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2 Luminary Magazine Volume 4,No.9

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&r,fval wG? usaemfukd 'kurQ ay;avmufb;l xifwhJ olawGukd a&G;aumufyrJG mS rJomG ;rxnfzh @kd
ajymwmavmuf yJ vkyEf ikd w f mrk@d rJray;cGiv hf nf; &Sw d ,f? rJomG ;ray;=ueJ@v@kd ajym&/ a[m&
ygw,f? vltrsm;pku a=umufpw d 0f ifae=uw,f? rJray;bJae&if &w,f? ud, k jf uu
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usKyfw@kd raJ wGukd olw@kd bmom aumufxnfo h mG ;rSmaygvh @kd ajymoluvnf; ajym=uao;w,f?
ajymjuwJo h al wGvnf; rvGeyf g bl;? olwu hdk 'Dpum;udk ,H, k jkH unfjunf ajymaejuwmav?

9
txl;ojzifh tpd;k &0efxrf;avmu rSm 'Dvkd tajymtqdrk sKd ;awG ajym=uavh&w dS ,f? olwchdk rsm
0ef;xrf;b0rSm acgu&f ;kd usKd ;ae=u&Sm w,f? usKd ;aewJh acgu&f ;kd xJrmS ta=umufw&m;&,f/
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oydwaf rSmuf=uzd@k 't D oHus,af pcsiw f ,f? wedik w f ydik “f vufw@kd ” ajymwJh enf;enf;jzpfjzpf
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oGm;r,fh i&Ju;l wd@k udk rpD;=uyge@J ”
“rxl;wJh jyZmwf”
30 pufwifbm 2010
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10
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“a&G;aumufyGJ[m tajzvm;”
aom=um˜ 03 pufwifbm 2010
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11
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a&bl;ayguw f m rvdck sib f ;l a&ygwmyJvckd siw f ,f qdw k hJ pum;twdik ;f yg? a&G;aumufyrGJ mS
edik u f ekd ikd &f r,fqw kd myg?
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vSygw,f?
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qdw k myg?
12
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eJh EsLuvD;,m; jy\emawGyJ jzpfygw,f?
“rpyfr,fh v,fyJG apmapmujzKwf”

Ak'[ < ;l - 25 =o*kwf 2010
tck&ufyikd ;f twGi;f a&G;aumufy0GJ if=ur,fh edik if aH &;ygwaD wG&hJ nnf;nLoHawG ydjk yD;
us,u f s,f avmifavmif =um;vm&w,f/ yxrawmh ppftpd;k &u 2010 xJrmS a&G;aumufyGJ
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13
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S hJ ed0k ifbm
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14
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15
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13 pufwifbm 2010
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16
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22
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27
acwf_ydKif umwGe;f

28
acwf_ydKif umwGe;f

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30
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31
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_-By1Gigf_0 wGif =unh& f _ em;qifEidk o f nf?)

32
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33
w&kwf...tar&duef qufqHa&; ESi fh
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34
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q ykv d sS u&f adS yonf?

35
ok@d qydk gu tar&duef²²²w&kwf qufqaH &;rSm xlrjcm;em;toGirf sK;d jzifh qufvuf
oGm;ae OD;rnfrmS aocsmvSayonf?
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cif a rmif v G i f ( jynf )
10 / puf w if b m / 2010

36
tpd;k &ESiwhf &m;r#wr_
OD;armifarmif
(w&m;&H;k csKyfa&S ah e)
GOVERNMENT AND THE JUSTICE
txufyg acgi;f pOfrmS trSew f u,fawmh tpd;k &qdo k nfrmS tb,fenf;? bma=umifh
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rsm;ESihf ynm&Sit f csKd Œ. t"dyg` ,zf iG q hf ckd surf sm;udk az: jya&;om;jcif; jzpfygonf?
4if;tjyif ,ae@jrefrmedKifiw H iG f vGwv f yfI w&m;r#wpGm usi;f yjyD;pD;cJah om 1990
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xm;ygonfqakd om 2008 zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk toH;k csvsuf 2010 a&G;aumufyJG Oya'udk
xkwjf yefjyD; 2010 a&G;aumufyu JG kd usi;f y&ef pDpOfaejyDjzpf&m u|eaf wmfw@kd jrefrmEdik if o H m;
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t00onf w&m;r#wr_r&So d nfukd od=uap&ef&nf&, G If tpd;k &ESiw hf &m;rSswr_ [k acgi;f pOf
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tjidr;f pm; tar&dueforRw=uD; MR.BILL CLINTON a&;aom HOPE AND HIS-
TORY pmtkyw f iG f “tpd;k &qdo k nfrmS jynfoŒl 0efxrf;yifjzpfonf” [k a&;om;cJah vonf (GOV-
ERNMENT WAS THE SERVANT OF THE PEOPLE)) ? wu,fawmh jynfow l @kd xrH S tcGef
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aom jrefrmEdik if u H o hJ @kd wdik ;f jynfrsKd ;wGif ,QKjyKvyk rf nfjzpfaom 2010 a&G;aumufyu JG kd axmufcI H
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37
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1988 ta&;tcif;
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2007 oHCmhta&;tcif;
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ta&;=uD; yk*Kd~ vfw@kd vdt k yfayonf? jynfow l @dk . touft;kd tdrf pnf;pdrw f @kd ukd Oya't&
umuG,af y;&ef/ jynfow l @kd .use;f rma&;udk apmifah &Smufra_ y;&ef/ jynfow l @kd . vlr'_ u k rQ sm;udk
ulnaD y;&ef/ ynma&;/ aea&;xdik af &;/ pD;yGm;a&; ponfjzifh jynfow l @kd . vdt k yfcsut f rsKd ;rsKd ;wd@k u/kd
rdrw
d @kd . tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk riJu h u G yf J aqmif&u G af y;aom tpd;k &rsKd ;udo k m vdt k yf=uayonf?
jynfow l @k u
d vnf; rdrw d @kd . touft;kd tdrf pnf;pdrw f @kd ukd umuG,af y;Edik rf nfh tpd;k &rsKd ;udo k m
cef@tyf&ayrnf?
tpdk;&rsm;onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m vlr_tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;ESifhvnf; jynfolwdk@
tusKd ;twGuf jidr;f csr;f pGm twlvufwJG aqmif&u G =f u&rnf? Edik if w H iG ;f ae Edik if o H m;wdik ;f tm;
wlnaD om Edik if aH &;aqmif&u G rf _ (EQUAL POLITICAL RIGHTS)) tcGit hf a&;rsm; &&S&d ef
tpdk;&wdk@u az:aqmifay;&rnf? w&m;r#wjcif;udk EdkifiHawmf. trsdK;om;a&;wm0ef
wpf&yfozG,f ,lqI aqmif&u G af y;&ef tpd;k &rsm;.wm0ef omjzpfonf (JUSTICE IS THE
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE NATION)) ? tpd;k &wd@k onf jynfow l @kdvv kd m;aom 'Dru kd a&pDpepfukd
az:aqmifay;jcif;ESihf jynfow l @kd ud,k wf ikd f rdr=d udKufEpS o f uf&m tpd;k &rsm;udk a&G;cs,Ef ikd &f ef
aqmif&u G af y;jcif;onfvnf; trsKd ;om;a&; wm0efwpf&yfyif jzpfonf?
xdu
k o hJ @kd trsm;qENukd aqmif&u G &f ef ysuu f u G jf cif;ESihf rdrvd o kd vdk Oya'jyKjcif;onf
wpfudk,faumif;qefjcif;yifjzpfonf? w&m;r#wjcif;udk vdkcsifaom tpdk;&rsm;onf

38
w&m;rSswonfh Oya'rsm;udk a&;qG&J ayrnf? tkycf sKyforl sm;twGuf bufvu kd f ((BIAS))
xm;aom Oya'rsm;udk a&;qGjJ cif;rjyK&ay? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f 1965 ckEpS f jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pf
vrf;pOfygwD ES;D aESmzvS,yf w JG iG f xdtk csed u f ygwpD nf;&H;k a&; A[dak umfrwD OuUX Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
ae0if;u “Oya'udk vkyw f ,fqw kd m txufp;D &wJh vlwef;pm;u olŒtcGit hf a&;udk umuG,zf @kd
t+rJvyk x f m;wmjzpfw,f/ olw@kd tusKd ;udk umuG,zf @kd vkyx f m;wmjzpfw,f/ r[ef&ifzsuf
'Djyifwpfenf;eJ@ jyefvyk /f u|eaf wmfw@kd jzpfapcsiw f m uawmh/ u|eaf wmfvyk w f hJ Oya'awG[m
r#wapcsiw f ,f/ od@k ayr,fv h nf; apwemawmh r#wapcsiw f ,f r#wcsiaf yr,fh r#wvd@k r&bl;/
olutpdkiftcJeJ@ txufu&Sdaew,f” [lI ajym=um;cJhbl;avonf? tqdkyg rdef@cGef;udk
aumufEw _ =f unfrh nf qdyk gu jrefrmEdik if w H iG f usio hf ;kH cJah om Oya'rsm;onf 1962 ckEpS rf S
,ae@txdqv kd #if ESpaf ygi;f (48) ESpw f ikd f w&m;r#wr_ r&Sad om Oya'rsm;jzifh tkycf sKyfvmcJjh yD;
r[kwyf gavm?
trSet f rSm;/ wm0ef0wW&m;/ tcGit hf a&;/ w&m;rSswr_ ponfh a0g[m& trsKd ;rsKd ;wd@k
onf Edik if aH &;/ Oya'e,f ponfh ae&mrsm;wGio f m oH;k jcif;r[kwyf /J vlra_ vmutwGi;f aexdik f
aygi;f oif; qufqaH &;/ pD;yGm;a&; ponfjzifh vlrq _ ufqaH &;e,fy,f tm;vH;k wGiyf g oH;k aom
a0g[m& rsm; jzpf=uygonf?
Oya'onf pwif j yKpOf t cguyif rS e f u ef I w&m;r#wr_ & S d & ef vd k a yonf ?
ta&;t}uD;qH;k tcsuf wpfcrk mS Edik if o H m;wd@k . tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ydwyf ifaom Oya'rsm;udk
a&;qGt J yk cf sKyfaom tpd;k &rsm;udk Edik if o H m;wd@k u vufrcHyJ rdrw d @kd &&Srd nfth cGit hf a&;rsm;udk
awmif;qdv k mygu tpd;k &rsm;bufrS vufeufpu JG ikd f wduk cf u kd zf suq
f ;D aom tqdyk gtpd;k &rsm;udk
jynfow l @kd u tvdrk &S=d uay (ONE OF THE MAIN THINGS WE DON’T WANT THE
GOVERNMENT TO DO IS INVADE OUR RIGHTS)) ?
+yD;qH;k cJjh yDjzpfaom 20 &mpktwGi;f wGif 1914 ckEpS rf S 1918 ckEpS t f xd (4) ESpw f ikd w
f ikd f
yxrurBBmppf}uD; jzpfco hJ nf? wzef 1939 ckEpS rf S 1945 ckEpS t
f xd (6) ESpw f ikd wf ikd f 'kw,
d urBmB
ppf}uD; jzpfcjhJ yefonf? tqdyk g 'kw, d urBBmppf=uD; udv k nf; vG,u f pl mG jyD;pD;cJoh nf r[kwaf y?
1945 ckEpS rf mS yif *syefeKd ifiH [D&&kd ;DS rm;jrdKŒESihf em*gpmuD jrdKŒwd@k ukd t%kjrLAH;k rsm; =uJcsjcif;jzifh
vlom;rsdK;EG,f tajrmuftrsm; aoa=uysufpD;apjcif;jzifh tqHk;owfcJh&onf? tqdkyg
t%kjrLAHk;(odk@)t%kjrLvufeufrsdK;udk ,aejrefrmedKifiH. ppftpdk;&u &,lydkifqdkif&ef
=udK;pm;vsuf &Sad yonf?
'kwd,urBBmppf}uD;+yD;qHk;csdefwGif yxrurBBmppfjyD;csdefumvu taumiftxnf
raz:Edik cf ahJ om Edik if aH ygi;f csKyftoif;}uD;(LEAGUE OF NATION))udu k rBBmu h v k or*~ tzGŒJ }uD;
(UNITED NATION) [lI topfxyfrz H ŒJG pnf;um tcsuf (30) ygaom ukvor*~ vlŒtcGit hf a&;

39
a=ujimpmwrf;yg tcsurf sm;udk av;pm;vdu k ef mygrnf [k tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;u vufrw S af &;xd;k I
1948 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (10) &ufae@wiG f nDvmcH}uD;u twnfjyKcJah vonf? od@k &mwGif
jrefrmhppftpd;k &acgi;f aqmif rsm;onf tqdyk ga=ujimpmwrf;yg tcsurf sm;udk azguzf suu f sL;vGef
vsu&f o dS nfukd urBBmu h v k or*~tzGŒJ }uD;ESihf tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if t
H rsm;u od&+dS yD;jzpfavonf?
(20) &mpkEpS t f wGi;f jzpfymG ;cJah om ppf tedXm&Hrk sm;udk urBBmol urBmB om; rsm;u
a=umuf&GHŒI (20) &mpkukefcgeD;wGif urBBmay:&Sd ppfacgif;aqmifESifh tm%m&Sifrsm;udk
wdik ;f jynftoD;oD; wGif jynforl sm;u awmfveS cf =hJ u&m (21) &mpkt0ifwiG f urBmB ay:wGif
ppfacgi;f aqmiftcsKd Œom useaf eawmhonf? tenf;i,fr#om useaf eaom ppfacgi;f aqmif
xJwiG f jrefrmEdik if o H nfvnf; tygt0ifjzpfavonf? tqdyk g ppfacgi;f aqmifw@kd onf rdrw d @kd
tm%musqif;rSm udak =umufI vlŒtcGit hf a&;/ vlom;wd@k &&Scd pH m;edKifrnfh tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk
vduk v f yH wd yf ifjcif;jzifh umuG,f =uavonf?
wpf,o l efpw d &f adS om w,loef0g' &Sad om (od@k ) rdrEd iS hf rdrt d zGŒJ om aumif;atmif
vkyEf ikd o f nf/ rdrw d @kd vyk of r#om rSeo f nf [krrd u d ,
kd u
f kd b0ifjrifh txif}uD;pdw&f adS om olrsm;
tkycf sKyfonfh Edik if rH sm;&Sd tpd;k &rsm;wGif trSew f &m;ESihf w&m;rSswr_ (TRUTH AND JUSTICE)
r&SEd ikd af y? (AT THIS MORE CONCRETE LEVEL WE HAVE NO POSITIVE REASON FOR
THE RIGHT ANSWER AND THE JUSTICE)
Oya'rsm;udk jyKonft h cgwiG vf nf; w&m;rSswr_ udk tpOfpOf;pm;I jyK&rnf jzpfovdk
urBBmhEdkifiHtoD;oD;. tjrifwGifvnf; w&m;rSswr_&Sdonf [k vufcHEdkifaom Oya'rsm;
jzpf&ayrnf? urBmB Eh ikd if tH rsm;ESihf urBmB t h zGŒJ tpnf;toD;oD;u vufcu H sio
hf ;kH aeaom pnf;rsO;f
pnf;urf; Oya' rsm;udk zDvmqef@usiI f rdrEd ikd if H rdro
d abmus Oya'jyK jcif;rsm;udk ,ae@
(21) &mpkacwfwiG f vlŒ,Ofaus;r_EiS hf vlrt _ zGŒJ tpnf; (HUMAN NATURE AND SOCIETY)
rsm;u vufrcHawmhay?
vlŒtcGit hf a&;udk tajcjyKwJh 'Dru kd a&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;onf ,Ofaus;r_
cdkifrmr_/ vlr_a&;wnfjidrfr_ ESifh trsdK;om;vHk+cHKa&; qdkwJhemrnfawGeJ@ wyfjyD; tm%mydkif
tpd;k &awG&ŒJ wm;qD;ydwyf ifjcif;udk cHae&ygw,f? (a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&;aom/ FREEDOM,
DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN WORTH pmwrf;udk nDvif;quf bmomjyef)
(21) &mpkxw J iG f Edik if tH rsm;usio hf ;kH aom Edik if aH &; pepfrmS vlom;csi;f (od@k ) Edik if o
H m;
csi;f tjiif;yGm;r_ukd ajymqdk aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifjcif; (POST MODERN CULTURE OF TALK)
yifjzpfonf?
,QK wnfqOJ ya'onf rSe. f rSm;. (WHAT IS OBJECTIVELY RIGHT OR WRONG)
qdo k nfrsm;udk 'Dru
kd a&pD usiphf Ofrsm;ESit hf nD a&;qGx J m;aom tajccH Oya'abmiftwGi;f rS

40
wdik yf ifaqG;aEG; jiif;ckejf cif;jyK&ayrnf?
xd@k a=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfu olr.pmwrf;wGif 'Dru kd a&pD. vGwv f yfpmG
aqG;aEG;Edik jf cif;ESihf jiif;ckejf cif;"avhonf vufeufuikd f yÃdyuQrsm; vkypf &mrvdyk J rwlujJG ym;r_
awGukd ajz&Si;f apEdik o f nf[k n$ejf ycJah vonf?
tpd;k &qdo k nfrmS jynfoŒl qENjzifh a&G;cs,w f ifajrmufcx H m;&aom olrsm; jzpf=uonf?
xd@k a=umifh jynforl sm;twGuf tusKd ;&Sad prnfh vkyif ef;rsm;udk jynforl sm;. ud, k pf m; aqmif&u G f
ay;aeolrsm;omjzpf&rnf? tqdyk geKd ifi. H ydik &f iS rf sm; r[kw=f uay? xd@k a=umifh jynfow l @kd onf
vnf; tqdyk gtpd;k &rsKd ;wd@k . aus;u|erf sm; tcdik ;f taprsm; r[kw=f uay? tpd;k &wd@k . ay;or@,l
au|;wmpm; cdik ;f wmvkyf jyefrajym&qdak om Oya'rsKd ;udk 'Dru kd a&pD az:aqmifaeaom (21)
&mpk acwfwiG f tvdrk &S=d uay? xk@d a=umifh tpd;k &tzGŒJ 0ifv=l uD;rsm;udk t*Fvyd t f ac:ta0: jzifh
(REPRESANTATIVE) jrefrm tac:ta0: jzifh (ud, k pf m;vS,)f [kac: =uonf? wu,fawmh
jynf o l w d k @ ud k , f p m; Ed k i f i H u d k tk y f c sKyf o nf j zpf I jynf o l Œ ud k , f p m;vS , f (PUBLIC
REPRESANTATIVE) [kac: =uonf? usO;f ajrmif;aom Edi k if aH &; tjrif&adS om (NARROW
POLITICAL SENCES) Edi k if rH sm;wGif Edik if aH cgi;f aqmifrsm;onf jynforl sm;udk tm%mjzifh
csed ;f ajcmufjcif; Oya'jyKI tEdik t f xuf jyKjcif;rsm; jyKvkyv f su&f o dS nfukd rsuaf rSmufacwfwiG f
vufrcHawmhay? tqdkyg tpdk;&rsm;udk jyefvnfjzKwfcsI ppfrSefaom 'Drkdua&pDpepf
udw k nfaqmuf Edik &f ef awmfveS f =u&ayrnf?
w&m;rSswjcif;qdak om a0g[m&udk bmoma&; ESihf Edik if aH &;avmu e,fy,fwiG f
t"du ta&;}uD;qH;k tcsut f jzpfawGŒ&avonf? (JUSTICE IS ONE OF THOSE CORE
MORAL AND POLITICAL TERMS) vlŒabmifavmu}u;D wpfcv k ;kH twGuf ta&;t}u;D
qH k ; a0g[m&vnf ; jzpf a yonf ? (WHICH CLAIM UNIVERSAL IMPORTANCE)
Edik if aH &;e,fy,f/ vlrp_ ;D yGm;a&;e,fy,f wd@k . qufqaH &;A[dck surf [kvnf; ac:qdEk ikd af yonf?
xd@k a=umifh urBBmay:&Sd acwftqufquf rS awG;ac:ynm&Sirf sm;ESihf Oya'ynm&Sif
rsm;/ urBmB ESiv hf o
l m; tusKd ;jyKvkyif ef;rsm;udk a&SŒaqmifa&SŒ&Guf jyKcJo h rl sm;u vlom;wd@k .
ta&;t}uD;qH;k udprP sm;xJwiG f ydI k ta&;}uD;aomudpo P nf w&m;rSswjcif;yif jzpfa=umif;udk
vrf;n$eo f ifjycJah vonf? xdrk w S qifh acwfrsm; wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJvm&mrS w&m;rSswjcif;
onf vlom;tm;vHk;. tcGifhta&;yif jzpfa=umif;udk urBBmh vlŒ,Ofaus;r_e,fy,fu
vufcu H sio
hf ;kH vmonfukd awGŒ&avonf? (OVER SHADOWED BY THE GLOBAL
ATTENTION BEING ACCORDED TO HUMAN RIGHTS)
a,bl,stm;jzifh w&m;rSswpGm aqmif&Guf=ujcif;rsm;wGif aqmif&Gufr_trsdK;rsdK;
&Sdayonf? wpfcgwpf&HwGif uvJhpm;acsjcif;onfvnf; w&m;r#wr_ [k vufcH&aom

41
tajctaersKd ;vnf; &Scd ahJ yonf? (JUSTICE IS NORMALLY THE LANGUAGE OF
COMPLAINT AND SOMETIMES REVENGE)
bDpD 2000 ckEpS w f iG f rufqykd akd w;rD;,m; wdik ;f jynf (MESOPOTAMIA) udt k yk pf ;kd
cJah om bk&if[mrl&mbD (HAMURABI) onf yk'rf (282) ckygaom Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef; cJ&h m
[mrl&mbD ud"k Oya' [lI trnfwiG cf ahJ vonf?(CODE OF HAMURABI)
tqdyk gOya'rsm;rSm jypfrw _ pfct k wGuf w&m;r#wr_ &Sad p&ef [kqu kd m jypfr_ usL;vGeo f l
wpfOD;onf tjcm;wpfOD;tm; rsufvHk;wpfzuf uef;oGm;atmif aqmif&Gufjcif;(odk@)
oGm;wpfacsmif; qH;k oGm;atmif aqmif&u G jf cif;jzpfygu tqdyk gjyKvkyo f l w&m;cHtm; rsuv f ;kH
jyefazmufypfjcif;/ oGm;jyefEw
_ yf pfjcif; ponfjzifh tjypfay;aom enf;rsm;udk usio hf ;kH cJ=h uavonf?
(tqdyk gOya'rsm;rSm AN EYE FOR AN EYE, A TOOTH FOR A TOOTH [k ac:qdk
cJ=h uavonf? od@k ro S m epfemoltwGuf w&m;r#wonf[k ,lqcJ=h uavonf? vlowfr_
usL;vGeyf gu w&m;cHtm; ao'%f tjypfay;aomenf;udk oH;k cJ=h uavonf?
aemifacwfrsm; wpfjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJvm+yD; xdkuJhodk@tjypfay;jcif;onf
wpf&m;rSswyg.avm´ qdkaom oHk;oyfcsuftrsdK;rsdK; ay:xGufvmjyD; w&m;r#wjcif;.
t"dy`g,fudk trsdK;rsdK;&SmazG az:xkwfvmcJh&mrS rsufarSmufacwf vlaer_pepf ESifhEdkifiHa&;
e,fy,fwiG f w&m;r#wr_ onf t"du tusq;kH ESihf wefz;kd t&Sq d ;kH [lI awGŒ&Scd =hJ uavonf?
xdrk w
S qifh vlrsm; wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D qufqaH &;wGif vnf;aumif;/ wpfEikd if EH iS hf wpfEikd if H
qufqaH &;rsm;wGif vnf;aumif;/ rnfo@kd w&m;r#wpGm aqmif&u G =f uyHu
k kd avhvm rSww f rf;wif
cJ=h uavonf?
Oya'jyKonfq&kd mwGif w&m;r#wr_&pdS mG Oya'jyK&rnfjzpfonf? (TIE BETWEEN
LAW AND JUSTICE) pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;onf w&m;r#wr_&Sdygu/ Oya'wdk@onfvnf;
w&m;r#wr_ &Sad yvdrrhf nf? (IF THE RULE IS JUSTIFIES, THE LAW IS JUSTICE)) ? tqdyk g
jyKvkyxf m;aom tajccHOya'onf w&m;rSswr_&pdS mG jyKvkyx f m;jcif;jzpfygu/ tajccH
Oya'udk tajcjyKI ay:ayguv f maom a&G;aumufyq JG ikd &f m pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;wd@k onfvnf;
w&m;r#wr_ &Sad yvdrrhf nf? (IF THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW IS JUSTIFIES˜ THE FOL-
LOW OF ELECTION RULE ARE JUSTICE)
w&m;r#wjcif;onf vlŒabmifavmu twGuf ta&;}uD;qH;k jzpfouJo h @kd Ekid if aH &;
avmu twGuv
f nf; wefz;kd t&Sq
d ;kH jzpfavonf?(JUSTICE IS ALWAYS THE PRIME
SOCIAL AND SUPREME POLITICAL VALUE)
ppfwyfqo kd nfrmS vufeufuikd f tzGŒJ tpnf;wpfcjk zpfonf? t&m&mudk trSet f rSm;
csichf sed af 0zefr_ r&Syd J vufeufjzifo
h m ajz&Si;f avh&odS nf? tqdyk gvufeufuikd f tzGŒJ twGi;f

42
toH;k jyK&eftwGuf csrw S x f m;aom pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;udk jynforl sm; (t&yfbuf) =um;wGif
toH;k jyKI r&ay? Oyrm? ? jrefrmppfwyfxw J iG f t+rJwrf; toH;k jyKaeaom pum;wpfcrk mS
“a&bl;ayguw f mudk rvdck sib f ;l a&ygwmyJvckd siw f ,f” [k ppfAv kd f ppfacgi;f aqmifw@kd ajymavh
&S=d uonf? tqdyk gppfAv kd wf @kd jynfoŒl =um;a&mufvmaomtcgwiG v f nf;/ tqdyk gpum; udyk if
tkycf sKyrf _ enf;ynmwpfck ozG,f rSw, f =l u+y;D ajym=uavonf? wu,fawmh tqdyk g pum;rSm
ppfwyftwGi;f toH;k jyKygu rSeu f efayonf? ppfwu kd af epOftwGi;f a&SŒwef;ppfrsuEf mS wGif oH;k ygu
ydI k rSeu
f efayvdrrhf nf? jynfow l @kd =um;wGirf l rayguaf o;aom a&bl;udak y;I cyfcikd ;f &rnf?
qdkvdkonfrSm “a&bl;taygufeJ@wlwJh w&m;r#wr_ r&Sdonfh Oya'rsm;jzifh a&cyfcdkif;ovdk
jynforl sm;udk tkycf sKyfI r&edKifay”? xdu k o hJ @kd jyKvkyjf cif;jzifh jynfoEl iS hf ppftpd;k &wd@k onf
w&m;rSswjcif; ta=umif;udk ajymqd&k mwGif t+rJwrf; ajymif;jyeftcsKd ;usouJo h Œdk jzpfaeayvdrhf
rnf? (IT IS JUST FOR AN ARMY GOVERNMENT TO ACT IN ONE WAY, BUT
EQUALLY . IT IS JUST FOR PUBLIC TO ACT IN A QUITE DIFFERENT WAY, SO THAT
JUSTICE VARIES BETWEEN SITUATION AND SITUATION.)
urBBmOh ya' ynm&Sirf sm;ESihf awG;ac:ynm&Sirf sm;u w&m;r#wjcif;. t"dym` ,fukd
zGiq hf &kd iS ;f jy&mwGif w&m;r#wjcif;qdo k nfrmS rSeu f efjcif; trSeaf jymjcif;[k yif t"dym` ,f zGiahf v
onf? (“TRUE” OR “CORRECT” IS A MEANING OF JUSTICE)
vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG hf vGwv f yfpmG a&;om;cGihf vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac: Edik cf iG &hf jdS cif;jzifh
vlw@kd onf rdrw d @kd xwH iG &f adS eaom ud, k yf ikd t
f &nftcsi;f rsm;udk ydrk akd umif;rGeaf tmif aqmif&u G f
Edik rf nfjzpfonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifv h nf; vGwv f yfpmG a&;om;xkwaf zmf ajymqdEk ikd cf iG &hf jdS cif;jzifh
trSew f &m;rsm;onfvnf; aysmufu, G jf cif;r&Syd J rdrw
d @kd . b0 wpfoufwmwGif trSm;enf;Edik f
or# enf;atmifvnf;aumif;/ vlom;tusKd ;jyKvkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u G jf cif;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/
vlvcl si;f qufqaH qmif&u G =f u&mwGif w&m;r#wr_ udOk ;D pm;ay; vm=uayvdrrhf nf?
wu,fawmh vlw@kd .b0wGif wd;k wufrKS &S&d ef rdru d ,
kd wf ikd f &SmazG&rnfjzpf+y;D xdu k o hJ @kd
&SmazG&mwGif vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdak qG;aEG;wdik yf ifjcif;onfvnf; ta&;=u;D aom ta=umif; t&m
wpfcyk ifjzpfonf? (IN HUMAN LIFE ANY MORE THAN WE CAN UNDERSTAND THE
IMPORTANCE OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH ITS ROLE IN PROMOTING HUMANSELF)
Oya'abmiftwGif;rS w&m;rSwr_ (JUSTICE IN LAW) qdkonfrSm r&Sdrjzpf
tvGet f a&;}uD;ayonf? Oya'ESin hf n
D w
G rf _ r&Syd aJ omfvnf;aumif;/ ta=umif;jycsuf cdik v
f rkH _
r&Syd J aomfvnf;aumif;/ vHak vmufaomoufao / cdik rf maomoufao / ,kw&dW adS omoufao
jyr_r&Syd J aomfvnf;aumif; vlwpfa,mufukd zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif tjypfay;jcif;cH&ygu Oya't&
w&m;rSswr_ r&SEd ikd af y? (IF A PERSON IS PUNISHED WITHOUT PROOF OF THE OCCUR-
RENCE OF SUCH CONDUCT THIS IS A PARADIGM EXAMPLE OF LEGAL INJUS-

43
TICE ANYTHING LESS IN UNFAIR AND UN JUST)
Edik if oH m; wpfa,mufonf tpd;k &. rw&m;Oya'rsm;t& (od@k ) Oya'ESirfh nDaom
jyKvyk rf r_ sm;t&/ Oya'a&;&m tcGit hf a&;(LEGAL RIGHTS) rsm;qH;k &SKH ;epfemonft h cg ukpm;&ef
vdktyfygonf? tcGifhta&;ESifh ukpm;r_ [lonf 'GefwGJvsuf &Sdaeonf? tcGifhta&;&Sdv#if
,if;tcGit hf a&;udk xdcu kd ef pfemonft h cg ukpm;r_&&dS ygrnf? jypfr_ ESijhf ypf'%f(CRIME AND
PUNISHMENT) uJo h @kd yifjzpfonf? vlwpfa,mufonf jypfrw _ pfck usL;vGeo f nft h cg xdjk yKvyk rf _
twGujf ypf'%fay;jcif;cH&rnf? Oya'a&;&m w&m;r#wr_ (LEGAL JUSTICE) &Sjd cif;yifjzpfonf?
tcGit hf a&;qdo k nfrmS Oya'a&;&m tcGit hf a&;udk qdv
k ckd si;f jzpfonft h wGuf vlwpfa,muf.
Oya' a&;&m tcGit hf a&; epfemqH;k &SKH ;rSt k wGuf Oya'a&;&mukpm;r_ (LEGAL REMEDY)
&S&d ygrnf?
Oyrm? ? vlwpfa,mufonf touf (18) ESpf jynfjh yD;onft h wGuf rJay;ydik cf iG &hf dS
ovd/k rJ ray;yJ vnf; aeEdik cf iG &hf o dS nf? tusiphf m&dwq W ikd &f m jypfru _ sL;vGex f m;I ypf'%fuscH
&zl;olrS vGI J a&G;aumufyJG 0ifa&mufa&G;cHyikd cf iG &hf o dS nf? (tusiphf m&dwq W ikd &f m jypfrq _ o kd nfrmS
- cd;k r_/ "g;jyr_/ vk,ufr/_ vlowfr/_ rk'ed ;f r_ ponfjzifh vlŒywf0ef;usiEf iS hf rdru d ,kd u f x kd cd ukd f
epfemapr_rsm; jzpfonf?)
wzef 4if;ukpm;r_rsm;udk omwlnrD #r_ qdik &f mukpm;r_ ( EQUATABLE REMEDY )
[kac:onf? ,if;ukpm;r_rmS jypf'%fay;jcif; avsmaf =u;ay;jcif;rsKd ; r[kwyf J tr_upd w P pfcu k kd
oD;jcm; aqmif&Gufapjcif;( SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE ) ESifh tr_udpP wpf&yf&yfudk
raqmif&u G af p&ef wm;jrpfjcif;( INJUNCTION ) wd@k jzpfygonf?
omrmefr[kwaf om omrmefxufx;l uJaom ukpm;r_rsm;udk txl;ukpm;r_ (EXTRA
ORDINARY REMEDY ) [k xyfrH jyXmef;xm;ygonf? (Oyrm-jrefrmEdi k if w H iG f jrefrmEdik if o H m;
wdik ;f &if;om;jynfol tm;vH;k . acgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; e²t²z ppftpd;k &.
rw&m; tr_qif zrf;qD; jypf'%fay;jcif;udk cHae&onfjzpfI a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf
txl;ukpm;r_ukd cHpm;&,lyikd cf iG &hf ydS gonf? tqdyk gtxl;ukpm;r_t& pmc|et f rde@f ( WRITS )rsm;
awmif;cHI epfemol twGuf ukpm;ay;jcif;jzpfygonf?
4if;udk tm%mt& xkwjf yefaom pmc|et f rde@f rsm;( PREROGATIVE WRITS ) [k
ac:onf? pmc|eftrdef@rsm; xkwfay;Edkifonfh tm%m( WRITS JURISDICTION ) udk
tjrifq h ;kH w&m;&H;k ( HIGH COURTS ) od@k tyfEiS ;f xm;ygonf? rdrd tcGit hf a&; xdcu kd ef pfem
olonf Edik if . H tjrifq h ;kH w&m;&H;k od@k rdr.d epfemr_ukd ukpm;ay;yg&ef avsmufxm;&ygonf?
pmc|et f rde@f rsm; xkwI f epfemr_ukd ukpm;ay;jcif;. &nf&, G cf surf mS tm%mydik t f pd;k &
wd@k . vkyaf qmifcsuo f nf rSeu f efI w&m;r#wr_ &S&d eftwGujf zpfonf?

44
Oyrm? ?ppftpd;k &u a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; rw&m;tr_qif zrf;qD; xm;jcif;ud/k
jrefrmEdik if . H tjrifq h ;kH w&m;&H;k jzpfaom w&m;&H;k csKyfwiG f a&SŒawmfoiG ;f pmc|et f rde@f ( WRIT
OF HABEAS CORPUS ) xkwa f y;yg&ef avsmufxm; awmif;qdEk ikd o f nf?
a&SŒawmfoiG ;f pmc|et f rdeŒf qdo k nfrmS tm%mydik t f pd;k &wd@k onf Edik if o
H m; wpfa,muf
udk cdik vf akH om ta=umif;jycsurf &Syd J rw&m;zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifxm;r_rsKd ;wGif tpd;k &rS xdo k @kd zrf;qD;
csKyfaESmifxm;&onfh ta=umif;udk w&m;&H;k od@k wifjy&ef trde@f ay;csi;f jzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh
qdv k #if Edik if oH m;wdik ;f wGi&f adS om vGwv f yfr_ tcGit
hf a&;( RIGHTS OF LIBERTY ) udx k yd g;jcif;rS
pmc|et f rde@f u umuG,af y;jcif;jzpfonf? Edik if aH &;ESihf oufqikd af omudprP sm;wGif toH;k rsm;aom
pmc|et f rde@f rsKd ;jzpfonf?
tpd;k &wd@k onf Oya'abmiftwGi;f rS w&m;r#wr_ukd aqmif&u G &f mY obm0w&m;
r#wr_ enf;Oya'rsm; ( RULES OF NATURE ) udk rqef@usiyf J w&m;pD&ifouJo h Œkd jyKvkyf
aqmif&u G &f ef wm0ef&o dS nf? (HAVING DUTY TO ACT JUDICALLY)
xd@k a=umift h *FvefeKd iif H HOUSE OF LORD rS w&m;ol=u;D csKyf LORD HEWART u
“w&m;rSswr_ukd aqmif&u G &f rkH #ru ,if;od@k aqmif&u G af eaom ta=umif;udk trsm;jynfol
Edik if o
H m; rsm;u oHo, uif;&Si;f pGm jrifawGŒap&rnf” [kajym=um;cJah vonf? (JUSTICE
SHOULD NOT ONLY BE DONE˜ BUT SHOULD MANIFESTLY AND
UNDOUBTEDLY BE SEEN TO BE DONE).
w&m;rSswjcif;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD ( JUSTICE AND DEMOCRACY ) qdkonfrSm
bmomt,l0g' toD;oD;. qH;k rrSKrsm;( MORAL AND MANNERS ) ud, k u f siw
hf &m;qdik &f m
n$efjyr_rsm;ESifh trsm;qHk;rSm vlom;tm;vHk;. tcGifhta&;rsm;( HUMAN RIGHTS )
ay:wGit f ajccHonfukd awGŒ&onf? 'Dru kd a&pDenf; t& w&m;r#wjcif;/ 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf w&m;r#w
jcif;/ 'Dru
kd a&pDabmif twGi;f rSw&m;r#wjcif; ponfjzifh rnfoŒkd ac:apumrl... 'Drdkua&pD
qdo
k nfrmS vufwif ( LATIN ) bmomESihf t*Fvyd f ( ENGLISH ) bmom ESpcf ak ygi;f pyfxm;
jcif;jzpfonf? 'Drkd ( DEMO ) qdo k nfrmS jynfo[ l k t"dym` ,f&avonf? ua&pD( CRAZY )
qdok nfrmS t&l;trl;/ txl;jyKjcif;/ qENveG u f jJ cif;/ ponfjzifh t"dym` ,f&o dS nf? (aemifwiG f
CRACY [kajymif;vJa&;=uonf)?
jrefrmbmomjzifh twdtusjyefqrkd nfqykd gu 'Dru dk a&pDqokd nfrmS jynfow l @kd .qEN
jynfoŒl qEN [kyifjyefq&kd ayrnf? xd@k a=umifh JUSTICE IN DEMOCARCY qdo k nfrmS jynfow l @kd.
qENt& w&m;r#wpGm aqmif&u G jf cif;[k t"dym` ,f&avonf? xd@k a=umifh ,ae@usi;f yrnf
qdkaom 2010 a&G;aumufyGJrSm jynfolwdk@. qENt& w&m;r#wpGm aqmif&Gufjcif;
[kwyf g.avm´ [kar;&efta=umif; ay:ayguv f mayonf? trSew f u,f w&m;r#wr_ &Srd &Sd

45
qdo
k nfukd 2008 zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rS tcsKd Œtcsurf sm;udk jyefvnfazmfjy&vSsif.....
tcef;(1)
edKifiaH wmftajccHrrl sm;rS pv#ipf csi;f yk'rf 6 (p) wGif Edik if aH wmf. trsKd ;om;Edik if aH &;
OD;aqmifrt _ cef;u¾wGif wyfrawmfu yg0ifxrf;aqmifEikd af &;wd@k ukd tpOfwpdu k f OD;wnfonf
[k a&;xm;av&m/ rnfo@kd yif jynfou l a&G;aomfvnf; wyfrawmfom; ppfrx _ rf;a[mif; (od@k )
umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu yd@k vw $ vf u kd af om ud, k pf m;vS,q f okd rl sm;u tkycf sKyfayvdrrhf nf?
yk'rf 14/ yk'rf 17 (c) wd@k t& tqdyk g wyfrawmfom;rsm;u tkycf sKyfEikd &f ef umuG,f
a&; OD;pD;csKyfu trnfpm&if;wifow l @kd onf w&m;0if v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm; jzpf=uonf?
yk'rf 40 (*) t& ta&;ay: tajctaeay:ayguv f sS if Edik if aH wmftm%mudk zGŒJ pnf;yHk
tajccHOya't& wyfrawmfu odr;f Edik o f nf?......ponfjzifh...
tcef; 4 ² Oya'jyKa&;
tcef; 5 ² tkycf sKyfa&;
tcef; 6 ² w&m;pD&ifa&; ponfh ae&mtm;vH;k wGif av;yHw k pfyakH om ud, k pf m;vS,f
rsm;onf jynforl sm;. a&G;aumufcH ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; r[kw=f uyJ umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu
apv$waf om wyfrawmf t}uD;tuJrsm;jzpfonf? v$waf wmftwGi;f Y ppf,el aD zmif;rc|wyf J
tpnf;ta0; wufEikd af yvdrrhf nf?
ponfjzifh 2008 zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' wpfcv k ;kH onf wyfrawmfu Edik if aH wmftm%m
udk Oya'jyKI odr;f ydu k x f m;jcif;rSm ay:vGiv f su&f o dS nf? xd@k a=umifh 2008 zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'
onf w&m;r#wpGm a&;qGx J m;jcif;r[kwaf y?
xdk@a=umifh jynfolrsm;. qENESifhtnD 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;uspGm a&;qGJxm;onfh
w&m;r#waom zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'onfomvSsif wdik ;f jynfwpfcv k ;kH . pnf;vH;k nDnw G rf u
_ kd
vnf;aumif;/ wd;k wufru _ vkd nf;aumif; azmfaqmifay;Edik o f nf[k tar&duef Oya'ynm&Sif
NOZICK ESihf t*FvefrS Oya'ynm&Sif DWORKIN wd@k u wnDwnGww f nf; ajym=um;=u
avonf?
bmomw&m;wd@k . oif=um;yd@k cscsurf sm;(od@k ) qH;k r=o0g'rsm; udv k nf;/ Oya'jyK&mwGif
vnf;aumif;/ w&m;r#waom vlrt _ cGithf a&;rsm; ay:ayguaf p&eftwGuf xnfo h iG ;f toH;k jyK
&rnf jzpfonf? xdo k @kd xnfo h iG ;f toH;k jyKr_r&Syd gu(od@k ) rvdu k ef myJjJ yKvky=f uonfh 'Dru kd a&pD
azmfaqmifa&; pepfrsm;onf w&m;r#wr_ESifh uif;uGmoGm;ayvdrfhrnf[k ynm&Sifrsm;u
n$e=f um;r_jyK=uavonf?

46
Oya'ESin hf n D wG +f y;D Oya'&JŒ pnf;aESmiftm;&So d nfh (od@k ) w&m;r#wonfh Oya' wd@k EiS
zGŒJ pnf;wnfaqmufxm;onfh a&G;aumufyOJG ya'wd@k onfom Edik if EH iS v hf rl sKd ;udk wd;k wufr_ &Sad tmif
pGr;f aqmifay;Edik rf mS jzpfonf?
tqdyk g ta=umif;tcsuo f nfyifv#if w&m;r#wjcif;. ta&;t}uD;qH;k aomhcsuf
(od@k ) cdik rf monfh oufaocH tcsurf sm;jzpf=uonf?
ed*;kH csKyfq&kd v#if urBmB ay: &Sv d ol m;tm;vH;k / vlŒtcGit hf a&;rsm; cHpm;&&SEd ikd af p&ef
vlw@kd onf rdrw d @kd u, kd wf ikd f =uKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f rnfjzpfjy;D tqdyk gtcGit hf a&;rsm;&Sd pnf;rsO;f rsm;udk
vdu k ef mEdik &f ayrnf?
edKifiw H cktwGi;f &Sd bmomt,ltq/ "avhx;kH wrf; rwln=D uaom Edik if o H m;rsm;
onfvnf; (21) &mpktwGif;Y +idrf;csrf;vGwfvyfpGm wlnDaom Oya'wpfcktwGif;Yyif
w&m;enf;vrf;uspmG aexdik =f u&ef pkaygi;f }udK;pm;vsu&f =dS uonf?
xdu k o hJ @kd aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifnEdS KdS if;I Edik if EH iS hf vlŒtzGŒJ tpnf;wpfcu k kd wnfaqmufEikd &f ef
rSm xdEk ikd if t H wGi;f rSw D if;aexdik =f uol tcsi;f csi;f wGio f m wm0ef&adS yonf? xku d o hJ @kd nSEd KdS i;f wdik yf if
Edik zf @kd &ef jrifrh m;aom tawG;tac:tjrif &Szd @kd vt kd yfayonf?
(AGREEMENT MAY BE REACHED AT VERY HIGH LEVEL OF ABSTRATION
ABOUT HUMAN EQUALITY AND DIGNITY)
xdk@a=umifhtwdwfu rSm;,Gif;cJhaom udpPrsm;udk oifcef;pm,lI ypPKy`mefwGif
w&m;r#waom zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' ( CONSTITUTIONAL JUSTICE ) udk jynforl sm;.
qENEiS t hf nD a&;qGJ taumiftxnfaz:I (KNOWLEDGE OF TRUTH AND JUSTICE)
tem*wfwiG f om,mcsr;f ajrŒ aom Edik if aH wmfopftjzpf wnfaqmufjy;D aoG;csi;f nDaemifbmG ;
wdik ;f &if;om; jynfot l rsm;ESit
hf wl acwfopf vlaerSKpepf ( MORDERN SOCIETY ) udk
wnfaqmufjcif;jzifh (21) &mpk. pdeaf c:r_rsm;udk pkaygi;f &ifqikd f =uygp@kd [k Ed;_ aqmfvu
kd &f ygonf?
OD ; armif a rmif
udk;um;aompmtkyfpm&if; (w&m;&H k ; csKyf a &S h a e)
1² tkyfcsKyfr_Oya' (&efukefwuUodkvf) 0§o
2² EdkifiHESifhOya'ordkif; (&efukefwuUodkvf) 0§o
3² zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya' (2008)
4² a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tzdk;wefpmwrf; (nDvif;qufbmomjyef)
5. JUSTICE (TOM CAMBEL)
6² HOPE AND HISTORY (BILL CLINTON)

47
'Drukd a&pD.
oGi jf yifvuQ%mrsm;
azjrif h
'Dru kd a&pDEikd if H odk rh [kwf 'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k &wpf&yfjzpf&eftwGuf rnfonfh tcsurf sm;
ESihf udu k nf &D efvt kd yfoenf;[lonfukd Edik if w H um&Sd jynforl sm; pOf;pm;=u/ xkwaf zmfwifjy=u
twnfjyKowfrw S =f uonf// tcsKd u h onftcsuaf wGukd zGJ ph nf;yHt k ajccHOya'xJ odk rh [kwf
tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m Oya'jyXmef;csurf sm;xJrmS yif wpfygwnf; xnfo h iG ;f =uonf//
wdik ;f jynfwpfjynfEiS hf wpfjynf yuwdtajctaeESihf jzwfoef;cJah om &mZ0ifwkd h
rwlno D nfh tavsmuf 'Dru kd a&pD [kq=kd uonfh Edik if cH si;f twlwrl mS yif OD;pm;ay;tav;xm;r_
rsm; rwln=D uaomfvnf;/ rnfonfh t&mrsm;onfum; 'Dru kd a&pDtwGuf &So d ifh &St d yfaom
tajccHrrl sm;jzpfonf[k rSw, f =l u&mY uGv J aJG v h r&S=d uay//
tqdyk g wlnaD om tajccHrrl sm;udk azmfjy&aomf h h h
(1) EdkifiHom;wdk hyg0ifaqmif&Gufr_ (citizen participation)
'Dru kd a&pDEikd if jH zpfa=umif; azmfjyonfh odomxif&mS ;aom vuQ%mwpfcu k m; Edik if H
a&;&m pDrcH ef ch rJG w _ iG f Edik if o H m;wdk yh g0if=ujcif;jzpf.// Edik if aH &;&mY yg0ifaqmif&u G jf cif;onf
Edik if o
H m;wdk t h wGuf &ydik cf iG o f m r[kwf / wm0efvnf;jzpf.//
Edik if o H m; yg0ifrq _ &kd mY a&G;aumufyw JG iG f 0ifa&muf ,SO+f ydKifjcif;/ a&G;aumufyw JG iG f
rJay;jcif;/ Edik if aH &;&mrsm;udk od&adS tmif avhvmrSwo f m;jcif;/ jy\emrsm;udk aqG;aEG;a0zefjcif;/
&yf&mG jynfol ph nf;a0;yGrJ sm;odk h wufa&mufjcif; / toif;tzGJ rh sm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G jf cif;/ t
aumuftcGerf sm; ay;aqmifjcif;/ vdt k yfonfh tcg rdro d abmqENukd wifjyawmif;qdjk cif; ponfh
toGif o¿mefrsKd ;pHw k kd h tusKH ;0ifonf//
(2)wef;wlnDr#r_ ( equality)
'Dru kd a&pD vl t h zGJ t h pnf;rsm;onf vltm;vH;k wef;wlnrD #=uonf[al om tajccH
rlukd tav;teuf jyK=uonf// wef;wlnrD #jcif;[lonf vltoD;oD;wdk t h m; nDr#pmG wefz;kd xm;
jcif;/ wlnaD omtcGit hf a&;&&Sad pjcif;/ vlrsKd ;/ bmom/ rsKd ;EG,pf /k vdif ponfwkd u h jJG ym;rla=umifh
twef;tpm;cGjJ cm;r_ r&Sad pjcif; ponfw h kd u
h kd qdv k o
kd nf// 'Drukd ra&pD Edik if wH pfcwk iG f wpfO;D csi;f
aom olrsm;ESihf vltyk pf rk sm;onf trsm;ESihf rwlaom rdrw d kd . h ,Ofaus;r_/ bmompum;/ ,Hk
=unfrE_ iS hf p&du k vf uQ%mrsm;udk xde;f odr;f xm;ydik cf iG hf &Sad yonf//
48
(3)EdkifiHa&;t& onf;cHr_
'Dru kd a&pDvl t h zGJ t h pnf;rsm;Y Edik if aH &; onf;cHr&_ o dS nf// wdik ;f jynfwiG f trsm;pkukd
ud, k pf m;jyKolwkd h tkypf ;kd aeaomfvnf; tenf;pk. tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smufr_
jyKonf// tm%mvuf&rdS [kwf olwkd rh mS vnf; pnf;&H;k cGi/hf rdrt d ,ltqudk azmfxw k af jymqdck iG hf
rsm;&So d nf// trsm;pkEiS hf t,ltquGv J o JG nfh xdvk el nf;pkrsm;udk “twdu k t f cH” [laom toH;k
tE_e;f jzifv h nf; odrw S v f ufcw H wf=uonf//
tkypf ;kd olwkd o h nf;cHr&_ o dS vdk wpfO;D csi;f aomjynfot l csi;f csi;f vnf; wpfbufvYl rdrEd iS hf
rwlnaD om t,ltq&Sjd cif;udk onf;cHEikd &f onf// wdik ;f jynfrsm;wGif vlrsKd ;/ bmom/,Ofaus;r_
ESihf rsKd ;EG,pf t k rsm;tjym;wdk ah &maESmpka0;aexdik =f uonfjzpf&m 4if;u¾&yftoD;oD;rSmyif
vlrsm;pkEiS hf vlenf;pk[I l &Sad e=u+yD; tJonfvEl pS pf . k t,ltqrsm; uGjJ ym;ae=uvdrrhf nf//
od@k aomf 'Dru kd a&pD vl t h zGJ t h pnf;wpf&yfonfxu kd jJG ym;r_rsm; twlwuGwnf&EdS ikd af tmif
xde;f odr;f jcif;jzifyh if =u, G 0f jynfph rkH _ &=uonf/ trsm;pku tenf;pk.tcGit hf a&;udk jiif;y,frnf/
rwlaom tpkrsm;udk zsuq f ;D acsre_ ;f &ef tm;xkwrf nfqu kd 'Dru kd a&pD udyk g ysuo f Ok ;f aprnfjzpf
onf/
'Dru kd a&pD. &nfreS ;f csuw f pfcrk mS vl t h zGJ t
h pnf;twGuf jzpfEikd o f r# taumif;qH;k
qH;k jzwfvyk u f ikd zf kd jh zpf&m onf twGuf vltm;vH;k wdk u h 4kd if;/ 4if;wdk . h t,ltqrsm;ud4k if;/
av;pm;r_&zdS kd v h t
kd yfonf// Edik if aH &; qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;ESihf pyf;vsO;f I Edik if o H m;wdik ;f Y aqG;aEG;cGi/hf
jiif;ckecf iG /hf ppfa=uma0zefciG rhf sm; &Srd nfqu kd rdrqd ef uh siaf om t,ltqjzpfap/ trsm;oabm
t& qH;k jzwfcsucf sjcif;jzpfu vufcEH ikd =f urnfomjzpfonf//
(4)wm0ef,lr_/ &Sif;vif;wifjyajymqdkr_ ( accountaility)
'Dru kd a&pDEikd if w H iG f a&G;aumufwifajrSmufc&H olrsm;/ Edik if aH &;&mxl;rsm;Y cef t h yfcH
&olrsm;taeESihf rdrv d yk af qmifcsurf sm;twGuf wm0ef,jl cif;/ ,if;wdk Eh iS yhf wfoufI jynforl sm;
tm; &Si;f vif;wifjyjcif;rsm; jyKvky&f .// wm0ef&ydS *k Kd~ vfrsm;taeESihf qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S jf cif;/
vkyif ef;wm0efrsm; taumiftxnfazmfjcif;rsm; jyKvky&f mY rdrw d kd t
h usKd ;twGuf r[kwb f J
jynfow l kd .h tvdq k ENEiS hf tnDom vkyaf qmifjzpfatmif onfwm0efu xde;f ausmif;r_jyKayonf
(5)&Sif;vif;jrifomr_ ( transparancy)
wm0ef,rl &_ adS om tpd;k &wdk o h nf wdik ;f jynfY jzpfysuaf eonfrsm;udk jynfow l kd h od&dS
&eftwGuf vltrsm; wufa&mufEikd o f nfh pnf;a0;yG}J uD;rsm;jyKvkyu f m rdrw d kd h aqmif&u G cf suf
rsm;udk tcgtm;avsmpf mG tpD&ifcw H ifjyjcif;jzifh &Si;f vif;jrifomaom tpd;k &tjzpf odrw S cf H
&.//
'Dru kd a&pDEikd if w H iG f Edik if aH &;&m udp&P yfrsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f I rnfonfh qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk
rnfow l kd uh rnfonft h a=umif;rnfonf&h nf&, G cf surf sm;jzifh csrw S af =umif;udk pme,fZif; orm;

49
rsm; a&m jynforl sm;yg odciG &hf =u.//
(6) vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJrsm; yHkrSefusif;yjcif;
Edik if aH &;&mESihf pyfvsO;f onfh rdro d abmqENukd trsm;jynfow l kd h jyoEdik of nfh enf;vrf;
wpfcu k tpd;k &ydik ;f wGif aqmif&u G &f ef twGuf rdrw d kd u h , dk pf m;vS,rf sm; a&G;aumufwifajrSmuf
jcif;jzpf.// 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if w H iG f 4if;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tm; a&G;cs,jf cif;/ z,f&mS ;jcif;wdk u h kd vGwf
vyfI w&m;r#waom enf;vrf;rsm;tm;jzifh jyKvky=f u.// a&G;aumufyrJG wdik rf ED iS hf a&G;aumufyJG
umvtwGi;f rJqEN&iS w f kd t h m; +cdr;f ajcmufjcif; v'fay;jcif; ponfwkd o h nf 'Dru kd a&pDr0l g'
rsm;ESihf qef u h si. f // 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if rH sm;wGif a&G;aumufyrJG sm;udk owfrw S x f m;aom ESpu f mv
rsm; twGi;f rSerf eS u f si;f yjyKvky&f .// a&G;aumufyw JG iG f yg0if,OS +f ydKifciG o hf nf Edik if oH m;wdk . h "e
OpPmay:wGif tajcrwnf&//
qif;&Jcsr;f omra&G; t&G,af &mufol rSev f #if a&G;aumufyw JG iG f 0ifa&muf ,SO+f ydKifciG hf
&S&d .// xdk jh yif rJqEN&iS rf sm;rSmvnf; rJay;&mY taESmifh t,Suf t[ef t h wm;rsm;r&Szd kd v h . kd //
odk rh o
S m vGwv f yfI w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyJG jzpfEikd af yonf//
(7) pD;yGg;a&;vGwfvyfr_ (economic freedom)
'Dru kd a&pDEikd if w H iG jf ynfow l kd oh nf pD;yGm;a&;t& vGwv f yfciG &hf &dS .// ,if;txJwiG f OpPm
ypPn;f ydik q f ikd cf iG Ehf iS hf vkyif ef;rsm;xlaxmifvyk u f ikd cf iG hf wdk yh g0ifouJo h kd h / rdrt d vkyu f kd rdrb d mom
a&G;cs,cf iG Ehf iS hf vkyo f m;toif;tzGJ rh sm;wGif yg0ifyikd cf iG w hf kd vh nf; tusKH ;0if. // wdik ;f jynfp;D yGm;
a&; wGif tpd;k &wdk h 0ifa&mufcef ch rJG E_ iS hf pyfvsO;fI t,ltq trsKd ;trsKd ;&S=d uaomfvnf; a,bk
,stm;jzifh rl vGwv f yfaom aps;uGupf epfwnf&adS &;ESihf tpd;k &u }u;D }u;D rm;rm; 0ifa&mufxed ;f
csKyfr_ rjyKa&;udk vufc=H u.// (tcsKd u h rl wdik ;f jynfY ,cifu &Scd o hJ nfh rr#waom pepfrsm;
tcGit hf a&; rwlr_ cGjJ cm;r_rsm;a=umifh qif;&J csr;f om uGm[r_ rsm;jym;aecJrh nf qdu k ,if;tae
txm;avs mh yg;ap&eftwGuf tpd;k &wdk u h pD;yGm;a&;ydik ;f wGif rsm;rsm;pm;pm; yg0ifaqmif&u G f
oifo h nf[k ,lq=u.)
(8) tm%mtvGJoHk;r_rsm;udk xdef;csKyfjcif;
'Dru kd a&pDEikd if rH sm;wGif a&G;aumufcH yk*Kd~ vfrsm;uaomf4if;/ tcsKd ah om vltyk pf rk sm;u
aomf4if; rdrw d kd v h uf0,f&dS tm%mudk tvGo J ;kH r_rjyKEdik af tmif wm;qD;umuG,af vh &S=d u.//
tvJo G ;kH r_rsm;xJwiG f trsm;jynfol h b¾mudk rdrt d usKd ;twGuf toH;k jyKjcif;/ rdrv d yk yf ikd cf iG hf udk
ausmv f eG I
f tm%m oH;k pGjJ cif; ponfwkd h yg0if.//
,if;odk h tvGo J ;kH r_rsm; rjzpfay:&eftwGuf tpd;k &tzGJ t h pnf;. tpdwt f ydik ;f toD;
oD;wdk t h m; vkyyf ikd cf iG hf tm%mrsm;udck jJG cm;owfrw S u f m tjyeftvSef xde;f csKyfrr_ sm; jyKvkyEf ikd f
atmifppD Ofxm;&.// w&m;&H;k rsm; oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpmG aqmif&u G yf ikd cf iG &hf &dS onfh tjyif/ a&G;aumuf
cH yk*Kd~ vfrsm; tpd;k &Xmeqdik &f mrsm;ESihf &JwyfzJG ph onfwkd h Oya'ESirhf nDaom vkyu f ikd rf r_ sm;&Scd hJ

50
aomfxed ;f csKyfEikd rf nhf tzGJ t h pnf;rsm;vnf; &S&d .//
(9) &ydkifcGifh Oya'rsm; ( bill of rights)
'Dru kd a&pDEikd if tH rsm;tjym;rSmyif jynfow l kd th m; tm%m tvGo J ;kH r_rsm;rS tum
tuG,jf yK&eftwGuf &ydik cf iG Ohf ya'rsm; [lonfukd zGJ ph nf;yHt k ajccHOya'xJwiG f xnfo h iG jf yXmef;
avh &S. d // 4if;Oya'rsm;onf jynfow l kd .
h &ydik cf iG rf sm;ESihf vGwv f yfciG rhf sm;udt k mrcHcsuf ay;xm;
avh &S. d zGJ ph nf;yHx k wJ iG f yg0ifojzifh 4if;wdk t h m; w&m;&H;k . tm%mjzifh tumtuG,af y;Edik . f
&ydik cf iG hf Oya'rsm;onf tpd;k &wdk t h m%mtvGet f u|rH oH;k pGEJ ikd af tmif uef o h wf[ef w h m;aom
oabmvnf;&Sad yonf//
(10) ygwDpHkpepf usifhoHk;r_ (multi - party system)
wdik ;f jynfukd pDrt H yk cf sKyrf nfh tpd;k &wpf&yfay:aygu&f eftwGuf a&G;aumufyrJG sm; usi;f y
a&G;cs,&f mwGif 0ifa&muf,OS +f ydKifaom ygww D pfcx k ufru&Szd kd v h . kd // ygwpD pkH epf&adS om tcg a&G;
aumufyw JG iG f tEdik &f aomygwu D wdik ;f jynfukd pDrH tkycf sKyfrnf t h pd;k &tzGJ h zGJ ph nf;aqmif&u G f
pOf / wzufYvnf; ,if;ESit hf +ydKif twdu k tf cH[k ac:aom tzGJ t h pnf;rsm;&Sad ernfjzpf.// 4if;
wdk u h tpd;k &. vky&f yfrsm;udk a0zefaxmufjyjcif;/ wdik jf ynf. taxGaxGt&yf&yf jy\emrsm;
ESiphf yfvOf;Itpd;k &tzGJ Eh iS rhf wlaom tjcm;tjrifrsm;udk jynforl sm;a&m tpk;d &ygoad tmif wifjy
jcif;rsm; jyKvkyEf ikd =f u&m wdik ;f jynfukd wpfzufwpfvrf;u ulnx D ed ;f ausmif;ay;aom oabmjzpf
.//
xdk jh yifygwpD kH pepfonf rJqEN&iS w f kd th wGuf a&G;cs,cf iG yhf rkd akd p+y;D / ygwrD sm;ESihf a&G;aumuf
yG0J iforl sm;xJrS rdrd ESpo f uf&mudk vnf;aumif;/ rdrEd pS o f ufonfh Edik if aH &;ay:vpDukd vnf;aumif;
axmufcq H ENjyKEdik af payonf//
(11) Oya'tm%mydkifpdk;r_ ( the rule of law)
'Drukd a&pDEikd if w H iG f bk&ifEiS hf a&G;aumufco H rRwwdk h tygt0if rnforl # w&m;Oya'
. txufY r&SEd ikd =f uay// Tonfukd Oya'tm%mydik ;f pd;k r_[k ac:.// vlwikd ;f onf w&m;Oya'
av;pm;vdu k ef m&onf// tu,fIcsKd ;azmufco hJ nf &Sad omf wm0ef,al jz&Si;f =u&rnfjzpf.// wpf
zufwiG f w&m;Oya't& ta&;,laqmif&u G rf r_ sm;onf tm;vH;k twGuf wef;wlnrD #jzpf&.//
xd@k jyif w&m;&H;k onf tpd;k &. tjcm;tzGJ t h pnf;rsm; =oZmv$r;f rd;k r_r&So d nfh vGwv f yfaom
w&m;&H;k jzpf&.// tr_ ppfaq;&modk h trsm;jynfov l ma&muf=unh&f E_ ikd +f y;D w&m;&H;k vkyif ef; tpD
tpOftwdik ;f aESmifah ES;r_ r&Sd aqmif&u G &f .//
Tonfum; 'Dru kd a&pD Edik if rH sm;wGif awG &h &dS onfh wlnaD om vuQ%m&yfrsm;teuf
ta&;ygaom tcsut f csKd u h kd pkpnf;azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfI/ wdik ;f jynftoD;oD;wdk Yh 'Dru kd a&pD
rnfa&G rh nfr# &Srd &Sd odvakd omf tqdyk g tcsurf sm;ESihf csed x f ;kd wGuq f Edik =f uygonf//
(jynfol hacwf *sme,f twGJ 1 trSwf 1rS ul;,lygonf//)
azjrif h

51
tcef;quf
2008 zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'

ESi fh
tem*wf
tyd k i f ; (4)
bDbpD D txl;tpDtpOf Zlvikd f 23/ 2010
tydik ;f (4) rSmawmh jynfaxmifppk epfe@J wdik ;f &if;om;tcGit hf a&;awGta=umif;udk

aqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f? OD;armifarmifoef; pDpOf+y;D awmh a':oDwmEG,u f wifqufay;rSmygcifAsm?
aomw&Sirf sm;&Si/f tajccHOya'eJ@ tem*wfa&; tpDtpOf pwkwyˆ ikd ;f tjzpf 2008
ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' rl=urf;rSm yg0ifwhJ jynfaxmifppk epfe@J 'DtajccHOya'[m wkid ;f &if;om;
awG&ŒJ tcGit hf a&;udk b,favmuf tmrcHrvJqw kd thJ a=umif; wdik ;f &if;om; acgi;f aqmifawG/
Oya'ynm&Siaf wGe@J Edik if aH &;orm;awG&ŒJ tjrifukd wifjyrSmjzpfygw,f?
tajccHOya'rl=urf; yk'rf 8 rSm Edik if aH wmfukd jynfaxmifppk epfEiS hf zG@J pnf;wnfaqmuf
onfvdk@ azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'Dawmh b,fvdkjynfaxmifpktrsKd;tpm;udk qdkvdkygovJ?
jynfaxmifppk epfq&kd if b,fvt kd *F g&yfawGe@J nD!w G &f ovJqw kd m 1947 vGwv f yfa&;}uKd ;yrf;pOf
umv yifvpkH mcsKyf vufrw S af &;xd;k zd@k twGuf Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef;udk axmufccH w hJ hJ &Sr;f jynf
vli,facgi;f aqmif/ &Sr;f jynf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J OuUÏa[mif; OD;a&$t;kH u
jynfaxmifpk ay:aygu&f wJh tajccH ta=umif;&if;udk tckvkd &Si;f jyygw,f?
“oabmwl&if bmoabmwlovJq&kd if usaemfw@dk aygi;f r,f/ 'gayr,fh jynfaxmifpk
yHpk H ajymif;r,f? Union yJ? Unitary r[kwb f ;l ? Union u b,fvykd pkH rH sK;d jzpf&rvJq&kd if
eHygwf (1) u Edik if aH &; wef;wlnrD sS r_ &S&d r,f? eHygwf (2) u jynfwiG ;f vGwv f yfciG hf &S&d r,f?
(3) u cGx J u G yf ikd cf iG hf &S&d r,f? Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u tJ ay;r,f/ 'gawG usaemf tukev f ;kH
oabmwlw,f? 'gawmifrS olw@kd csw D ckH swjkH zpfaewm ody+f yD;awmh rvkyb f ;l ?
tJhawmh usaemfwdk@ &Srf;jynf vli,facgif;aqmifawGu 'Davmuf tcGifhta&;/
'Davmuf oabmwlnDcsuf &zdk@qdkwm rvG,fbl;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vdkyk*~dKvf&Sdvdk@om
'Dv[ kd mrsK;d &wm? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;vdk acgi;f aqmifuvnf; aemuf ay:csirf aS y:rSm/ tJah wmh
'Dvt kd cgrmS awmh aygi;f oif+h yDxifw,f ajymwJt h cg aemufq;kH usawmh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk
,H=k unftm;ud;k vd@k yifvpkH mcsKyfjzpfvmwm”
jynfaxmifppk epfukd oGm;r,fq&kd if wef;wl&nfwl tcGit hf a&;eJ@ ud,k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGi&hf &Szd @kd

52
vdt k yfygw,f? 'DtcGit hf a&;awGukd tajccHOya'opfrmS xnfo h iG ;f xm;w,fv@kd trsK;d om;
nDvmcHukd awmufav#muf wufcw hJ hJ r*Fvm'H+k rdKŒe,f trSwf (1) v$waf wmftrwf
OD;wifxeG ;f armif u ajymygw,f?
“wef;wl&nfwl tcGit hf a&;u t&ifuwnf;u ygaewmyJav/ 'ge@J ck[mrSmu
ud,k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfciG &hf a'oawGe@J ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfciG &hf wdik ;f awG xyfay;xm;w,f? aemufwcsuf
u vlO;D a&&JŒ 0²1 µ qdk tvdt k avsmuf ud, k pf m;vS,af wG &wJ[ h mawG ay;xm;w,fAsm/
tJ'gawGu bmyJajymajym t&ifwek ;f u r&cJb h ;l ao;wJ[ h mawG jzpfaew,fav?
'ga=umifh wdik ;f &if;om; tcGit hf a&;awGe@J ywfoufv@kd uawmh tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;
awGudk rxdcdkufvdk@&Sd&if olwdk@&JŒ "avhxHk;pH/ ,Ofaus;r_/ bmompum; 'gawGtukefvHk;
vGwv f w G v f yfvyf vkyEf ikd w f ,f qdw k o hJ abmyg? usaemfw@kd u taumif;bufu jrifwt hJ cg
usawmh t&ifuxuf yd&k vmw,fv@kd jrifw,fav”
'gayr,f h tck a &;qG J x m;wJ h jynf a xmif p k y H k p H u Oya'¶_ a 'gif h u =unf h & if
vufcHEdkifp&mr&Sdbl;vdk@ (BLC) jrefrmEdkifiH a&SŒaersm;aumifpD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;
OD;atmifx;l u axmufjyygw,f?
“jynfaxmifpkpepfvdk@ ajymr,fqdk&if yxrwcsufu jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&eJ@
jynfaxmifpk zG@J pnf;&mrSm yg0ifwhJ ,lepfrsm;=um;xJrmS tm%mawGukd rSswpGm cGaJ 0xm;zd@k
vdkw,f? 'Dtcsufudk usaemfwdk@u rawG@&bJ 'geJ@ajymif;jyefyJ wjynfaxmifpepfyHkpHrsKd;vdk@
twdtusajymvdk@&wJh wif;usyfwJh A[dkcsKyfudkifr_udk usifhoHk;wJh tkyfcsKyfr_pepfudk csrSwf
aqmif&u G x f m;wmjzpfw,f? aemufwcku zG@J pnf;&mrSmyg0ifwhJ ,lepfawGe@J wcke@J wck =um;xJ
rSmvnf; wef;wla&; tajccHukd bmwckrS tmrcHcsuaf y;xm;Edik jf cif; r&Sb d ;l ? ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyf
cGi&hf a'o tygt0if wdik ;f &if;om; a'oawGukd zG@J pnf;r_t& yHo k ¾meft& zG@J pnf;ay;xm;
aomfjim;vnf;yJ tJ'D wdik ;f &if;om;a'o&JŒ tESpo f m&t& vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m%m bmrSr&Sb d ;l ”
OD;atmifx;l u tESpo f m&ydik ;f udk axmufjyoGm;ayr,fh Edik if aH wmf&ŒJ Oya'jyKa&;
tm%m/ tkycf sKyfa&;tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m qdw k hJ tm%m (3) &yfukd jynfaxmifpk
wdik ;f a'o}uD;rsm;/ jynfe,frsm;eJ@ ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfciG &hf pD&ifprk sm;udk cGaJ 0tyfEiS ;f w,fv@kd yk'rf
(11) u qdyk gw,f? 'D cGaJ 0tyfEiS ;f r_tay: ytd@k 0t f rsK;d om; vGwaf jrmufa&; tzG@J OuUÏ Adv k rf LS ;}u;D
cGeOf uUmu tckvkd oH;k oyfjyygw,f?
“tm%m (3) &yfukd cGaJ 0ay;w,fqw kd mudk Principle awmh usaemfzwf&ygw,f?
'gayr,fh vufawG@ aemufqufwJG Z,m;udk aocsm=unfv h @kd &&dS if cGaJ y;wJt h m%mawG[m
jrLeDpy,ftcGe/f aps;cGe/f yGcJ eG af umufz@kd avmuf tJ'aD vmuf tm%mawGrmS jzpfae+yD;awmh
t"duuswhJ wdik ;f &if;om;awG ydik q f ikd w f hJ opfawm/ a&ajrawmawmif/ obm0 o,HZmw

53
ponfjzifh tJ't D a&;awG obm0 ywf0ef;usit f a&;awGe@J ywfouf+yD;awmh bmrSrygwmudk
jyefawG@&w,fAs? tJ'OD ya'jyKZ,m;udk aoaocsmcsmzwfv@kd &&dS if A[du k csKyu f ikd x f m;wJh Z,m;yJ
jzpfae+yD;awmh jynfe,frmS aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,fxuf wqifeh rd w hf hJ ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfciG &hf
a'oawG/ wdkif;awGrSm aomfvnf;aumif; Oya'jyKtm%m ay;xm;w,fvdk@ajymayr,fh
olw@kd &wJt h m%m[m Municipal tqif/h Local tqifrh mS yJ jzpfaew,fqw kd mudk usaemfw@kd
awG@&w,fcifAs”
aemufwcg Edik if aH wmf zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufyu kH kd =unfrh ,fq&kd ifawmh yk'rf (49) rSm
wdik ;f a'o}uD; (7) ck/ jynfe,f (7) cke@J jynfaxmifpk e,fajrrsm;qd+k yD; ydik ;f jcm;owfrw S x f m;yg
w,f? yk'rf (56) xJrmS vnf; em*ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&; a'o/ "Ek/ ytd@k 0/f yavmif/ ud;k uef@
ud,k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG &hf a'oawGtjyif 0 ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfciG &hf wdik ;f awGukd topfjyÏmef;xm;wJh
twGuf 'g[m wjcm;zG@J pnf;yHek @J rwlwhJ xl;jcm;csuf vd@k ajymEdik rf vm;?
“wzufu =unf&h ifawmh emrnft&aygah v/ zG@J pnf;yHx k rJ mS 'Dvkd pkz@JG rt _ opfawG
azmfxkwfay;w,f qdkwmuawmh tjcm;zGJ@pnf;yHkeJ@ rwlbl;aygh/ xl;jcm;csufvdk@awmh
ajymEdik yf gw,f? 'gayr,fh 'Dx;l jcm;csuaf tmufrmS tao;pdwf jyef=unfv h @kd &&dS if 'D topf
xnfah y;xm;wJ[ h mu emrnfyjJ zpf+yD;awmh tJ'aD 'orSm wu,fv h yk yf ikd cf iG uhf kd jyef=unfv h @kd &&dS if
rsm;rsm;rawG@&bl;cifAs? Oyrmqk&d if ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG &hf wdik ;f qdw k mu 0 udk ajymwm? usew f hJ
"Ek/ ytd@k 0/f yavmif/ ud;k uef@e@J em*udak wmh ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG &hf a'oqd+k yD;awmh wdik ;f eJ@a'o
qdk+yD;awmh xyf+yD;awmh cGJvdkufao;w,f? odk@aomfvnf;yJ wdkif;rSmjzpfjzpf a'orSmjzpfjzpf
OD;pD;tzG@J awG zG@J &w,f? OD;pD;tzG@J awG zG@J r,fq&kd if wyfrawmf umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu apv$ww f hJ
wyfrawmfom; (4) OD;u tJ'OD ;D pD;tzG@J rmS rjzpfrae yg&r,f? aemufwcsuu f tJ'OD ;D pD;tzG@J
OuUÏawGudk tJ'D wdkif;wdk@/ a'owdk@u udk,fbmoma&G;+yD; udk,hfbmom cef@vdk@ r&bl;?
b,favmufyJ }udKuf}udKuf 'Dvu l kd jynfe,fvw $ af wmfuaewqifh orRwuae cef@&r,fv@kd
ajymxm;w,f? qdw k t hJ cgusawmh orRweJ@ qef@usiu f v JG w JG o hJ /l orRweJ@r}uKd ufwo hJ ql &kd if tJ'D
wdkif;/ a'oawGu vHk;0 cef@cGifhr&Sdawmhbl;? 'ga=umifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& qdkwJh[mu
oufqikd &f m A[du k csay;wJh Oya'awGatmufrmS pDrcH ef@cw JG v hJ yk if ef;yJ jzpfr,fAs”
ytd@k 0wf ikd ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifwa,mufjzpfwhJ Adv k rf LS ;cGeOf uUm&JŒtjrif jzpfygw,f?
wcg 1947 ckEpS u f ae rsuaf rSmufacwftxd Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_rmS awmufavSsmuf
yg0ifcw hJ hJ OD;a&$t;kH uvnf; tckvkd Edi_ ;f ,SOjf yygw,f?
“tJawmh (74) ckESpf[musawmh tcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifwJh jynfe,f (7) ckeJ@
tcsKyftjcmtm%m vHk;0r&SdwJh wdkif; (7) ckwdk@ wwef;wnf; xm;aomfvnf;yJ 'g[m
jynfaxmifpk b,fvrkd S r[kwaf wmhb;l / usaemfw@kd ac:awmh wdik ;f eJ@jynfe,fawGyJ ac:w,f? 2008

54
ckEpS f tajccHOya'usawmh tJ'D (74) ckEpS u f tajccHOya'udyk J vdu k w f myJ trSeu f awmh?
wdik ;f eJ@jynfe,f r[kwb f eJ @J wdik ;f udk wdik ;f a'o}uD;wd@k bmwd@k emrnfav;ajymif;vdu k w f m?
rsuv f n S jhf ywmayg?h ajymif;vdu k +f y;D awmh vkyw f m trSeu f awmh rltm;jzifah wmh wdik ;f eJ@jynfe,fyJ
trSeu f awmh? wdik ;f eJ@jynfe,fvyk v f mjcif;tm;jzifh bmjzpfvmvJqakd wmh (74) ckEpS t f wdik ;f
jyefjzpfvmwmyJ? yd+k yD;awmh xl;vmwmu bmvJqakd wmh (74) ckEpS w f ek ;f u wdik ;f eJ@jynfe,f
jzpfayr,fh wygwDtm%m&SifpepfyJ? ppftm%m&Sif r[kwfbl;? tckusawmhrS ygwDpHkvdk@
ajymw,f? ygwpD x kH rJ mS rS ppfwyfu [du k ,lvu kd /f 'Du ,lvu kd f 25 µ ,le@J trsK;d rsK;d vSn, hf l
vdkufawmh aemufqHk;usawmh ppfwyfu tkyfcsKyfr_yJ trSefuawmh? tJawmh 2008 ckESpf
tajccHOya'u bmjzpfvmrvJqv kd @kd &&dS if 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wmf r[kwb f eJ @J ppfwyfutkycf sKyfwhJ
ppfEikd if H jzpfomG ;+yD? tajctaeu wjznf;jznf;eJ@ qd;k qd;k qd;k qd;k vmwm trSeu f awmh? usaemf
wd@k u (47) ckEpS w f ek ;f ueJ@pm&if (74) ckEpS f enf;enf; qd;k w,f/ (74) ckEpS ef @J pm&if tck 2008
ckEpS uf yd+k yD;awmh qd;k vmw,f? usaemfw@kd u jyefvrf;r&So d vdk jzpfomG ;w,f trSeu f ”
0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;orm; OD;a&$t;kH u acwftqufquf tajccHOya'awGukd a0zefo;kH oyf
jyoGm;wm jzpfygw,f? wkdif;&if;om;awG&JŒtcGifhta&;udk azmfaqmifw,fvdk@ajymvdk@&r,fh
tcsufawGxJrSmawmh v$wfawmf (2) &yfteuf jynfol@v$wfawmfudk +rdKŒe,feJ@vlOD;a&udk
tajccH+yD;zG@J pnf;cJo h vdk trsK;d om; v$waf wmfrmS awmh ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG &hf wdik ;f eJ@ ud, k yf ikd f
tkycf sKyfciG &hf a'owckpu D ud, k pf m;vS,w f OD;pD yg0if+yD; wdik ;f a'o}uD; od@k r[kwf jynfe,fwckpD
twGuf ud, k pf m;vS,f (12) OD;uspD wlnpD mG a&G;aumuf+yD; trsK;d om;v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
(168) OD;udk wifajrSmufciG jhf yKxm;ygw,f? 'Dtay:rSmawmh wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm;aumifpD
twGi;f a&;r_; a'guw f m qvdik ;f v#rH e_ ;f u trsK;d om;v$waf wmf&ŒJ tcef;u¾udk &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f?
“jynfe,fe,ferdwu f kd jyifqifwahJ e&mrSm trsK;d om;v$waf wmfu bmtcGit hf a&;
rSr&Sb d eJ @J jynfaxmifpk v$waf wmfuom jyifqifyikd cf iG &hf w dS ,f? qkad wmh jynfaxmifpv k w $ af wmf
qdwk m trsK;d om;v$waf wmfe@J jynfo@l vw $ af wmfaygi;f +yD;rS zG@J pnf;xm;wJh v$waf wmfjzpfw,f?
trsK;d om;v$waf wmfrmS a&m jynfaxmifpk v$waf wmfrmS a&m trsm;pku ajym&&if ArmawGu
rsm;aewJt h wGuf wdik ;f &if;om;awGtaeeJ@ olw@kd jynfe,f e,ferdwu f kd umuG,yf ikd cf iG rhf &Syd gb;l ?
Oyrm taeeJ@ ajymvdu k v f @kd &&dS if csi;f jynfe,fukd (3) ydik ;f ydik ;f r,f/ wydik ;f udk rauG;wdik ;f xJrmS
xnfrh ,f/ wydik ;f udk ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f xJrmS xnf+h y;D awmh usew f thJ ydik ;f ao;ao;av;udk csi;f jynfe,f
tjzpf csex f m;r,fq+kd y;D awmh jynfaxmifpv k w $ af wmfrmS tqdw k &yfwifoiG ;f vk@d &&dS if csi;f jynfe,f
pum;ajym+y;D awmh trsK;d om;v$waf wmfrmS xdik af ewJh trsK;d om; v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGu
csi;f jynfe,f&ŒJ tcGit hf a&;udk umuG,Ef ikd rf mS r[kwyf gb;l ? bmjzpfv@kd vnf;qdak wmh olw@kd ru J
tifrwefrS enf;yg;oGm;+yDjzpfw,f? usaemfajymcsiw f mu trsK;d om;v$waf wmfuae+yD;awmh

55
jynfe,ftcGit hf a&;udk umuG,Ef ikd w f hJ tcGit hf a&;qdwk m vH;k 0 r&Sb d ;l qdw
k m oGm;awG@&ygw,f”
'guawmh trsKd;om;v$wfawmfrSm wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,fawG tcsKd;us
yg0ifciG &hf ayr,fh vufawG@&ifqikd f Edik w f hJ tcuftcJukd a'guw f m qvdik ;f vSsrH e_ ;f u axmufjy
oGm;wmyg?
'Dawmh wdik ;f &if;om;awG&ŒJ tcGit hf a&;udk vufawG@rmS bmrSrazmfaqmifawmhwhJ
oabmvm;? yk'fr (365) t&awmh pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_/ tEkynmeJ@ "avhxHk;wrf;awGudk
vGwfvyfpGm jyKpkysKd;axmifcGifhjyKxm;ygw,f? 'DtcGifhta&;tay: OD;atmifxl;u tckvdk
oH;k oyfjyygw,f?
“pkaygif;tcGifhta&;eJ@ywfoufvm&if &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; 'DwckyJ usaemfawG@&w,f?
'Dwcku t"du pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_/ tEkynm/ "avhx;kH wrf;awGe@J qdik w f ,f? tJawmh tJ'gawGukd
ay;xm;oa,mif&w dS ,f? od@k aomf yk'rf (365) udk taotcsm avhvm=unfyh g? 'kw, d
pma=umif;rSm awG@&vdrrhf ,f/ ,if;od@k aqmif&u G &f mwGif wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &;udk
xdyg;r_r&Sdap&ef a&Smif=uOf&rnf wJh? wdkif;&if;om;awGu pkaygif;+yD;awmh olwdk@&JŒ pmay
wd;k wufatmifvyk w f m/ ,Ofaus;r_w;kd wufatmif vkyw f m/ tEkynmawGukd wd;k wufatmif
vkyw f mawG tm;vH;k u tm%mydik af wG&ŒJ rsuaf phxrJ mS =unfv h @kd r&awmhb;l ? olw@kd tm%m
wnfjrJru _ kd xdyg;awmhr,f,q l &if wkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &;udk xdyg;awmhr,fqw kd hJ
ta=umif;jycsuef @J zdEydS cf &H zd@k om&Sw d hJ jyÏmef;csujf zpfw,fv@kd usaemfw@kd axmufjycsiw f ,f”
aemufwcg 2008 tajccHOya'xJrmS jynfe,fe@J wdik ;f a'o}uD;awGrmS v$waf wmf
(14) &yf zG@J pnf;cGijhf yKxm;ovdk jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyfawGuv kd nf; cef@tyfxm;r,fqw kd uhJ pd [
P m
t&ifOya'awGeJ@ pm&if xl;jcm;r_&SdwJhoabm awG@&ygw,f? oxHk+rdKŒe,f trSwf (1)
v$waf wmftrwf cGejf rifx h eG ;f u trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd 3 ESpaf vmuf wufc+hJ yD; ol@&ŒJ tjrifukd
tckvkd &Si;f jyygw,f?
“etzu trnfcHjynfaxmifpk emrnfwyfxm;wJh trnfcHjynfaxmifpkudkyJ
vkyfcsifw,f? wdkif;&if;om;awGu wu,fhudk toGifo¾mefa&m tESpfom&yg jynfh0wJh
jynfaxmifppk pfppfukd vdck siyf gw,f? 'g t"du uGm[csuf jzpfygw,f? tJawmh 'Dae@z@JG pnf;yHu k
jynfaxmifppk pfppf ay:xGe;f rSm r[kwb f ;l ? Oyrmajym&&if jynfe,f 0ef}u;D csKyfudk cef@tyfwu hJ pd P
rSm wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkawG tygt0if usaemfwdk@'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGu jynfe,f
0ef}uD;csKyfukd oufqikd &f m jynfe,fvw $ af wmfuyJ a&G;&r,f/ etzu orRwuae+yD;awmh
jynfe,f 0ef}u;D csKyu f kd a&G;r,f? tJ'g t"du uGm[csuyf ?J etzu tay:uae+y;D awmh a&G;r,f?
usaemfw@kd u atmufuae+y;D awmh wifajrmS ufr,f? tJ'g t"du uGm[csujf zpfygw,f? tJawmh
'DrSmxJudku etz&JŒzGJ@pnf;yHku wjynfaxmifpepf/ A[dkuae csKyfudkifxm;wJhpepfqdkwm

56
2008 ckESpf tajccHOya'u
bmjzpfvmrvJqdkvdk@&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmf r[kwfbJeJ@
ppfwyfu tkycf sKyfwhJ ppfEikd if H jzpfomG ;+yD? tajctaeu
wjznf;jznf;eJ@ qd;k qd;k qd;k qd;k vmwm
&Si;f ygw,f”
aomw&Sirf sm;&Si/f tajccHOya'rSmyg0ifwhJ jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om;awGe@J oufqikd f
wJh ta=umif;t&mawGukd tcsed &f oavmuf pkpnf;wifjycJw h mjzpfygw,f?
wu,fawmh tajccHOya'qdw k m wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ tem*wftwGuf tvGet f a&;ygovdk
tajccHrx l rJ mS vnf; jynfaxmifpk r+yKd uGaJ &;/ wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw G rf _ r+yKd uGaJ &;qdw k mudk
twdtvif; azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh vGwv f yfa&;&wJt h csed u f p+yD; jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &eJ@
jynfe,fawGt=um; tm%mcGaJ 0r_ukd rajz&Si;f Edik v f @kd wdik ;f jynf[m tESpf (60) jynfwiG ;f ppfe@J
&ifqikd cf &hJ ygw,f? 'ga=umifh tck 'DtajccHOya'udk jyÏmef;vdu k &f ifaum jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;
&Edik rf vm;? a'guw f m qvdik ;f vSsrH e_ ;f u tckvo kd ;kH oyfjyygw,f?
“olw@kd u wzufowfa&;qGaJ ewJh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk jyÏmef;oGm;r,fqv kd @kd &&dS if
etz ppftpd;k & oabmxm; tJ'rD mS usaemfw@kd jrifEikd w f mu Edik if aH &;jy\emudk Edik if aH &;enf;eJ@
rajz&Si;f bJe@J Edik if aH &; jy\emudk ppfa&;eJ@quf+yD;awmh ajz&Si;f r,fxifw,fqw kd m usaemfw@kd
oGm;awG@aewmjzpfygw,f? ppftpd;k &u a&;qGjJ yÏmef;wJh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'u twnfjyK
oGm;r,fqv kd @kd &&dS if usaemfw@kd wikd ;f jynf&ŒJ tem*wfu tifrwefrS &ifav;p&maumif;ygw,f?
bmjzpfv@kd vnf;qdak wmh olw@kd u jynfwiG ;f ppfukd +idr;f csr;f zd@k qENr&Sb d ;l ? wdik ;f &if;om;awGukd
tcGit hf a&;ay;zd@k qENr&Sb d ;l ? tJ't D wGuaf =umifh olw@kd &ŒJ zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'om twnfjyK
r,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if 'g[m wdkif;jynftem*wfrSm +idrf;csrf;wJh tvm;tvm vHk;0rjrifbl;qdkwm
tifrwef 0rf;enf;zG,af wG@&ygw,f”
aomw&Sirf sm;&Si/f vuf&adS jymae=uwJh tajccHOya'[m 1947/ 74 Oya'awGe@J pm&if
wkid ;f &if;om; tcGit hf a&;awGukd ay;xm;w,fv@kd azmfjyxm;ayr,fh A[dck sKyfuikd rf r_ sm;wJt h wGuf
ppfreS w f hJ jynfaxmifpk vd@k rac: Edik af =umif; tjriftrsK;d rsK;d udk wifjyvdu k &f ygw,f? vmr,fh
tpDtpOfus&ifawmh tck 'DOya'=urf;[m wcsKŒd ,lqovdk wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJEikd rf ,fh
tvm;tvm b,favmuf&o dS vJqw dk m em;qif&rSmjzpfygw,f&iS ?f
qufvufazmfjyygr,f?

57
ordik ;f qdik &f m pmrsufEmS
pma&;q&m owif;pmq&m
OD;wifah qG
xd e f v if ;
acwfopf jrefrmhordik ;f pOfwavSsmufukd =unf&h if Ekid if aH &;e,fy,frmS pmay0goem&Sif

awG &dSovdk pmayynm&SifawGu EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fxJ a&muf&dS=uwmawGvnf; awG@&rSm
jzpfygw,f? 0efxrf;b0 uae pmaye,fxJ 0ifa&mufcJholawG&dSovdk 0efxrf;jzpfoGm;wJh
pma&;q&mrsm;vnf; &dyS gw,f? pma&;q&m owif;pmq&m OD;wifah qG uawmh pma&;q&m
b0uae 0efxrf;jzpfomG ;ol vk@d qd&k r,f xifygw,f?
OD;wifah qG udk 1906 ckepS f Zlvikd v f 16 &ufae@u &efuek +f rKdŒrSm arG;zGm;cJjh yD; 1953
ckESpf ZGefv 16 &ufae@rSm uG,fvGefcJhygw,f? touf 47 eSpft&G,frSm uG,fvGefcJh&wJh
OD;wifah qG[m acwfopf jrefrmhpmayordik ;f rSma&m/ Ekid if aH &;e,fy,frmS yg rSww f rf;wif&r,fh
vkyaf qmifcsuaf wG cse&f pfcyhJ gw,f? OD;wifah qG&ŒJ zcifu pmawmfjyef0efaxmuf OD;zd;k jzL jzpfjyD;
rdcifu ‘u0d u0drsufrSef r*~Ziif;’wdkufydkif&Sif a':at;ar jzpfygw,f? rdcifu ‘pHy,fyif’/
‘a&$jynfp;kd ’ pwJ0h wÎKawGe@J pmaye,frmS xif&mS ;wJh &mZ0wf0efaxmuf OD;vwf &JŒ nDrjzpfovdk
zcifuvnf; pmay tEkock rk udk jrwfE;dk wJt h jyif avmuD avmukwf pmayusr;f *efrsm; jyKpkco hJ l
jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh rdb eSpOf ;D pvH;k bufu pmaytEkynmqdik &f m ADZrsK;d aph ygvmol jzpfw,fv@dk
qd&k ygvrd rhf ,f?
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ausmif;om;oydwef @J }uKHygw,f? 'ga=umifh oydw&f ŒJ aemufqufwGJ trsK;d om;ausmif;awG
ay:ayguv f mwJt h cg +rKdŒrausmif;udk ajymif;a&$Œ ynmoif=um;cJyh gw,f? tJ'u D ae aumvdyf
ausmif;udk wufa&muf ynmoif,&l ayr,fh yifet D uFs eD @J csnv f ckH snyf J 0wfqifwhJ 0HomEk
ausmif;om; jzpfwt hJ wGuf t*Fvyd q f &m=u;D awG&ŒJ +iKjd iifru_ kd cHc&hJ ygw,f? aumvdyaf usmif;om;
b0rSmyJ 0ef=uD;a[mif; OD;&m&Spf/ oHwJGtrwf OD;ausmfcif/ tdkifpDtufpf OD;tkef; tp&dSwJh
ausmif;om;=u;D awGe@J wdik yf ifjy;D wuUov kd of r*~ukd pwif wnfaxmifcw hJ thJ wGuf ‘wuUov kd f
or*~ tp/ OD;wifah qGw@dk u’ vk@d awmif qdEk idk w f t
hJ a=umif; armifow k trnfcH Adv k rf LS ;baomif;
jyKpkcwhJ hJ ‘pmqdak wmfrsm; twÎKy`w’dœ pmtkyrf mS a&;om;xm;ygw,f?
1925 ckepS f rdz&k m;=uD; pkz&k m;vwf uG,v f eG w
f t hJ cg tJ'u D pd u
P kd 0HomEktoif;u
uruxjyK aqmif&u G af wmhvnf; tr_aqmifpm&if;rSm OD;wifah qG yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? u0drsurf eS f
58
r*~Zif; xkwaf 0cJw h hJ 1927 ckepS u f pjyD; wmaw/ a&$b-kd armifvwfwl qdw k hJ uavmiftrnfe@J
0wÎKawG aqmif;yg;awG a&;om;cJhygw,f? armifvwfwl qdkwJh uavmiftrnfudkawmh
pma&;q&m=u;D OD;vwf&ŒJ wl qdw k ohJ abm oH;k pJcG w hJ m jzpfovdk ‘armifvwfwl ] armifvw l wf’
qdjk yD; pum;vdref @J t"dym` ,f &Ekid w f t hJ wGuv f nf; jzpfw,fv@dk qdyk gw,f?
wjcm; uavmiftrnfjzpfwhJ wmaw qdw k hJ emrnfe@J pke;f / ua0/ wap> pwJh emembm0
0wÎKawG a&;om;wJt h cg t&rf;yJ vl}uKdurf sm;oGm;jyD; uavmif&iS f b,fojl zpfw,f qdw k m
pmzwfy&dowfawGu vdu k vf H pHpk rf;&wJt h xd jzpfc&hJ ygw,f? 'Dvkd pke;f ua0 0wÎKawG a&;wJt h cg
OD;wifah qGu pdwu f ;l oufouf vkyZf mwf0wÎKrsK;d awG a&;wmr[kwb f J ya,m*usr;f / tif; tdik f
cvJh vufzJG@qdkif&musrf;/ xGuf&yfusrf; pwJh jrefrmorm;awmfawG&JŒ vufpJGpmtkyfawGudk
aphaphpyfpyf zwf&j_ yD; jrefrmh"avh xH;k wrf;awGe@J nDnw G af tmif a&;om;cJw h ,fv@dk od&ygw,f?
OD;wifhaqG[m 1930 jynfheSpfrSm 0dZ…mwef; atmifjrifcJhjyD; olynmoif,lcJhwJh
+rKŒd rausmif;rSm txufwef;jyq&m tjzpf 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd cf yhJ gw,f? wcdsew f nf;rSm Oya'wef;
wufa&mufjyD; Oya'bJG@udk &,lcJhygw,f? 1935 ckeSpfrSm ‘aus;vufawm&Gm jyKjyifa&;’
ynmawmfoiftjzpf apv$wcf cH &hJ wJt h wGuf Oa&myEkid if rH sm;rSm oGm;a&mufynmoif,jl yD;
aus;vufawm&Gm jyKjyifa&; 'Dyvdrk m &&dcS yhJ gw,f? 'ga=umifh ol@ukd aus;&GmjyKjyifa&; OD;wifah qG
vk@d vnf; ac:qd=k uygw,f?
reœav;+rKŒd tpd;k & aemfref q&mjzpfoifausmif; ausmif;tky=f u;D / 'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f
0g'eSihf owif; jzef@csd a&;t&m&d/S +rKdŒrausmif;q&m/ bm;rif;owif;pm t,f'w D mcsKyf pojzifh
wm0efawG xrf;aqmifcjhJ yD; 1950 jynfeh pS rf mS jrefrmEkid if H pma&;q&mtoif;=uD;&JŒ OuUÏtjzpf
wifajrSmufjcif;cH&ygw,f? 'Dvdk OuUÏtjzpf aqmif&GufaewJhtcdsefrSmyJ oD&dvuFmqdkif&m
oHtrwf=uD;tjzpf cef@tyfapv$wjf cif; cHc&hJ ygw,f? 'gayr,fh oHtrwftjzpf (3) eSpaf usmf
wm0efxrf;aqmifjyD;wJt h cdserf mS aoG;vHsS a&m*ge@J uG,v f eG cf &hJ ygw,f?
OD;wifah qG &JŒ pmayrsm;[m 'kw, d urBmppf rwdik cf ifu pme,fZif;rsm;rSm azmfjycJw h m
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wmaw trnfeJ@ aqmif;yg;awG yifwdkifa&;cJhwmu ‘wdkif;cspf’ owif;pmrSmyg?
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ZeD;armifet SH a=umif; a&;om;cJ+h y;D 1942 ckepS f =o*kwv f 1 &ufae@ owif;pmrSm azmfjycJyh gw,f?

59
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twif ajymyJw G pfcrk mS ocifatmifqef;&JŒ a[majymjcif;udk yxrqH;k pwifjrifz;l cJah =umif;/
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67
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68
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tqifhawGudk &yfuGufu vlawG&JŒ qENeJŒ cefŒtyfcJhygw,f? tJ'D tcsdefu rJ&kHr_;awGu
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oGm;Edik af tmifvJ tultnD ay;cJ=h uygw,f? jynfov l xl k taeeJŒvJ a&G;aumufyu JG kd txl;
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aeŒvnfavmuf uxJu rJay;cGifh &SdolawG tm;vHk; rJay;+yD; =uyg+yD? vlxk&JŒ qENu
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69
awG a&SŒrSmbJ a&wGu=f uygw,f? wcgwav rJpm&Guaf wGukd olŒtyHk eJŒ ol yHpk OfrmS pm&Guf
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=uygw,f? rJa&wGuw f m n 8em&D 0ef;usif avmufrS +yD;qH;k ygw,f? jynfoal wG a&SŒrSmbJ
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jynfoal wGu tjref zGi+hf y;D a&wGuaf pzdŒk twGuf rJqEN&iS af wGu atmf[pf awmif;qd=k uw,fw?hJ
jynfoal wG pd;k &drw f mu rJc;kd rSmudyk g? trSeu f awmh jynfoal wG pd;k &drv f eG w f m bJ jzpf+yD; txJrmS
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ra=unm Edik af vmufatmif tdajEN ysucf hJ =uygw,f? ppfwyf e,fajr awGrmS wpn Edik rf ,fvŒkd
wGux f m;cJh ayrJh '*Hjk rdKŒe,f/ udu k u kd |e;f / r*øvm'Hjk rdKŒe,f / arSmb f v D kd +rdKŒe,f rsKd ;awGrmS awmif
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wywfavmuf txd jrefrmh toHu wdwq f w d +f idrof ufchJ ygw,f? NLD ygwD &k;H &S&d m
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ygvrd rhf ,f? a&G;aumufyJG aumfr&Sif u ppftm%m&Sif &JŒ &kyaf o;&kyf yg? }uzhH HG ygwu D vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf wG
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70
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2008zGŒJ pnf;yHk t& b,forl S 0ifrjydKif&if }uHzh u HG Edik +f yD;om; jzpfrmS yg? Edik if aH wmfaiGukd rdrd aiGvkd
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aiGu ode;f (20)eJŒ ode;f (30 ) =um; tukecf &H r,f qdak wmh ? 1990 ckEpS u f usrwdŒk oCFmef;u|e;f
+rdKŒe,fu us,0f ef;vdŒk rJqENe,fukd (2) ydik ;f cGjJ yD; trwfavmif; (2)OD; a&G;cs,cf iG hf &chaJ yrJh 2010
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ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd w&m;0if xlaxmifvu kd w f myg? usrwd@k rsKd ;qufwiG f ppftm%m&Sif vufxJ
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ociftek ;f jrifh armfueG ;f pmrsufEmS
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owif;pmwdkuf aemuf &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~&JŒ rsKd;nGef@r*~Zif;awGrSm
w0Jvnfvnf a,mifayayeJ@ aecJw h mayg?h *sme,fausmf OD;cspaf rmifu u|eaf wmhq f &m
t&if;av? vufyw H ef;ausmif;rSm u|eaf wmf oH;k av;wef;uwnf;u olu ausmif;q&mjzpf
ae+yD? usGefawmf q,fwef;atmifawmh olu jrefrmhtvif;rSm t,f'Dwmjzpfaew,f?
&efuek q f if;vmwJt h cg q&mOD;cspaf rmif/ yef;cst D ek ;f vGiw f @kd e@J twl a&ausmf ESi;f yef;vrf; trSwf
(18) rSm aew,f? tJ't D cef;rSm aemif wd;k wufa&;eJ@ ArmhacwfrmS t,f'w D mvkyo f mG ;wJh
udu k akd v;/ udx k eG ;f az (aemif ocifwifaz)/ q&mxGe;f }udKif (ABC ypPn;f iSm;Xme 33 vrf;)
wd@k e@J twlaecJw h ,f? aps;E_e;f owif;pmwdu k /f jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmwdu k af wGrmS owif;pm
t,f'w D mtzG@J vkyif ef;awGukd awG@jrifc&hJ w,f?”
“1936 ckEpS f ausmif;om;oydwu f p+yD; udv k aS z (aemif Adv k vf ufsm)/ udt k ek ;f ( aemif
oHtrwf t+idrf;pm;) wkd@eJ@ pwifu|rf;0ifcJhw,f? aemufydkif;rSm udkatmifqef;/ udkjrpdef/
udak usm+f idr;f / udx k eG ;f a&$/ udv k aS &$w@kd e@J txl; &if;ES;D cJw h ,f? 1963 ckEpS x f rJ mS ‘rjref rrmaom
aES;ajymhrsm;’ acgi;f pOfe@J aqmif;yg;wyk'af zmfjyyg&cdS iG hf &cJw h ,f? aemuf aps;E_e;f owif;pmrSm
q,fhESpf&moD+yHK;/ jrifhtkef; pwJh uavmiftrnfawGeJ@ aqmif;yg;wdkuav;awGeJ@ ae@pOf
tcef;quf 0wˆK&Snw f yk'f azmfjyygczhJ ;l w,f”
(ESpf) ae@pOf owif;pmtp wdk;wufa&;u
tbu ajymvufp pum;udk c%&yfvu kd +f y;D opfom;qufwcD u kH rkd I
DS tem;,lvu kd f
onf? ol. vufrsm;udk wkwaf umufay:wGif wifxm;onf? vufacsmif;rsm;rSm t¶d;k ay:
ta&wif¶rkH #om? vufqpfrsm;wGif wGe@f acguaf eaom ta&;ta=umif;rsm;u &ifu h surf E_ iS hf
twl ae&m,lv#u&f o dS nf? xdk vufacsmif;rsm;onf uavmifukd udik pf cJG o hJ nf? cGet f m;&Sad om
pmrsm;jzifh jynfov l x l u k kd tvkyt f au|;jyKcJo h nf? xku d avmifjzifh wd;k wufa&;owif;pmwGif
jzwfoef;cJ&h aom ae@&ufrsm;udk ajz;nêi;f pGm ajymjyaeonf?

74
“usGefawmfwdk@ wdk;wufa&;vkyfcgpu q&mOD;cspfarmifu jrefrmhtvif;rSm
t,f'w D mav/ 'gayr,fh olvnf;yJ t'rfqiif oabFmjrKyfwhJ owif;udpeP @J jy\emjzpfaecsed f
ayg?h tJ't D csed rf mS useG af wmfu *sme,fausmrf mS vkyaf e+yD? *sme,fausmu f u|eaf wmhef mrnfe@J
xkwcf w hJ m? wd;k wufa&; *sme,fq+kd yD; pxkww f ek ;f uvnf; u|eaf wmhef mrnfe@J y?J
wd;k wufa&; *sme,fukd pxkwcf w hJ o hJ ul um,Av OD;&Sed f &JŒnD OD;pde?f olu um,Av
OD;aZmf0w d w f @kd tkypf ak yg?h olw@kd t}u^H m%fawG trsm;}u;D ygygw,f? tJ'rD mS pufq&m/ um;q&m/
jzef@csDa&; tukefvHk; olwdk@vlodkufawGyJ? wdk;wufa&; owif;pmwdkufu ukefonfvrf;eJ@
r[mAE<Kvvrf;=um; (37) vrf;rSm pcJw h m? [kw d ek ;f u bHak b &ufpawm&ifh &Sw d bhJ ufayg?h
tckawmh xD¶Hk;aygh? aemufydkif;rSm jyef=um;a&;Xme n$efcsKyfjzpfoGm;wJh udkausmfpdk;awmifrS
tJ'Dae&mrSmyJ t*Fvdyfvdk bm;rm;'dkif*suf qdk+yD; xkwfcJhao;w,f? olwdk@u yxrxyf/
wd;k wufa&;u tay:xyf wcef;eJ@ atmufxyf (2) cef;ayg”h
“wd;k wufa&;owif;pm pvkyrf ,fqakd wmh
OD;pdeu
f OD;tke;f az (wufw;kd ) udk ac: jywm? olu
pdwrf 0ifpm;wmeJ@ OD;cspaf rmifqD tultnDawmif;
w,f?q&m OD;cspaf rmifu u|eaf wmfu h kd rif;oGm;&if
udak v; ac:oGm;vdu k q f +kd yD; ajymw,f? t,f'w D mcsKyf
uOD;xGe;f oef;ayg?h udak v;qdw k m aemif ‘Armhacwf’
a&mufomG ;wJh t,f'w D m? tJ'w D ek ;f u olu
OD;cspaf rmif&ŒJ abmf'g vlysK/d tdrrf mS bmtvkyrf &S w dS m
r[kwb f ;l ? q&mOD;cspaf rmifvw $ vf u
kd w f meJ@ u|eaf wmf
&,f/ udak v;&,f/ OD;xGe;f oef;&,f oH;k a,mufe@J wd;k wufa&; owif;pmudk pcJw h ,f? OD;pdeuf
tvGeaf phpyf aocsmwJo h l yxrqH;k wd;k wufa&; r*~Zif;xkw+f y;D rS wd;k wufa&;owif;pmxkww f m?
olu ‘}uD;yGm;csr;f oma&;’ qdw k hJ pmtkyaf &;cJzh ;l w,f? ausmif;oH;k pmtkyaf wmif jzpfczhJ ;l w,f?
ol@yHku tom;rJrJeJ@ ol@tudk OD;&SdefeJ@ bmrSrqdkifbl;? OD;&Sdefu uspfuspfvpfvpfeJ@
a'giaf umif;aumif;? OD;pdeu f b,favmuf aphpyfovJq&kd if bavmufta[mif;awGukd
v$ifhrypfbl;? t,f'Dwmpma&; OD;oef;azqdkwJh bkef;}uD;vlxGuf/ aphpyfaocsmwJh vl¶dk;
vlat;}uD;udk pmwtkyef @J pm&if;vkycf ikd ;f xm;w,f? txl;ojzifh Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifw@kd /
ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmifw@kd &ŒJ yHak wGukd oyfoyf aoaocsmcsm eHygwx f ;kd +yD; odr;f xm;wm?
r=umc% jyefjyefo;kH w,f?”
“1938 rSm a&$bu kd OD;a&$zq D wkd o hJ u l armfv0De@J a,m*Dpmtkyf 'kw, d t}urd f jyefxw k f
vd@k 'kw, d t}udrf ukvm; jrefrm t"du¶k%;f jzpfawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd u rdu k rf ukd uf ef;uef;yJ/

75
wdkufu um;eJ@ um;orm;udkac:+yD; vrf;rSm opfwHk;awG cs+yD; vrf;ydwfxm;wmawGudk
vGwfatmifarmif;+yD; owif;av#muf,lw,f? aemuf+yD; csufcsif;a&;xnhfwm? tJ'Dvdk
vkycf w hJ m? ukvm; jrefrmjzpfwt hJ &Sed af =umifh (37) vrf;¶H;k udk yef;qd;k wef;tv,f bavmuf
[ku d u
f w k ef @J rsuEf mS csi;f qdik af vmufu tcef;rSm ajymif;&w,f? tJ'eD m;rSm pm;aomufqikd ef @J
ukvm;pmtkyq f ikd f wqdik f &Sw d ,f? tJ'u D aerS Adv k cf sKyfvrf;eJ@ odrjf zLvrf;axmifh pawmh*w d f
uke;f qif;em;u tck wkid ;f &if;aq;¶Hek m;udk ajymif;wm? tJ't D csed rf mS wd;k wufa&;u awmfawmf
t&Sdef&ae+yD? tJ'DawmhrSm q&mOD;cspfarmif&JŒnD OD;oef;xGef;qdkwm t,f'DwmtzGJ@xJ
a&mufvmwm? udx k if}u;D (wuUov kd f xif}u;D ) rqH;k cifwek ;f u ola&;wJh jrefrmEdik if H owif;pm
rsm;tn$e;f pmtkyx f rJ mS wd;k wufa&;owifpm t,f'w D m pm&if;udk azmfjyawmh udo k ef;xGe;f u
t&ifjzpfae+yD; cifAsm;u 'kw, d jzpfaew,f/ ola&;rdwm a&SŒaemuf vGaJ ew,fv@kd ajymygw,f?
tJ'D tcsed w f ek ;f u u|eaf wmht f rd u f ydu k q f yH @kd ay;aeawmh &wJv h ceJ@o;kH wmr[kwb f ;l ? tdru f
ay;wJh ydu k qf eH @J oH;k aewmqdak wmh owif;pmwdu k rf mS tcsed jf ynfv h yk af ewm? reufwacguf
qif;vdu k /f ae@vnfwacguf jyef0if+yD; vkyv f u kd /f ntdrrf jyefcif t,f'w D mpm;yGJ 0ifxikd v f u kd f
vkyaf y;aewmud;k ? OD;pdeu f odyo f abmuswmayg?h ”
“[dkwkef;uawmh &efukefrSm paeae@qdk&if jrif;yGJ&Sdw,f? owif;pmawGu jrif;yGJ
owif;yg+yD; we*FaEGae@ ydwfwmrsm;w,f? ydwfvnf;ydwf=uw,f? owif;pmqkdwm
aemufrus&bl;? pmzwfou l kd tcsed rf D owif;ay;Edik zf @kd vdw k ,f? owif;pmqdw k m ae@wikd ;f xGu&f if
ydak umif;rSmyJ qd+k y;D prf;=unfw h m? ody[ f efusomG ;w,fav? u|eaf wmf wd@k uvnf; tJ't D csed u f
tvkyfawGudk tukefodrf;}uHK;vkyfaeawmh ae@pOfxkwftwGuf tcuftcJr&Sdawmhbl;aygh?
'ga=umifrh @kd wd;k wufa&;up+yD; ae@pOfxw k o f wif;pmudk xkwcf w hJ mvd@k ajymEdik w f mayg?h ”
(oHk;) okc0wDvrf;u {nfhcef;xJrSm
pleD,rfywfcf [kac:aom &efuif; taemufydkif;wGif vrf;eDav; rSwfwdkifteD;Y
okc0wDvrf; &So d nf? xdv k rf;xJo@kd urBmat;vrf; bufrS 0ifvmv#if nmbufjcrf;Y trSwf
(3) bD +cH0if;rSm tbOD;tke;f jrif. h tdrf jzpfonf? +cHxw J iG f oHy&k myif/ tke;f yifEiS hf rmvumyif
rsm;pdu k x f m;onf? tvSpu kd f &Guv f yS ef;yif tawmfrsm;rsm;&So d nf? tdraf &SŒY pdu k x f m;aom
oHyk&myifrsm;rS oHyk&moD;rsm;udkcl;um vmaomolrsm;udk vufaqmifay;wwfonf?
+cH0if;twGi;f tdraf emufbufwiG f trsK;d orD; abmf'gaqmif&o dS nf?
1950 0ef;usifrS Adokumvuf&m[k ,lq&aom xlxJonfhtkwfeH&Hrsm;jzifh
zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh tb.tdrfrSm +idrfqdwfIaeonf? tbu u|efawmfwdk@udk {nfhcef;wGif
vufcaH wG@qo kH nf? olxikd af eaom opfom;qufwcD . kH aemufwiG f qkwq H yd rf sm;/ *k%jf yK
vufrw S rf sm; xnfx h m;aom rSeaf umifwm wck&o dS nf? xdt k xufwiG f yifew D ukd yf 0kH wfxm;um

76
uGr;f tpf/ uGr;f nêyEf iS hf xdik af eaom q&m}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f . "mwfykH &So d nf? tcef;
axmifw h iG f *Eˆ0ifqefvaS om rwfwyfyefum ta[mif;}uD;wvH;k &So d nf?
tbu u|eaf wmfw@kd twGuf aumfzaD zsmcf ikd ;f &if; ajymvufppum;ukd qufonf?
“wd;k wufa&; pxGuw f thJ csed u f jrefrmhtvif;u xdyw f ef;owif;pmayg?h ol&, d u
'kw, d vdu k w f ,f? usew f o hJ wif;pmawG&adS yr,fh wjznf;jznf; &yfomG ;=uw,f? wd;k wufa&;
xkwaf wmh (2) jym;uaep+y;D a&mif;w,f? aemufrS wjznf;jznf; aps;jrifv h mwm? jrefrmhtvif;eJ@
ol&, d u ig;jym;eJ@ a&mif;wm? ppfjzpfwt hJ csed f 1942 usawmh wd;k wufa&;u jrefrmhtvif;
apmifa&t& rdawmhr,f? jrefrmhtvif;u apmifa&rsm;awmh a=umfjimvnf; rsm;w,f? apmifa&
b,favmufrsm;w, q f w kd m ajymcsiaf wmh pm&if;ppftzG@J &ŒJ axmufccH suu f kd owif;pmxJ
xnfah =umfjimw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd vnf; apmifa& aomif;csv D mawmh tJ'v D ykd J pm&if;ppf a=ujim
xnfch zhJ ;l w,f”
“1938 ukvm;jrefrm t"du¶k%;f jzpfawmh u|eaf wmft h rd rf mS vlpw kH ,f? udAk [de;f
uvnf; &efuek f a&mufvm+yD? ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifp;kd / ocifatmifqef;wd@k vmqH=k uw,f?
OD;cspaf rmif tdraf xmifjyKoGm;awmh useG af wmfu Z0e (udo k ed ;f )eJ@aew,f? (37) vrf;/ trSwf
(49) rSm ae=uwm? tck b0wuUov kd f pmtkyw f u
kd &f ŒJ tay: xyfayg?h umxm;wJh eH&u H
opfom;v#mxd;k awG/ a&SŒrSm 0&efwm&Sw d ,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd e@J uyf&uftcef;rSm jrefrmhtvif;
owif;axmuf OD;ausmrf if;aew,f? ol@om;av;u tyg wJ?h OD;ausmrf if;u tajymaumif;
w,f? tdraf &SŒ 0&efwmav;udk tyg vmvd@k &atmif qufvu kd wf ,f? ol@om;av; tygu
vm+y;D [dak r;/ 'Dar; ar;w,f? Z0eu uav;cspw f wfw,f? rl;wmawmh wcsed v f ;kH rl;aewmyJ?
rrl;&if odyaf umif;w,f? tyg yHak jymr,f qdw k phJ mtkyu f tJ'u D av; ar;wm ajymwmawGukd
jyefa&;wm? tJ'w D ek ;f u u|eaf wmfw@kd ESpaf ,mufxJ aewm? aemufawmh ocifEw k @kd / udo
k ed ;f az
(ode;f azjrif)h wd@k a&mufvm=uwmyJ”
“tJ'Dtcsdefu wdk@Arm tpnf;t¶Hk;uvnf; t&Sdefaumif;aecsdefrSm u|efawmfu
te,fe,f t&yf&yfu wd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k 0ifawGukd tusK;d awmfaqmif owif;axmufq+kd yD;
cef@xm;ay;w,f? olw@kd uvnf; olw@kd owif;yg&if auseyf=uwmayg?h ydu k q f rH ,l=uygb;l ? 1300
jynfhta&;awmfyHk uvnf; pcgpqdkawmh wdk;wufa&;owif;pmu wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;&JŒ
aºuG;a=umfov H kd jzpfomG ;+yD; w[kex f ;kd apmifa&awG wufomG ;w,f? wcsKŒd owif;awGusawmh
enf;enf;yg;yg; xdcu kd w
f o hJ al wG xd=uwmeJ@ tusK;d awmfaqmif e,fowif;axmufawGukd
udk,fydkifeHygwfeJ@ trSwftom;vkyf+yD; olwdk@owif;&JŒ atmufajcrSm azmfjyay;cJhw,f?
tJ'w D ek ;f u wjcm;owif;pmawGrmS tJ'v D kd pepfr&Sad o;bl;? u|eaf wmfw@kd wd;k wufa&;u tJ'v D kd
pvdu k w f mudk OD;pdeu f vnf; oabmusw,f?”

77
“jrefrmhtvif;qd&k if tJ'w D ek ;f u owif;awGtwGuf tJ'v D v kd yk w
f mrsK;d r&Sad o;bl;?
jrefrmhtvif;&JŒ rE aW v;owif;ud, k pf m;vS,u f OD;udu k vkd wf xifw,f? owif;axmufvnf;
olyJ? ol@rSm vufoyfarG;xm;wJh wynfh owif;axmufawGawmh &SdrSmaygh? 'gayr,fh
olw@kd owif;qdw k mudk emrnfw@kd / trSwt f om;wk@d wyfay;wmrsK;d r&Sb d ;l ? usaemfw@dk wd;k wufa&;
&JŒ rE aW v; owif;axmufu ukvm; rlpvife@J wlw,f? jrefrmpmom yDoatmif ra&;wwfwm/
owif;awGuawmh odyfaumif;wmyJ? u|efawmfwdk@u ol@owif;awGudk jyifa&;&w,f?
ol@owif;qdk&if ol@eHygwfeJ@ azmfjyay;cJhw,f? q&mOD;cspfarmifu jrefrmhtvif;uxGuf+yD;
*sme,fausmfrSmvkyfawmh u|efawmhfudk jyefac:ao;w,f? u|efawmfu wdk;wufa&;rSm
aysmaf e+yDq&mvd@k ajymcJw h ,f? 'gayr,fh *sme,fausmf rSm tcef; (2) cef; a&;ay;cJyh gw,f?
*sme,fausmf pxGux f u G cf si;f rSm q&mOD;cspaf rmifu “Ttcsurf sm;udk rauseyf” “e,frsm;wGif
rnfo@kd jzpfysuaf eoenf;” qdw k hJ owif;u¾pHu k kd pa&;jyw,f? u|eaf wmfu aemuftywfrmS
ol@yw kH l vdu
k +f yD;awmh a&;cJw h myg? wd;k wufa&;vkyaf e&if; tJ'D (2) cef;udk tcsed af wmfawmf
=um=um a&;ay;cJw h ,f? wd;k wufa&; owif;pmydik &f iS f OD;pdeu f vnf; *sme,fausmu f t*Fvyd u f kd
aqmfwm vufoHajymifawmh tpdk;&u ta&;,l&if xkwfa0oljzpfwJh u|efawmhfudkyg
t,f'w D mcsKyf OD;cspaf rmife@J twl ta&;,l cH&rSmpd;k w,f? ta&;,lc&H &if wd;k wufa&; tvkyf
awGvnf; xdcu kd Ef ikd w
f mud;k ?”
(av;) 1300 jynfh EdkifiHa&;rsKd;quf
tbonf owif;pmq&ma[mif;wOD;yDopGm ordik ;f tcsut f vufrsm;udk ajymonfh
tcgwiG f b,fpmtkyef @J wdu k =f unfv h u kd /f b,fpmtkyrf mS b,fvakd zmfjyxm;w,f tp&So d jzifh
n$ew f wfygonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd ESihf ajymaecsed w f iG f tcsKŒd aom vlemrnfrsm;ESihf ouU&mZf
tenf;i,favmufom arhaeojzifh b,frmS =unfv h ukd f qd+k y;D n$e;f onfrv S &JG if tawmfrsm;rsm;
rSwrf ad eygao;onf? u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd &Si;f jyae&if; r=umc% qD;xoGm;onf? jyefvmv#if
ar;or#ukd qufIajzonf? tbu xdik x f oGm;vm&mwGif ol@ukd vlwo JG nfukd r}udKufyg?
olonf jyif;jyaom pdwt f avhtusiEhf iS hf &Sio f efvmcJo h rl [kwv f m;?
useG af wmfw@kd onf ordik ;f a&qefukd avSmcf wfco hJ l 0g&ifo h wif;pmq&m (od@k r[kw)f
1300 jynfhta&;awmf yHkrS arG;zGm;ay;vdkufonfh EkdifiHa&;rsKd;qufwOD;udk awG@ae&onf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd qo kd nfrmS True News owif;*sme,f wm0efct H ,f'w D m udak omif;xdu k Ef iS hf
u|eaf wmfjzpfonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf ouf&o dS rdik ;f tbd"mefxrJ S tcsK;d tauG@ pmrsuEf mS rsm;udk
zwf=um; ae=ujcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf? twdwfrS tawG@t}uHKrsm;onf ,ae@twGuf
ocFe;f pmaumif;rsm; jzpfovdk tem*wftwGuf vrf;n$erf sm;vnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEikd yf gonf?
“tJ'v D kd wd;k wufa&;owif;pm xkwcf gp 1938 ck {+yDvxJrmS ykord +f rdKŒrSmusi;f ywJh

78
jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; uGefz&ifudk udkatmifqef;/ udkA[def;/ udkoef;xGef;/
uduk eG @f w@kd e@J twl tkypf v k u kd f wufcw hJ myJ? +rKd ŒcH ykord o f m; udjk rpdef (aemif oHtrwf)/ udo k ed ;f aqG
(aemif Adv k o f rd ;f aqG)/ q&mawmf OD;omoe/ jrefrmhvufa&G;pif abmvH;k orm; udak t;armif/
udo k ef;wd@k e@J &if;ES;D cJ&h w,f? ykord u f eG zf &iht f +yD; armfwifpeG ;f udo k mG ;+yD; bk&m;Z&yfrmS aEG&moD
pcef;zGichf =hJ uw,f? tyef;ajzoGm;=uwmrsK;d r[kwb f J udak tmifqef;/ udAk [de;f / udo k ef;xGe;f wd@k u
e,fu ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,af wGukd e,fu ocifawGe@J wdik yf if+yD; e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;
v_yf&Sm;r_awGvkyfzkd@ usdwf+yD; wdkifyifaqG;aEG;cJh=uwmyg? tJ'DuGef@z&ef&JŒ xl;jcm;csufu
ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f udk udak tmifqef; ud, k w f ikd o
f mG ;+y;D zdwcf w hJ m? udAk [de;f eJ@ udo k ef;xGe;f vnf;
twlygomG ;wmayg?h tJ't D csed uf wnf;u udak tmifqef;udk ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f eJ@ wd@k Arm
tpnf;t¶Hk; ÏmecsKyfrSm&SdwJh tr_aqmifwzGJ@vHk;u ociftjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;+yD;om;/
wk@d Armtpnf;t¶H;k acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f rSm 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd zf @kd urf;vSr;f xm;+yD;om;yg?”
“aemufxyf xl;jcm;wmu uGefz&ifhudk um,Av udkaZmf0dwf}uD; ygvmwmyJ?
oluvnf; wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk;ocifawG&JŒ nDvmcHawG/ ausmif;om;nDvmcHawGrSm
u|eaf wmfv h ykd J toH;k cscH wa,mufayg?h udak Zmf0w d }f uD;u 'Dwacgurf mS awmh ausmif;om;
ud, k pf m;vS,f tm;vH;k udk vltyk v f x l ek @J csw D ufwhJ use;f rma&;avhusichf ef; acgi;f aqmifayg?h
yifv,furf;pyfu aomifjyifay:rSm aemifwae@ e,fcsŒJ wdu k yf rJG mS vufeufuikd =f ur,fh
ausmif;om;awGukd vufeufrhJ um, avhusichf ef; twGuf wm0ef,al y;cJw h mayg?h ”
“1937 ckEpS w f ek ;f uvnf; rE aW v;rSmvkyw f hJ jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;
uGezf &ifukd vdu k cf zhJ @kd udak tmifqef;eJ@ udo k ef;xGe;f wd@k u ac:w,f? q&mOD;cspaf rmifuvnf;
vdu k o f mG ;zd@k wu kd w f eG ;f wmeJ@ tazmfvu kd o
f mG ;cJw h ,f? u|eaf wmfuvnf; tom;vGwv f u kd &f wm
xuf yHEk ydS +f yD;p ylyal EGaEG; umvuwWm; ode;f az (ode;f azjrif)h &JŒ “wufbek ;f }uD;” 0wˆKpmtkyf
(150) avmufc&D;oGm;[efvGJ a&mif;ay;r,fqdk+yD; jrefrmhtvif;wdkufu ,loGm;ygw,f?
uGefz&ifhom+yD;oGm;a&m tkyf (20) jynfhatmif ra&mif;cJh&ygbl;? q&mOD;cspfarmifuawmh
roGm;cifuwnf;u ajymygw,f? rE aW v;u bke;f awmf}uD;+rdKŒawmfr@kd jy\emjzpfrmS pd;k vd@k
,lroGm;zd@k wm;ao;w,f?”
“'Dae&mrSm =uHKvdk@ajym&OD;r,f? wcgu *sme,fwapmifrSm u|efawmfu
OD;cspfarmiftaz u rlpvifvdk@ ajymvdkufwmudk tazqdkwmjyKwfoGm;+yD; OD;cspfarmifu
rlpvifq+kd y;D ygomG ;w,f? OD;cspaf rmifu Ak'b < momudk b,favmuf ,H=k unfouf0ifovJq&kd if
awmf¶w kH ef¶kH "rRuxdu vdu k rf rDb;l ? bk&m;w&m;vnf; ody=f unfnKd w,f? oltrd af xmifrjyKcif
wke;f u ol@trd rf mS useG af wmfw@kd u aewm? vlysKad wGcsn;f yJ? u|eaf wmfw@kd u we*FaEGae@q&kd if
ydkumqGJ=uw,f? q&mOD;cspfarmifu vjynfhvuG,f tcg}uD; &uf}uD;awGqdk nwdkif;

79
bk&m;oGm;w,f? q&mu tJ'v D kd bmomw&m;udk tav;teufxm;w,fqw kd m b,forl S
odyrf od=ubl;? OD;cspaf rmifta=umif;a&m ol@tazta=umif;a&mygwhJ pmtkyaf wG jyef&mS +yD;
vkyrf ,fq&kd if pmtkyw
f tkyf jzpfEikd af vmufw,f?”
“1940 jynfh rwfvusawmh ocifatmifqef; acgi;f aqmifwhJ wd@k Arm tpnf;t¶H;k

ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J rmS ocifatmifqef;/ ocifA[de;f / ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifwifarmif(yef;waemf)/
ociftek ;f az (0g;c,fr)/ ocifcifatmif/ ocifA (oHv#i)f / ocif qif;*kywm;/ udx k eG ;f &Sed f pwJh
ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGe@J twl u|eaf wmfyg tdE, dN jynfv;kH qdik &f m trsK;d om;uGe*f &uf
&rf;*g;nDvmcH}uD;udk wufa&mufciG }hf uHK&ygw,f? ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J [m wd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k
}uD;u ay;vdkufwJh (53) }udrfajrmuf tdENd,uGef*&uf uGefz&ifudk ay;wJh o0%fv$meJ@
wd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k &JŒ a=ujimcsupf mwrf;awGukd ,laqmifc=hJ uw,f? tdE, dN acgi;f aqmif}uD;
r[wWr*EN/D yef'pfae¶l;/ qlbwfcse'f &mbd@k pf pwJh acgi;f aqmifawGtjyif tvkyo f rm;
acgi;f aqmifawG/ uGejf rLepf acgi;f aqmifawG/ oef;ºuG,o f al X; trwfawGukd awG@c&hJ ao;w,f?
tdENd,jynf taemufajrmuf udkifbm awmif=um;u e,fpyfa'otxd oGm;+yD; e,fjcm;
*EN}D uD;vd@k emrnf}uD;aewJh ceftAŠ'v l uf zm;cef (&Syef w D yf acgi;f aqmif}uD;) eJ@ oGm;awG@c=hJ u
ao;w,f? olu &$eH @J vyk x f m;wJh tdrxf rJ mS yJaew,f? tdraf xmify&dabm*/ pm;yG/J ukvm;xdik /f
bD¶pkd wJh wcrf;wem; toH;k taqmifawG vmrSr&Sb d ;l ? ol@u, kd yf ikd yf pPn;f ypP, txl;taxG
r&Sb d ;l ? aiGa=u;r&Sb d ;l ? rufarmr_vnf; r&Sb d ;l vd@k od&w,f? ceftAŠ'v l u
f zm;cefu tdE, dN jynf
taemufajrmufe,fjcm; a'orSm oD;jcm; yxeftrsKd;om; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;a'o
wnfaxmifciG &hf zd@k 1929 ckEpS u f wnf;u &Syef w D yf xlaxmifz@JG pnf;+yD; wdu k yf 0JG ifaewJh yxef
rsKd;cspfacgif;aqmif}uD; jzpfw,f? &SyfeDwyfom; aomif;ausmf &Sdw,f? aºuG;a=umfoHu
t=urf;rzufa&; jzpfayr,fh yxeftrsK;d om;wdik ;f tvkyv f yk &f m oGm;av&mrSmomru tdrrf mS udk
aoewf vG,x f m;wwf=uwJo h al wGav?”

80
“ocifatmifqef;eJ@ ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k u aoewf b,fyb kH ,fenf;&vJ/ &Syef w D yfawG
udk b,fvkd taxmuftyHah y;ovJ/ +Aw d od sS tpd;k &u aoewfuikd v f @kd rzrf;bl;vm;/ &Syef wD yfom;
tiftm; b,favmuf&SdovJ/ pnf;¶Hk;yHk/ vlpkyHk/ avhusifhyHk/ axmufyHhyHk/ qufoG,fyHk/
pwmawGtjyif t*Fvyd ef @J ryl;aygi;f raqmif&u G af &;/ t=urf;rzufqENjy tm%mzDqefa&;
vrf;pOfeJ@ &SyfeDwyf pnf;¶Hk;xm;wmeJ@qdk&if qef@usifraebl;vm;vdk@ ar;=u w,f?
ceftAŠL'lvfuzm;cefu r[wWr*END}uD;&JŒ t=urf;rzuf tm%mzDqefa&;/ t*FvdyfeJ@
ryl;aygi;f a&; 0g'udk tckxd ,H=k unfa=umif;/ &Syef w D yf zG@J pnf;¶H;k xm;wmu yxef vlrsK;d awG
pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k nDnw G pf mG wdu k yf 0JG if&ef toifjh yifqifz@kd jzpfa=umif;/ vGwv f yfa&;udk r&&atmif
&wJhenf;rsKd;pHkeJ@ wdkufyGJqifEGJoGm;zdk@ jyifqifaejcif; jzpfa=umif;/ aoewfudkifaewmu
e,fjcm;a'o awmifay:om;awG&ŒJ e*do k bm0twdik ;f udik x f m;wmjzpfw,f? txl;tqef;
r[kwyf gb;l qd+k yD; tm;&yg;& &,farm+yD; ajymwmudk awG@c&hJ w,f? e,fjcm; *EN}D uD; E_wq f uf+yD;
wJtjyif a&mufwmeJ@ ocifatmifqef;u a[h ...'Dtzd;k }uD;vdk Model jzpfz@kd vdw k ,fv@kd
ajymawmh ocifoef;xGe;f u pHjyyJ qd+k yD; rSwcf sucf sao;w,f?”
(ig;) udk,fusKd;pGef@wJh ocifawG
tbu pum;udk &Snv f sm;pGm ajymvdu k &f ojzifh tenf;i,f armoGm;[ef&o dS nf?
olu a&tenf;i,f aomufvu kd +f yD; “cifAsm;wd@k tcsed af &m &&JŒvm;/ usKyfu *sme,fawG
zwfvdkuf/ aq;aomufvkduf vkyfae&wmyJ? tpm;vnf; trsm;}uD; rpm;Edkifawmhygbl;?
useG af wmfuawmh ud, k u f , kd uf kd aemuf (3) vavmufyJ ae&r,fv@kd rSe;f xm;wm?” [k qdu k m
wd;k wufa&;ESihf ywfoufaom ta=umif;rsm;udk qufI ajymjyaeygao;onf?
“&rf;*g; nDvmcH roGm;cifu Adkvfatmifausmf t¶dkufcH&wJhudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD;
wd;k wufa&;rSm qDr;D cGuf uavmifemrnfe@J u|eaf wmfu “&eforl sm;udk uvJph m;acs=uavmh”
qdwk hJ aqmif;yg;a&;cJw h ,f? tJ'aD qmif;yg;a=umifh wd;k wufa&;owif;pmudk t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u
tmrcHa=u; (3000) usyaf wmif;cH&w,f? wdu k yf ikd &f iS f OD;pdeu
f odypf w d q f ;kd w,f? u|eaf wmfu h kd
'Daqmif;rsKd;xnfh&if 'Dvdkjzpfr,fqdkwm od&ufeJ@ bmnm ajymwmaygh? xHk;pHtwdkif;
usGefawmfuvnf; pyf+zJ+zJeJ@ OD;pdef 'DudpPudk t,f'DwmcsKyf OD;xGef;oef;eJ@ ajymyg? +yD;&if
u|eaf wmfu h kd rauseyf&if xkwyf pfyg? tJ'v D kd xkwyf pf+yD;wJt h cg u|eaf wmfe@J OD;pdef ajymp&m
&Sw
d m ajymwmaygv h @kd ajymvdu k yf gw,f? OD;xGe;f oef;u u|eaf wmfu h akd c: +y;D aemufukd 'Dv=kd urf;wJh
aqmif;yg;rsK;d ra&;oifw h thJ a=umif;/ xnfv h nf; rxnfo h ifw h hJ ta=umif; &Si;f jy+y;D =o0g'ay;wm
ayg?h OD;pdev
f nf; u|eaf wmfeh @J rsuEf mS csi;f rqdik af wmhygb;l ? 'gayr,fh wd;k wufa&;uawmh tJ'D
aqmif;yg;a=umifh owif;pmudk ESpcf gxyf¶u kd f &avmufatmif apmifa& xd;k wufomG ;cJw h ,f?
ocifwikd ;f }udKufwhJ wd;k wufa&;jzpfomG ;cJw h ,f?”

81
tdE, dN u jyefvm+yD; ocifatmifqef;wd@k u wd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k }uD;&JŒ om,m0wD
nDvmcH}uD;rSm vHk;0vGwfvyfa&; OD;wnf+yD; vlxkudk v_H@aqmfcJhw,f? tJ'D aemufydkif;rSm
wdk@Armtpnf;t¶Hk; acgif;aqmifawGudk t*Fvdyftpdk;&u qufwdkufzrf;awmhwmyJ?
tJ't D csed rf mS u|eaf wmfe@J twlw=JG uwJh ocifatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifp;kd wd@k vnf;
zrf;cHwJhxJ ygoGm;awmh wdk;wufa&;wdkufydkif&Sif OD;pdefuvnf; u|efawmfhudk odyf+yD; tjrif
r=unfrvif awmhwmeJ@ ol tvkyrf jzKwfcif u|eaf wmfu E_wx f u
G v
f u kd wf ,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u
wd;k wufa&; owif;pmu ae@pOf apmifa& ESpaf omif;ausmw f ,f? wd;k wufa&;u ppfjzpfrS
&yfomG ;wm? ppf+y;D awmh jyefxu G af yr,fh rpGaH wmhb;l ? wd;k wufa&; &yfomG ;awmh *sme,fausmu f kd
ppftwGif;rSm xGufzdk@vkyfao;w,f? q&mOD;cspfarmifu u|efawmfhudk ac:ao;w,f?
twlvmaezd@k ac:wm? tJ't D csed u f u|eaf wmftrd af xmifjyK+yD;+yD? rif;trsK;d orD;yg ac:vm+yD;
twltvkyv f yk /f wtd;k wnf;pm;aygv h @kd ajymw,f? OD;cspaf rmifu u|eaf wmfu h kd odyf tm;ud;k w,f?
cspfvnf; cspfw,f? ol@onf;nnf;udkcH+yD; u|efawmfu q&mtaeeJ@ av;av;pm;pm;
tvkyv f yk af y; w,f? udo k ef;xGe;f wd@k u cifAsm;rd@k v@kd Asm/ acs;txyfxyfwifaewJh tust ô jzL}u;D
udk yifrif;ray;bJ av#maf y;w,f? wu,fawmh q&mOD;cspaf rmifu yifrif;ay;zd@k awmif ol@rmS
tcsed rf &Sbd ;l ? 0wfawmhvnf; yifet D jzL t=urf;}uD;awG 0wfw,f?”
“useG af wmfu [dw k ek ;f uwnf;u t0wftpm; enf;enf;awmh ZDZma=umifw,f?
aumif;aumif; aecsifw,f/ aumif;aumif;pm;csif 0wfcsifw,f? 'g ta&;t}uD;qHk;yJ?
udk,fvnf;wwfEdkiforSs tJ'Dvdkae&atmif vkyfw,f? olrsm;awGudkvnf; u|efawmfhvdkyJ
jzpfapcsiw f ,f? wcsKŒd ocifawGuqd&k if u|eaf wmfu h kd r=unf=ubl;? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh olw@kd
yifeD/ yifeD qdk+yD;0wf=uayr,fh u|efawmfu r0wfbl;? 'gayr,fh tJ'DocifawGu
awmf=uygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf te,fe,ft&yf&yfrmS ud, k t
hf wdik ;f twmeJ@u, kd f ud,
k u f sK;d pGe@f =u
cJw
h ,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd vnf; vGwv f yfa&;&atmif pGr;f aqmifEikd cf =hJ uw,f?”
wd;k wufa&; ociftek ;f jrifh ac: tbESihf u|eaf wmfw@kd pum;vufp oyfvu kd =f uaom
tcg naeapmif;cge;D ae+yDjzpfonf? tbudk uefawmhI u|eaf wmfw@kd jyefvm=uaomtcg
ESpaf ,mufom; pum;odyrf ajymjzpf=ubJ E_wq f w d I f aerd=uonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd . tm¶Hrk sm;
xJwiG f wd;k wufa&;/ (1300) jynfh ta&;awmfy/kH &rf;*g;nDvmcH/ ykord u f eG zf &if/h *sme,fausmf
OD;cspaf rmif/ ocifatmifqef;/ ocifA[de;f tp&So d nfh yH&k yd rf sm;u wzsyzf syEf iS h.f .....?
xG e f ; 0if ; jid r f ;
14²9²09
(moemaka.com rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?)

82
ausmif;om;vli,fwdk h&J htb

ociftek ;f jrifh
armifprG ;f &nf
(jyef v nf a z:jyjcif ; )
&efuek rf mS wifr;kd eJ@ usaemfw@kd [m vl}uD;awG=um;rSma&m/ vli,fawG=um;rSma&m
t+rJwrf;=um;nyf+yD; ygaeavh&ydS gw,f? AkrH [kwf ywfr[kwf r}uD;ri,f pv,fawmif; vd@k yJ
qdkcsifqdk taumif;bufu }unhf+yD; a&S;rSDaemufrSD vdk@yJ a+ymcsifa+ym/ usaemfwdk@uawmh
[dyk gonfyg/ ygaewwfygw,f?
rE aW v;u &efuek u f kd qif;vmwJh oli,fcsi;f awGxrJ mS udo k mEd;k u vloyd af &G;+yD;
aygif;ygw,f? ukdodef;Edkif (*k%fxl; odef;Edkif) u ol@usL&SifawGeJ@ rtm;ygbl;? udk0if;azeJ@
udrk ;kd olw@kd u &ky&f iS b f uf taersm;ygw,f?
q&maZmf*s/D q&mrif;ok0%f/ q&marmifxif/ q&m}uD; OD;cifarmifvwf/ q&mr}uD;
a':cifrsK;d;cspf wd@k uakd wmh“ewfaeukid ;f ”awGvkd csex f m;+yD; qufqyH gw,f?
ocifodef;armif/ ociftkef;jrihf/ avxD; tkef;armif/ Adkvfxdefvif;/ q&myg&*l/
q&mwm&m/ q&mwdu k pf ;kd / OD;xGe;f a0 pwJh vl}uD;rsm;udak wmh olw@kd uvJ usaemfw@kd wawGudk
vli,fawGv?kd oabmxm;[efrwlyg? ?&G,w f vl kd qufqyH gw,f?
usaemfw@kduvJ olw@kdudk ody}f u;D wJh vl}u;D awGvkd oabmrxm;yg? r&drk aovJ r[kwyf g?
'gayr“r&drk ao”ajym&&if”oli,fcsi;f awGvydk ”J cifrif&ifE;DS =uygw,f? i,faygi;f }uD;azmfawG
vdyk v J @kd ajymyg&ap?
wu,fawmh usaemfw@kd &efuek af jymif;vmrS 'Dq&m}uD;awGe@J cif=urif=u&wmyg?
olwdk@uvJ usaemfwdk@xuf i,folawGukdvJ 'DvdkyJ qufqHaewmqdkawmh wef;wlvdk
qufqaH &;rSm bmrS t[ef@twm;rjzpfcyhJ gb;l ? vl}uD;eJ@ vli,fumG [r_awGukd tjyeftvSef
jznhw f if;ae=uovdyk gy?J
wcgwek ;f u tb OD;tke;f jrih&f @J emrnf[m rif;ukEd ikd w f @kd &@J trnfe@J tawmfav;
owif;xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? toufu 80 ausmf 90 ykid ;f ul;aeyg+y?D 'gayrJh vli,fav;wa,muf
jzpfwJh rif;ukdEdkifudk OD;tkef;jrifhu pdwf"mwftiftm;eJ@ omru um,tiftm;eJ@yg
umuG,v f u
kd v f @kd “owif;”jzpfomG ;cJw h myg?
tdrw f tdru f {nhcf yH JG pum;0dik ;f wckrmS OD;tke;f jrihef @J rif;ukEd ikd wf @dk ausmif;om;

83
acgi;f aqmifawG pm;yGw J ckwnf;rSm 0dik ;f zG@J ae=uowJ?h tJ'w D ek ;f rSm ausmif;om;opPmazmuf
wa,mufu rif;ukdEdkifukd &efpum;ajym+yD; 0if&dkufvdkufowJh? tJ'DtcgrSm OD;tkef;jrifhu
ol@ab;rSmcsxm;wJh vrf;av#mufwkwfeJ@ =um;jzwf+yD; aumuf&dkufowJh? tzdk;}uD;wOD;u
zswzf swv f wfvwf0if+yD; umuG,v f @kd rif;ukEd ikd u
f kd rxdbJ jzpfomG ;&wmyg?
OD;tkef;jrifh[m/ tJovdkyJ t+rJzswfvwfoGufvufaewmyg? oGm;oGufoGuf/
pm;oGufoGuf/ ajym&ifvJ oGufoGufygyJ? ajymwJhtcgrSmawmh [moygwwfygw,f?
wcgwavawmh &,f&,farmarmeJ ?h “tai:wl;” wwfwmyg? pmayorm;/ Edik if aH &;orm;
taysmph m;awGu OD;tke;f jrih&f w dS hJ pum;0dik ;f ukd rvm&J=uygb;l ?
ociftek ;f jrifu h dk ole@J acwf+yid af wGu“ociftek ;f jrifah v;”vd@k ac:avh&ydS gw,f? “ocif
tke;f jrih}f uD;”vd@k &[ dS efrwlyg? ocifawGxrJ mS ti,fq;Hk xJu wa,mufjzpfaevd@k aerSmygy?J
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkatmifqef;/ ukdA[def;wdk@ ocifjzpfvmawmh olwdk@&J@
nDi,fav;vdk jzpfwhJ udt k ek ;f jrihv f J ocifjzpfvmwmvd@k =um;zl;ygw,f? oma&;ema&; 0dik ;f awGrmS
ygavh&w dS muvJ ckrrS [kwb f J [dik ,fpOfuwnf;u pme,fZif;wdu k f vufzuf&nf0ikd ;f awGrmS
ygavh&o dS yl g?
&Spfav;vkH; ta&;awmfykH&J@ 'DbufacwfrSmawmh oma&;xuf ema&;0dkif;awGu
ydkrsm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh ydk+yD; wm0efauszdk@vdkygw,f? 'D0dkif;awGrSm qkHrd=uolawGu
vlrajymif;ygb;l ? 'Dvl 'Dval wGcsn;f ygy?J
acwftqufquf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG/EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;awGeJ@
rsuaf rSmufacwf pme,fZif;orm;awG/ vli,fausmif;om;awGygy?J arG;wliu S cf si;f oif;zG@J =u
wmyg? (pkaH xmufawGvJ ajymif;[efrwlygb;l ?)
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2008/ azazmf 0 g&D 17
(moemaka.com rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?)

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ygw,f// vmor#{nfw h ikd ;f udv k nf; {nf0h wfausygw,f// {nf&h iS ;f +yDqw kd meJ h wpfcck ak &;aeawmh
wmygyJ/ nbufqdk&if pmawG wpfazmif+yD; wpfazmif &dkufwmapmifh=unhf&if; wpfnvHk;
pma&;aeygw,f reuf (3) em&Davmuf owif;pmwpfapmifv;kH &du k +f yD;wmudk zwf=unf+h yD;rS
tdraf y:wuf tdyaf wmhwm jzpfygw,f//
b,folurS &dkufcdkif;wmr[kwf
a':a':qH;k rcJw h hJ “ pma&;wmudk wm0efwpfcv k kd oabmxm;&r,f” qdw k pJh um;

89
'Dae@xd em;xJrmS =um;a,mifaeao;w,f// pma&;&rSm ysi;f aewJh tcgawGrmS 'Dpum;udk jyef
awG;+yD; ysi;f wmazsmufypf&w,f// b,fou l rS &du
k +f yD;cdik ;f vdk rh [kwb f J ud, k o hf abmeJu h , kd f 'D
tvkyu f kd vkycf w hJ myJ// pdwyf suaf evnf; b,fou l rS vmoem;rSmr[kwb f ;l // 'Dawmh pdwrf ysuf
eJ h nnf;raeeJ v h kd h ud, k [hf mud, k t f m;wif;+y;D vkyEf ikd o f r# vkyaf e&rSmyJ// t&m a&mufwmvnf;
&S/d t&mra&mufwmvnf; &Srd mS ayg/h / aumif;wmvnf;&S/d raumif;wmvnf;&Srd mS ayg/h / cs;D rGr;f wm
vnf;&So d vdk uJ&h J w h mvnf;&Srd mS ayg/h / &v'fukd =unf+h yD; pdwt f wuftusjzpfwhJ t&G,u f kd vGef
ajrmufcw hJ m=um+yDy/J / tcktcsed rf mS ta&;}uD;qH;k u ud, k t hf vkyu f kd ud, k w f m0efauszkd o h m
jzpfw,f//
0efaqmifr_vkyfief;
owif;orm;&J w h m0efqw kd muvnf; owif;awG &SmazGpak qmif;a&;om; ay;&Ho k m
r[kwb f ;l // tJ'h o D wif;awG&J h jzpfpOfta=umif;w&m;eJ t h 'hJ oD wif; awGa=umifjh zpfvmp&m &Sw d hJ
tusKd ;w&m;awGuv kd nf; ydik ;f jcm;a0zefo;kH oyf wifjyay;&ao;w,f// pmzwfy&dwo f wf qdw k m
owif;awG&J h aemufa=umif; &mZ0ifawG jyef&mS azG+yD; avhvmzdk t h csed af y;Edik w f m r[kwb f ;l //
tJ't D wGuf owif;pmawGukd olwkd t h qifoifzh wfEikd af tmif &SmazGpak qmif;ay;&w,f/ 'ga=umifh
owif;pmqdkwm 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;wpfck jzpfw,fvdk ha&S;tpOftquf owif;pmq&m
}uD;rsm;u ajymcJw h mjzpfw,f//
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rSmvJ// trSm;udk oifcefpm,l+yD;aemufrrSm;atmif qifjcifomG ;&Hyk aJ yg/h / ta&;}uD;qH;k uawmh
apwemrSezf kd o h mjzpfw,f// ud, k u f sKd ;twGuf vkyw f mr[kwyf J trsm;tusKd ;twGuf vky&f if;
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k t hf wGucf sn;f vkyaf e
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rSew f mvkyv f kd h vlrek ;f rsm;w,fqw kd m r[kwyf gb;l // ud, k u f sKd ;twGuf vkyrf eS ;f odvkd v h rl ek ;f rsm;
wmom jzpfygw,f//
r}udKufayrJh cspfwJhol
xif&mS ;wJh om"uwpfcu k jkd yygrh ,f// q&m'*kew f m&m}uKH wdik ;f ajymae/ a&;aewJh “rke;f
olr&Sd cspo f o l m&S/d &eforl &Sd rdwaf qGom&S”d qdw k hJ t,ltqudk vltawmfrsm;rsm; txl;ojzifh
vli,fyikd ;f u oabmrusygb;l // 'gayrJh q&m'*kew f m&mudk b,fou l rS rrke;f bl;// vl}uD;a&m
vli,fygcsp=f uw,f// u|eaf wmfu, kd w f ikd v
f nf;r}uKd ufayr,fh cspyf gw,f// bma=umifv h q J akd wmh
q&m ah pwemudk vlwikd ;f u jcGi;f csurf &Sd ,H=k unfpw d cf svkd jh zpfygw,f// q&m'*kew f m&m[m
ausmif;aqmifukd ud, k yf ikd pf EN&m;,lvm+yD; wD;wJh wpfO;D wnf;aom wuUov kd af usmif;om;yg//
pmrsuEf mS 93 odk h
90
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tumtuG,f tapmift h a&Smuf&rSom t&m&m tqifajyr_/ vH+k cHKr_ &Edik w f ,fq+kd yD; zd;k pdeu
f
+Adwo d sS tpd;k &udk olwwfEikd w f b hJ ufu tusK;d jyKwmrsm; jyKvkyv f mygw,f?
yxrurBmppf}uD; jzpfwJhtcg r[mrdwfppfom;rsm; oufomacsmifcsda&;twGuf
zd;k pdeuf urBm=h uufajceD toif;}u;D &efyakH iGtjzpf tv_yrJG sm; +rKd Œ}u;D awGrmS u ay;+y;D 'DyaJG wGu
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'kw, d urBmppft+yD; 1917 ckEpS af vmufrmS zd;k pdet f aeeJ@uawmh tkypf ;kd olrsm;udk
r[mrdwjf yK+y;D trsK;d om; udpaP v;rsm; ay:ayguv f m&if olu aphpyfay;wJh oabmeJ@/ [db k ufe@J
vnf; aumif;/ 'Dbufe@J vnf; aumif; qdw k hJ rD;rao a&raemuf vrf;uav;udk =udKufwmayg?h
+Adwo d sS tpd;k &u tdE, dN udk ud, k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfa&;wrsK;d ay;tyfr,fv@kd qH;k jzwfvu kd f
ygw,f? tJ'x D rJ mS tdE, dN eJ@wx JG m;wJh jrefrmEdik if u H akd wmh b,fvkd tpDtpOfrS rcsrw S yf x
J m;wm
a=umifh +Adwo d sS tpd;k &u jrefrmEdik if t H ay: umvtwdik ;f rod u|ev f ufqyk u f kd rajzbJ xm;r,fh
oabmrdk@ jrefrmawGu +AdwdoSstpdk;&tay: t}uD;tus,f rausreyf jzpfvm=uw,f?
jrefrmudv k nf; [kr¶R ;l qdw k hJ ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; ay;&r,fq+kd y;D vGwv f yfa&; awmif;qdw k hJ qlyt l kH
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tkyfpdk;ol e,fcsJŒ+AdwdoSs t&if;&Sifrsm;uwbuf yÉdyuQrsm; jzpfae=uw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm
zd;k pde[ f m opf (2) buf=um;ayguw f hJ 0g;b0udk a&mufvmw,f? jynfo@l bufu &yfrvm;/
zdEydS u
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ar;vmygw,f?
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ay:ayguv f m&if olu aphpyfay;wJo h abmeJ@ [db k ufe@J vnf; aumif;/ 'Dbufe@J vnf; aumif;
qdw k hJ rD;rao a&raemuf vrf;uav;udk }udKufwmayg?h 'ga=umifh {&m0wDwikd ;f aumfr&Sief meJ@
ykvdyfrif;=uD;eJ@ odu|rf;cifrifwJh zdk;pdefu oHcsKdOD;ausmfvSudk +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒu zrf;wJhtcg

91
obifonfrsm;&JŒ vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG u hf kd rxdyg;apcsib f ;l qd+k yD; OD;ausmv f u S kd v$waf y;zd@k
arwWm&yfcw H mrsK;d olu vkyaf y;ygw,f? olarwWm&yfawmhvnf; tm%mydik rf sm;u v$waf y;
ygw,f?
zd;k pdeef @J e,fcsŒJ +Adwo d #tpd;k &eJ@ tJ'v D kd tvGr;f oifah ecdu k ,le, D H *sut f vH ,dr;f eJ@
+Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ udk tvdak wmf&d vkyw f hJ udprP sm; &yfay;yg? r&yfqikd ;f &if zd;k pdef ¶Hak ygurf mS oydwf
wm;&ygvrd rhf ,f²²²
trsK;d om; vGwv f yfa&; tHkºuGr}_ uD;awG ay:ufuv JG mawmh *spD b D aD t vl}uD;awGu
wae@awmh zd;k pdeq f vD m+y;D ,le, D *H sut f vH,rd ;f eJ@ +Aw d o d sS e,fcsŒJ udk tvdak wmf&d vkyw f hJ udprP sm;
&yfay;yg? r&yfqikd ;f &if zd;k pdef ¶Hak ygurf mS oydww f m;&ygvrd rhf ,fv@kd &mZoH ay;vmygava&m?
tJ'aD wmh zd;k pdeu f vdrrf myg;eyfpmG xGuaf ygu&f mS w,f/ b,fvv kd q J akd wmh oluwJh
,dr;f [m wywfavmufyJ u zd@k pDpOfwmyg? +yD;cge;D ae+yDv@kd aps;qpf=unfyh gw,f? *spD b D aD t
vl}uD;rsm;u csucf si;f &yfqikd ;f ay;ygv@kd awmif;w,f? zd;k pdeu f 'gjzifh ol@u, kd o f l rydik b f ;l / ol@ukd
yG=J unfyh &dowfuom ydik w f ,f? y&dowfu vufrcHEikd b f ;l qd&k if olu 'DtpDtpOfukd ¶kyo f rd ;f
ygr,fq+kd yD; nusawmh ZmwfcakH y:uae+yD; y&dowfukd oluar;w,f? ar;wJt h cg y&dowfu
*sDpDbDat tzGJ@}uD;eJ@ woHwnf; jyefajzw,f? 'ga=umifh zdk;pdef[m trsKd;om;bufudk
vdu k af vsmvdu k &f w,f? ,le, D *H suf tvH,rd ;f udk &yfvu kd &f ygw,f? aemufawmh zd;k pdeu f +Aw d od #
tpd;k &eJ@ oifjh rwfatmif wbufu aygi;f +yD; wbufusawmh *spD b D aD tudk vSsKd Œ0Suf &efyakH iGrsm;
axmufyv hH mygw,f?
1920 ckEpS f {+yDvrSm zd;k pdeu f kd +Adwo d sS tpd;k &u wDyt D ufpf qdw k hJ bG@J wckay;tyfw,f?
wDyt D ufpf qdw k m “wdik ;f usK;d jynfusK;d aqmif” yk*Kd~ vfv@kd +Adwo d #u odtrSwjf yKjcif;yg? 'Db@JG [m
zd;k pdeu f kd yxrqH;k ay;tyfwm jzpfw,f? zd;k pdet f wGuf 'Db@JG ukd zefw;D wmjzpfw,fv@kd awmif
qd=k uygw,f? aemufawmh +Adwo d # tifyg,m wnf+rJa&;twGuf wpGe;f wp tultnDay;wJ
t&yfol t&yfom;rsm;udv k nf; 'Db@JG +Adwo d #tm%mydik w f @kd u cs;D jrêiohf mG ;ygw,f?
zd;k pdeuf kd +Aw
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d # tpd;k &u wDyt D ufpf bG@J ay;awmh owif;pmawGu wnDwnmwnf;
zd;k pdeu f kd “zd;k pde=f u;D ” t*Fvyd v f kd *&dwzf ;kd pdef vd@k a&;=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh tJ't D csed u f p+y;D zd;k pde[ f m
zd;k pde=f u;D jzpfvmygw,f? 'D “=u;D ” wvH;k udv k nf; zd;k pdeu f ESpEf pS +f cKd u+f cKd u}f u;D vufcv H u kd yf gw,f?
tJ'aD wmh zd;k pdet f ouf (38) ESp&f ydS g+yD?
zd;k pde[ f m *&dwzf ;kd pdet f jyif arwWmpdeef @J bk&m;'umpdef “obif[m bk&ife@J wG&J uf
csn;f bJ/ b,fawmhrS tm;ri,fe@J / b,fawmhrqkd 'k@d ua&S@u/ b,frif;vufxufrqdk obifukd
ajrêmufpm;&wmcsn;f bJ”qdw k hJ trnfrsm;vJ cHygao;w,f? arwWmpdef trnfukd touf 30
avmufu,lw,fv@kd cef@reS ;f &ygw,f? bk&m;'umpdeu f akd wmh b,ft&G,u f pcHw,fawmh
rodb;l ? 1921 ckEpS rf mS ausmif;om;awGu 0dik ;f oydwaf rSmuf=uawmh q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmf
92
r_id ;f u zd;k pdef awmif;yef0efcs&if oydwv f eS v
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uav;vd@k ac:aeyg+yD?
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zd;k pdeuf kd oydwaf rSmufwm cH&ygw,f? 'DtcgrmS zd;k pde[ f m jynfoel @J zdEydS w
f hJ e,fcsŒJ tpd;k &=um;rSm
olb,fvkd pcef;oGm;rSjzpfr,fqw kd hJ oifcef;pmudk wefz;kd }uD;}uD;ay;+yD; ,lvu kd &f ygw,f?
'kw, d urBmppfjzpfawmh =uif,&kH ŒJ Zmwd a';'&Jukd zd;k pdew f @kd ajy;=uw,f? *syefjyef0if
awmh *syefppfAdkvf rsm;u uay;&r,fqdkvdk@ zdk;pdefwdk@ &efukefudk jyefajymif;vm=uw,f?
ppf}uD;jzpfvmawmh Zmwfacgi;f uG+J yD; olwae&m igwae&m ajy;=uoGm;=u&awmh uJeufped u f
'Dval wG jyefv@kd rS pkryd gt;Hk rvm;qd+k yD; rsu&f nfus&mS owJ?h tJ'D zd;k pderf mS “obif[m bk&ife@J
wG&J ufcsn;f bJ/ b,fawmhrS tm;ri,fe@J / b,fawmhrqkd 'k@d ua&S@u/ b,frif;vufxufrqdk
obifukd ajrêmufpm;&wmcsn;f bJ” vd@k ajymygowJ?h
atmifAv zkd;pdef pdefuwkH; (1967)rS
(www.mizzimaburmese.com rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?) vlxak ':trm
pmrsuEf mS 90 rS tquf
jrefrmjynfrmS 'Dvv kd yk w f m olwpfa,mufyJ &Sv d rd rhf ,f xifygw,f//
b,facwfrSmrS tdrfr&Sdol
ocifatmifqef;/ ocifA[de;f wdk eh J h ausmif;aezufawGjzpfovdk zqyvacwf 0ef}u;D
csKyef J w h uG 0ef}u;D 0efuav;tm;vH;k eJ v h nf; rdwaf qG&if;csmawGjzpfygw,f// 'gayr,fh b,facwf
b,ftcgrS q&m[m ol u h , kd uf sKd ;twGuf bmwpfcrk S rvkycf zhJ ;l ygb;l // jynfawmfomacwfrmS
Edik if aH &;orm;awGrqdx k m;eJ h pma&;q&mawGawmif aep&mwdu k cf ef; wpfcef;avmufawmh &=u
,l=uayr,fh q&muawmh 'Dae t h xd &efuek rf mS olyikd t f rd w
f pfv;kH rS r&Scd yhJ gb;l // *syefacwfrmS
Adv k cf sKyfatmifqefu, kd wf ikd u f ac: +yD; &mxl;ay;wmawmif Adv k cf sKyfrodatmif e,fjyefajy;
oGm;wJh vlrsKd ;yg//
jynfoleJ h wpfom;wnf;
q&mu Edik if aH &;orm;r[kwb f ;l vdk h b,fvykd J ajymae ajymae/ b,facwfrmS rqdk
jynfoal wGeJ w h pfom;wnf; &Sad tmif aecJo h jl zpfw,f// tJ'v D kd vlrsKd ;rdk h vlawGu 'Duaehxd
q&mh udk arwWmrysuf cspv f suf cifvsu&f adS e=uwmjzpfw,f// q&majymwJh pum;rsKd ; wjcm;vl
ajym=unhyf gvm; wpfcgwnf;ajrmif;xJ a&mufomG ;rSmayg/h / q&mrdk o h m vlawGu tcspf rysuf
wm// q&mharG;ae w h ikd ;f e,faygi;f pHu k pmayorm;awG atmifyef;udk wpkwa0;a&mufae=u
wm =unfah yg/h / u|eaf wmfvnf; q&mh t,ltqudk r}udKufayr,fh q&m u h kd cspwf ,f// =unfnKd
av;pm;w,f// tJ'g apwemrSev f kd yh g// vl x k p d e f 0 if ;
jynfol ah cwf *sme,f twGJ 1 trSwf 6rSu;l ,lazmfjyygonf// 1 / 8 / 2010
93
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reufr;kd vif;v#if vrf;xdyu f rkef [ h if;cg;qdik w f iG f usaemf rkef [ h if;cg;pm;ae=ujzpfonf?
ta=umfESifh wpf&m hig;q,f jzpf.? wpfreuf usaemfu ESpf&mwefay;vkdufaomfvnf;
aiGjyefrtrf;ojzifh ar;=unhaf omtcg aps;wufomG ;+yD ta=umfEiS hf ESp&f m,lonf[k qdo k nf?
usaemf bmrS jyefajymraeyg? ajymp&mvnf;rvkyd g? ol q h ikd Ef iS hf ol ah ps;yJ? pdwx f u J awmh
wjcm;qdik af wGu rwufao;yJ/ ol w h qdik w f nf; wwfojzifh enf;enf;vGeo f nf[k xifro d nf?
xdk ah =umifh wjcm;aps;rwufaom qdik rf sm;wGio f m aemufwae@u pajymif;pm;cJ yh gonf? ol@
qdkifwGif ol@t}udKufaps;E_H;owfrSwfjcif;rSm ol@tcGifhta&; (wenf;) ol@vkyfydkifcGifhjzpfI
rpm;yJaeEdik jf cif;rSmvnf; usaemfh tcGit hf a&; (wenf;) usaemfv h yk yf ikd cf iG yhf if jzpfavonf?
usaemfwiG f uk, d rhf [l k qdEk ikd af om oabmxm;rsm;&S&d m/ wckrmS ud, k thf cGit hf a&;
(vkyyf ikd cf iG )hf udk txdyg;rcHovd/k wjcm;ol. tcGit hf a&; (vkyyf ikd cf iG )hf udk av;pm;pdwf &Sjd cif;yif
jzpfonf? ,ck usaemfxikd af eaom vufzuf&nfqikd w f iG f rxdik cf ifu/ xdik af vh&adS om vufzuf&nf
qdkif wqdkif&SdcJhonf? w&ufwGif xdkqdkif&Sifvnf; qdkifwGifxdkifaom vli,frsm;tvdkus
uufqufEiS hf aqmif;abmufpf ESpv f ;kH udk 0,fvmum acwfay:oDcsi;f rsKd ;pHu k kd qlnu H s,af vmifpmG
zGiahf vawmhonf? toHrmS em;rcHomzG,jf zpfonf? =um=umem;axmifv#if acgi;f rsm; tufuJG
xGuv f mrwwf nHpv D . S ? xdk ah =umifh usaemfoil ,fcsi;f rsm;u.....
“qdik &f iS u f akd wmh uufquf wd;k wk;d zGizhf kd h ajymOD;rSy”J [k zGi[ hf wdik yf ifonf? odk ah omf
usaemfu vufrcH?
“ 'guol q h ikd ?f ol o h abmusppD Ofwm? ol}uKd uo f vdzk iG rhf mS yJ? tJ'gu ol v h yk yf ikd cf iG ahf v?
wdk rh mS wm;jrpfyikd cf iG v hf nf; r&Sb d ;l ? wd;k wd;k zGiyhf gvdk h t}uHay;p&mvnf; tvdb k ;l ?”
“'gqkd b,fvv dk yk =f urvJ? 'Dtwdik ;f qdk wdk b h ,fvv kd yk f qufxikd f qufxikd =f urvJ”
“vG,yf gw,f? 'gjy\em r[kwb f ;l ? wdk w h jcm;qdik af jymif;xdik =f u&Hk a[h”
od@k jzifh usaemfEiS hf oli,fcsi;f wpkonf oDcsi;f rzGi/hf wcgw&Hv#iv f nf; wd;k wd;k oufouf
omom zGiw hf wfaom rvSr;f rurf;&Sd qdik o f kd h ajymif;a&$@xikd cf =hJ uonf? qdik &f iS af [mif;ESihf awG@I
qdik af jymif;&jcif;udk ar;aomtcg/ usaemfvyd jf ym vHv k EkH iS yhf if jyefvnf&iS ;f vif; ajymjyEdik cf o hJ nf?
TuJo h dk h qdik af jymif;xdik Ef ikd jf cif;rSm usaemfwkd . h vkyyf ikd cf iG o hf m jzpfonf? qdik &f iS u f vnf;
ol@tcGit hf a&;udk oabmaygu[ f efwo l nf? uufquf us,u f s,zf iG w hf mudk rajymif;? usaemfw@kd
v
h nf; xdq k ikd w f iG f rxdik jf zpf?
94
usaemf aexdik af om +rKd o h pfwiG f qdu k mU ; ayg.? vkid ;f um;u ae&mXmewdik ;f ra&muf?
xdk ah =umifh qdu k mU ;udk wGiw f iG u f s,u f s,f toH;k jyK=u&.? usaemfvnf; (T+rdK w h iG f tae=um
cJ+h yD jzpf&m) qdu k mU ;pD;cJah om tavh pGaJ eavonf? ,cifu qdu k mU ;pD;v#if usaemfEiS hf twlwl
pD;rnfo h o l nf rdrx d uf *k%v f nf;i,f/ toufvnf;i,fygu usaemfonf qdu k mU ;udk acgi;f ydik ;f
rSom pD;wwf.? toufwl *k%w f o l il ,fcsi;f jzpfyguvnf; usaemfonf ta&S rh S pD;wwf.?
(usev f rl sm;u tav#mah y;/ tcGit hf a&; ay;wwf=uygonf?)
wcgu oli,fcsi;f wOD;ESihf twl qdu k mU ;pD;rnfjyKI/ xH;k pHtwdik ;f usaemfu a&S@u
wwfxikd rf nf jyKaomtcg qdu k mU ;eif;olu“a[hvl cifAsm; aemufuoGm;pD;” [k ajymygonf?
avmuwGif usaemftrkef;qHk;t&mrSm udk,fhudk =oZmay;jcif;/ trdef@ay;jcif; jzpfygonf?
obm0rusygu q&m rdb pum;udyk if emcHavh r&Syd g? xdk ah =umifh usaemfcsucf si;f jyefar;rd
ygonf? “bma=umifh taemufu xdik &f rSmvJ” xdt k cg qdu k mU ;q&mu &Si;f jyygonf? “cifAsm;u
a&S@uxdik &f if cifAsm;eJ h ygvmwJv h u l aemufu xdik v f rd rhf ,f? ol u h ,
kd u f =unf&h wm cifAsm;
ud, k x f uf ESpq f avmuf ydak v;vdrrhf ,f? qdu k mU ;u aemufyikd ;f av;ae&if tifrwef eif;&cufw,f/
eif;&wJv h v l nf; yifyef;w,f?”
ol@pum;rSm oifah wmfojzifh usaemfcsujf cif;yif apm'u rwwfbJ ae&majymif;
xdik v f u kd o f nf? 'gu qdu k mU ;ay:a&mufae&if qdu k mU ;orm;&J h vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf bmifxJ a&mufaejcif;
jzpfum vku d ef moifyh gu vku d ef m&ayrnf? usaemfpw d "f gwo f nf ckwrsKd ;jzpfum wcgu usaemfh
0wˆKwd(k vl. uGew f rkd sO;f rsm;) wGif a=umfjimcJh ovdk obm0usygu ud, k ahf cgi;f udk jzwfay;&ef
0efrav;aomfvnf; obm0rusygu bGm;atjzpfoludkyif ,yfcwfay;rnfhol r[kwfacs?
xdt k csed rf pS I aemif (ud, k x hf uf tav;csed rf sm;olrsm;ESi)hf qdu k mU ;pD;&if qdu k mU ;q&mu ajymp&m
rvdb k J usaemfonf rdrq d ;kH jzwfcsuEf iS hf rdrd taemufuom pD;avh&ydS gawmhonf? qdu k mU ;ay:
a&mufcu kd f qdu k mU ;eif;olukd tultnDay;jcif;jzpfonf? ig ykw d q f aH y;pD;wm/ igxikd cf siw f ahJ e&m
xdik rf ,f[k rdrv d yk yf ikd cf iG u hf kd t"rR toH;k csavhr&Sad cs?
vrf;ay:u qdkuUm;orm;wa,muf. vkyfydkifcGifh(tcGifhta&;) udk wav;wpm;
oabmxm;aom usaemfonf vkyaf z:udik zf uf *sme,f r*~Zif;t,f'w D mrsm;. vkyyf ikd cf iG u hf kd
tav;xm;a=umif; zGix hf w k af jymaep&yif rvd[ k k xifygonf? (vkyyf ikd cf iG Ehf iS hf vkyu f ikd yf kH rnD!w G f
aom/ vkyyf ikd cf iG hf abmifausmaf om t,f'w D mwcsKd u h kd onf;cH&onhf ta=umif; rajymawmhyg)
wcgu rdwaf qGvkd nDvckd ifrifol wa,muf OD;pD;xkwaf 0aeaom *sme,fwapmifukd
bmomjyefaqmif;ygwapmif ykd v h u dk yf gonf? xdpk mapmiftwGuf oluvnf; awmif;avh&u dS m
usaemfuvnf; r=umc% a&;avh&&dS m tqef;wus,f udpaP wmh r[kwyf g? odk ah omf 'Dwcg
awmh oluawmif;cdu k f r[kwb f J usaemfu 0rf;omtm;& ay;rdjcif;jzpfygonf? 0rf;omtm;&[k

95
obm0usygu
ud,k ahf cgi;f udk jzwfay;&ef 0efrav;aomfvnf;
obm0rusygu
bGm;atjzpfou l ykd if ,yfcwfay;rnfo
h l r[kwaf cs?
qd&k jcif;rSm ol *h sme,ftmabmf (Edik if w H um pmay/ tEkynmESihf ,Ofaus;r_) ESihf udu k n f o D nf
[k ,lqum wrif&nf&, G af y;ydk rh jd cif; jzpfonf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f t&ifu wcgrS raz: jycJ=h u
ao;um urBmausmf vufwiftar&du pma&;q&m}uD; ta=umif;jzpfum/ aemifwiG f ol ph m
wdrk sm;udk zwfp&m*sme,fY bmomjyef az: jycJ&h m vl}udKufrsm;cJyh gonf? od@k aomf xdpk Ofu
usaemfay;ydk ah om aqmif;ygukd xdrk w d af qG nDi,fu ESpv f ausmf oH;k vcef@ txd razmfjybJ
xm;cJyh gonf? usaemfonf pma&;&efae&m tcuftcJvnf; &Sv d oS l r[kwyf g? usaemfwiG f
rlvnf; &Syd gonf?usaemfu h kd awmif;aom r*~Zif;*sme,fwiG o f ma&;ygonf? rawmif;aom
*sme,f r*~Zif;rsm;wGif a&;avhr&Syd g? aemufwcsurf mS awmif;wdik ;f vnf; ra&;yg? awmif;onfh
*sme,fr*~Zif;. &yfwnfr/_ OD;pD;ol t,f'w D m. *k%o f u d mQ awGukd pDppf+yD;rSom a&;avh&ydS g
onf? (,ck*sme,f r*~Zif;awG aygrsm;I vm&m/ trsm;pkrmS rvGo J mra&Smifom cifriforl sm;
jzpfaeojzifh wcsKd rh rl sm;udk rvdu k ef mEdik af wmha=umif; 0efcyH gonf?)
usaemfay;ydk x h m;aom aqmif;yg; =umaeaomtcg usaemfu oGm;awmif;vku d yf g
onf? oluxnf&h ef jyifqif+yD;yg+yD? pmpDxm;+yD;+yD? ol *h sme,frjl zifh rudu k n f oD jzifh tcef;quf
oH;k ywfquf azmfjy&rnf jzpfojzifh aESmifah ES;aea=umif; ajymygonf? ,if;rSm ta=umif;jycsuf
[kom xifygonf? ol *h sme,fwiG f bmomjyefpmay aqmif;yg;rsm; az: jyaeus q,fywf
q,fEh pS yf wf &Snaf om aqmif;yg;rsm; az: jyaeusjzpfonf? usaemfu jyef,v l mcJyh gonf?
(&ky&f iS o
f pPm r*~Zif;wGif wvwnf;om az: jycJo h nf?) olEiS hf usaemf =unf=unfjzLjzLyif jzpfum
vufzuf&nfqikd o f kd yh if twlwl oGm;xdik cf =hJ uonf? ,ckxufwikd f tciftrif rysuyf g?
olonf olyikd f *sme,fY usaemfpmrlukd oH;k jcif; roH;k jcif;rSm ol.vkyyf ikd cf iG (hf tcGit hf a&;)
jzpfojzifh usaemf tav;xm;ygonf? usaemfonf Tudpw P u G f pdwq f ;kd pdwuf u G jf cif; r&Syd g?
odk ah omf aemifwiG f ol OD;pD;xkwaf 0onfh rnfonfrh *~Zif;udrk S pmrl rydk ah wmh&ef usaemf tcdik t f rm
vnf; qH;k jzwfcsucf scyhJ gonf? usaemfpmrlukd oH;k csio f ;kH rnf? roH;k csif roH;k [laom *sme,fr*~Zif;
rsm;udk usaemfwoufv;kH pmrlay;ydk v h rd rhf nf r[kwyf g? ,if;rSmvnf; usaemft h cGit
hf a&; usaemfh
vkyyf ikd cf iG o
hf m jzpfavonf?
anmifnKd &dy0f ,f 0wWKwdpk mtkyrf jS zpfygonf// opPmeD
96
*%ef;ocsmF (udef;*%ef;)eJ h rSwfwrf;
aZmfaZmfEkdi f
i,fi,fausmif;aewke;f t&G,rf mS *%ef;ocsmq F &mwa,mufajymwJh pum;wcGe;f ukd
rS w f r d a eygao;w,f ? ocsmF q &mqk d w J h t wk d i f ; ygyJ / ocsmF y nmrS m
tawmf h u k d u |rf ; usif y k d i f E d k i f y gw,f ? toif t jyvnf ; &S i f ; vif ; jyD ; aumif ; rG e f y gw,f ?
tJ ' D q &majymwmuawmh “ vuf & S d avmu=uD ; &J @ t&m&mwk d i f ; uk d ocsmF y nmeJ @
wGucf suv f @dk &w,f ”vk@d qydk gw,f? vlra_ &;/ ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ Ekid if aH &;tp&Sw d hJ u¾aygi;f pku H dk
ocsmyF nmESihf wGucf sujf y;D vkyaf qmifv@dk &ygw,fw?hJ tJ't D csed f cgwek ;f uawmh usaemft h aeESihf
“ 'Dq&m bmawGajymaeygvdrfh ”vkd@ awG;cJhrdyg w,f? 'guvJ ta=umif;&Sdygw,f?
wjcm;bmom&yfawGrmS usaemfx;l c|eaf yrJh ocsmb F mom (ude;f *%ef; twGut f csu)f rSmawmh
oifavcsmavqko d vkyd gy/J tifrwef nHzh si;f vGe;f cJyh gw,f?
tJ ' D q &majymcJ h w J h p um; rS e f r rS e f q k d w m usaemf h t aeES i f h tck r S b J o d &
w,fvkd@qkd&rSmygyJ? rSefrrSefqkdwmxuf rSefrrSefqkdwmukd a0zefEkdifwJhpGrf;tm;&Sdvm
jyDv@dk qcdk siyf gw,f? rdom;pk pm;0wfaea&;twGuf vkyu f idk &f mS azG&if;ESihf pm&if;Z ,m;awGudk
xdawG@u, dk wf , G cf iG &hf v
dS mwJh tvkyaf wGuv dk yk u
f idk vf m&wJt h cgrmS awmh *%ef;ocsm&F @J ta&;ygy/Hk
ude;f *%ef;awG&@J ta&;ygyu Hk dk od&v dS mygw,f? rke;f wD;cJw h hJ *%ef;ocsmaF wGudk rke;f vk@d r&awmhwhJ
ae&mwckuakd &mufvmwJt h csed rf mS awmh i,fi,fwek ;f u *%ef;ocsmF q&majymcJw h phJ um;ukd
jyefjyD;trSw&f rdw,f qkyd g awmh?
wu,fwrf; pDppf=unfhr,fqkdv#ifvnf;bJ udef;*%ef;awG[m ae&m wkdif;/
u¾wkid ;f rSm r&Srd jzpfvt dk yfaew,fqw dk m jrifawG@ae&jyefygw,f? tvG,f qk;H ESihf teD;pyfq;Hk
Oyrmukjd y&r,fqv dk #i-f --- “ rif;wk@d ro d m;pk b,fEpS af ,muf &Sv d ´J ”vk@d ar;vmcJv h #if “
b,fESpfa,mufyg”qkdjyD; udef;*%ef;awGESifh tajzay; &ygawmhr,f? tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;
u¾rSmqkdv#ifvnf; udef;*%ef;awG[m ykdvkd@ awmif ta&;ygygao;w,f? ypPnf;awG&J@
t&if;tES;D ESihf a&mif;tm;ukd ude;f *%ef; awGEiS ahf zmfjyovk/d t&_;H tjrwfuadk zmfjy&mrSmvnf;
ude;f *%ef;ESit hf qk;H tjzwf ay;&avawmh t"duuswhJ ude;f *%ef;rsm; jzpfomG ;jyefygw,f?
ynma&;u¾rSm vnf; xkdenf;vnf;aumif; ausmif;wausmif;&J@ ynma&;wkd;wufr_/
qkw, f w k rf _ ausmif;ESihf ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olawG&@J ynmt&nftcsi;f tedrt hf jrifu h vdk nf;
97
'Dued ;f *%ef;ESib hf J azmfjyjyefygw,f? vlra_ &;u¾rSmvnf; r&Srd jzpfvt dk yfjyefyg ao;w,f?
tdraf xmifppk m&if;/ aoqk;H pm&if;/ arG;zGm;pm&if;pwmawGudk azmfjyjyD; 'Dued ;f *%ef;awGudk
rSDjirf;jyD; EkdifiHa&;ESifh tjcm;udpPawGrSm ta&;ygwJh tqkH;tjzwf ukday;apwmvnf;
ude;f *%ef;awGygb?J Oyrmxyfjy&v#i-f -- a&G;aumufawGy&JG @J tEkid t f &_;H ude;f *%ef;awGEiS b hf J
qkH;jzwf=uygw,f? c|if;csufwcktaeESifh ta& twGufrsm;wkdif; tEkdifvkd@w&m;ao
rowfrw S af pcsiyf g? t&nftcsi;f ESihf tEdik &f oGm;awGvnf; &Syd gw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dae&mrSmawmh
tEkid t f &_;H qkwd mxuf *%ef;o csm(F ude;f *%ef;)awG&@J ta&;ygyu Hk ydk J ajymcsiyf gw,f?
wcg orkid ;f tcsuaf wGudk rSww f rf;wifwt hJ cgrmS vnf; ude;f *%ef;awG [mvnf;
ta&;ygvmjyefygw,f? *%ef;wvk;H rSm;,Gi;f cJo h nf&adS omf 'grrS [kwf vGaJ csmcf o hJ nf&adS omf
=uD;rm;wJrh mS ;,Gi;f r_ukd usK;vGe&f ma&mufwwfygw,f?
jrefrmEkid if rH mS vlO;D a&b,favmuf&w dS ,fqw dk mukd twdtvif;azmfjycJh rsK;d r&Scd w hJ m
ES p f a wG b ,f a vmuf = umjyD v J ? rS w f r d o I ajym&r,f q k d v #if / usaemh f rS w f O m%f a wG
rvGJrSm;cJhbl;qkdv#if ESpfaygif; 30ausmf (usaemfhtouft&G,ft&) aeygjyD? okd@ayrJh
tpk d ; &tquf q uf usif ; ycJ h w J h a &G ; aumuf y G J a wG r S m awmh wEk d i f i H vk H ; taeES i f h
&mckid Ef e_ ;f b,favmuf rJay;Ekid w f t hJ &G,af wGjzpfygw,f? &mckid Ef e_ ;f b,favmufu rJxnfjh yD;
b,fygwu D rJb,fEpS &f mckid Ef e_ ;f &ygw,f? jyD;awmh &mckid f E_e;f b,favmuf&vk@d b,fygwu D
tEkid &f ygw,fqw dk ohJ rkid ;f awG &Scd yhJ gw,f? 'Dvadk jym&jcif;ta=umif;t&if;u &yfuu G w
f ckrmS
tdraf xmifpOk ;D a& rnfr#&jdS yD; uav; OD;a&u rnfr#/ vl=uD;OD;a&u rnfr#/ tdraf xmifjyKjyD;ol
rnfr#/ aoqk;H olO;D a&rnfr#/ arG;zGm;olO;D a&u rnfr#jzpfa=umif; twdtus &Syd g&@J vm;´?
jrKd@=uD;jy=uD; awGrmS pm&if;Z,m;awG &Sw d ,fqadk yrJh awm&GmawGrmS awmh &Srd nf[rk xifyg?
&yfuGufvl=uD;rdbrsm;. todtrSwfjyKay;&kHESifh vufxyfyGJwckjyD;qkH;apjyD; &yfuGuf &kH;/
jrKd@e,f&;Hk wGif pm&if;Z,m;tjzpfrw S w f rf; r&Sw d muawmh OyrmtaeESihf &J&=J u;D ajymcsiyf gw,f?
'D v k d p m&if ; Z,m;awG twd t usr&S d a yrJ h a&G ; aumuf y G J a wG r S m awmh
&mck d i f E _ e f ; b,f a vmuf & S d v k d @ qk k d j yD ; Ek d i f w ,f / &_ H ; w,f v k d @ owf r S w f w mawG @ &ygw,f ?
Ek d i f i H a wmf t pk d ; &taeES i f h vl O D ; a&pm&if ; enf ; wl tjcm;u¾awG j zpf w J h Ek d i f i H a wmf
taeESiu hf ek x
f wk v f yk rf _ yrm%b,favmuf&w dS ,f/ oGi;f uke/f xkwu f ek /f Ekid if o
H m; wOD;pD&@J
y#rf;r#0ifaiGb,favmuf&dSw,fqkdwJh pm&if;Z,m;awGukdvnf; xkwfjyef azmfjycJhzl;wm
r&So d avmufygy?J 0ef=uD;ÏmetaeESiv hf nf; pm&if;Z,m;awG twd tusjyKpkxm;jcif;r&So d vkd
xkwjf yefjcif;rsK;d vnf; rawG@&bl;ygb;l ?
ta=umif;udpP wcka=umifh usaemf[m a&S@aeESihf wkid yf ifc&hJ bl;ygw,f? a&S@aeu
usaemfh&J@jzpfpOfawGudk ar;ygw,f? usaemfu &uf/ v/ ckESpfawGukd rrSwf rdawmha=umif;/
arhaea=umif;awG ajymwJt h cgrmS awmh pum;jyefw(hJ *syefvrl sK;d ) yk*K~ v d u f “ ArmvlrsK;d awG[m

98
rSww f rf;rSw&f mrSm tvGet f m;enf;wJt h wGuf a=umifh rwwfEidk b f ;l ” vk@d a&S@aeukd ajymygw,f?
wu,fwrf;0efcH &r,fqkdv#ifawmh jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;[m rSwfwrf;rSwf&m rSm
tm;enf;w,fv@dk q&kd rSmyg? jrefrmEkid if t H aeESihf qk;d 0g;cg;oD;vGe;f vSwhJ acwf awG/ pepfawG/
tjzpf o ES p f a wG tajrmuf t jrm;uk d jzwf o ef ; vmcJ h & wJ h E k d i f i H y g? 'D v k d
jzwfoef;vmcJhwmESifhtnDtr# pGef@vGwfr_/ ay;qyfr_aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGm&SdcJhygw,f?
ypPnf;OpPmawG ay;qyfpGef@vGwfr_ESifhtwl toufcE<mawGukdvnf; ay;qyfcJh=u& wmyg?
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ay;qyfpGef@vGwfcJhwJh yk*~KdvfawGvnf; tajrmuftjrm;&SdcJh ygw,f? 'gayrJh
rSwfwrf;rSwf&m rwifEkdifcJh=uwm[m arharhavsmhavsmh aecJhvk@d ayvm;? okd@wnf;r[kwf
w&m;oabmt& vspfvsL&_ae=ujcif;ayvm;/ ydwfyif wm;jrpfr_awGa=umifhavvm;vkd@
pOf;pm;r&avmufatmifyJ orkdif;rSwfwrf; rSwf&m awG[m arS;rSdefuG,faysmufaewm[m
trSefygyJ?
ukd,fhvlrsKd;ukd ukd,ftm;r&wmrSefayrJh ArmvlrsKd;awG[m rSwfwrf;rSwf &mrSm
tvGeftm;enf;w,fvkd@ajymwJh/ wduswJh *syefvlrsKd;awGtaeESifhua&m b,fvkdygvJ?
*syef v l r sKd ; awG [ m tvk y f v k y f u d k i f & mrS m wd u sr_ & S d v k d @ *syef y pP n f ; awG qk d v #if
vl=uKdurf sm;=uw,fqw dk m vufcyH gw,f? *syefvrl sK;d awG[m tvkyw f nf; rSmwif r[kwyf gb;l ?
rSww f rf;rSw&f mrSmvnf; wdus w,fv@dk qydk g w,f? wdusw,f vk@d vJ Ekid if t H awmfrsm;rsm;u
vufcHxm;=uygw,f? 'gayrJh r=umao;cif &ufykdif; twGif;u owif;wckukd =unfhrd/
owd x m;rd w J h tcsd e f r S m awmh usaemf h t jrif [ m wrsKd ; ajymif ; oG m ;cJ h y gw,f ?
usaemfwifr[kwfygbl;? ukd&D;,m;EkdifiHESifh tar&duef EkdifiHawGuyg owif;wcktaeESifh
azmfjycJjh yD; uJ&h @J jypfwifcw hJ mawG awG@&ygw,f?
*syefvrl sK;d awG[m tm&SrmS a&m urBmrSmyg touft&Sn;f qk;H pm&if;xJ rSmygw,fv@dk
qkyd gw,f? touf tykid ;f tjcm;tvku d af zmfjycsut f & touft &Snq f ;Hk pm&if;xJrmS ygygw,f?
wcg 10pk E S p f t wG i f ; arG ; zG m ;E_ e f ; usqif ; jyD ; touf t&G , f = uD ; &if h w J h o l a wG
rsm;jym;vGe;f wJt h wGuaf =umifh tvkyv f yk uf idk Ef ikd w
f hJ vli,f awG &Sm;yg;jywfvwfwmESihf =uKH&jyD;
EkdifiHawmftaeESifh tcuftcJ=uKH&jyD; pD;yGm;a&; vnf; usqif;chJw,fvkd@ xkwfjyefcJhwmukd
tawmfrsm;rsm; owdxm;rdvrd rhf ,fv@dk xifygw,f? tifrwef wdusveG ;f ygw,f?
'DvkdwduswJh *syef[m touf 100ausmfa,mufsm;=uD;wa,muf vGef cJhwJh
av;ESpaf usmu f wnf;u uG,v f eG o
f mG ;cJwh mukad wmh rodvu dk =f uygb;l ? 'Dvdk aoqk;H oGm;wmukd
twdtus rppfaq;bJ ESppf OfaxmufyahH =u; (yifpif-nenkin ) ukad wmh ykrH eS af y;cJw h ,fv@dk
qkdygw,f? 'Dvkdowif;awG xGufvmjyD;wJhaemufykdif; rSmawmh [kdjrKd@e,f/ 'DjrKd@e,fawGrSm
touf&mausmf=uD;awG vGefcJhwJh ESpftenf; i,ftwGif; uG,fvGefcJhwJhowif;awG
qufwu dk x
f u G af y:vmcJyh gawmhw,f? 'Dvq dk dk &if b,frmS vJ wdusw*hJ syef? ArmvlrsK;d awG

99
rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrSm tm;enf;w,fvkd@ ajymEkdifOD;rSmvm;? qufpyfjyD; ajymcsifwmu
'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f “zufqpf*syef awG jrefrmEkid if aH tmufyidk ;f armfvjrKdiu f odk rd ;f jyD;v#if
vGwfvyfa&;ay;r,fqkdwm wu,fyg/ 'gukd AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh taygif;tygawGu
tjrifvGJjyD; *syefawGukd apmfapmfum;um; jyefwkdufxkwfwm ”vkd@ wDAGDtpDtpOfwckrSm
awG@vu dk &f ygw,f? ArmawG *syefut dk jrifvrJG vGaJ wmh rodb;l ? vufonf;cHcG mG cH&wJv h /l ajcovk;H
&k d ; ay: 'vd r f h w k H ; vd r f h c H & wJ h v l / ac|;wyf q G J c H & jyD ; rwvG e f b 0ul ; cJ h = u&wJ h v l a ygif ;
b,favmuf&Sdw,fqkdwm oufaocHaeovkd/ vuf&Sd jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; ppfwyfu
ay:wmqGJwmwJhudpP[m *syefawG&J@tarGjzpfa=umif;udk usaemhfukdpum;jyef vkyfay;wJh
(*syefvrl sK;d )u ajymcJw h mu oufaocHaeygw,f?
etzppf t pk d ; &[m r=umcif u mvrS m a&G ; aumuf y G J u sif ; yzk d @ &S d y gw,f ?
a&G ; aumuf y G J q k d w muvnf ; &k y f j youf o uf w ck q k d w m od a yrJ h uk e f u svk d u f r nf h
aiGa=u;tajrmuftjrm; qkw d mvnf;odygw,f? aemufq;Hk usawmhh ude;f *%ef;awG vkyjf yjyD;
Ek d i f w ,f / &_ H ; w,f q k d j yD ; qk H ; jzwf O D ; rS m yg? Ek d i f i H a wmf & J @ aiG a wG b,f a vmuf
okH;jzKef;vkdufw,fqkdwmawmh azmfjyjcif;&Sdr,frxifyg? etzrwkdifcif tpkd;&awG vnf;
'Dtwkid ;f ygy?J etzppftpk;d &[m &efuek jf rKd@uae =uyfajy;ukd wdww f w d f uav;ajymif;cJjh yD;
ppf w yf u k d t"d u tm;xm;jyD ; rd r d w k d @ vk H j cKH a &;uk d w k d ; csJ @ cJ h y gw,f ? Ek d i f i H j cm;uk d y g
ynmawmfoifrsm;apvGwfjyD; ppfwyftokH;pm;&dwfukd wkd;csJ@cJhygw,f? ukefusvkdufrnfh
ude;f *%ef;aygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGm&Sw d hJ aiGa=u;awG? etzppftpk;fd & taeESihf 'Dued ;f *%ef;awGudk
wkid ;f jynfudk wifjyrSmr[kww f mawmh aocsmvGe;f vS ygw,f? rSww f rf;awGvnf; wifxm;rSm
r[kwyf gb;l ?
ude;f *%ef;awG[m ouf&adS vmu=uD;twGuf tvGeaf &;ygwmukd usaemft h aeESihf
odayrJh i,fi,fwek ;f u *%ef;ocsmq F &majymcJv h adk wmh b,fvdk wGucf su&f rvJqw dk mawmh
rodao;ygb;l ? 'gayrJh rSww f rf;rSw&f mukad wmh ykid yf idk f Ekid jf yKpkxm;wmawmh tykt d vkyw f ckawmh
rjzpfEidk yf gb;l ? aumif;rGew f t hJ vkyw f ck/ tok;H 0ifrhJ tvkyw f ckv@dk ,lqrdygw,f? vlwidk ;f vlwidk ;f
rdrw d @dk &@J ta=umif;t&m awGukd rSww f rf;wifxm;r,fqv dk #if olrsm;ajymp&mjzpfrvmovkd
wcsed cf sed rf mS awmh ta&;ygvmygvrd rhf ,f? enf;wlbJ uk, d Ehf idk if /H uk,
d v hf rl sK;d &J@ aumif;wJo h rkid ;f /
raumif;wJo h rkid ;f awGuv dk nf; t&Su d t dk &St
d wkid ;f jyKpkxm;apcsiw f muawmh usaemh&f @J qENyg?
*%ef;ocsmF (ude;f *%ef;)awGEiS hf rSww f rf;rSw&f mawG[m urBmavm u=u;D &S&d /dS r&S&d dS
olw@dk uawmh &Sad eOD; ta&;ygaeOD;rSmawmh aocsmygw,f?
aZmfaZmfEkdif
100
p-um0VmxJu
'dkif,mvufwpf
(20)
rd;k ajropf
(u)
a&S@wiG f azmfjycJo h nfh aqmif;yg;
trSwf (19) wGif armf. “yËdyuQ&@J tES@H t
jym;&Sdr_” ukd tESpfxkwfI azmfjycJhonf?
tcef;quf ,cktcef;wGif armf. “ yËdyuQ&@J x;l jcm; r_”
ukd qufvufazmfjyoGm;ygrnf?
yËd y uQ o nf t&mud p P . jzpf x G e f ; wk d ; wuf r _ j zpf p Of tptqk H ; wav#muf
vk;H rSm&Sad ea=umif; armfuyËdyuQ&@J tES@H tjym;&Srd t _ cef;wGiaf zmfjycJjh y;D jzpfonf? &ky0f wˆKukv d wl @dk
odjrif=ujcif;onf &ky0f wˆK. v_y&f mS ;r_o¾efudk odjrif=ujcif;jzpf onf? &ky0f wˆK. v_y&f mS ;r_onf
rkcsyoJ ¾efwckc&k &dS rnf? Tv_y&f mS ;r_ &ky0f wˆK o¾efEiS hf tjcm;v_y&f mS ;r_ o¾eftrsK;d rsK;d &So d nf?
wlncD surf sm; &Sad eonf? ok@d aomfvnf; xkv d y_ &f mS ;r_o¾efEiS hf tjcm;o¾efrsm;rSm&So d nfh
tESpo f m&t& jcm; em;csuu f dk *&kpu dk zf @dk jzpfonf[k armfuqko d nf? xdt k csuuf dk *&kpudk rf oS m
t&m udprP sm;ukd cGjJ crf;Ekid rf nf?b,fvy_ &f mS ;r_rmS rqkd 4if;wk@d .twGi;f ykid ;f wGif rdrw d @dk . xl;jcm;onfh
yËdyuQ&Sdaeonf? xkdxl;jcm;onfh yËdyuQonf t&mudpPwckukd tjcm;t&mudpP rsm;ESifh
jcm;em;aponfh xl;jcm;onfhtESpfom&ukd jzpfay:aponf? ,if;onf urBm ay:&Sd
t&mudpPtrsKd;rsKd;wkd@uGJjym;jcm;em;&onfh twGif;ykdif;ta=umif;t&if;yJ jzpfonf[k
armfuqko d nf?
“ obm0avmurSm v_y&f mS ;r_o¾eftrsK;d rsK;d tajrmuftrsm;wnf&adS e w,f? Oyrm
puf,E W,m;vkdv_yf&Sm;jcif;/ toHjrnfjcif;/ tvif;a&mifjzmxGufjcif; tyl&Sdefjzpfay: jcif;/
v#yf p pf " gwf o G m ;jcif ; / "gwf u G J j cif ; / "gwf a ygif ; jcif ; tp&S d w mwk d @ jzpf w ,f ? tJ o vk d
&kyf0wˆKv_yf&Sm;r_o¾eftm;vkH[m tjyeftvSeftrSDjyK wnf&Sdae =uw,f? 'gayrJh
tESpo f m&t&qk&d if wcke@J wck uGjJ ym;jcm;em;w,f? &ky0f wˆK&J@ v_y&f mS ;r_o¾efwidk ;f rSmyg&w dS hJ
xl;jcm;wJhtESpfom&ukd 4if;ukd,fY&Sd xl;jcm;wJhyËdyuQ u owfrSwfay;w,f? tJovkd
tajctae[m obm0avmurSmomru vlr_a&; tjcif;t&mrsm;ESifh awG;ac:r_qkdif&m
tjcif ; t&mrsm;rS m vnf ; tvm;wl w nf & S d a e w,f ? vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; o¾ef w k d i f ; ES i f h
awG;ac:r_qidk o f ¾efwidk ;f rSm 4if;&J@x;l jcm;wJh yËdyuQEiS hf xl;jcm;wJt h ESpo f m&rsm; &S=d uw,f?”
“ 0dZm… ynm okawoe bmom&yf cGjJ cm;&mrSm 0dZm… ynmbmom&yfrsm; rSm&Sw d hJ
xl;jcm;wJh yËdyuQrsm;ukd tajcwnfjyD; cGJjcm;wmjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh wpHk wckaom
101
tjcif;t&mESihf e,fy,ftwGi;f rSm txl;yg&w dS hJ wpkw
H ckaom yËdyuQudk okawoejyKwm[m
wpkw H ckaom 0dZm… ynmbmom&yf jzpfvmw,f? Oyrm ocsmF aA'&Sd aygi;f ude;f ESiEhf w k uf ed ;f /
puf,E W,m;aA'&Sd jyKrljcif;ESifh wkef@jyefjcif;/ &lyaA'&Sd "gwfzkdESifh"gwfr/ "mwkaA'&Sd
"gwfuGJjcif;ESifh"gwfaygif;jcif;/ vlr_0dZ…mynm&Sd ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pkESifh ukefvkyfqufqHr_-
vlwef;pm;ESifh vlwef;pm;tjyeftvSef wkdufyGJ/ ppfa&;aA'&Sd xkd;ppfESifhcHppf/ tbd"rRm&Sd
pd w f 0 g'ES i f h & k y f 0 g'- wuU a A'tjrif h E S i f h tEk y Ëd a vmrtjrif p wmawG r S m xl ; jcm;wJ h
yËdyuQESifhxl;jcm;wJh tESpfom&&Sdvkd@om/ rwlwJh 0dZ…mynmokawoe bmom&yfrsm;
jzpfay:vm=uw,f? trSefbJ yËdyuQ&J@ tESH@tjym;&Sdr_ukd rod&if/ t&mudpPv_yf&Sm;r_
jzpfay:wk;d wufjcif;&J@ tES@H tjym;&Sw d hJ ta=umif;t&if; 'grrS [kwf tES@H tjym;&Sw d t
hJ ajctjrpfudk
b,fenf;ESirhf S &SmawG@Eidk v f rd rhf ,f r[kwb f ;l ? t&mudprP sm;ukv d nf; b,fenf;ESirhf S cGjJ cm;Ekid rf mS
r[kwb f ;l / 0dZm… ynm okawoee,fy,fuv dk nf; b,fenf;ESirhf S cGjJ cm;Edik rf mS r[kwb f ;l ? ”
armfu b,fvy_ &f mS ;r_o¾efrqk/d 4if;&J@twGi;f ykid ;f rSm rdr&d @J x;l jcm;wJh yËdyuQ&adS ew,f?
tJ ' D x l ; jcm;wJ h yËd y uQ [ m t&mud p P w ck u d k wjcm;t&mud p P r sm; ES i f h jcm;em;apwJ h
xl;jcm;wJt h ESpo f m&mukd jzpfay:apw,f? 'gawGudk avhvm&rSm jzpfw,f[k qko d nf? vlw@dk onf
rwlonfht&mudpP tajrmuftjrm;. xl;jcm; onfh tESpfom&rsm;ukd OD;pGmodjyD;rSom
wqifhwkd;aygif;jcKHjcif;tvkyfukd vkyfEkdifjyD;/ t&mudpPtrsKd;trsKd;. wlnDonfhtESpfom&ukd
od&v dS m=u&pjrjJ zpfonf? yËdyuQ. xl;jcm;r_awGudk ravhvmyJ ajymqkv d yk u f idk af eolrsm;ukd armfu
w&m;ao0g'D r sm;[k aumuf c suf c svk d u f o nf ? “usaemf w k d @ &J @ w&m;ao0g'D r sm;[m
vlysi;f awGjzpfw,f? olw@dk [m tckid f trmt&mudprP sm;ESihf ywfowfv@dk b,fvcdk ufcyJ ifyef;wJh
avhvma&;vkyif ef;rsK;d ukd rqkv d yk zf @dk jiif;qef;w,f=uw,f/ olw@dk [m a,bl,strSew f &m;ukd
rk;d ay:uus vmwJt h &mvk@d ,lq=uw,f? 'gudk vlawGem;rvnfEidk w f hJ taumiftxnfrhJ
ykaH oenf;oufoufjzpfatmif vky=f uw,f? trSew f &m;ukd vlom;wk@d ojd rifwhJ 'Djzpf&;dk jzpfpOfudk
vk;H 0jiif;y,fvu dk =f uw,f? ” [kqo dk nf?
“ yËdyuQ&@J x;l jcm;r_ ” tygt0if. tEkyËdavmrenf; (0g) 'kid , f mvuf wpfonf
&kyb f 0v_y&f mS ;r_tm;vk;H ESihf vl@tzG@J tpnf;=uD;wckv;Hk . orkid ;f &_jrifo;Hk oyfcsurf sm;jzpfonf?
um;vfrmhufcf/ tdef*s,fESifhvDeifwkd@. oabmw&m;tawG; tac:rsm;ukd tajccHum
p=um0VmESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ukd cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmxm;jcif;jzpf onf? ol. tawG;tac:wGif
rnfokd@awG;ac:oifhonf/ xkd@tjyif tESpfom&jcif; rwlonfh yËdyuQrsm;ukd rnfokd@rnfykH
ajz&Si;f &rnfqo dk nfh enf;emrsm;yg yg0ifvm cJo h nf?
vl r _ w k d ; wuf r _ jzpf p Of o rk d i f ; xJ w G i f yg0if v _ y f & S m ;&k e f ; uef a e=uaom awmf
vS e f a &;tif t m;pk r sm; txl ; ojzif h wk d ; wuf a omtif t m;pk r sm;taejzif h vl r _ w k d ;
wufa&;Oya'orsm;ukd ukid pf &JG if; armf.enf;emrsm;/ cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmr_rsm;ukd aqmif ,l=u&vdrrhf nf?
tb,fha=umifhqkdaomf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;a[mif;ESifhpepfa[mif;ukd zsufodrf;&mwGifjzpfap/
102
pepfopfw&yfukd tpm;xkd;wnfaqmuf&mwGifjzpfap tjynfht0 axmufulay;Ekdif aom
a=umifyh ifjzpfonf? tvif;a&mif jzpfaeaom a=umifjh zpfonf?
(c)
,ckarmf. “ yËdyuQ&@J x;l jcm;r_ ” tcef;wckwnf;rSmyJ armf.tawG; tac:onf
us,0f ef;rsm;ajrmifvyS gonf? ok@d jzpf&m tESpx f w k If wifjyrSom armf.'kid , f mvufwpfqidk &f m
Ttcef;ukad vhvmolonf wxkid w f nf;/ wae&m wnf; jcKHieHk m;vnf oGm;Ekid rf mS jzpfonf?
xkd@a=umifh tcsuftvuftvkduf armf . rl&if;pmom;tawG; tac:rsm; rysufr,Gif;
apbJwifjyvku d yf gonf?
(*)
1? &kyf0wˆKv_yf&Sm;r_o¾efwkdif;&J@ xl;jcm;wJh yËdyuQESifh 4if;uowfrSwf vkdufwJh
tES p f o m&uk d avh v m&rS m omru/ &k y f 0 wˆ K v_ y f & S m ;r_ o ¾ef w k d i f ; &J @ &S n f vsm;wJ h
jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufrc_ &D;pOftwGi;f &Sd jzpfpOfwidk ;f &J@ xl;jcm;wJyh ËdyuQEiS hf 4if;&J@tESpo f m&ukv d nf;
avhvm&rSmjzpfw,f? pdwu f ;l ESizhf efw;D xm;wmr[kwyf J wu,f&w dS hJ v_y&f mS ;r_o¾eftm;vk;H &J@
jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufrj_ zpfpOfwidk ;f twGi;f tm; vk;H [m tESpo f m&t& rwl=ubl;? usaemfw@dk &@J
avhvma&;vkyfief;[m 'Dtcsufukd rkcs tav;xm;&r,f? 'Dtcsufuae rkcstpjyK
avhvm&rSmjzpfw,f?
tESpfom&csif;rwlwJh yËdyuQrsm;ukd tESpfom&csif;rwlwJhenf;rsm;ESifhom
ajz&Sif;Ekdifw,f? Oyrm ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ESifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;wkd@&J@ yËdyuQukd qkd&S,f
vpfawmfveS af &;enf;ESihf ajz&Si;f &w,f? jynfov l xl =k uD;ESihf ya'o&mZfpepfw@dk &@J yËdyuQudk
'Dru
dk a&pDawmfveS af &;enf;ESio hf m ajz&Si;f &w,f? ukv d ekd w
D idk ;f jynfEiS hf e,fcs@J pepfw@dk &@J yËdyuQudk
trsK;d om;awmfveS af &;ppfqw dk ehJ nf;ESihf ajz&Si;f &w,f? qk&d , S v f pfv@l tzG@J tpnf;&Sd tvkyo f rm;/
v,form;vlwef;pm;&J@ yËdyuQudk v,f ,mvkyif ef;pkaygi;f vkyu f idk af &;ESihf v,f,mvkyif ef;
puf,E W,m;wyfqifa&;qkdwJh enf;ESifh ajz&Sif;&r,f? uGefjrLepfygwDtwGif;&Sd yËdyuQukd
a0zefa&;ESihf rdru d , dk uf dk a0zefa&;qkw d ehJ nf;ESihf ajz&Si;f &w,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;ESio hf bm0wk@d &@J
yËdyuQudk ukex f w k pf rG ;f tm;pkrsm; jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufapwJeh nf;ESihf ajz&Si;f &w,f? jzpfpOfrsm;
ajymif;vJ&mrSm jzpfpOfa[mif;ESihf yËdyuQa[mif; qdwo f Ok ;f oGm;jyD; jzpfpOfopfEiS hf yËdyuQopf
ay:ayguv f mvk@d yËdyuQudk ajz&Si;f wJeh nf;[mvnf; rwlawmhb;l ?
2? t&m0wˆKrsm;&J@ jzpfxGef;wkd;wufr_jzpfpOftwGif;rSm wckvkH;t&/ tjyef
tvSeq f ufpyfrt _ & wnf&adS ewJh yËdyuQrsm;&J@x;l jcm;r_udk azmfxw k zf @dk twGu/f qdk vkw d mu
t&mudprP sm;jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufwhJ jzpfpOf&@J tESpo f m&ukd azmfxw k zf @dk t wGuf jzpfpOftwGi;f &Sd
yËdyuQzuftoD;oD;&J@ xl;jcm;r_udk rkcsazmfxw k &f r,f? 'Dvdk rvky&f if jzpfpOf&@J tESpo f m&ukd
azmfxw k zf @dk rjzpfEidk bf ;l ? 'gvb J J usaemfw@dk avhvm a&;vkyif ef;vkyw f t hJ cg rkcsowdjyK&rnfh
udpjP zpfw,f?
103
=uD ; rm;wJ h t&mud p P w ck & J @ jzpf x G e f ; wk d ; wuf r _ j zpf p Of t wG i f ; rS m yËd y uQ
tajrmuftjrm;&Sdaew,f? Oyrm- w&kyfjynf"e&Sifvlwef;pm; 'Drkdua&pDawmfvSef
a&;jzpfpOftwGif;rSm w&kyfjynfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;toD;oD; ESifh
e,fcsJ@wkd@&J@ yËdyuQ/ jynfolvlxk=uD;ESifh ya'o&mZfwkd@&J@ yËdyuQ/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef; pm;ESifh
"e&Sifvlwef;pm; yËdyuQ/ v,form;rsm;ESifh jrKd@ae"e&Sifaygufp vlwef;pm; uwzuf/
"e&Sifvlwef;pm;u wzufjzpfwJhyËdyuQ/ azmufjyefwJh tkyfpkd;ol*kd%f;t csif;csif;wkd@&J@
yËdyuQpwmawG&v dS @dk tajctae[m tifrwef&y_ af xG;w,f? 'DyËdyuQ rsm;rSm uk, d pf u D ,dk pf D
xl;jcm;r_rsm;&Sdaevkd@ 4if;wkd@ukd wajy;nD oabmrxm;Ekdifbl;? jyD;awmh yËdyuQwkdif;&J@
zuf E S p f z uf r S m xl ; jcm;r_ t oD ; oD ; &S d a e=ujyef w J h t wG u f 4if ; wk d @ uk d v nf ;
wajy;nDoabmrxm;Ekdifbl;? w&kyfjynfawmfvSefa&;ukd aqmif&Guf aewJh usaemfwkd@[m
yËdyuQtoD;oD;&J@ aygi;f csKyft& (0g) yËdyuQw@kd &@J tjyeftvSef qufpyfrt _ & tJ'yD ËdyuQrsm;&J@
xl;jcm;r_ukd em;vnf&rSmomru/ yËdyuQwkdif;&J@ zuftoD;oD;ukdvnf; avhvm&r,f?
yËdyuQwkdif;&J@ zuftoD;oD;uae avhvmrSom yËdyuQaygif;csKyfukd em;vnfEkdifr,f?
yËdyuQzuftoD;oD;ukd em;vnf &r,fqkd&mrSm tJ'Dzufwkdif;[m txl;owfrSwfxm;wJh
b,fvt dk qifah e&mrSm toD;oD;&Sad e=uw,f/ yËdyuQjzpfaewJh zufrsm;[m wzufEiS w hf zuf
b,fvdk t aumiftxnf o¾efrsK;d ESihf tjyeftvSef trSjD yKwnf&jdS yD; tjyeftvSef yËdyuQjzpf
ae=uw,f? tjyeftvSeftrSDjyKwnf&SdjyD; tjyeftvSef yËdyuQjzpfae=uwJhtcgrSm a&m
tjyeftvSeftrSDjyKwnf&Sdr_ uGJysufjyD;wJhtcgrSmyg/ b,fvkd tckdiftrmenf; emrsKd;jzifh
wzufom;ESihf wku d yf q JG if=ujyefw,fqw dk mwk@d ukd em;vnf&rSmjzpfw,f? 'Djy\emrsm;ukd
avh v mwm[m tif r wef t a&;=uD ; wJ h ud p P w &yf j zpf w ,f ? vD e if u rmh u f c f 0 g'&J @
tESpfom&tusqkH;t&m rmhufcf0g'&J@ toufygwJh0dOmOf[m tcdkiftrmtajctaeudk
tckid t
f rmusus cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmwmjzpfw,f-vk@d ajymwm [m 'Doabmygy?J
3? jy\emukad vhvm&mrSm qENpjJG zpfr/_ wzufowfusrE_ iS hf tay:,Husr_ awGudk
a&Smif&Sm;&r,f? qENpGJjzpfr_qkdwm jy\emukd yuwdwnf&SdaewJhtwkdif; =unfh&rSef;
rodwmjzpfw,f? qkv d wdk mu jy\emukd &ky0f g'tjrifEiS =hf unf&h rSe;f rod wmjzpfw,f? 'Dtcsuu f dk
vufawG@usr;f xJrmS usaemfajymcJjh yD? wzufoufusr_ qkw d m jy\em ukzd ufaygi;f pku H ae
=unf&h rSe;f rodwmjzpfw,f?
Oyrm w&kyjf ynfta=umif;uko d m em;vnfjyD; *syefjynfta=umif;ukd em;rvnfjcif;/
uGefjrLepfygwDta=umif;ukdom em;vnfjyD; ulrifwefta=umif; ukd em;rvnfjcif;/
ypPn;f rJv
h w l ef;pm;ta=umif;uko d m em;vnfjyD; "e&Siv f w l ef; pm;ta=umif;ukd em;rvnfjcif;/
v,form;ta=umif;ukdomem;vnfjyD; ajr&Sif ta=umif;ukd em;rvnfjcif;/ acsmarmwJh
tajcaeuko d m em;vnfjyD; cufcw J t
hJ ajc taeukd em;rvnfjcif;/ twdwu f odk mem;vnfjyD;
tem*wfuedk m;rvnfjcif;/ wckcsi;f uko d m em;vnfjy;D wpkv H ;Hk uked m;rvnfjcif;/ c|w, f iG ;f csuu f dk
104
em;vnfjyD; atmifjrifru _ kd em;rvnfjcif;/ w&m;vkt d a=umif;uko d m em;vnfjyD; w&m;cHt
a=umif;ukd em;rvnfjcif;/ awmfveS af &;&J@ v#K@d 0u S vf yk if ef;uko
d m em;vnfjyD; awmfveS af &;&J@
ajAmifvkyfief;ukd em;rvnfjcif; tp&Sdwmwkd@jzpfw,f? pum;wcGef; ESifh csKHajym&&if
yËdyuQjzpfaewJh zuftoD;oD;&J@ xl;jcm;csuu f dk em;rvnfjcif;jzpf w,f? 'gudk jy\emukd
wzufowfusus =unfjh cif;vk@d ac:w,f? 'Dvjdk zpf&if yËdyuQudk ajz&Si;f zk@d enf;vrf;&SmawG@Eidk rf mS
r[kwf/ awmfvSefa&;w&yfudk jyD;ajrmuf apEkdifrSmr[kwf/ xrf;aqmifaewJhvkyfief;udk
aumif;aumif;vkyfekdifrSmr[kwf? ygwD twGif;awG;ac:r_wkdufyGJukdvnf; rSefrSefuefuef
wk;d wufatmif vkyEf idk rf mS r[kw?f
4? tay:,H u sr_ q d k w mu yËd y uQ w ck v k H ; ES i f h yËd y uQ t oD ; oD ; &J @ xl ; jcm;
csufawGukdr=unfh/ t&mudpPxJukd eufeufeJeJwkd;0ifjyD; yËdyuQ&J@ xl;jcm;csufrsm; udk
tao;pdwfavhvmzkd@vkdtyfw,fqkdwmukd todtrSwfrjyKbJ ta0;uae &yf=unfhjyD;
yËdyuQyyHk ef;udk t=urf;zsi;f avmufjrif&&kEH iS hf yËdyuQuadk jz&Si;f zk@d =uH&, G f wm (ar;cGe;f rsm;ukd
ajzqk d w m/ tjiif ; yG m ;csuf r sm;uk d ajz&S i f ; wm/ vk y f i ef ; rsm;uk d pD r H v k y f u d k i f w m/
ppfyrJG sm;ukn d e$ =f um;wm) jzpfw,f? 'Dvv dk yk w f m[m uarmufur rjzpfwm&,fv@dk r&Sb d ;l ?
w&kyfjynfu w&m;ao0g'DESifh tawG@t=uKH0g'DawG trSm; rSm;rd=uwJhta=umif;t&if;rSm
t&mudprP sm;ukd olw@dk =unfw h ehJ nf;[m qENpu JG sv@dk / wzufowfusv@dk / tay:,Husv@dk ygy?J
wzufowfusrE_ iS hf tay:,Husr[ _ mvnf; qENpjJG zpfwmyJ?
5? t&m0wˆKjzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufrj_ zpfpOf&dS t&if;cHyËdyuQEiS hf tJ't D &if;cH yËdyuQu
owfrw S vf u dk w
f hJ jzpfpOf&@J tESpo f m&[m jzpfpOftqk;H rowfrcsi;f qdwf okO;f oGm;wmr[kwb f ;l ?
'gayrJh t&mudpjP zpfxeG ;f wk;d wufwhJ &Snv f sm;wJjh zpfpOfxJ &Sd jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufrt _ qift h oD;oD;&J@
tajctaersm;[m wckEiS w hf ck jcm;em;avh &Sw d wfw,f? 'Dvjdk zpf&wm[m t&mudprP sm;&J@
jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufrj_ zpfpOf&dS t&if;cHyËd yuQ&@J vuQ%mESijhf zpfpOf&@J tESpo f m&rSm rajymif;vJayrJ/h
t&if;cHyËdyuQ[m &Snf vsm;wJjh zpfpOftwGi;f &Sd jzpfxeG ;f wk;d wufrt _ qifh toD;oD;rSm wjznf;jznf;
jyif;xef vmwJh o¾efudk aqmifaevk@d jzpfw,f?
Oyrm vG w f v yf p G m jyKd i f q k d i f w J h a cwf u t&if ; &S i f 0 g'[m e,f c sJ @ 0g'tqif h
odk@a&mufvmwJhtcgrSm ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ESifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;qkdwJh t&if;cHtm; jzifh
yËdyuQjzpfaewJh 'Dvw l ef;pm;ESp&f yf&@J vuQ%mESihf 'Dv@l tzG@J tpnf;&J@ t&if;&Si0f g'tESpo f m&[m
rajymif;vJayrJh 'Dvw l ef;pm;ESp&f yf&@J yËdyuQ[m jyif;xefvmw,f? vuf0g;=uD;tkyt f &if;ESihf
vGwfvyfwJht&if;wkd@&J@ yËdyuQay: aygufvmw,f? t&Sifocif wkdif;jynfESifh ukdvkdeDwkd@&J@
yËd y uQ j yif ; xef v mw,f ? t&if ; &S i f 0 g'Ek d i f i H c sif ; yËd y uQ (0g) wk d i f ; jynf t oD ; oD ; &J @
wk;d wufrr_ nDnmwJh tajc taea=umifh ay:ayguv f mwJh yËdyuQ[m txl;jyif;xefxufjrufpmG
ay:vGiv f m w,f? 'gawGa=umifh t&if;&Si0f g'&J@ xl;jcm;wJh tqifah y:xGuv f mw,f? e,fcs@J 0g'
tqifah y:xGuv f mw,f? qufvufazmfjyoGm;ygrnf? rdak jropf
105
Edik if aH &; tawG;tjriftcef;quf
'Da&jrifoh pf
jroef;wif h
jrefrmhq&kd ,
S v
f pf vrf;pOfygwD vufxuf/jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sirf sm;rS xkwaf 0cGifhjyK+yD;aemuf
ydwfyif wm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom q&mjroef ; wif h . 'Da&jrifhopf (armfpDwkef; ESifh w&kwaf wmfveS af &;)
pmtkyftm;/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm; taejzifh vufawG hb0 w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESifh
cH,jl zwfoef;r_rsm;udk pmzwfow l kd h avhvm od&EdS ikd af p&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyvku d yf gonf//
(pma&;ol. rdom;pkEiS hf qufo, G af &; cufco J jzifh today;jcif; r&So
d nfukd cGivhf w
$ af y;yg&ef
awmif;yeftyfygon)f
,cifvrStquf
“ wcsKd @u--awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkawG[m/ oef@oxufoef@&r,f? awmf vSeaf &;&J@
vrf;a=umif;[m/ ajzmifo h xufajzmif&h r,f? orRmusr;f xJrmS ygwmurS rSew f ,f? trsKd ;om;
"e&Si[f m/ wa,mufrusef &moufyef wefjyefawmfveS af &; o rm; jzpfw,f? csr;f omwJh
v,form;awGudk/ enf;enf;av;rS tavsmhay;vdk@ rjzpf bl;?---csdKufxifcdkifeJ@
vufqEJG w _ q f ufv@kd &&dS if/ vufqv JG u
kd w f meJ@ w+yKd ief uf/ ol@ukd ‘[Jh wefjyefawmfveS af &;orm;’
vd@k qJvu kd &f r,f? avmurSm ig;rpm;wJah =umif/ wefjyefawmfveS af &;orm; r[kww f /hJ
ppf b k & if v d k @ &S d E d k i f y gh r vm;? ynmwwf a wG [ m/ (2) &uf (3) &uf a vmuf o m
awmfvSefa&;pdwf"gwf &Sdwmrdk@ olwdk@udk/ odrf;oGif;&if/ tE W&m,frsm;w,f? 'ga=umifh
wHcg;ydw0f g'[m/ wckwnf;aom jy'g;&Siv f ;kH yJ? nD !Gwaf &;wyfaygi;f pk[m/ tacsmiform;0g'
enf;y&d,m,fyv J @kd aumufcsuf csvu kd f =uw,f?” [k armfu ajymcJo h nf? ( “*syefe,fcs@J orm;udk

106
qef@usiw f u kd cf u kd af &; enf; y&d,m,f” vufa&G;pifusr;f twGJ 1)
TonfrmS ygwu D kd zsuq f ;D cJo
h !f/h 0rfrif; vrf;pOfu/kd armfu uGuu f uG f uGi;f uGi;f /
azmfjyvdu k jf cif;jzpfonf? armfu 0rfrif;ESihf use;f ud@k axmifw@kd ESpaf ygi;f rsm; pGm wzGzG &Gwq f ckd ohJ !f/h
pum;rsm;udk ud;k um;oGm;onf? ol@y&dwo f wfuvnf;/ rnf ol@ukd &nf&, G af jyma=umif;/
aumif;aumif;}u;D odonf?
nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk/ enf;y&d,m,fomv#i/f vDeif0g' usaom/ enf;y&d ,m,f
jzpfonf? nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pkEiS fh ppfy. JG acgi;f aqmifru _ /kd ypPn;f rJh vlwef; pm;ygwD jzpfo!f/h
uG e f j rLepf y gwD . vuf x J w G i f xm;&rnf [ k / armf u ,l q onf ? od k @ &mwG i f
ygwt D m;enf;aeao;o!ft h wGu/f trsKd ;om;ckcaH &; ppfyw JG iG /f r[mrdwzf @JG & rnf[k qdo k nf?
,ck jynfow l &yfv;kH u/ *syefukd ckcw H u kd cf ukd &f ef/ awmif;qdak e=u+yD? TckcH r_u/kd
cseaf u&Sw d f acgi;f raqmifEikd ?f cseaf u&Sw d o f nf/ jynfov l xl . k awmfveS af &; 'D a&}uD;udk
rwm;Edik ?f “Edik if jH cm; usK;ausmrf u _ kd rwdu k rf /DS wdik ;f jynf+ird o f ufatmifvyk ”f qdo k !fh cseaf u&Sw d .
f
ay:vpDonf/ vkyI f r&awmh?
Tod@k jzihf armfonf 'kw, d nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pkz@JG &ef/ wifjyvdu k o f nf? olu
“jynfo@l orwEdik if ”H wck wnfaxmif&rnf[v k nf; cs jyonf? “u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J t&if
tpdk;&[m tvkyform;/ v,form;eJ@ +rdK@ae "e&Sif aygufp vlwef;pm;tjyif/
tjcm;vlwef;pm;awGxu J / trsKd ;om;awmfveS af &;xJ yg0if vdo k l tm;vH;k ud/k x!fo h iG ;f xm;wJh
tpd;k &tzG@J tjzpf/ ajymif;ypf&r,f” [k armfu ajymcJo h nf? ( 4if;usr;f )
*syefusK;ausmfr_a=umifh w&kwfjynfwGif/ vlwef;pm; qufqHa&;rsm; ajymif;
oGm;cJo h nf? TqufqaH &; taetxm;ESihf vku d af vsmnDaxG jzpfaom/ jynfo@l orwEdik if H
tpd;k &tzG@J ukd wnfaxmif&rnf? Tod@k wnfaxmifv#if 4if;wd@k EiS hf tnD ajr,may:vpD/
aumifprD sm;wGif ud, k pf m;vnf tcsKd ;us/ yg0ifo!fh ay:vpD ponf wd@k ukd ajymif;ypf&rnf?
w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDonf/ *syefckcHa&;ppfyGJ wav#mufvHk;Y/ vlxk axmufcHr_&cJhonf?
acgif;aqmifr_&cJhonf? e,fcsJ@orm;ESifh ajr&Sif}uD;wdk@. yk*~ vdu ydkifqdkifr_rsm;rSty/
tjcm;olw@kd . ud, k yf ikd yf pPn;f rsm;udk odr;f ,ljcif; rjyKyJ/ t umtuG,f ay;cJo h nf?
“'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&;tqifhrSm/ tvkyform;eJ@ t&if;&SifwdkufyGJ[m/ t
uef@towf &Sdw,f? jynfol@ orwEdkifiH&@J Oya'u/ tvkyform;awG&@J tusdK;udk
umuG,v f rd rhf ,f? 'gayr,hf trsKd ;om;t&if;&Siaf wG/ pD;yGm;wufatmif vkyw f mudk a&m/
olw@kd &@J pufr_ ukeo f , G af &; vkyif ef;awG/ xGe;f um;atmif vkyw f mudyk g/ qef@usif rSm r[kwzf ;l ?
ckxd u|eaf wmfw@kd acgi;f aqmifvmwJh ajr,m awmfveS af &;[m/ vuQ %mt&/ "e&Sif 'Dru kd a&pD
awmfvSefa&;jzpfw,f? bmha=umifhvJqdk&if/ awmfvSefa&;&J@ wm0ef[m t&if;&Sifpepf
qef@usiaf &; r[kwyf /J e,fcs@J ya'o&mZf qef@usiaf &;om jzpfv@kd y?J aemif tawmf=um=umyJ
107
awmfveS af &;[m/ "e&Sif 'Dru kd a&pD awmfveS af &; jzpf+rJ jzpfaevdrt hf ;kH r,f” [k armfu ajymonf?
(4if;usr;f )
1936 ck arv (6) &ufae@wiG /f wyfeaD wmf awmfveS af &; ppfaumifprD /S eef uif;&S/d
cseaf u&Sw d t
f pd;k & ppfaumfr&Sio f @kd / a=u;eef;wapmif a&mufvmonf? xdk a=u;eef;u
“eefuif;+rdK@rS vl}uD;vlaumif;rsm;” tm; jynfwGif;ppfudk &yfpJ&ef/ *syef ckcH a&;
nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk zG@J pnf;&ef/ awmif;qdx k m;onf? uGejf rLepfygwt D aejzif/h
rdrb
d ufu wdu k cf u kd rf r_ sm;tm;vH;k udk &yfpx J m;rnf[v k nf; azmfjyxm;onf? 1936 ck =o*kwv f
(25) &ufae@wiG v f nf;/ w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwu D / ulrifwef tvkyt f r_ aqmiftzJ@G o@kd /
ToabmrsdK;ygo!fh/ pmwapmifudk ydk@cJhonf? ulrifwefygwD tae jzifh/ a'gufwm
qGe, f ufqif. pefrif;0g'w&m; oH;k &yfukd usio hf ;kH v#i/f &k&mS ;ESihf r [mrdwzf @JG a&;/ w&kwf
uGejf rLepfygwED iS hf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;/ tvkyo f rm;/ v,fo rm;rsm;ud/k ulnaD &; po!f/h
qG e f , uf q if . r[mrd w f ay:vpD oH k ; &yf u d k vd k u f e mv#if uG e f j rLepf y gwD u /
*syefqef@usiaf &;twGu/f yl;aygi;f axmufcrH nf[k azmfjyxm;onf?
“Tvkyfief;rsm;udk wu,fvkyfv#if/ uGefjrLepfygwDu ulrifwef tpdk;&udk
axmufcrH nf/ e,fcs@J pepfEiS hf ajr&Sif zdEydS rf _ qef@usiaf &;/ 1924-27 ESp/f awmfveS af &;
umvrSmuJhodk@/ cdkifrmawmifhwif;aom/ nD!Gwfa&; wyfaygif;pk w&yfudk/ zGJ@pnf;&ef
tqifoif&h o dS nf? ,ae@tcsed Yf w&kww f rsKd ;om;vH;k u|erf jzpfa&;twGu/f enf;vrf; rSm
Twvrf;om &So d nf?” [k yg&o dS nf?
cseaf u&Sw d u f olxH t!Hrh cHv#i/f wyfeaD wmfrsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f um ulrif wef
ppf w yf x J o d k @ oG w f o G i f ; rjyKv#if / vuf r cH E d k i f [ k jiif ; onf ? “csef a u&S d w f [ m
tm%mta=umif;udk em;vnfw,f?” [k armfu ajymzl;onf? w&kwjf ynfY tm %m
[lonf/ vufeufuikd w f yf jzpfonf?
1936 ck pufwifbmvwGif/ w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDu *syefckcHa&;umv/ t
ajctaeopfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI/ qHk;jzwfcsuf w&yfcsum/ nD!Gwfa&; wyfaygif;pkz@GJ &ef
urf;vSr;f jyefonf? armf. nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk vrf;pOfukd cseaf u&Sw d of mru/ yg wDwiG ;f &S/d
0rfrif;wd@k vlou kd u f vnf;/ vufrcH=u?
w&kwu f , kd pf m;vS,t f jzpf/ wwd, uGejf rLepf tifwmae&Sief ,fwiG f a&muf aeo!f/h
0rfrif;u “trsKd ;om;umuG,af &;” tpd;k & w&yfwnfaqmuf&rnf[k a=uG; a=umfco hJ nf?
Tpum;vH;k av;onf/ &kww f &uf=u!fv h #i/f bmr# rxl;oa,mif xif &aomfvnf;/ ygww D iG ;f
vrf;pOf ESp&f yfwu kd yf w JG iG /f ta&;}uD;o!fh tcsut f csm jy\ em jzpfvmonf? armf.
vrf;pOfEiS hf tESpo f m&tm;jzifh uGmjcm;onf?
armfu nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk umvY/ wyfeaD wmfonf/ oD;jcm;vGwv f yf r_ &&Srd nf?
108
a'oeDrsm;onfvnf;/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh &Sd&rnf[k qdkonf? 0rfrif;.“trsdK;om;
umuG,af &;” tpd;k & a=uG;a=umfou H / wyfeaD wmfwckv;kH ud/k cseaf u&Sw d f tm; yHt k yf&ef
jzpfonf? yxr nD!w G af &; vrf;pOfumvwke;f u/ armfonf emusn;f zG,f tawG@t}uHK
rsm;udk awG@c&J +yD? wyfeaD wmfukd cseaf u&Sw d . f tm%m atmuf od@k oGwo f iG ;f jcif;onf/
uGejf rLepfygwu D kd taoowfjcif; jzpfonf? awmfveS af &;udk o+*F [ kd yf pfjcif; jzpfonf?
udk,fhudk,fudk owfaojcif;jzpfonf? Ttjzpfodk@ aemuf w}udrf ta&mufrcHEdkif?
uGejf rLepfrsm;udk trJzsuzf @kd cseaf u&Sw d uf kd aemufw}udrf cGirhf jyKEdik ?f armfu “ jynfo@l
wyfrawmfw&yfr&S&d if/ jynforl mS bmr#r&S?d ” [k ,Hk =unfonf? “Edik if aH &; tm%monf/
aoewfajymif;0xJu xGuv f mjcif;jzpfonf?” [k ,Ho k nf?
qGef,D uGefz&ifh+yD;o!fhaemuf armfonf/ ygwDwGif +ydKifbufuif;o!fh/
acgi;f aqmifw f a,muf jzpfcahJ omfvnf;/ t,ltq ta&;t&/ wjynfv;kH twdik ;f t wmjzifh
tEdkifr&ao;? ygwDwGif;wGifvnf;aumif;/ wyfeDawmfxJwGif vnf;aumif;/ t,ltq
*d%
k ;f uav;rsm; &Sad e=uao;onf?
ygww D iG ;f u wdu k yf o
JG nf/ tjyifbufu vlwef;pm; wGuyf rJG sm;/ ygww D iG ;f od@k
xif[yfvmjcif; jzpfonf[k armfu ,lqonf? xk@d a=umifh ygwx D w
J iG /f t+rJwef; nD !Gwf
+idrf;csrf;aejcif;onf obm0rus? rvdkvm;tyf? ordkif;wGif ygwDwGif; wdkufyGJ r&Sd?
ausmufom;wdik v f kd odyo f nf; nD!w G of !f/h uGejf rLepfygw[ D Il wckr# r&Sb d ;l cJ?h Tod@k
&Srd nfqv kd #i/f xkyd gwo D nf a0zefa&;ESihf ud, k u hf ukd ,kd f a0zefa&; r&Sad om/ ygwo D m jzpfvrd rhf nf?
t,ltqa&;t&/ ynmay;r_ r&Sad om/ ygwo D mjzpfvrd rfh nf? od@k jzpfv#if xdyk gwo D nf
wd k ; wuf j cif ; r&S d E d k i f ? ygwD w G i f ; u t,l t qa&; wd k u f y G J o nf ygwD w d k ; wuf a &;.
bufwzufjzpfonf?
1936-38 ckEpS rf sm;Y/ nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk jy\emESihf ywfoufI/ ygwD wGi;f
wdu k yf o JG nf/ jyif;xefvmonf? &_waf xG;vmonf? ygwx D YJ “wHcg;ydwf 0g'o rm;” rsm;ESihf
“t!Hch aH &; 0g'orm;rsm;” (vuf0EJ iS hf vufsm tacsmiform;rsm;) onf jy\emrsm;pGmwGif
uGv J =JG uaomfvnf;/ armf. nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk ay:vpDu/kd qef@usif wdu k cf u kd &f mwGirf /l
woHwnf; xGu=f uonf? 0rfrif;u armf. vrf;pOfonf “ypPn;f rJh Edik if w H um0g'” rS
aoGzo D nf? “trsKd ;om;a&;0g'”orm; qefonf// cseaf u &Sw d x f H 0if&rnfqo kd !f/h wwd,
uGejf rLepf tifwmae&Sief ,f tzG@J csKyf./ !$e=f um; csuu f kd qef@usio f nf[k pGypf o JG nf?
tcsdK@uvnf; armf. vrf;pOfonf pdwful;,Of vrf;pOf jzpfonf[k a0zef=uonf?
uGejf rLepfygwo D nf/ ygwu D av;jzpfonf? wyfeD awmfonfvnf; tm;enf;onf? Tvdyk gwED iS hf
wyfrawmfu *syefcck aH &;ppfukd acgi;f aqmif&rnf? w&kww f jynfv;kH wGif acgi;f aqmifru _ kd
&,l&rnf qdo k nfrmS / pdwf ul;,OfveG ;f onf[k qk=d uonf? 4if;wd@k u cseaf u&Sw d . f wyfxo J @kd
109
0ifv#i/f vufeuf tiftm;aumif;vmrnf[k ,lq=uonf?
“w&kwjf ynf trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;r_&@J atmify[ JG m/ urBmh
qd&k ,S v f pfpepf atmify&JG @J tpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfw,f? 'gu bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh/ w&kwf jynfrmS
e,fcs@J pepf ta&;edro hf mG ;wm[m/ e,fcs@J pepftzd@k tiftm;aumif;wJ/h t ajccHpcef;}uD;wck
vufvw $ qf ;kH &_;H oGm;vd@k y?J w&kwjf ynf vGwv f yfa&; &&if/ urBm@ awmfveS af &;[m tvsit f jref
wd;k wuf jzpfxeG ;f vmrSm jzpfw,f? w&kwjf ynf u|ejf zpf &ifawmh/ u|eaf wmfw@kd t&m&mudk
qHk;&_H;rSmyJ/---vGwfvyfa&;r&SdwJh/ vlrsdK;wrsdK; t wGuf/ awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;[m/
qd&k , S v f pfpepfukd csucf si;f wnfaqmufz@kd r[kwb f ;l ? qd&k ,
S vf pfpepfukd usio hf ;kH vdak yrJ/h
wdkif;jynfudk tvkcHxm;&&if/ u|efawmfwdk@[m qdk &S,fvpfpepf ta=umif;udk
ajymawmifrajymEdik b f ;l ?” [k armfu ajymcJo h nf? (t*~p Ed;k od@k ajymjycsu?f )
uGejf rLepf wa,mufonf Edik if cH spf yk*Kd~ vf wa,muftaejzif/h *syefukd wdu k f &rnf[k
armfu ajymonf?
“Edik if w H um 0g'jD zpfwhJ uGejf rLepfwa,muf[m/ wcsed w f nf;rSm Edik if cH spf 0g 'D
jzpfEikd yf gvm;? jzpfEikd &f o kH mru/ jzpfvjJ zpfoifw h ,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ,q l w,f?--Edik f iHcspf 0g'[m
trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; ppfyGJawGrSm usifhoHk;EdkifwJh/ EdkifiHwum 0g' jzpfw,f?” [k
armfuqdo k nf? (“trsKd ;om; ppfyt JG wGi;f w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygw. D tqifh ae&m” vufa&G;pifusr;f /
twGJ 1) armf.tjrift&/ csefau&Sdwfonf/ tjriftm; jzifh/ tm;}uD;oa,mif
xif&aomfvnf;/ tm;enf;aeonf? uGejf rLepfygwo D nf t jriftm;jzif/h tm;enf;aomfvnf;/
tm;}uD;vm+yD? c&D;&Sncf sD wdu k yf }JG uD;onf/ atmif jrifr_ &So d nf[k armf ,lqonf?
xdktawmtwGif;Y/ csKtifvdkif;ESifh csef&SLvsHwdk@. aqG;aEG;yGJonf/ wdk;wuf
vsuf&Sdonf? vufeufudkifwyfcsif; yÉdyuQ rjzpfap&eftwGuf/ “=um;e,fajr” rsm;
owfrw S =f uonf? cse&f LS vsu H a'oeDo@kd &dumQ rsm;ESihf vufeufrsm;yk@d onf? qDtef &S/d
*smrefomG ;pdu k q f &mwOD;. aetdrw f iG f uGejf rLepfw@kd . qufo, G af &;&H;k w&H;k udk zGihf xm;onf?
w&kww f jynfv;kH &S/d ajratmufvyk if ef; vkyaf eaom ygw0D ifrsm;onf/ T &H;k od@k vmum/
&Sepf ;D jynfe,f&dS A[dak umfrwDEiS v hf mI qufo, G =f uonf?
1936 ckEpS t f wGi;f Y/ cseaf u&Sw d o f nf/ av,OfysH wpif;jzif/h +rKd @tES@H av#muf
oGm;um/ teD okwo f ifa&;twGuf ol@wyfr;_ rsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;onf? cseaf u&Sw d uf uGejf rLepf
qef@usiaf &;/ tylwjyif; vkyaf eaomfvnf;/ ol@vyk if ef;onf bmr# t&mr a&muf? csLtifvikd ;f u
jynfwGif;ppf &yfpJa&;/ *syefckcHa&; twGuf/ ulrifwefa'orsm; odk@yif 0ifa&muf
pnf;&H;k Edik af eonf? ulrifwef acgi;f aqmif tcsKd @uyif/ wdww f qdwf awG@qo kH nf? csLtifvikd ;f .
wifjycsurf sm;udk axmufc=H uonf?
xdpk Ofu w&kwjf ynf u,fwifa&;toif; [lo!f/h toif;woif;&So d nf? xdk toif;udk
110
a'guw f m qGe, f ufqif. ZeD;/ r'rf qGe, f ufqifEiS hf *syefvyk }f uH owfjzwf jcif;cH&ol/ a'guw f m
avsmifc|ef;cdkif. ZeD;/ r'rf [dkqifeif;wdk@ acgif;aqmifonf? 1936 ck 'DZifbmvwGif
cseaf u&Sw d u f xdt k oif;. xif&mS ;aom/ acgi;f aqmiftrsm; tjym;udk zrf;qD;vdu k o f jzif/h
ynmwwfrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;u jyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uu G =f uonf? od@k &mwGif acgi;f rmo!fh
cseaf u&Sw d u f / jynforl sm;. uef@uu G f csuu f kd *&krpdu k ?f ynmwwfrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk
zrf;ypfv#i/f axmifcsypfv#i/f owfypfv#if +idr;f oGm;vdrrhf nf[k xifonf? cseaf u&Sw d t f zd@k
ta&;t}uD;qH;k rSm/ &Sef pD;jynfe,fbufu/ uGejf rLepfw@kd . v_y&f mS ;r_EiS hf ywfoufo!fh
owif;rsm; jzpfonf?
&Sepf ;D wGif &Sod !f/h cseaf u&Sw d . f v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd rf sm;u/ cse&f LS vsx H o H @kd uGejf rL epf[k
rouFmzG,&f o dS rl sm;/ r=umc% vma&mufaqG;aEG;ae=uonf[k owif;yd@k onf? TtwGi;f
cse&f LS vsu H vnf;/ cseaf u&Sw d x f H pmwapmif a&;vdu k o f nf? jynf wGi;f ppfukd &yfpI J / *syefcck aH &;
nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pkz@JG &ef/ awmif;qdo k nf? “T onfrmS jynfow l @kd vvdk m;csuf jzpfonf?-
--od k @ qd k v #if *syef c k c H a &; acgif ; aqmif w OD ; . taejzif h / oif . trnf o nf /
ausm=f um;aevdrrhf nf? *syefw@kd ajymo!fh pum; udk r,H=k unfygEiS ”hf [k cse&f LS vs. H pmwGif
azmfjyxm;onf? cse&f LS vso H nf wyfeD awmf wyfr;_ }uD; ,Jch si, f if;udk xrif;pm;zdwo f nf?
a'oeDo@kd oGm;=u!fo h nf? ol@ refcsK;&D;,m; ppfwyfrsm;ud/k ppfynmoifay;&ef/ wyfeD wyfr;_ }u;D
,Jhcsif,if;udk tyf onf? *syefvufatmufa&mufaeo!fh refcsK;&D;,m; jynfe,frS/
ausmif;om;rsm; onf/ qDtefo@kd a&mufvmum/ xdrk w S qifh a'oeDo@kd oGm;=uonf?
TwGif cseaf u&Sw d o f nf/ qDtef tajctaeudk xdt k wdik ;f ypfxm;I r& awmh?
xd@k a=umifh qDtefo@kd ud, k w f ikd of mG ;=u!f&h ef jyifonf? od@k &mwGif 1936 ck puf wifbmvwGi/f
ol@wyfrS Adv k cf sKyf ESpOf ;D jzpfo/l vDqeG u f si;f ESihf ydik cf |epf w D @kd u/ olyek x f um/ *syefuw kd u kd &f ef
cseaf u&Sw d x f H awmif;qdo k !fh udpP ay:vmonf? xd@k a=umifh qD tefo@kd csucf si;f roGm;jzpf?
1936 ck 'DZifbmvusrS qDtefo@kd xGuv f monf? ,cif u wefb&k ifwyg; pd;k pHc&hJ m/ vifwek f
a&ylprf;wGif wnf;onf? refcsK&D;,ef; ausmif; om;rsm;u/ cseaf u&Sw d . f pcef;udk 0dik ;f I/
qENjyum/ *syefudkwdkuf&ef awmif;qdkonf wGif/ csefau&Sdwf. udk,f&Hawmfrsm;u/
aoewfrsm;jzifh ypfojzif/h ausmif;om;rsm;pGm aoqH;k cJo h nf? cseaf u&Sw d . f v#Kd @0u S yf vk yd rf sm;u/
ausmif;om;rsm;udk !Sif;qJ owf jzwf=uonf? TwGif csef&SLv#H a&mufvmum/
ausmif;om;rsm;udk xde;f onf? olw@kd awmif;qdck suu f kd cseaf u&Sw d xf H wifjyay;rnf[q k u kd m/
cseaf u&Sw d Ef iS hf oGm;awG@onf? od@k &mwGif cseaf u&Sw d o f nf/ cse&f LS v#u H /kd cav;uav;
wa,mufozG,/f atmfaiguf armif;xkwv f ukd of nf? “,ef;-rm&S,u f kd qlvw $ v f u kd o f nf”
[k cseaf u&Sw d u f ol@ae@ pOfrw S w f rf; a&;cJo h nf?
'DZifbmv (12) &ufae@ vif;tm;}uD;wGif cse&f LS v#. H wyfrsm;onf/ cseaf u &Sw d f
111
pcef;udk 0dik ;f um/ cseaf u&Sw d . f wl/ ulrifwef v#Kd @0u S yf vk yd af cgi;f aqmifukd zrf;owf vdu k =f uonf?
csefau&Sdwfudkvnf; zrf;vdkufonf? TonfrSm emrnfausmf “qDtef ta&;tcif;”
ay:ayguv f myHk jzpfonf? cse&f LS v#o H nf/ uGejf rLepf vdv k m;oljzpfonf? cseaf u&Sw d u f kd
zrf;jcif;onf/ uGefjrLepfwdk@. vufcsufjzpfonf[k tcsdK@uqdk=uonf? uGefjrLepfwdk@.
t}uHOm%frygv#i/f qDtefupd o P nf/ Tr# yd&ad ooyfz, G f ta=umif; r&S?d od@k &mwGif bmr#
oufao taxmuftxm;&Smr&? ausmif;om;rsm;u csefau &Sdwfudk cHk&Hk;wif&ef
awmif;=uonf? refcsL&D;,ef; ppfAv kd t f csKd @EiS hf wyfom;tcsKd @u owfypf&ef awmif;=uonf?
eefuif;u csefau&Sdwf. tpdk;& ajcrudkifrd/ vufrudkifrd jzpfae+yD? csefau&Sdwfudk
qufcH&eftwGuf ulrifwefygwDxJwGif tm%mvkyGJ pae+yD? uGefjrLepfwdk@}uD;pdk;o!fh/
aygit f ef;wGiv f nf;/ vlxt k pnf;ta0;}u;D rsm; usi;f yum/ cseaf u&Sw d uf kd jynfo@l c;kH &H;k wifppfI/
owf&ef awmif;=uonf? uGejf rLepfrsm;xJwiG f cseaf u&Sw d vf ufcsujf zif/h aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f rsm;
towfc&H olawG trsm;}uD;ygonf? olw@kd u cseaf u&Sw d Ef iS hf nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pkz@JG a&;ud/k
rcHr&yfEikd f jzpfae=uonf? armfu cseaf u&Sw d u f kd owf&ef/ oabmwlyrkH &? ,cktcsed w f iG f
*syefukd t"du&efol [k armfowfrw S +f y;D +y?D *syefuw kd ukd &f eftwGuf nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pkxw J iG f
cseaf u &Sw d . f yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf _ vdo k nf[k armfwu G rf yd &kH onf?
eefuif;tpd;k & tzG@J xu J / zufqpf*syefvv kd m;ol umuG,af &;0ef}uD;/ [d, k if csi;f
uvnf;/ w&kwfjynfudk/ *syefvufxdk;tyfum/ 0if&dk;wef;r[mrdwftzGJ@xJ0if&ef/
ajcvSr;f jyifaeonf? ol@pw d uf ;l u *syefEiS hf aygi;f rnf/ w&kwjf ynfukd 0if&;kd wef; r[m rdwf
tzG@J xoJ iG ;f rnf? xd@k aemuf *syeftultnDjzif/h ajrmufyikd ;f u uGejf rLepfw@kd ukd avwyf/
=unf;wyf tpHktvifjzifh xdk;ppfqifI 0dkif;rnf? csef&SLv#Hu eefuif;tpdk;& ESifh
*syefuq kd ef@usiaf &; tiftm;pkrsm;tm;vH;k xH/ tcsuf (8) csuyf g/ nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk
vkyif ef;pOf (uGejf rLepfw@kd . nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk vkyif ef;pOfEiS hf wo abmwnf; jzpfonf?)
udk ay;yd@k onf? umuG,af &;0ef}uD;/ [d, k ifcsi;f u y,fcsvu kd f onf?
'DZifbmv (15) &ufae@wiG /f qdAk , D uf,el , D ef owif;pmrsm;u/ cseaf u &Sw d u f kd
zrf;qDo!fh twGu/f &_wcf sa0zefum/ xdt k jzpftysuu f /kd “*syefvyk }f urH ”_ [k pGwpf JG vdu k o f nf?
[dk,ifcsif;u *smrefoHtrwfudk awG@qHko!fhtcgwGif eefuif;tpkd;& onf 0if&dk;wef;
r[mrdwt f zG@J o@kd w&kwyf gomG ;rnfukd tpd;k &dr}f u;D pd;k &draf eonf?&k&mS ; tzd@k ta&S@bufwiG af &m/
taemufzufwiG yf g/ ppfrsuEf mS ESp&f yf zGiahf &;onf/ rjzpfEikd f ao;? xdpk Ofu armfpw D ek ;f xHo@kd
pwmvifhxHrS[kqdkum/ a=ueef;wapmifa&mufvm onf? a=ueef;Y “csefau&Sdwfudk
tjrefvw $ yf g? rv$wv f #if oifw@kd EiS fh vrf;cG&J vdrhf rnf” [k ygonf? tar&duef owif;pmq&m
t*~gpEd;k url/ Ta=u;eef;udk pwmvif &du k o f !fh a=u;eef;[k r,lq? 0rfrif;u vdr&f u kd of !f/h
a=u;eef;[k ,lqonf? tjzpf tysut f rSeu f kd odo!f/h w&kwjf ynf&dS qdAk , D ufot H rwfEiS hf
112
qdAk ,D uf owif;axmuf rsm;rSm “*syefvyk }f uHr”_ [k armfpudu k &rf;oef; a0zefojzif/h
rsuEf mS ylae=uonf?
pifppf armfwGif/ csefau&Sdwfudk cHk&Hk;wif&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ owf&efaomf
vnf;aumif; pdwu f ;l &Syd rkH &?
“csefau&Sdwftzdk@ r=umcif vrf;ESpfvrf;udk a&G;&awmhr,f? *syefudk ckcHrvm;/
ol@vufatmufu Adv k cf sKyfawGu/ ykeu f efjzKwfcswmudk &ifqidk rf vm;? 'DEpS v f rf; t euf
wvrf;vrf;udk a&G;&vdrrfh ,f? ol@vufatmufu Adv k cf sKyfawG&@J wGe;f tm;eJ@ vl xk&@J
*syefqef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_awGa=umif/h cseaf u&Sw d [ f m ol@trSm;udk oljrifvm vdrrhf ,f?---
'Dvdk oabmxm;ajymif;oGm;r,fqdk&if/ usKyfwdk@ ol@udk }udKqdkr,f? tm; wufoa&m
yl;aygi;f r,f?-- 'gayrJh oabmxm; ajymif;rajymif;uawmh/ ol@tay: rSmyJ wnfw,f?
cseaf u&Sw d [ f m 'Dq;kH jzwfcsuu f kd jrefjrefcs&vdrrhf ,f? tcsed o f yd rf &Sd awmhb;l ” [k armfu
1936 ckEpS w f iG f t*~pEd;k od@k ajymcJo h nf?
armfu cseaf u&Sw d u
f kd em;cs&ef/ csKtifvikd ;f udk wm0efay;onf? uGejf rLepf wd@k ukd
qXr 0dik ;f ywfacsre_ ;f a&;/ xd;k ppf}uD;qif&ef/ qDtefwiG f yd@k xm;o!fh av,OfysH rsm;tm;vH;k udk
cse&f LS v#u
H odr;f vdu k o f nf? Tav,OfysH wpif;jzifh csLtifvikd ;f onf ,iftef;rS qDtefo@kd
a&mufvmcJo h nf?
od@k jzifh csLtifvikd ;f ESihf cseaf u&Sw d f jyefawG@=uonf? 1924 ckEpS f 0Sryf kd ppf wuUov kd wf iG f
awG@+yD;o!fah emuf ,ckw}udro f nf/ yxrqH;k t}udrf jyefawG@ =ujcif; jzpfonf? olw@kd EpS Of ;D
aphpyfaecsed w f iG f qDtefY cse&f LS v#H acgi;f aqmifum/ *syefqef@ usiaf &; tiftm;pkrsm;tm;vH;k
yg0ifo!fh ppfaumifpw D &yfukd zG@J vu kd of nf? xdk aumifpYD wyfeaD wmf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tjyif/
*syefqef@usiaf om ppfb&k ifppfwyf rsm;. ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;vnf; yg0if=uonf?
csefau&SdwfESifh csKtifvdkif;wdk@. aqG;aEG;yGJ ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk/ ,ckwdkif
tao;pdwf rod&? od@k &mwGif cseaf u&Sw d uf nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk zG@J pnf;a&; udpP udk
pOf;pm;rnf[k E_wu f wd ay;oGm;yH&k onf? csKtifvikd ;f ESihf tvkyt f wlwl jyefvyk &f v#i/f
0rf;omonf[v k nf; ajymoGm;onf?
csefau&Sdwfudk emwmvl;yGJawmfae@wGif jyefv$wfvdkufonf? csefau&Sdwfonf
eefuif;od@k tjyefwiG /f ol@ukd zrf;o!f/h “,ef;-rm&S,”f cse&f LS v#u H vkd nf; ac:oGm;um
axmifcsxm;vdu k of nf? Tod@k jzifh cse&f LS v#o H nf cseaf u&Sw d . f tusO;f orm;tjzpf tESpf
(30) cef@aecJ&h +yD;/ r=umcifurS wdik 0f rfwiG /f v$wv f ukd of nf? xdt k csed w f iG f cse&f LS v#oH nf/
touf (&0) &Sd+yD? csef&SLv#H. vufaxmuf AdkvfcsKyf ,ef[lcsif;udkrl axmifxrJ Smyif
owfypfvu kd o f nf? cseaf u&Sw d uf cse&f LS v#u H kd ac:oGm;jcif;rSm/ cse&f LS v#EH iS hf uGejf rLepfrsm;/
r[mrdwrf zG@J Eikd af p&efjzpfonf? cse&f LS v#H r&So d nfEiS hf refcsL;&D; ,ef; wyfrsm;vnf;/ z&dzk &J
113
jzpfuek =f uonf?
cseaf u&Sw d u f kd v$w+f yD;aemuf oH;k &uft=umwGi/f armfu ausnmcsuf w apmif
xkwv f u kd o f nf?
“cseaf u&Sw d [ f m vufrw S x f ;kd jcif;r&Sad yrJh ol@&@J uwdukd apmifph nf;vdrrhf ,f vd@k
ar#mv f ifw h ,f?----ol qDtefu ab;roD&efrc/ jyefxu G o f mG ;Edik wf m[m uGef jrLepfygw&D @J
0ifa&mufjzefajzr_e@J qDtefta&;tcif;&J@ acgi;f aqmifawGjzpfw/hJ Adv k f csKyf cse&f LS v#eH @J Adv k cf sKyf
,ef[lcsif;wdk@a=umifh/ jzpfw,fqdkwmudk owd&oifhw,f” [k armfu a&;cJhonf?
(“cseaf u&Sw d . f ausnmcsuEf iS hf ywfoufo!fh ausnmcsu?f )
od@k &mwGif cseaf u&Sw d o
f nf uwdrwnf? uGejf rLepfEiS hf ulrifwefwyfrsm; ESihf
vufeufuikd f yÉdyuQrsm;onf/ jzpf+rJjzpfaeonf? xdrk #ru cseaf u&Sw d u f ol. zufqpf
Adv
k cf sKyf [lqifeef; OD;pD;o!f/h wyfr}uD; (10) wyfu/kd &Sepf ;D jynfe,fxo J @kd v$wv f u kd of nf?
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114
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tvi
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Luminary Magazine Volume 4,No.

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