Code No: RR220401 Set No.

1
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
COMMUNICATION THEORY
(Electronics & Communication Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Derive the power relations in the AM wave

(b) In AM wave, prove that the total power is the sum of carrier power and
sidebands power. [8+8]

2. (a) An AM signal is generated by modulating the carrier fc = 800 kHz by the sig-
nal m(t)=sin(2000πt)+5cos(4000πt). The AM signal u(t) = 100[1+m(t)]cos(2π
fc t) is fed to 50 ohms load.
i. Determine and sketch the spectrum of the AM signal.
ii. Determine the average power in the carrier and in the sidebands.
iii. What is the modulation index?
iv. What is the peak power delivered to the load?
(b) What are the general characteristics of a modulator? [12+4]

3. (a) A signal ν(t) = [1 + m(t) cos(ωc t)] is detected using a square law detector hav-
ing the characteristic v0 =V 2 . If the Fourier transform of m(t) is constant,M0
is extending from - fm to + fm . Sketch the Fourier transform of v0 (t) in the
frequency range - fm < f<+ fm .
(b) An SSB signal is demodulated by using a synchronous demodulator. However,
the locally arranged carrier has phase error ?. Determine the effect of the error
on demodulation. What will be the effect of this error if the input is DSB-SC
in place of SSB?. [8+8]

4. (a) In FM, at Eigen values of modulation index, the carrier component will dis-
appear completely ? Explain.
(b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of AM over FM.? [8+8]

5. (a) The sinusoidal modulating wave m (t) = Am cos (2Πfm t) is applied to a phase
modulation with phase sensitivity Kp . The unmodulated carrier wave has
frequency fc and amplitude Ac . Determine the spectrum of the resulting phase
modulated wave, assuming that the maximum phase deviation βp =Kp Am does
not exceed 0.5 radians.
(b) With the help of the vector diagrams, explain what happens when the carrier
is modulated by a single noise frequency. [8+8]

6. Compare and contrast the performance and applications of the various types of
frequency demodulators. [16]

1 of 2
Code No: RR220401 Set No. 1
7. (a) Obtain the expression for SNR &Figure of merit of coherent reception of SSB
modulated wave.
(b) Obtain the expression for SNR &Figure of merit of coherent reception of DSB
modulated wave. [8+8]

8. Draw the pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits by using RL and RC circuits re-
spectively, explain their operation with the help of frequency response and also
obtain the noise reduction factor. [16]

⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

2 of 2
Code No: RR220401 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
COMMUNICATION THEORY
(Electronics & Communication Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 10A when only the carrier is
sent, but it increases to 12A when the carrier is sinusoidally modulated. Find
the percent of modulation. Determine the antenna current when the depth of
modulation is 0.75.
(b) Compare different AM systems with respect to power required, Bandwidth
and applications. [10+6]

2. (a) Explain the filter method for generation of SSB wave.

(b) Draw the block diagram of phase shift method of generation of VSB wave.
[8+8]

3. (a) A signal ν(t) = [1 + m(t) cos(ωc t)] is detected using a square law detector hav-
ing the characteristic v0 =V 2 . If the Fourier transform of m(t) is constant,M0
is extending from - fm to + fm . Sketch the Fourier transform of v0 (t) in the
frequency range - fm < f<+ fm .
(b) An SSB signal is demodulated by using a synchronous demodulator. However,
the locally arranged carrier has phase error ?. Determine the effect of the error
on demodulation. What will be the effect of this error if the input is DSB-SC
in place of SSB?. [8+8]

4. (a) Consider the signal cos[ωc t +φ(t)] where φ(t) is a sine wave taking on the
values ± Π/3 every 2/fc sec.
i. Sketch cos[ωc t + φ(t)].
ii. Plot the phase as a function of time.
iii. Plot the frequency as a function of time.
(b) In a FM system if modulation index is doubled by halving modulating fre-
quency, what will be the effect on the maximum deviation? [12+4]

5. (a) Draw the schematic diagram for basic reactance modulator using FET and
explain how this can be used as FM generator?
(b) Explain with block diagram the Armstrong method of FM generation. [8+8]

6. (a) Explain the working of Foster-Seeley discriminator. Draw neat phasor diagram
to show how linearity in frequency range of operation is increased. Mention
its advantages and disadvantages.
(b) Explain how Ratio detector is superior to Foster-Seeley discriminator. [8+8]

1 of 2
Code No: RR220401 Set No. 2
7. (a) Why VSB system is widely used for TV broadcasting- Explain?
(b) Show that the figure of merit of an SSB system using coherent detection is 1.
[8+8]

8. Explain the effect of random noise on the output of FM demodulator filtered with
an amplitude limiter. Develop the concept of noise triangle. [16]

⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

2 of 2
Code No: RR220401 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
COMMUNICATION THEORY
(Electronics & Communication Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) In AM, show that the efficiency of transmission is 33.3% only, when the mod-
ulation index =1.
(b) An AM broadcast radio transmitter radiates 10KW when the modulation
percentage is 0.75. How much of this is carrier power. [9+7]

2. Discuss various methods used to generate SSB signals with neat sketches and com-
pare them. [16]

3. (a) Explain different distortions in “diode detectors” with suitable examples.

(b) Explain the operation of the square law demodulator with the help of wave-
forms.
[8+8]

4. (a) When the modulating frequency in an FM system is 400 Hz and modulating

voltage is 2V, the modulating index is 60. Calculate the maximum deviation.
What is the modulating index when the modulating frequency is reduced to
250 Hz and the modulating voltage is simultaneously raised to 3V?
(b) With the help of the graph, explain that the Bandwidth is the function of
modulation index in FM system. [10+6]

5. (a) A carrier of frequency 106 Hz and amplitude 3 volts is frequency modulated

by a sinusoidal modulating waveform of frequency 500Hz and peak amplitude
1 volt. As a consequence, the frequency deviation is 1 KHz . The level of the
modulating signal is changed to 5volts peak, and the modulating frequency is
changed to 2 KHz. Write the expression for the new modulated waveform.
(b) Explain the method of generation of NBFM. [10+6]

6. The base band signal m(t) in the frequency-translated signal ν(t)= m(t)cos2Π fc t
is recovered by multiplying v(t) by the waveform cos ( 2Π fc t + θ).

(a) The product waveform is transmitted through a low-pass filter, which rejects
the double-frequency signal. What is the output signal of the filter?
(b) What is the maximum allowable value for the phase θ if the recovered signal
is to be 90 percent of the maximum possible value?
(c) If the base band signal m(t) is band limited to 10KHz,what is the maximum
value of fc for which it is possible to recover m(t) by filtering the product
waveform v(t) cos(2Π fc t + θ)?.

1 of 2
Code No: RR220401 Set No. 3
7. (a) Discuss the effect of noise on conventional AM with suitable derivation.
(b) With reference to amplitude modulation schemes, what is threshold effect and
why it does not arise in a coherent detector? Explain. [8+8]

8. In a wide band FM system, the carrier amplitude is 100Volts and the frequency is
100MHz. The modulating signal is band limited to 5KHz and its mean square value
is 5000. The modulation constant k,is 500π and the maximum carrier frequency
deviation ∆f=75KHz. The noise power density on the channel is uniform and is
given by Sn (ω)= 10−3 .

(a) What must be the transfer function of the ideal band pass filter at the receiver
input?
(b) Find the signal-to-noise power ratio at the demodulator input?
(c) Find the signal-to-noise power ratio at the demodulator output?
(d) Find and sketch the noise power density spectrum at the output of the de-
modulator.
(e) If the signal f (t) is transmitted by AM, find the signal-to-noise ratio at the
output and compare it with that obtained in FM. [16]

⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

2 of 2
Code No: RR220401 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
COMMUNICATION THEORY
(Electronics & Communication Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Compare AM and AM-SC systems.

(b) Define amplitude modulation (AM) and modulation Index. Draw a modulated
AM waveform indicating parameters involved in the definition, and derive the
expression of AM wave. [5+11]

2. (a) Draw the circuit diagram of a balanced modulator and show that it produces
DSB-SC wave.
(b) An audio signal 10 sin 1000 πt is used to modulate a carrier of 50 sin 2π
105 t. Calculate bandwidth and power delivered to a load of 600 ohms in case
of [8+8]
i. AM
ii. DSB-SC and
iii. SSB.

3. (a) A signal ν(t) = [1 + m(t) cos(ωc t)] is detected using a square law detector hav-
ing the characteristic v0 =V 2 . If the Fourier transform of m(t) is constant,M0
is extending from - fm to + fm . Sketch the Fourier transform of v0 (t) in the
frequency range - fm < f<+ fm .
(b) An SSB signal is demodulated by using a synchronous demodulator. However,
the locally arranged carrier has phase error ?. Determine the effect of the error
on demodulation. What will be the effect of this error if the input is DSB-SC
in place of SSB?. [8+8]

4. (a) How do you distinguish the two cases of frequency modulation (FM) namely,
the narrowband FM and the wideband FM?
(b) Give the procedure to generate a narrow band FM signal with suitable dia-
gram.
[8+8]

5. (a) Draw the block diagram of the Armstrong generator for generation and explain
its operation.
(b) How the FM is generated by PM and vise versa - Explain. [8+8]

6. What is the function of a FM discriminator? Explain how an FM wave is demod-

ulated with the help of neat diagrams and waveforms. [16]

1 of 2
Code No: RR220401 Set No. 4
7. A DSB-SC modulated signal s(t) = 10 cos (2π × 106 t + Φ)m(t) is corrupted by an
additive white Gaussian noise of power spectral density 10−4 W/Hz. The message
power spectral density Sm (f) is as shown in figure 7 and Φ is uniformly distributed
over the range 0 to 2π. Find the power of the modulated signal and the noise power
in the transmission bandwidth. [16]

Figure 7
8. Define pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, explain how these circuits are used to over-
come the threshold effects. [16]

⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

2 of 2