdkufqkwf,kwfaprnfh tcGefpepfðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsKd;udk qHk;jzwfcsrSwfrnfqdkonfrSm
rjzpfEdkifoavmuf &Sdaeygonf?

3? Trl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfay:ap&rnf jzpfonf?

Ò TudPwGif rl0g'rsm; xda&mufpGmESifh r#wpGmtaumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf tpdk;&tkyfcsKyf
a&; ,œ,m;AsL&dkua&pDvdktyfrnfjzpfonf?
Ò ðyjyifajymif;vJr_wGif tcGefpepfpDrHtkyfcsKyfaeonfh Xmersm;rS axmufcHyHhydk;r_ESifh pdwftm;wuf

124
 ºupGmyg0ifyHhydk;r_vnf; vdktyfrnfjzpfonf? Ttpdk;&XmetwGif;&Sd 0efxrf;rsm;wpfOD;csif;pD
wGif tcGefpepfðyjyifajymif;vJr_twGuf rufvHk;pdwf0ifpm;r_&Sd&rnfjzpfonf? jrefrmtpdk;&
,œ,m;Xmersm;wGif rnfolwpfOD;ur# rnfonfhðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; vkyfaqmif&efrufvHk;
&Sdraeyg? jrefrmEdkifiHa'otrsm;tjym;wGif a'ocHAsL±dku&uft&m&Sdrsm;. ta=umufw&m;
ESifh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm OD;aqmif&ef pGrf;aqmif&nfr&Sdr_a=umifh ppfwyf(wyfrawmfu) vkyfydkif
cGifh&aeaponf? ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; rvkyfaqmif&ef tcGifhtvrf;ay;xm;+yD;/ a'ocHppfwyf
. tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh xdyfwdkufrawG@rdap&ef a&Smifv$JIaeomovdkaeae=uonf?
Ò qdk;&Gm;nHhzsif;onfh tcGefpepfudk tkyfcsKyfpDrHyHktajccHrSpI ðyjyifajymif;vJv#ifjzifhvnf; wdk;
wufvmOD;rnf r[kwfay? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ rvkyfaqmifrDY tajccH
tcGefpepf zGJ@pnf;xm;yHkESifh tcGefvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udkvnf; topfwzefðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef
vdktyfaeygao;onf?

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tcGefpepfðyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESifh ‚.aemufqufwGJtusKd;qufrsm;qdkif&m oif

cef;pmrsm;
vuf&Sd ppftpdk;&atmufwGif tcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rSm rjzpfEdkifoavmuf&Sdonf?
ta&;ygonfhðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; vkyfaqmifvmrnfqdkv#if tpdk;&/ (etz.atmufajc&Sdtm%m
ydkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tygt0if) ywfoufae&m rsm;jym;vSpGmaomXmersm;/ at*sifpDrsm;/ tjcm;
vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;. aiG0ifaiGvrf;rsm;udk xdcdkufoufa&mufr_ &Sdvmapawmhrnfjzpfonf?
Tae&mwGif jy\emrSm(etz)ppfwyfESifh tcGefaumufcH&mwGif yg0ifywfoufae=uonfhtpdk;&
ESifhoufqdkifaeonfh tjcm;aomXmersm;pGmu Oya'abmifjyifywGif aqmif&Gufae=ujcif;jzpf
onf? odk@twGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGift"duusonfh EdkifiHa&;t&ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;rvkyf
aqmifbJ/ atmufwGifazmfjyxm;onfh tcGefpepfðyjyifajymif;vJr_ tajccHrsm;/ pOf;pm;csufrsm;udkóu
wifvkyfaqmifrnfqdkv#ifvnf;jzpfEdkifzG,f ta=umif;rjrifrdygacs?
1? aumif;rGefonfh tcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJr_onf rl0g'aumif;±Hkr#omr[kwf? aumif;rGef
onfh tcGefpepfpDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh toHk;p&dwfrsm; aumif;rGefpGmcGJa0usifhoHk;onfh rl0g'rsm;vnf;vdk
tyfygonf?436 jrefrmEdkifiHwGifrlaumif;rGefonfh tcGefpDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;&Sdraeyg? txif&Sm;qHk; jy\
emrSm ppfwyfESifhtjcm;aomvufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;u tcGefpnf;=uyfaumufcH&m rSmtus,ftjyef@
yg0ifywfoufae=ujcif;jzpfonf? Tjy\emudk atmifjrifpGmajz&Sif;av#mhcsEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ/ ajz&Sif;
Edkifrnfr[kwfacs? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tcGefb¾maiGrsm;udk jynfoltrsm;vdkvm;awmifhw
tyfonfhudPrsm;wGif cGJa0oHk;pGJaejcif;r[kwfay? Todk@ aqmif&Guf&rnfhtpm; yk~vdu0ifaiGrsm;
tjzpftdyfxJxnfhae+yD;/ xkwfvkyfr_ tusKd;rjzpfxGef;aponfh ppfwyfESifh&Hzef&Hcg qdk;usKd;zsufqD;r_
yifjzpfaponfhudPrsm;wGif ae&mv$Jajymif;toHk;csae=uonf? xdk@tjyif t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkxdef;
csKyfr_ESifh vlxkrsm;udk zdESdyfqufqHaer_rsm;vnf;&Sdaeao;jyefonf?

436 Richard Goode (1984) Government Finance in Developing Countries, Washington, Brookings Institution; Wayne Thirsk (1997) “Overview: The
Substance and Process of Tax Reform in Eight Developing Countries,” In Wayne Thirsk (ed) Tax Reform in Developing Countries, Washington,
World Bank.

125
 2? touft&G,f/ a'o/ 0ifaiG taetxm;tvdkuf pdwf0ifpm;r_ rwluGJjym;pGm&SdaeEdkif+yD;/
tcsKd@vltkyfpkrsm;rSm tkyfpkcGJjcm;r_trsKd;rsKd;twGif; xyfIyg0ifae=uonf? tcGefpepfðyjyifajymif;vJr_
qdkif&mudPtm;vHk;onf EdkifiHa&;t&wGufcsufaqmif&Gufr_rsm;jzpf+yD;/ v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufv#if
(odk@r[kwfrnfodk@r# rvkyfaqmifbJaev#if) jzpfvmrnfh wefzdk;ay;qyf&rnfh/ tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udk
csdefIwGufqae=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rl0g'rsm;ESifh ywfoufI EdkifiHa&;t&wGufcsufpOf;pm;ae
olrSm (etz)ppftpdk;&jzpf+yD; olwkd@ut&if;tjrpfESifh EdkifiHa&;pepftay: xdef;csKyfEdkifr_&&Sdapa&;
tay:wGifom OD;wnfcsufxm;aqmif&Gufae=uonf? olwdk@pOf;pm;csufrSm vuf&SdEdkifiHa&;tajc
taeatmufY (etz) ppftkyfpk tusKd;pD;yGm;umuG,fxm;a&;/ wnfjrJaea&;omjzpfonf?
3? atmifjrifr_&&Sd&ef ta&;ygonfh vdktyfcsufwpfckrSm EdkifiHa&;t&jyif;jyaomqü&Sd&ef
yifjzpfonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfaqmifolrsm;upHjytjzpf aexdkifjy&efvdktyf+yD;/ olwdk@. *k%f
odQmudk TudPtwGuf a&S@wef;wifaqmif&Gufolrsm;vnf;vdktyfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGifrl
tm%m&Sdaeolrsm;twGif;Y ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; odomxif&Sm;onfhvkyfief;rsm; (tcGefpepfðyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;jzpfap/ tjcm;udPjzpfap)udk aqmif&GufrnfhEdkifiHa&;qü&Sdol wpfOD;wpfavr#rawG@
&Sd=u&ao;yg? atmifjrifonfh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&efrl0g'csrSwfolrsm;twGif;
Y trmcHau'grsm;ESifh wnf&SdaeqJpepftay: tao;pdwfudPrsm;u|rf;usifESH@pyfonfh ynm&Sifrsm;/
wm0ef,lwm0efcHaqmif&Gufvdkolrsm; vdktyfygonf? tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif atmifjrifcJhonfhðyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;Y enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m u|rf;usifolwUEdku&ufrsm; OD;aqmifcJh=u+yD;/
EdkifiHa&;qüt& usm;uefyHhydk;ay;cJh=uygonf?437
4? tcGefqdkif&mrl0g'wGif ±kyfcsnf;ajymif;vJr_ vkyfaqmifjcif;onf/ wjznf;jznf;csif;wpfwdk@
wpfwdk@jzifh ajymif;vJonfxufpmv#if ydkrdkaumif;rGefygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH tajctaeYrl twdkuftcH
tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfap/ odk@r[kwf jyifyEdkifiHujzpfap tpdk;&ajymif;vJonfhtcsdefY tcGefudPðyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;udkyg aqG;aEG;&efvdktyfvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?438 tcGef ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udP atmifjrifap
&eftwGuf jynfwGif;rSrdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif tqdkðywifjyonfh jynfwGif;ydkifqdkifr_jzpf&efvnf;vdktyfyg
onf? tcGefudPðyjyifajymif;vJr_udk tcsdef&ifhrSnfhrSom aqmif&GufatmifjrifEdkifrnfjzpfonf? Oy
rmtm;jzifh tpdk;&opftm%m&&Sdvmcsdef/ t"dub¾m0ifaiGqdkif&m jy\emrsm;awG@&SdvmcsdefrsKd;
wGifjzpfonf? odk@twGufa=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH&SdtwdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;taeESifh oifhavsmfonfh
rl0g'rsm; tqifoihfjyifqifxm;&Sda&;onf txl;ta&;}uD;vSygonf?439
5? yGifhvif;r_/ t=uH^m%f&,l wdkifyifr_/ aqG;aEG;r_rsm;onf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;pOfudk
taxmuftul ðyygonf? tcGeftkyfcsKyfpDrHonfhXmersm;ESifh jynfolrsm;udk ynmay;&efvdktyf+yD;/
xdkolrsm;uvnf; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udkvufcH&efvdktyfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH.vuf&Sdtajctae
atmufwGif TtajctaerjzpfEdkifyg? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHjyifywGif&Sdaeonfh jynfolrsm;ESifh
pwifEdkifygonf?

437 Miguel Urrutia and Setsuko Yukawa (1989) “Economic Growth, Fiscal Policy and Democracy,” In Miguel Urrutia, Shinichi Ichimura and Setsuko
Yukawa (eds) The Political Economy of Fiscal Policy, Tokyo, United Nations University.
438 Richard Goode (1984) Government Finance in Developing Countries, Washington, Brookings Institution.
439 Wayne Thirsk (1997) “Overview: The Substance and Process of Tax Reform in Eight Developing Countries,” In Wayne Thirsk (ed) Tax Reform in
Developing Countries, Washington, World Bank.

126
6? rJay;Edkifonfxufpmv#if EdkifiHom;jynfolrsm;u rl0g'rsm;tay: =oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkifrnfh
tcGifhtvrf;vdktyf+yD;/ atmufyg tcsuftvufrsm;yg0ifapoifhygonf?
Ò rl0g'rsm; tqdkwifoGif;Edkif&efESifh rl0g'qdkif&m aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefr_rsm;udk =oZmoufa&mufEdkif
ap&ef zdtm;ay;a&;tkyfpkrsm; pnf;±Hk;Edkifjcif;/ axmufcHyHhydk;Edkifjcif;?
Ò u|rf;usifol t=uHay;rsm;cef@tyfxm;Edkif+yD;/ Oya'rl=urf; a&;qGJa&;tqifhY olwkd@. pdwf
pifpm;r_ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk udk,fpm;ðywifjyEdkifjcif;?
Ò tkyfcsKyfpDrHr_ taumiftxnfazmfonfhtqifh odk@r[kwf Oya'a=umif;qdkif&mtqifh
rsm;Yolwdk@.udPrsm; udkwifjyEdkifjcif;?
Ò tcGefa&Smifonfh w&m;0ifESifh w&m;r0ifenf;rsm;udk &SmazGEdkifjcif;?
Ò tcGefa=umif;&m Oya'qHk;jzwfr_rsm;rS olwdk@. vlyk~dKvfrsm;ESifh olwdk@. ydkifqdkifr_rsm;udkz,f
&Sm;Edkifjcif;wdk@ jzpfonf?
7? tcGefudPtkyfcsKyfpDrHa&;udk ±dk;&Sif;vG,fulatmif ðyEdkifonfhtcg ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udP
rsm;onf ydkIatmifjrifzG,f&Sdygonf? vltrsm;u ydkIvdkufemzG,fvnf;&Sdygonf? tqifhedrfhonfh
tkyfcsKyfpDrHa&;pepfESifh tvkyfjzpfEdkifonfh ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh ydkI atmifjrif
&ef ta=umif;&Sdygonf?440 jrefrmEdkifiH tajctaeYrltcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuftvGef
trif;edrfhusaeonfh pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh olwdk@udkyHhydk;onfhtzGJ@tpnf; tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;jzpfae
onfhtwGufa=umifh tcGefpepfudk ±dk;±dk;&Sif;&Sif;yifxm;&Sdoifhygonf?
8? tcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;onf EdkifiH.vuf&Sdtajctaeudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdk
tyfygonf?441 qdkvdkonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH tajctaeYtcGefpepf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;onfydkI}uD;
rm;us,fjyef@onfh rl0g'tajymif;tvJrsm;ESifhtwl jzpfay:&efvnf;vdktyfygonf?
9? tusifhysuf jcpm;r_onf yvdyfa&m*gqdk;ozG,fjzpf+yD;/ (jrefrmEdkifiHtajctaeY ydkIqdk;&Gm;
aeygonf?)jzpfEdkifor# wm;qD;umuG,foifhygonf? Oya'rsm;udk vG,fulatmifjyifqifjcif;/ tkyf
csKyfpDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;wGif rdrdvkyf&yftwGuf t&Sufta=umufr&Sd aqmif&GufaeEdkifaomtajctaeudk
av#mhcs&ef vdktyfygonf?442

tcGefpepfðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf (tedrfhqHk;)tjcm;tajccH ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vdk tyf

csufrsm;
1? usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfaom tcGefrl0g' 'DZdkif;yHkpH/ pepfwus Oya'jyXmef; owfrSwfjcif;ESifh
taumiftxnfazmfjcif;udPrsm;wGif ppfwyfudktajccHusus ðyjyifajymif;vJ&efvdktyfygonf?
atmufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;udk tedrfhqHk;ppfwyftwGuf aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfygonf?
440 Malcolm Gillis (1989) “Comprehensive Tax Reform: The Indonesia Experience 1981-1988,” In Malcolm Gillis (eds) Tax Reform in Developing
Countries, Durham NC, Duke University Press.
441 Birger Nerre (2001) “The Concept of Tax Culture,” in National Tax Association, Proceedings 94th Annual Conference.
442 Richard Goode (1984) Government Finance in Developing Countries, Washington, Brookings Institution.

127
 (u) wyfrawmf&Sd ppfom;trsm;pkudk wyfrS tiftm;av#mhcsjcif;?
(c) ppfwyfudk b¾maxmufyHhaeonfh udPudkA[dkrScsKyfudkifjcif;ESifh “ajrtay: rSDcdk&yfwnf
aeonfh” rl0g'udk rusifhoHk;apjcif;?
(*) ppfwyfudk u|rf;usift&nftcsif;&Sdonfh ppfwyftjzpfajymif;vJa&;? (atmufajctqifh
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vufa&Smifapa&;)
2? usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfaom tcGefrl0g''DZdkif;yHkpH/ pepfwus Oya'jyXmef;owfrSwfjcif;ESifh
taumiftxnfazmfjcif; udPrsm;onf b¾maiGtoHk;qdkif&m ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;tay:wGifvnf;
tajcwnfaeygonf?
(u) obm0 t&if;tjrpfrsm; a&mif;cs&mrS &&Sdaom tcGefb¾mrsm; tpdk;&. &-oHk; aiGp&if;
bwf*suftwGif; a&muf&Sdvmapa&;twGuf aocsmaqmif&Guf&ef?
(c) ppfwyfESifh ‚udkyHhydk;aeonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf toHk;p&dwfrsm;av#mhcs&ef?
(*) jrefrmjynfolvlxkrsm;u vdkvm;aeonfhtwdkif; trsm;jynfolaumif;usKd;ESifh 0efaqmifr_
rsm;twGuf toHk;p&dwfrsm; v$Jajymif;oHk;pGJap&ef? xdk@tjyif Ttcsufonf aps;uGufpD;
yGm;a&;pepftwGuf vdktyfcsufvnf;jzpfonf?
(C) tpdk;&toHk;p&dwfpm&if;Z,m;rsm;udk jyefvnfxkwfjyefjzef@csay;&ef/ (odk@rSom jrefrm
jynfolrsm;taeESifh b¾maiGrsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHkoHk;pGJae=uonfudk od&SdEdkifrnfjzpf
onf?)
3? usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfaom tcGefrl0g' 'DZdkif;yHkpH/ pepfwusOya'jyXmef;owfrSwfjcif;ESifh
taumiftxnfazmfjcif;udPrsm;wGif jrefrmtpdk;&taeESifh pD;yGm;a&;pepfwpfckvHk;ESifh jynfolrsm;
. b0rsm;tay:rnfr# v$rf;rdk;pGufzufcs,fvS,faeonfqdkonfhudPrsm;tay: tajccHususðy
jyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfaqmif&efvnf; vdktyfygonf?
(u) vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;jzpfay:aponfh/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ðzef;wD;ovdk jzpfaeap
onfh tpdk;&. zGH@òz;a&;pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;udk&yfqdkif;&ef/ (txl;ojzifhZD0avmifpm =uufql
yifpDrHudef;rsKd;jzpfonf?) xdkr#ru TzGH@òz;a&; pDrHudef;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&
taeESifh yk~vduu¾twGif; usL;ausmfpGufzuf&mvnf; usa&mufygonf?
(c) (t"Rvkyftm;tygt0if) ±kyf0ˆKjzifhygay;aqmifapaom EdkifiHawmftpdk;&twGuftwif;
tusyftcGefaumuf cHaeonfhpepfudk&yfqdkif;&ef/ aiGom;jzifhtcGeftwif;tusyfaumuf
cHaer_rsm; tm;vHk;udkvnf;&yfqdkif;&ef/
(*) 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf vdkifpifcsrSwfay;r_ enf;vrf;opfrsm; taumiftxnfazmf
&ef/ (ta=umif;rSm ,cktcGefaumufcHaer_pepfonf twif;tusyfaiGn‡pfawmif;qdkr_
rsm;/ t"R'%fwyfr_rsm;udk jzpfapygonf? )
(C) rl0g'qdkif&mudPrsm;udk vGwfvyfyGifhvif;pGm aqG;aEG;cGifh&Sdonfh 0ef;usif (tedrfhqHk;

128
 tpdk;&,œ,m;AsL±dkua&pDtwGif;Y) zefwD;ay;&ef? vltrsm;uzrf;qD;ESdyfpufcH&rnf/
axmifcscH&rnfudk a=umuf&GH@ae&efrvdktyfbJaqG;aEG;jiif;ckefcGifh &Sdoifhygonf?
4? acwfrD tcGefpepftwGuf tzGJ@tpnf;/ tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;udk a,bk,s zGH@òz;wdk;wufapr_
vdktyfygonf? TudPwGifatmufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;yg0ifygonf?
(u) tvkyfaumif;pGm vnfywfaompmydk@pepf?
(c) acwfrDpm&if;Z,m; xdef;odrf;r_pepf?
(*) b%fvkyfief;u¾udk csKyfudkifr_av#mhcsyGifhvif;apjcif;ESifh acwfopfb%fpepfzGH@òz;ap&ef?
(C) ppfwyfudkOD;rusKd@onf/ ppfwyfurcsKyfudkifEdkifonfh u|rf;usifr_jynfh0aom tkyfcsKyfa&;
,œ,m;AsL±dkua&pDESifh pGrf;aqmifr_aumif;onfhtay: &mxl;wdk;ay;onfhpepf?
(i) aemufq;kH taeESihf vGwv f yfpmG azmfjyajymqdck iG hf &Sad p&ef vdt
k yf+yD;/ usK;d a=umif;qDavsmo
f nfh
pDyGm;a&;rl0g'rsm; jzpfap&eftwGuf aqG;aEG;jiif;ckHr_rsm; &Sd&efvdktyfygonf?

129
 (ND-Burma) ESifh uGef&uftzGJY0if tzGJYtpnf;rsm;

vlYtcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf (jrefrmEdkifiH) ND-Burma

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vl@tcGifhta&;udPaqmif&Gufae=uaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vl@tcGifhta&;
rSwfwrf;ðyjcif;vkyfief;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkif=ua&;twGuf enf;vrf;w&yfjznfhqnf;ay;aom
tm;jzifh(2003)ckESpfwGif vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf (ND-Burma)udk zGJ@pnf;cJhygonf? tzGJ@
tpnf; 13- ckyg0ifaom (ND-Burma) tzGJ@0ifrsm;pkaygif;um jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vlr_todkif;t0dkif;rsm;
wGif rnfodk@aom'kQa0'emrsm; cHpm;±kef;uefae=u&yHkta=umif; tjzpfrSeftrSefw&m;udk toHk;ðy
um/ avmavmq,fwGif pnf;±Hk;wdkufwGef;wifjyjcif;enf;vrf;jzifh ppftpdk;&.tm%mudkpkaygif;pdef
ac:&efóu;pm;ae=uygonf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHa&;toGiful;ajymif;a&; umvwGifw&m;r#wr_ESifh
wm0ef,l§wm0efcHr_&Sdaom vkyfaqmifcsuf tpDtpOffrsm;twGufvnf; óuwifjyifqifxm;&efóu;
yrf;aeygonf? (ND-Burma) tzGJ@uuGif;qif; owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,lrSkqdkif&m oifwef;
rsm;/ tzGJ@0ifrsm;uay;ydk@vmonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk bJeDwufcf (Benetech)u wDxGif
xm;onfh trsm;vGwfvyfpGmtcrJhoHk;pGJEdkifonfh aqmhzf0J,m;pepfjzpfaom rm;wyfpfpepf (Martus)
toHk;ðyI a'wmabhpf odkavSmifxm;r_pepftwGif;xnfhoGif;jcif;/ (ND-Burma)onf‚. tzGJ@
0ifrsm;ESifh tjcm;a'oqdkif&m? tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ urfydef;v_yf&Sm;
r_rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;I wdkufwGef;pnf;±Hk;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufaeygonf?
ar#mfrSef;csuf (Vision)
+idrf;csrf;I 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;aom jrefrmEdkifiHtjzpfodk@ toGiful;ajymif;a&;wGif trSefw&m;
ESifh w&m;r#wr_udk &SmazGazmfxkwfEdkif&ef?
&nf&G,fcsuf (Mission)
vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm; pkaqmif;rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom a'wmabhpf odkavSmifr_pepf
wpf&yfay:xGufvmapa&;twGuf pkaygif; aqmif&Guf=u&ef?
a&wdk &nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkif (Short-term Goal)
(ND-Burma) . tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh tjcm;pnf;±Hk;wdkufwGef;ae=uonfh tzGJ@rsm;twGuf t&nf
taoG;jrifhI ta&twGufrsm;aom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;&&Sd
Edkifap&ef?
a&&Snf &nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkif (Long-term Goal)
wdusaomordkif;rSwfwrf;tjzpf zGH@òz;vmap&efESifh tem*wf'Drdkua&pD jrefrmEdkifiHwGif TrSwf
wrf;rsm;rS qGJxkwftoHk;ðyEdkifaom toGiful;ajymif;a&;qdkif&m w&m;r#wr_vkyfief;pOfrsm;
xGufay:vmap&ef?

130
 EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; ulnDapmifha&Smufa&;ttoif; (jrefrmEdkifiH) AAPPB
1988 ckESpfwGif'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udk ppftpdk;&u t=urf;zuf&ufpufpGmòzcGJacsr_ef;cJhcsdef
rSpI vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm t"Rzrf;qD;ESdyfpufcH&+yD;/ olwdk@. ,Hk=unfcsufESifh EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_
rsm;a=umifh ESpf&Snfaxmif'%frsm;csrSwfcHcJh&onf? EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tjzpfrS vGwfajrmufvm+yD;
onfhwdkif xdkolrsm;rSmqufvufI rw&m;ðyrlr_rsm;cHpm;ae=u&qJjzpfonf? ppftpdk;&u ,cif
EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;a[mif;rsm;udk aemufxyfEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;xJ ryg0ifEdkifap&ef+cdrf;ajcmuf
jcif;/ ESdyfuGyfjcif;rsm;ðyaeonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- 1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkuJhodk@aom
EdkifiHtwGif; EdkifiHa&;t&ta&;ygonfh tcsdefrsm;wGif ,cif EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;a[mif;rsm;udk
jyefvnfzrf;qD;jcif;/ ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;jcif;/ ta=umif;rJhxdef;odrf;xm;jcif;rsKd;vnf;&Sdonf? ppftpdk;&
u EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;a[mif;rsm;udk vlr_todkif;t0dkif;rS z,fusOfxm;Edkif&ef óu;yrf;aqmif&Guf
ae+yD;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh- xdkolrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ynma&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udkvnf; jiif;y,fxm;
wwfonf?
Tta=umif;tcsufrsm;a=umifh ,cifEdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;a[mif;rsm;pGmrSm jynfyodk@
xGuf ajy;vmcJh=u&onf? ,cifuaxmifwGif;wGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuscHcJh=u&ol EdkifiHa&;tusOf;
om;a[mif;rsm;u olwdk@b0wltusOf;om;rsm;udk ,cifuwnf;u jyefvnfulnDyHhydk;ay;cJh=u
onf? EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; ulnDapmifha&Smufa&;toif;(jrefrmEdkifiH)(AAPPB)udk ,cif
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; a[mif;rsm;u 2000 ckESpf/ rwfv 23 &ufae@(ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
udkrif;udkEdkif udkzrf;qD;jcif; 11-ESpfajrmufae@)wGifwnfaxmifcJh=uonf? (AAPPB)onf oD;jcm;
vGwfvyfonfh/ tusKd; tjrwfr,laom tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonf?
(www.aappb.org) (www.fbppn.net)

&cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;vli,frsm;uGef*&uf AASYC

1988 ckESpf/ ppftm%modrf;r_t+yD; 'Drdkua&pDta&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf ppftpdk;&u
t=urf;zuf ðzdcGJacsr_ef;r_ESifh t"Rzrf;qD;axmifcs ESdyfpufcH&rnfhta&;rS vGwfajrmufEdkif&ef e,f
pyfa'orsm;odk@ xGufajy;vmcJh=u&onf? &cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or~ (AASU) (1988)
ESifh &cdkifausmif;om;rsm;uGef*&uf (ASC) (1994) wdk@u &cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;vli,f
rsm;uGef*&uf (AASYC) udk 1995 ckESpfwGif zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?
(AASYC) tzGJ@. OD;wnfcsuf
jrefrmEdkifiHonf ppfrSefonfh zuf'&,f 'Drdku&ufwpf jynfaxmifpkwck jzpfay:vmap&ef
&nf&G,f+yD;/ EdkifiHom;wdkif;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wdkif; vGwfvyfr_/ wef;wlnDr#r_/ vlr_w&m;r#wrrsm;
udk cHpm;EdkifcGifhESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &Sdap&rnfjzpfonf?
(AASYC) tzGJ@. vkyfief;wm0efrsm;
Todk@ ar#mfjrifcsufudk jynfhajrmufap&eftwGuf -

131
 1? jynfolrsm;. wufºuaom/ todw&m;jynfh0aom/ t"d`g,f&Sdaom yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_rsm;rS
wqifh jrefrmEdkifiH.EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_-pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_u¾rsm;wGif zGJ@pnf;yHkt&ESifh tzGJ@tp
nf;vkyfief;usifhoHk;yHkqdkif&mpepfrsm;t& ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;jzpfay:vmap&ef aqmif&GufoGm;
rnf? Todk@aqmif&Guf&mY atmufajcvlxkrsm;udk todynmay;jcif;/ cGeftm;tm%mjr‡ifhwif
ay;jcif;enf;jzifh aqmif&GufoGm;rnf?
2? jrefrmEdkifiH. vuf&SdEdkifiHa&;/ vlr_-pD;yGm;a&; qkwf,kwfusqif;aeonfh tajctaersm;onf
uBm}uD;.vHkðcHa&;ESifh wnf+idrfa&;tay:xdcdkufoufa&mufr_ &Sdapa=umif;axmufjy+yD;/ EdkifiH
wumrdom;pkodk@tðyoabmxdawG@qufqHr_rsm; jzpfay:vmap&ef wdkufwGef;pnf;±Hk;oGm;
rnf?
3? EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifr_wGif rsKd;qufopfrsm; zGH@òz;yg0if OD;aqmifvmEdkifap&ef jr‡ifhwif aqmif&GufoGm;
rnfjzpf+yD;/ olwdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udkodjrifI tem*wf'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&;ESifh
jrefrmEdkifiH jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif wm0ef,loGm;Edkifa&;udk &nf&G,f
onf?
atmufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;onf (AASYC) tzGJ@. t"du &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzpfonf?
1? &cdkifausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vli,frsm;t=um; udk,fcým usef;rmoefpGrf;a&;/ tod^m%fjrifhrm;a&;/
udk,fusifhw&m; jrifhrm;a&;ESifh vlr_-pD;yGm;a&; tajctaersm;/ rdwfo[m, qufqHa&;wkd;
jrifhvmap&ef?
2? &cdkifjynfe,f. obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh ,Ofaus;r_tarGtESpfrsm;udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fapmifh
a&Smuf&ef?
3? &cdkifvlrsKd;rsm;t=um; trsKd;om; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; wnfaqmuf&ef?
4? udkvdkeDe,fcsJ@pepf yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;/ vlrsKd;}uD;0g'ESifh tm%m&Sifpepfudk ed*Hk;csKyftqHk;owfap&ef?
5? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk; tzdESdyfcHb0rS vGwfajrmufap&ef?
6? 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;udk av;pm;vdkufemusifhoHk;a&;?
7? &cdkifjynfe,f udk,fh=uRmudk,fzefwD;ydkifcGifh &&Sda&;wdk@jzpfonf?
www.aasyc.org

jrefrma&;&mtzGJY Burma Issues

jrefrma&;&mtzGJ@ (Burma Issues) onf tusKd;tjrwfr,lonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wpfck jzpf+yD;/
jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'owGif tajccHjynfolvlxkrsm;udk ynmay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pGrf;tif
tm%mjr‡ifhwifay;a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif&efpdwfydkif;jzwf oHMdXmefðyxm;=uonfh jrefrmEdkifiH
ta&S@ydkif;a'orS wdkif;&if;om;vli,frsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf? xdk@ tjyifvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_
rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifjcif;/ atmufajcxk vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumrdom;pkt=um;aygif;ul;

132
qufpyfay;jcif;wdk@ aqmif&Gufae=uonf?
rdrdwdk@. vkyfief;rsm;wGif-
- atmufajcxk pGrf;tm;tm%m jrifhvmapa&;? ? jrefrmEdkifiH jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;ae&m a'o&Sd
jrefrmEdkifiH. vlr_todkif;t0dkif;rsm;udk ynmay;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ESifh pGrf;tiftm%m jr‡ifhwifa&;
vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufaeonf? t&G,fa&muf+yD;ol vl}uD;rsm;ESifh uav;rsm;tm;vHk;udk EdkifiH
om;wdk@. yg0ifaqmif&Gufa&;/ acgif;aqmifr_/ a0zefydkif;jcm;aomawG;ac:r_ESifh ,Ofaus;r_t&
*k%f,lwwfapa&;qdkif&m oabmw&m;rsm;udk ynmay;aeonf?
- v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf owif;tcsuftvuf yHhydk;ay;jcif;? ? awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;/ AD'D,dk/ "mwfyHk
rsm;rSaeI vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udkrSwfwrf;wifjcif;/
- +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufjcif; ? ? EdkifiHwumrdom;pkxHodk@ tajctaeESifh
ywfoufI ydkrdkodjrifvmap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;wdk@yg0ifonf?
www.burmaissue.org

ajrurÇmtcGifhta&; tjynfjynfqdkif&mvIyf&Sm;rItzGJY ERI

&nf&G,fcsuftay: azmfjycsuf
ajruBmtcGifhta&; tjynfjynfqdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@(EarthRights International)onf
tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;/ tusKd;tjrwfr,lonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckjzpf+yD; Oya'tiftm;
tpGrf;ESifh jynfolrsm;.tm%mudkaygif;pnf;I ajruBmtcGifhta&;udk umuG,f&ef&nf&G,fygonf?
rdrdwdk@taeESifh ajruBmtcGifhta&; usL;vGefcsKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI tcsuftvuf&SmazG
jcif;/ usL;vGefolrsm;tay: Oya't&ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm; txl;ðyaqmif&Gufaeonfh tjyif
atmufajcxkESifh &yf&GmtzGJ@tpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk avhusifhoifwef;ay;jcif;/ wdkufwGef;E_d;aqmf
r_ðyonfh urfydef;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufaeygonf? Tr[mAsL[mrsm;rSaeI (ERI)tzGJ@tae
ESifh ajruBmtcGifhta&; usL;vGefcsKd;azmufr_rsm;udk ed*Hk;csKyf&yfwef@ap&ef&nf&G,fonf? trSef
wu,fjynfolrsm;twGuf tajzxkwf&SmazGay;jcif;/ rdrdwdk@&yfwnfv_yf&Sm;&mae&m vlr_tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;wGif vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifudk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;jcif;ESifh
jr‡ifhwifjcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufygonf?

rnfonfhvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufaeoenf;?
- rdrdwdk@uvl@tcGifhta&;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: azmufzsufusL;vGefr_rsm;udk rdrdwdk@ESifh
tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vHkðcHpGmvkyfief;aqmif&GufEdkifaomEdkifiHrsm;wGif rSwfwrf;wifjcif;ðyyg
onf? tcGit hf a&; azmufzsuu f sL;vGerf r_ sm;udk urfyed ;f v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;/ tpD&ifcpH mrsm;ESiahf qmif;
yg;rsm;rSwqifhazmfxkwfzGifhcsjcif;ESifh vltrsm;od&Sdvmatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;ðyygonf?

133
 - rdrdwdk@u ajruBmtcGifhta&;tay:v_yf&Sm;vmap&ef vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif
a&;&m wufºuv_yf&Sm;olrsm;. vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;udk pnf;±Hk;pkpnf;ygonf? rdrdwdk@u T
v_yf&Sm;r_wGif a&S@wef;uOD;aqmifI aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;udk oifhav#mfr#wonfh vl@tcGifh
ta&;rsm;/ vkyftm;toHk;csr_/ obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m vkyfaqmifr_rsm;tay: xdkolwdk@
rnfonfhae&mwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfudkifaeonfjzpfap/ wm0efcHr_&Sdvmap&ef v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf
ygonf?
- rdrdwdk@u uBmw0Srf;&Sdolwdk@. ajruBmtcGifhta&;rsm;udk tpdk;&rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumaumfydka&;
&Sif;}uD;rsm;u csKd;azmufcH&r_twGuf ‚jynfolrsm;udk,fpm; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk.w&m;
cHk±Hk;rsm;wGif w&m;pGJqdk&ifqdkifapjcif;ðyygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ajruBmtcGifhta&;csKd;azmufcH
&onfh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;twGuf rdrdwdk@ur&Sdpzl; xl;jcm;onfh'dk;ESifh ,lEdku,fukþ%Dt=um;
tr_ (Doe V. Unocal Corp.)udk pGJqdkwifjyEdkif cJhygonf?
- rdrdwdk@u(txl;ojzifh zdESdyfaomtpdk;&rsm;atmuf&Sd) jynfolrsm;udk olwdk@. ajruBmtcGifh
ta&;rsm;ESifh epfemr_rsm;tay: ukoyHkvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk oif=um;ay;ygonf? rdrdwdk@u
aus;&Gmol trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh 'kQonftrsKd;orD;rsm;udk ukvor~ESifh tjcm;aom EdkifiHwum
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; a&S@arSmufwGif oufaoxGufqdkEdkif&ef avhusifhoif=um;ay;jcif;ðyygonf?
rdrdwdk@u ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'o&Sd wufºuv_yf&Sm;olrsm;twGuf ajruBmtcGifhta&;oif
wef;ausmif;udk zGifhvSpfxm;ygonf?
- rdrdwdk@u epfemcJh&ol jynfolrsm;ESifhtwl wdkufwGef;E_d;aqmfr_rsm;ðy+yD;/ ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom ajr
uBmtcGifhta&;umuG,fr_&&Sdap&ef/ a'oqdkif&mrSonf EdkifiHwumtxd tqifhwdkif;YwdkufyGJ
0ifaeygonf?
www.rarthrights.org

csif;vlYtcGifhta&; tzGJYtpnf; CHRO

csif;vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf; (CHRO)onf tpdk;&ESifh roufqdkifonfh tusKd;tjrwf
r,lonfh wdkufwGef;pnf;±Hk;aeaomtzGJ@wpfckjzpf+yD;/ uae'gEdkifiHwGifw&m;0if rSwfyHkwifxm;yg
onf? ‚udk 1995 ckESpfu tdüd,-jrefrm e,fpyfwGif jrefrmjynf 'Drdkua&pDta&;twGufvdkvm;
qüjyif;jyol wufºuv_yf&Sm;olrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf jrefrmppftpdk;&u csif;jynfolvl
xkrsm;tay: usL;vGefcsKd;azmufaeaom ,cifuowif;rsm;wGif azmfjyjcif;r&SdcJhonfh vl@tcGifh
ta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk EdkifiHwumu ydkrdkod&Sdvmatmif aqmif&GufcJhonf? xdktcsdefrSpI (CH
RO). vkyfief;rsm;udkapmifh=unfhavhvmjcif;ESifh rSwfwrf;wifjcif;r#omruawmhbJ/ csJ@xGifvmcJh
onf? EdkifiHwumudk tm±Hkxm;aomwdkufwGef;pnf;±Hk;r_rsm;/ t&nftaoG;jr‡ifhwifa&;oifwef;
rsm;/ atmufajcxkjynfolrsm;. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk axmufcHyHhydk;ay;jcif;rsm;vnf; aqmif&Guf
cJhonf? (CHRO)onf t"dutm;jzifh csif;jynfolrsm;twGuf vlr_tcGifhta&;tajccHonfhpnf;
±Hk;v_H@aqmfaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;wpfck jzpfygonf?
www.chro.ca

134
 vlYtcGifhta&; rSwfwrf;wifXme HRDU
vl@tcGifhta&; rSwfwrf;wifXme (HRDU) onf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;!Gef
aygif;tpdk;& (NCGUB) . okawoeESifh rSwfwrf;wifXmewck jzpfygonf? vl@tcGifhta&; rSwfwrf;
wifXme(HRDU)udk jrefrmEdkifiHtESH@tjym;jynfoltrsm;wGif vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufI&ifqdkif
ckcHae=u&aom tajctaersm;udk rSwfwrf;wifðypkEdkif&ef ueOD;zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? EdkifiHw
umutodtrSwfðyxm;onfh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smufay&efESifhjr‡ifhwifay;
&ef&nf&G,f+yD;/ TtcGifhta&;rsm;onf vlrsKd;/ tom;ta&mif/ rsKd;EG,fpk/ wdkif;&if;om;/ bmom,Hk
=unfudk;uG,fr_ra&G; cHpm;EdkifonfharG;&mygtcGifhta&;rsm;vnf;jzpfygonf?
enquiries.hrdu@gmail.com

vlYtcGifhta&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdkifiH) HREIB

vl@tcGifhta&;ynmay;Xme(jrefrmEdkifiH) (HREIB) onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vl@tcGifhta&;
ynmay;udPrsm;aqmif&Gufaeonfh tpdk;&ESifhroufqdkifaom/ tusKd;tjrwfr,lonfhtzGJtpnf;
wpfckjzpfygonf? ‚u atmufajcxkjynfolrsm;ESifh &yf&Gmacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf taxGaxGaom
oifwef;rsm;ESifh pnf;±Hk;wdkufwGef;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;aqmif&Gufae+yD;/ jynfolrsm;udk vlr_a&;toGif
ul;ajymif;r_wGif wufºupGmyg0ifvmap&eftwGuf cGeftm;tm%mjr‡ifhwifay;&ef/ vlom;tm;vHk;
twGuf vl@tcGifhta&;[lonfh ,Ofaus;r_xGef;um;vmap&ef aqmif&Gufaeygonf? 2000-ckESpf
wGif pwifwnfaxmifcJh+yD;/ atmufajcxk&yf&Gmjynfol@acgif;aqmifrsm;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;/ vdifr_ydkif;
qdkif&mt& vlenf;pkrsm;/ vli,frsm;udkcGeftm;tm%m wkd;jrifhvmap&eftwGuf vltrsm;yg0if
aqmif&Gufr_&Sdonfh oif=um;enf;emjzifhydk@csae+yD;/ olwdk@u aemufydkif;wGif udk,fwdkifoifwef;q&m
rsm;jzpfvmap&ef &nf&G,foif=um;ay;aeygonf? (HREIB)u ar#mfjrifxm;onfrSmvl@tcGifhta&;
udPrsm;tm;vHk;udkav;pm;vdkufemI vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf vl@tcGifhta&;jr‡ifhwifay;aom/
+idrf;csrf;aom/ onfcHr_w&m;jynfhaom/ 'Drdkua&pDenf;usonfh jrefrmEdkifiHwnfaxmifEdkif&eft
wGuf vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&mynmay;r_udk vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; pepfwuszGJ@pnf;xnfhoGif;ap&
rnfjzpfonf? ‚uJhodk@ynmay;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf Todk@aomEdkifiHawmfwnfaxmifEdkif
&ef tiftm;aumif;onfh vufeufud&d,mrsm;vnf; jzpfonf?
www.hreib.com, www.hreib.net

rGefjynf vlYtcGifhta&;azmifa';&Sif; HURFOM

rGefjynf vl@tcGifhta&;azmifa';&Sif; (HURFOM) onf tpdk;&ESifh rywfoufonfh xdkif;EdkifiH
tajcpdkuf vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@wpf&yfjzpf+yD;/ jrefrmtpdk;&u EdkifiH.ta&S@ydkif;ESifh awmifydkif;a'o
rsm;wGif usL;vGefcsKd;azmufaeonfh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk tav;xm;rSwfwrf;wifae
ygonf? 1995 ckESpfwGif jrefrmtpdk;&ESifh t}uD;qHk;rGefEdkifiHa&;ygwDt=um; wdkufcdkufaeonfhppfyGJrsm;
typftcwf&yfpJ+yD;onfhaemufydkif;Y rGefvli,frsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ &yf&Gmacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh zGJ@
pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? typftcwf&yfpJ+yD;aomfvnf; qufvufItus,ftjyef@jzpfyGm;aeonfh
t&yfom;jynfolrsm;tay: vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk (HURFOM) urSwf wrf;wifaeyg
onf?

135
 (HURFOM). t"du &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm-
- rGefjynfe,fESifh jrefrmEdkifiH tjcm;awmifydkif;a'orsm;wGif vl@tcGifhta&; tajctaeudkapmifh
=unfhavhvm&ef?
- jrefrmjynfolrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fay;&efESifh jr‡ifhwifay;&efwdk@jzpf
onf?
(HURFOM)u vpOf rGefzdk&rf*sme,fudk yHkESdyfxkwfa0ae+yD;/ tGefvdkif;azmfjyr_vnf;ðyyg
onf? ‚*sme,fwGif owif;rsm;/ ydkI&SnfonfhtpD&ifcHpmrsm;/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmifydkif;wGif quf
vufjzpfyGm;aeao;onfh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;tay:oHk;oyfr_rsm;vnf;yg0ifonf?(HU
R FOM) u r=umc% qdkovdk jzpf&yfqdkif&m tpD&ifcHpmrsm;/ oHk;oyfa0zefcsufESifh tjcm;aqmif;
yg;rsm;udkvnf; tifwmeuf0ufbfqdk'fay:wGifazmfjyygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;uGef&uf tzGJ@
(jrefrmEdkifiH) (ND-Burma) . tzGJ@0if jzpfonfESifhtnD (HURFOM) u trSefw&m;ESifhw&m;r#
wr_/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif+idrf;csrf;pGm 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;r_ jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf vl@tcGifh
ta&;rSwfwrf;wifjcif; udPrsm;udkyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufaev#uf &Sdygonf?
www.rehmonnya.org, www.monland.org

ucsiftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t&Hk; xdkif;EdkifiH KWAT

ucsifjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd tzufzufrSqdk;&Gm;edrfhusvmaeaom EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ vlr_a&;
tajctaersm;a=umifhrsm;pGmaom ucsifvlrsKd;rsm;txl;ojzifh vli,fvl&G,frsm;onf trdajrrS
xGufcGmvm=u+yD; EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif jyef@usJtajccs aexdkifae=u&ygonf? ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jzifhxdkif;
EdkifiHtwGif;odk@a&$@ajymif;aexdkifae=uaom ucsifvlrsKd;rsm; ta&twGufonf ESpfpOfESifhtr# wdk;
wuf rsm;jym;vmaeygonf? xdkokd@rsm;vmonfESifhtr# xdkif;EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd ucsifvlr_todkif;t0dkif;
twGif; jy\emrsm;rSmvnf; rsm;jym;vmaeygonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;.jy\emrsm;udk tcsif;csif;
pkpnf;Iajz&Sif;Edkif&ef ta&;ay:vdktyfaeonfh tcsufudkta=umif;ðyI ucsiftrsKd;orD;tpnf;
t±Hk; (xdkif;EdkifiH) udk (1999) ckESpf 'DZifbmv (9) &ufae@wGifzGJ@pnf;cJhygonf?
ar#mfjrifcsuf
ucsiftrsKd;orD;rsm;udk,fpm; aqmif&Gufv_yf&Sm;aeonfh tusKd;tjrwfr,lonfhtzGJ
tpnf;wpfck jzpfonfESifhtnD ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; rnfonfhyHkpHESifhrqdk cGJjcm;zdESdyfqufqHr_rsm;
tqHk;owfap&ef/ trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;vHk;a'oqdkif&m/ EdkifiHtqifhESifh EdkifiHwumtqifhrsm;wGif
qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfydkifcGifh&Sdonfhtaetxm;txd cGeftm;tm%mwdk;jrifhvmap&ef/ ucsifuav;
i,frsm;tm;vHk; olwdk@t&nftcsif;&Sdonfhtwdkif; tjynfht0wdk;wufapa&; tcGifhtvrf;&&Sdvm
ap&efar#mfjrifxm;ygonf?
OD;wnfcsuf
trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;rsm;.b0 zGH@òz;wdk;wufap&eftwGuf trsKd;orD;rsm;udk t&nf
taoG; jr‡ifhwifay;&efESifh tqifhtwef; wdk;wufvmap&ef?

136
r[mAsL[majrmuf &nfrSef;csufrsm;
1? trsKd;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;/ uav;tcGifhta&;ESifh usm;-r wef;wla&;qdkif&mudPrsm;udk
jr‡ifhwifaqmif&Guf&ef?
2? EdkifiHa&;udPrsm;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;qdkif&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGiftrsKd;
orD;rsm;ydkrdkyg0if aqmif&GufEdkifcGifh&&Sda&;twGuf t&nftaoG;jr‡ifhwifay;&ef?
3? vlukeful;a&mif;csr_ tygt0if trsKd;orD;rsm;udkenf;rsKd;pHkjzifh t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk qef@usif
umuG,fay;oGm;&ef?
4? usef;rma&; ukor_rsm;ESifh usef;rma&; ynmay;r_qdkif&m0efaqmifr_rsm; yHhydk;oGm;&ef?
5? obm0ygwf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;qdkif&m todw&m;rsm; trsKd;orD;xktwGif;
wdk;wufjyef@yGm;vm ap&ef?
(KWAT) tzGJ@. vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif rSwfwrf;ESifh okawoevkyfief;/ t&nftaoG;
jr‡ifhwifay;a&; tpDtpOfrsm;/ vlukeful;r_wdkufzsufa&;tpDtpOf/ usef;rma&;/ a&$@ajymif;tvkyf
orm;rsm;udP/ 0ifaiGzefwD;ay;a&;ESifh wdkufwGef;pnf;±Hk;r_ vkyfief;pOfrsm;yg0ifonf?
www.kachinwomen.org

vm;[l trsKd;orD;tpnf;t&Hk; LWO

1997 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 30 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEdkifiHrS xdkif;EdkifiHodk@a&muf&Sdvm=u
onfh vm;[ltrsKd;orD;rsm;u trsKd;orD;tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yfudk xdkif;EdkifiH/ vm;[laus;&GmwGifxl
axmifcJh=u+yD;/ vm;[ltrsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk;[k trnfrSnfhac:cJhygonf? rdrdwdk@u trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh
uav;rsm;.vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&ef zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ vm;[ltrsKd;orD;rsm;tae
ESifhEdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&;ESifh acgif;aqmifr_tcef;u¾rsm;wGifcGeftm; tm%m
jrifhvmapa&;twGuf ynmay;jcif;/ avhusifhay;jcif;/ t&nftaoG;jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;/ trsKd; orD;rsm;
zGH@òz;wdk;wufapa&; tpDtpOfrsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufaeygonf?
Email: lwo2003@yahoo.com

yavmiftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t&Hk; PWO
yavmif trsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk;u ,Hk=unfonfrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;udktod
trSwfðyjcif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlr_a&;vkyfief;pOftqifhwdkif;Y trsKd;orD;rsm;yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_&Sdap
jcif;jzifh w&m;r#waom vl@abmifwpf&yfudk wnfaqmufEdkifygonf?
tjcm;aom yavmiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif; trsKd;orD;rsm;. wufºupGmyl;aygif;yg0ifr_
&Sm;yg;aeonfudk tajz&Smonfhtaejzifh yavmiftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk;(PWO)udk (2000)ckESpf/
atmufwdkbmvwGif pwifwnfaxmifcJhygonf? yavmiftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk;onf trsKd;orD;
rsm;tm;ynmay;&efESifh pGrf;&nfjr‡ifhwifaqmif&Gufay;&ef &nf&G,fzGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? odk@rSom
v#if/ olwdk@.udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk ydkrdkcdkifrmpGmusifhoHk;vmEdkif+yD;/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;wef;wl

137
 &nfwl yg0ifaqmif&GufvmEdkifap&ef jzpfygonf?
yavmiftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk;u yavmiftrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh ‚wdk@.vlr_todkif;t0dkif;
twGif;vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh vdifr_qdkif&mt& wef;wlnDr#cGifh&a&;qdkif&m oifwef;rsm;ydk@csay;cJhyg
onf? EdkifiHwumESifh a'oqdkif&mtqifhwGif yavmifjynfolrsm;ta=umif;ESifh ‚wdk@.ordkif;
a=umif;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifhywfouf+yD; A[kokwrsm;wdk;yGg;vmap&ef/ yavmifvlxkrsm;cHpm;ae&aom
vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufcHae&r_rsm;udk ydkrdkod&Sdvmap&ef aqmif&Gufaeygonf? xdk@tjyif yavmif
a'otwGif;Y vlxkusef;rma&;pDrHudef;rsm;udkvnf; pwifaqmif&Gufaeygonf?
OD;wnfcsuf
yavmif trsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk;onf yavmiftrsKd;orD;rsm;. vlr_a&;tqifhtwef;wdk;
jrifhvmapa&;twGuf cGeftm;tm%mjr‡ifhwifay;&ef/ wef;wlnDr#aom/ +idrf;csrf;aom/ w&m;r#w
onfh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yf jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufaeonfh tzGJtpnf; ?
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
yavmiftrsKd;orD;rsm;. tqifhtwef; ydkrdkwdk;wuf&&Sdap&efESifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwf&m
tqifhrsm;Y trsKd;orD;rsm;. yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh ydkrdk&&Sdvmap&ef?
- yavmiftrsKd;om;pmayESifh ,Ofaus;r_udk xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef?
- jrefrmEdkifiH'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;&&Sdap&eftwGuf/ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg
0ifvkyfaqmif&ef?
- tjcm;trsKd;orD;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufoG,fI trsKd;orD;rsm; wef;wlnDr#tcGifhta&;&&Sd
a&;twGuftwlwuG yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef?
www.palaungwomen.com

watmif; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tpnf;t&Hk; TSYO

1963 ckESpfwGif watmif; (yavmif) jynfolrsm;. udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhESifh wef;wltcGifh
ta&;udk wdkufyGJ0if&ef yavmifjynfe,fvGwfajrmufa&;ygwD (PSLP)udk zGJ@pnf;I pwifv_yf&Sm;cJh
onf? 1991 ckESpfwGif ‚ujrefrmppftpdk;&ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcJhonf? aemuf
ydkif;wGif typftcwf&yfpJa&;oabmwlnDcsufudkrauseyfol/ vufrcHvdkol (PSLP) acgif;aqmif
rsm;u yavmifjynfe,fvGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; (PSLF) udk 1992 ckESpfY u&ifjynfe,frme,f
yavma'owGif zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf?
(PSLF)tzGJ@0iftcsKd@u watmif;vli,frsm;udk yHhydk;axmufcHvdk=u+yD;/ yavmifvli,f
tpnf;t±Hk; (PSYO)udk xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwGif 1998 ckESpfu zGJ@pnf;ay;cJhonf? ‚ESpfaemufydkif;
wGif tzGJ@trnfudk yavmifvli,fvkyfief;uGef&uf (PYNG) tjzpf 1998 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 27
&ufae@ 'kwd,t}udrf tpnf;ta0;wGif trnfajymif;vJcJhonf?

138
 2008 ckESpfwGif/ (PYNG) 'kwd,uGef*&ufudkusif;ycJh+yD; tzGJ@trnfudk watmif;ausmif;
om;vli,frsm; tpnf;t±Hk; (TSYO) tjzpf trnfajymif;&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf? yavmif[kjrefrm
bmomtm;jzifh ac:qdkaomfvnf;/ rdrdwdk@u rdrdwdk@bmompum;jzifh “watmif;” [k ac:qdkaeao;
onfudk xif[yfazmfjyvdkI jzpfonf?
(TSYO) . OD;wnfcsufwGif +idrf;csrf;a&;/ w&m;r#wa&;/ wef;wlnDr#a&;twGufvkyf
aqmifoGm;&ef jzpf+yD;/ zuf'&,f 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmEdkifiH wnfaqmufoGm;&efjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif
watmif;ausmif;om;rsm;/ vli,frsm;ESifh watmif;jynforl sm;. b0jrifhwufvmap&efaqmif&Guf
oGm;rnf jzpfonf?
www.palaungland.org

&dk;r (3) owif;Xme Yoma3

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwGif aexdkif=uonfh 'Drdkua&pDta&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;u 1998 ckESpf
wGif ±dk;r(3)owif;Xmeudk wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk tarSmif
csydwfqdk@xm;jcif;a=umifh jzpfay:ae&onfh vpf[mcsufuGufvyfudk jznfhqnf;Edkif&ef &nf&G,fI
T tzGJ@tpnf;udk wnfaxmifcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
1998 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif xdkif;e,fpyf&Sd pHc&yl&Dòr@wGif rdrdwdk@uyxrOD;qHk;3-v
w}udrfxkwf±dk;r (3) owif;*sme,fudk xkwfa0jzef@csdcJhonf? vGwfvyfaom vl@abmiftzGJ@ (OSI)
aemfa0-jrefrmaumifpD (Norwegian Burma Council)/ jrefrmpDrHudef; (Burma Project) tzGJ@wdk@u
trSwfpOf-8 xkwfa0jzef@csdr_ (2001 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv)wdkifatmif aiGa=u;axmufyHhulnDay;cJh
=uonf? aemufydkif;wGif tultnDrsm;&yfwef@oGm;cJhonf?
rdrdwdk@ owif;pmapmifygtcsuftvufrsm;udk vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ jrefrmESifh
EdkifiHwumowif;Xmersm;udk jzef@a0cJhouJhodk@ jynfoltrsm;xHvnf;jzef@csday;cJhonf? vl@tcGifh
ta&;tzGJ@tpnf;trsm;tjym;u tm;xm;&onfh owif;&if;jrpfwcktjzpf owfrSwfvufcHcJh=u
ovdk/ a&'D,dkowif;Xmersm;/ e,fpyftajcpdkuf owif;Xmersm;uvnf; toHk;ðycJh=uonf?
xdkif;ppfwyfESifh jrefrmppfwyfrsm;u rdrdwdk@. uGif;qif;owif;axmufrsm;udk ypfcwfowf
jzwfcJh=uonfhtwGuf t&if;tESD;}uD;rm;pGmvnf; ay;qyfcJh=u&onf? 2000 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv
29 &ufae@wGif xdkif;EdkifiHawmifydkif;&Sd ppfom;rsm;u udk0if;jrifhudk xdkif;EdkifiHawmifydkif;/ urmykavm
a'o&Sd u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;udk t"Rajymif;a&$@apr_ESifh ywfoufIowif;&,laepOf ypfcwfowfjzwfcH
cJh&onf? 2000 ckESpf/ ZGefv 9 &ufae@wGif rdrdwdk@owif;axmuf 2-OD;jzpfonfh pdkif;0if;xGÉfESifh
udk^m%fpdk;wdk@udk rGefjynfe,f/ a&;òr@e,f/ ausmufwdkifaus;&GmwGif jrefrmtpdk;& ppfwyfrsm;uzrf;
qD;+yD; tusOf;±Hk;uGyfrsufcJhonf?
xdkif;EdkifiHzuftjcrf;wGif aexdkif=uonfh rdrdwdk@owif;Xme. pmwnf;rsm;onfvnf;
rvHkðcHonfh taetxm;udkcHpm;ae=u&onf? xdkif;EdkifiHtwGif; rdrdwdk@owif;axmufrsm;onf
w&m;0if&yfwnfcGifhr&SdbJ vkyfudkifae=u&onfhtav#muf xdkif;tpdk;&u zdESdyfòzcGJjcif;ESifh t"Ra&$@
ajymif;ae&mcsxm;jcif;rsm; ñuHawG@=u&onf? 2002 ckESpf pHc&yl&Dòr@wGifaexdkifpOf Tjzpf&yfrsKd;

139
 ñuHawG@cJh&+yD;/ xdktcsdefrSpI owif;Xmeudk xdkif;EdkifiHajrmufydkif;a'oodk@ ajymif;a&$@tajccscJh=u&
onf?
www.yoma3.org

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