HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG KHOA K THUT IN T 1

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Ging vin hng dn: Ts. NG C THIN Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: TRN PHNG THO Nhm: 2 Lp: D08XLTH2

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

KHOA K THUT IN T 1

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PHN 1: BO CO THC TP CHUNG TI CNG TY TNHH CC H THNG VIN THNG VNPT-FUJITSU (VFT) PHN 2: BO CO THC TP CHUYN SU PHT HIN NG BIN NH

Ging vin hng dn Sinh vin thc hin Nhm Lp

: Ts. NG C THIN : TRN PHNG THO : 2 : D08XLTH2

H Ni, thng 7/2012

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MC LC
PHN 1: BO CO THC TP CHUNG TI CNG TY TNHH CC H THNG VIN THNG VNPT-FUJITSU (VFT).............................................................3 CHNG 1. TNG QUAN AN TON LM VIC................................................3 PHN 2: BO CO THC TP CHUYN SU PHT HIN NG BIN NH 13 CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V X L NH & BIN.......................................13 Quy trnh pht hin bin...........................................................................................18 .....................................................................................................................................32 CHNG 3 - MT S THUT TON TM BIN NH TRONG MATLAB...32 KT LUN................................................................................................................35

PHN 1: BO CO THC TP CHUNG TI CNG TY TNHH CC H THNG VIN THNG VNPT-FUJITSU (VFT) CHNG 1. TNG QUAN AN TON LM VIC 1. Ni quy 1.1 . Thi gian lm vic - i vi khi phng, ban thi gi lm vic khng qu 8 gi trong ngy hoc 40 gi trong tun. Gi lm vic theo quy nh chung ca Nh nc v UBND thnh ph.

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- Thi gi lm vic ca cng nhn trc tip lao ng, sn xut khng qu 8 gi trong ngy hoc 48 gi trong tun. Gi lm vic c th c quy nh theo ca sn xut. - Ngi lao ng v ngi s dng lao ng c th tho thun lm thm gi, nhng khng qu 4 gi trong ngy, 200 gi trong mt nm. - Thi gi lm vic hng ngy c rt ngn t 1 n 2 gi i vi nhng ngi lm cc cng vic c bit nng nhc, nguy him theo danh mc do B Lao ng- Thng binh x hi, B Yt ban hnh. - Thi gi lm vic ban m tnh t 22 g n 6 gi. 1.2. Thi gian ngh ngi - Ngi lao ng lm vic 8 gi lin tc th c ngh t nht na (1/2 ) gi, tnh vo gi lm vic. - Ngi lm ca m c ngh gia ca t nht 45 pht, tnh vo gi lm vic. - Ngi lao ng lm vic theo ca c ngh t nht 12 gi trc khi chuyn sang ca khc. - Mi tun ngi lao ng c ngh t nht 01 ngy (24 gi lin tc) vo ch nht. - Trong trng hp c bit do yu cu cng vic m khng th b tr ngh hng tun c th ngi s dng lao ng phi m bo cho ngi lao ng c ngh bnh qun t nht 04 ngy trong mt thng. Ngi lao ng c ngh lm vic, hng nguyn lng nhng ngy l sau: + + + + +
+

Tt Dng lch: mt ngy(ngy 1 thng 1 dng lch). Tt m lch: bn ngy(mt ngy cui nm v ba ngy u nm m lch). Ngy Chin thng: mt ngy (ngy 30 thng 4 dng lch) Ngy Quc t lao ng: mt ngy (ngy 01 thng 5 dng lch) Ngy Quc khnh: mt ngy (ngy 2 thng 9 dng lch) Quc l gi T Vua Hng: mt ngy (ngy 10 thng 3 m lch)

Nu nhng ngy ngh ni trn trng vo ngy ngh hng tun th ngi lao ng c ngh b vo ngy tip theo.

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Ngi lao ng c 12 thng lm vic ti Cng ty th c ngh hng nm, hng nguyn lng theo quy nh sau: + + + 12 ngy lm vic, i vi ngi lm cng vic trong iu kin bnh thng. 14 ngy lm vic, i vi ngi lm cng vic nng nhc, c hi, nguy him. Nu lm vic cha 12 thng, th ngy ngh hng nm c tnh tng ng s thng lm vic trong nm. (Khng p dng i vi ngi lao ng hp ng theo ma v). - S ngy ngh hng nm c tng thm theo thm nin lm vic ti Cng ty, c trn nm nm c ngh thm mt ngy. - Thi gian i ng: Ngoi ngy ngh hng nm, nu thi gian i ng(c i v v) trn 02 ngy, th ngy th 3 tr i s c tnh thm vo thi gian ngh. - S ngy ngh hng nm ca nm no th ngh ht trong nm , c th ngh 2, 3 ln gp li s ngy ngh ca nm, nhng khng c tnh thm ngy i ng. Vic ngh hng nm ca CBCNV, ngi lao ng phi c cn i m bo hon thnh k hoch sn xut kinh doanh ca Cng ty. Trng hp cn ngh t xut phi c s ng ca Gim c Cng ty. Ngh v vic ring, ngh khng hng lng: - Ngi lao ng c ngh v vic ring m vn hng nguyn lng trong nhng trng hp sau y: + + + Kt hn: ngh 3 ngy. Con kt hn: ngh 1 ngy. B m (c hai bn chng v v) cht, v hoc chng cht, con cht: ngh 3 ngy.

2. Trt t trong doanh nghip Tt c CBNV, ngi lao ng n ni lm vic ng gi, s dng ht thi gian lm vic cho sn xut v cng tc. Khng lm vic ring trong thi gian lm vic, khng lm tr ngi n cng vic ca nhng ng nghip xung quanh. Nhng ni lm vic theo ca, vn hnh cc trang thit b chuyn dng hin i, cm ngi lao ng t ri b v tr hay my mc thit b. Trng hp ht gi lm vic m ngi lm thay cha n, phi bo co ngi ph trch x l.

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Trong gi lm vic khng c tip khch ring, khng s dng cc trang thit b vn phng vo mc ch c nhn. Trng hp c bit phi c php ca ngi ph trch trc tip v phi tun theo nhng quy nh ca Cng ty. Hon thnh tt nhim v c giao ng thi hn, khi gp kh khn tr ngi phi bo co vi ngi ph trch xin kin ch o gii quyt kp thi. 3. An ton lao ng Ngi s dng lao ng c trch nhim trang b y phng tin bo h lao ng, m bo an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng v ci thin iu kin sn xut, cng tc cho ngi lao ng.Ngi lao ng phi tun th cc quy nh v an ton lao ng, v sinh cng nghip v ni quy lao ng ca Cng ty. Vic sn xut, bo qun, vn chuyn cc loi my mc thit b, vt t, cht thi bn rc phi c thc hin theo ng quy nh v an ton v v sinh lao ng. i vi cc thit b, vt t c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton lao ng, phi c khai bo ng k v xin cp giy php vi cc c quan Nh nc chuyn ngnh. Phi thng xuyn kim tra, bo dng nh k phng tin, my mc thit b, nh xng theo tiu chun an ton v sinh lao ng. Hng ngy sau ca lm vic phi tin hnh lau chi, bo qun thu dn v sp xp dng c sn xut vo ni quy nh. Ni lm vic, ni t my mc thit b phi c ni quy hng dn v vic s dng v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng mi ngi d thy, d c nhm m bo an ton cho ngi v ti sn. Trong trng hp ni lm vic hoc my mc thit b c nguy c gy ra tai nn lao ng, ngi s dng lao ng phi thc hin ngay nhng bin php khc phc hoc ra lnh ngng hot ng ti ni lm vic hoc ngng hot ng ca thit b cho ti khi nguy c xy ra tai nn lao ng c khc phc. Ngi lao ng c quyn t chi cng vic hoc ri b ni lm vic khi thy r nguy c xy ra tai nn lao ng e do nghim trng tnh mng hoc sc kho ca mnh v phi bo ngay vi ngi trc tip ph trch. Ngi s dng lao ng khng c buc ngi lao ng tip tc lm cng vic hoc tr li ni lm vic c nguy c xy ra tai nn lao ng m cha khc phc c.

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Ni lm vic c yu t nguy him , c hi d gy tai nn lao ng phi c ngi s dng lao ng trang b phng tin k thut, bo h lao ng thch hp bo m ng cu kp thi khi xy ra tai nn lao ng hoc ngn chn tai nn lao ng xy ra.

Ngi lao ng lm cng vic c yu t nguy him, c hi, d gy tai nn lao ng phi c cp y bo h lao ng bo v c nhn nh qun o, gng tay, ng, giy v phi c trch nhim qun l, s dng cc trang thit b trong khi lm vic theo quy nh.Ngi s dng lao ng phi m bo trang b cc phng tin bo v c nhn t tiu chun cht lng v quy cch theo quy nh ca Nh nc. Khi tuyn dng v xp xp lao ng, ngi s dng lao ng phi cn c vo tiu chun sc kho quy nh, t chc hng dn, hun luyn cho ngi lao ng v nhng ni quy, quy nh, bin php lm vic v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng v nhng kh nng tai nn cn phng ca tong ngi lao ng.

4. Trch nhim vt cht v hnh thc k lut 4.1. Trch nhim vt cht - Mi CBCNV v ngi lao ng nu v thiu tinh thn trch nhim lm h hang, mt mt ti sn, trang thit b hoc hnh vi khc gy thit hi cho ti sn ca Nh nc, ca Cng ty th phi bi thng theo gi tr hin vt hoc chu trch nhim theo quy nh ca php lut. - Ngi lao ng lm mt dng c, thit b, lm mt cc ti sn khc do Cng ty giao hoc tiu hao vt t qu mc cho php th tu trng hp c th phi bi thng thit hi mt phn hay ton b theo gi th trng. Nu gy thit hi khng nghim trng do s xut th s b x l theo quy nh ti iu 60 ca B lut Lao ng. Nu gy thit hi nhng trng hp bt kh khng th khng b x l. 4.2. Cc hnh thc k lut Ngi vi phm k lut lao ng, tu theo mc phm li b x l mt trong nhng hnh thc sau y: Khin trch

Chuyn lm cng vic khc:

X l sa thi c

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CHNG 2. TNG QUAN V CNG TY THH VNPT FUJITSU Cng ty TNHH cc H Thng Vin Thng VNPT-FUJITSU l n v sn xut, kinh doanh, cung cp cc thit b, dch v, t vn trong lnh vc bu chnh vin thng v tin hc S mnh hot ng ca cng ty

Sn xut, cung cp thit b vin thng, cng ngh thng tin

Sn xut, kinh doanh, xut nhp khu thit b Vin thng, cng ngh thng tin bao gm thit b truyn dn quang, truyn dn v tuyn, thit b truy nhp, thit b u cui, my trm, my ch, cc thit b mng

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Kinh doanh, xut nhp khu cc phn mm bao gm cc h thng qun l mng, phn mm ng dng Kinh doanh, xut nhp khu cc vt t khc phc v mng vin thng v cng ngh thng tin

Sn xut thit b phc v mng vin thng, cng ngh thng tin
Sn xut cc thit b ph tr mng vin thng nh cc ph kin c kh, t rack, cu cp. Gia cng, xut khu phn mm ng dng. Sn xut, pht trin phn mm ng dng trong cc lnh vc qun l khai thc v dch v gi tr gia tng trn mng vin thng.

Pht trin c s h tng, thit b vin thng, cng ngh thng tin
Cc thit b vin thng, cng ngh thng tin: nh truyn dn quang, viba, truy nhp a truy nhp Cho thu c s h tng h thng ph sng (In-Building Coverage) trong cc ta nh cao tng, nh ga, hm phc v mng di ng, mng khng dy.

Cung cp dch v trong lnh vc Vin thng, cng ngh thng tin Cung cp dch v lp t cc h thng vin thng, cng ngh thng tin nh: lp t truyn dn quang, thit b truy nhp, thit b vi ba, thit b cho mng di ng, ngun, v cc h thng ph tr khc.

Bo tr bo dng thit b vin thng: truyn dn quang, truyn dn viba, DSLAM, BRAS, Server Sa cha cc thit b vin thng, tin hc, ngun Cung cp nhn lc cht lng cao cho cc d n

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Cung cp dch v t vn, thit k trong lnh vc vin thng, tin hc

- Lp d n, thit k, t vn, o to, chuyn giao chng ngh mng vin thng, cng ngh thng tin. Tng quan v Cng ty VNPT- FUJITSU 2.1. Gii thiu chung v sn xut Cng ty VFT c dy truyn sn xut hin i, ng b t hng Fujitsu . Giao din vi h thng CAD/CAM trn dy truyn sn phm . H thng lp rp t ng vi cng ngh lp t b mt (SMT). Phng thc kim nghim chc nng c h tr bi my tnh

Qun l sn xut ng b theo tiu chun qun l cht lng ISO9001:2000 2.2 Cc k thut truyn dn p dng 2.2.1. K thut truyn dn cn ng b PHD V cc lung 2Mbit/s c to ra t cc thit b ghp knh khc nhau, nn tc bit c khc nhau mt cht. Do , trc khi ghp cc lung ny thnh mt lung tc cao hn phi hiu chnh cho tc bit ca chng bng nhau, tc l phi chn thm cc bit gi. Mc d tc cc lung u vo l nh nhau, nhng pha thu khng th nhn bit c v tr ca cc lung u vo trong lung u ra. Kiu ghp knh nh vy gi l cn ng b (PlesioSynchronous). Nhc im

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Vic tch/xen cc lung 2Mbit/s phc tp lm gim tin cy cng nh cht lng ca h thng.

Kh nng gim st v qun l mng km. Do trong cc khung tn hiu PDH khng cc byte nghip v cung cp thng tin cho iu khin, qun l, gim st v bo dng h thng.

Tc bit ca PDH khng cao (tc bit cao nht c chun ho l 140Mbit/s trn mng vin thng quc t) khng th p ng cho nhu cu pht trin cc dch v bng rng hin ti v trong tng lai.

Thit b PDH cng knh, cc thit b ghp knh v thit b u cui thng c lp nhau.

Cc mt hn ch trn ca PDH s c khc phc khi s dng phn cp truyn dn ng b SDH. 2.2.2 K thut truyn dn ng b SDH a. Gii thiu hiu ng khi nim v SDH/SONET, trc ht ta cn hiu ng th no l ng b, khng ng b v cn ng b. Trong tp cc tn hiu ng b, vic chuyn tip s liu trong tn hiu xy ra chnh xc cng mt tc . Tuy nhin vn c s lch pha gia nhng ln chuyn giao ca hai tn hiu, v s lch pha ny nm trong gii hn cho php. S lch pha ny c th do suy hao, tr thi gian hay jitter trong mng truyn dn. Trong mng ng b, tt c cc ng h u tham chiu n mt ng h chun c s PRC. chnh xc ca PRC l 10-12 10-11v c ly t ng h nguyn t Cesium. Hai tn hiu s l cn ng b nu s chuyn tip xy ra gn nh cng tc , v bt k s thay i no cng c cng bc trong mt gii hn nh. V d nu c hai mng tng tc vi nhau, xung ng h ca chng c th ly t hai PRC khc nhau. Mc d cc PRC ny v cng chnh xc, nhng vn c s khc nhau gia hai loi. iu ny gi l s sai khc cn ng b. Trong trng hp mng khng ng b, s chuyn giao tn hiu khng nht thit phi xy ra cng tc . Trong trng hp ny, khng ng b c ngha l sai khc gia hai ng h

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ln hn sai khc cn ng b. V d, nu hai ng h ly t dao ng thch anh t do, chng c gi l khng ng b. Phn cp s cn ng b SDH v mng quang ng b SONET ch mt tp hp cc tc truyn dn bng cp si quang c th truyn ti tn hiu s vi dung lng khc nhau. Ngi ta chp nhn rng ri rng mt phng thc ghp knh mi c th c ng b v khng ch da trn vic chn bit, gi l PDH, m cn da trn vic chn byte, l cc cu trc ghp knh t 64kbit/s n tc c s 1,544kbit/s (1,5Mbit/s) v 2,048kbit/s (2Mbit/s). SDH c nh ngha bi Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u (ETSI), c s dng rt nhiu nc trn th gii. Nht Bn v Bc M cng xy dng cc tiu chun v SDH ring. SONET do Vin tiu chun quc gia Hoa K pht trin v c ng dng Bc M. Tiu chun mi xut hin ln u tin l SONET do cng ty Bellcore (M) a ra, c chnh sa nhiu ln trc khi tr thnh tiu chn SDH quc t. C SDH v SONET c gii thiu rng ri gia nhng nm 1988 v 1992. SDH c nh ngha bi Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u (ETSI), c s dng rt nhiu nc trn th gii. Nht Bn v Bc M cng xy dng cc tiu chun v SDH ring. SONET do Vin tiu chun quc gia Hoa K pht trin v c ng dng Bc M. Hu ht tt c cc h thng truyn dn quang hin nay trong mng cng cng u dng SONET v SDH. Chng c mong i s thng tr mi trng truyn dn trong 10 nm, nh cng ngh PDH i trc lm c trong 20 nm (v hin vn cn c s dng, d rt t). Trong khi tc bit ca vi mng ng trc c k vng vt qua 40Gbit/s th cc tc nh hn hoc bng 155Mbit/s c dng rt rng ri trong cc mng truy nhp. b. Cc c ch bo v C hai c ch bo v trong mng SDH: bo v tuyn tnh v bo v mch vng. Bo v tuyn tnh y l hnh thc d phng n gin nht, cn gi l bo v 1+1. y, mi ng lm vic c bo v bi mt ng bo v. Vic chuyn sang ng bo v xy ra khi xc nh c li nh l mt tn hiu LOS. Cu trc 1+1 l d phng 100% khi mi ng lm vic c mt ng bo v. Nhng do vn kinh t, nn ngi ta thng s dng c cu 1:N, nht l nhng ng truyn c khong cch xa. Theo cch ny, vi ng lm vic c

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bo v bng mt ng d phng. Cc ng d phng c th s dng cho cc lu lng c u tin thp v c th b ngt i khi ng phng thay th cho cc ng lm vic b li. C cu bo v 1+1 v 1:N c tiu chun ha trong khuyn ngh G.783 ca ITU-T.

Hnh 5. S bo v tuyn tnh Bo v mch vng Bo v mch vng c nhiu u im hn so vi bo v tuyn tnh. Mt mch vng bo v l cch n gin nht v hiu qu nht khi c mt s phn t mng lin kt vi nhau. C nhiu c cu bo v c dng cho loi mng ny, song ch c mt s c cu c tiu chun ha theo khuyn ngh G.841 ITU-T. C 2 loi c cu mch vng l vng n hng v vng hai hng. PHN 2: BO CO THC TP CHUYN SU PHT HIN NG BIN NH CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V X L NH & BIN Tng quan v x l nh 1.1. nh ngha x l nh Qu trnh x l nhn dng nh c xem nh l qu trnh thao tc nh u vo nhm cho ra kt qu mong mun. Kt qu u ra ca mt qu trnh x l nh c th l mt nh tt hn hoc mt kt lun. nh X l nh nh tt hn Kt lun

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Hnh 1. Qu trnh x l nh Mc tiu ca x l nh c th chia lm ba hng nh sau: X l nh ban u cho ra mt nh mi tt hn theo mt mong mun ca ngi dng (v d: nh m cn x l c r hn). Phn tch nh thu c thng tin no gip cho vic phn loi v nhnbit nh (v d: phn tch nh vn tay trch chn cc c trng vn tay). T nh u vo m c nhng nhn xt, kt lun mc cao hn, su hn (v d: nh mt tai nn giao thng phc ho hin trng tai nn). 1.2 Cc bc c bn trong x l nh Qu trnh x l mt nh u vo nhm thu c mt nh u ra mong mun thng phi tri qua rt nhiu bc khc nhau. Cc bc c bn ca mt qu trnh x l nh c th hin thng qua hnh sau: H quyt nh i snh rt ra kt lun Lu tr Hnh 2: Cc bc c bn trong qu trnh x l nh Thu nhn nh Qu trnh cho nh vo h thng thng qua cc thit b h tr. Ty thuc vo cc loi nh ta c cc phng tin thch hp. Tin x l Tin x l l giai on u tin trong x l nh s. Tu thuc vo qu trnh x l tip theo trong giai on ny s thc hin cc cng on khc nhau nh: nng cp, khi phc nh, nn chnh hnh hc, kh nhiu v.v.. Trch chn c im Cc c im ca i tng c trch chn tu theo mc ch nhn dng trong qu trnh x l nh. Trch chn hiu qu cc c im gip cho vic nhn dng cc i tng nh chnh xc, vi tc tnh ton cao v dung lng nh lu tr gim.

Thu nhn nh

Tin x l

Trch chn c im

Hu x l

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i snh, nhn dng Nhn dng t ng, m t i tng, phn loi v phn nhm cc mu l nhng vn quan trng trong th gic my. Khi bit mt mu no , nhn dng hoc phn loi mu . 2. Tng quan v bin 2.1 nh ngha Cc c trng ca nh thng bao gm cc thnh phn nh: mt xm, phn b xc sut, phn b khng gian, bin nh. Bin l mt vn ch yu v c bit quan trng trong phn tch nh v cc k thut phn on nh ch yu da vo bin. Hin nay c nhiu nh ngha v bin nh v mi nh ngha c s dng trong mt s trng hp nht nh. Nhng chung ta c th hiu: im bin l im c s thay i t ngt v mc xm, tp hp cc im bin to thnh bin, hay cn gi l ng bao ca nh(boundary). Mi mt bin l mt thuc tnh gn lin vi mt im ring bit v c tnh ton t nhng im ln cn n. l mt bin Vector bao gm hai thnh phn: - ln ca Gadient. - Hng c quay i vi hng Gradient . 2.2. Cc loi bin c bn a. Bin l tng Vic pht hin bin mt cch l tng l vic xc nh c tt c cc ng bao trong i tng. Bin l s thay i t ngt v mc xm nn s thay i cp xm gia cc vng trong nh cng ln th cng d dng nhn ra bin. b. Bin bc thang Xut hin khi s thay i cp xm tri rng qua nhiu im nh. V tr ca cnh c xem nh v tr chnh gia ca ng dc ni gia cp xm thp v cp xm cao. c. Bin thc t Trn thc t, nh thng c bin khng l tng, cc im nh trn nh thng c s thay i mc xm t ngt v khng ng nht, c bit l nh nhiu. Trong

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trng hp khng nhiu (bin l tng), bt c mt s thay i cp xm no cng thng bo s tn ti ca mt bin. 3. Vai tr ca bin trong nhn dng ng bin l mt loi c trng cc b tiu biu trong phn tch nhn dng nh. Ngi ta s dng ng bin lm phn cch cc vng xm (mu) cch bit. Ngc li, ngi ta cng dng cc vng nh tm ng phn cch. Nh cp ti phn tng quan v mt h thng nhn dng v x l nh, qu trnh nhn dng c hai giai on cn thc hin: Giai on hc: Cc c im ca i tng mu c lu tr (gi l hc mu) v tp cc phn t mu c chia thnh cc lp. Giai on nhn dng: Khi c i tng cn nhn dng, cc c im ca i tng s c trch chn v s dng hm quyt nh xc nh i tng cn nhn dng thuc lp no. Nh vy, vic nhn dng s chnh xc nu cc c im c trch chn chnh xc.Trong thc t, cc c im trch chn phc v cho vic nhn dng thng l cc bt bin [7,8,18,26,30,38,45], bi v vn c bn trong bi ton nhn dng nh l xc nh cc i tng khng ph thuc vo v tr, kch thc v hng quay. C nhiu loi bt bin c trch chn nh: - Bt bin thng k: Cc m men, lch chun ca tp nh hay cc o thng k khc khng ph thuc cc php bin i tuyn tnh. - Bt bin hnh hc: S o kch thc ca cc i tng nh. - Bt bin t-p: Biu din cc cu trc t-p ca cc nh nh s im nh, s l hng v.v.. - Bt bin i s: Chu tuyn, phn b ca cc im nh, v.v.. da vo cc vic t hp cc h s ca a thc m t i tng nh. Cc bt bin dng trong nhn dng thng c trch chn t bin, xng ca i tng [3,5,8,18,33,38,39,45,46,48]. Do vy, vic nhn dng c hiu qu hay khng ph thuc nhiu vo cch biu din hnh dng v m t ca vt th.

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CHNG 2 - CC PHNG PHP PHT HIN NG BIN Bin l mt phn c bit quan trng trong x l nh, hu nh trc khi s dng cc thut ton pht hin bin phi tri qua mt bc tin x l, l qu trnh loi b nhiu. C s ca cc php ton pht hin bin l qu trnh bin i v gi tr sng ca cc im nh. Ti im bin s c s bin i t ngt v mc xm, y chnh l c s ca k thut pht hin bin. Trn c s ngi ta thng s dng hai phng php pht hin bin sau: Phng php pht hin bin trc tip Phng php pht hin bin gin tip

Pht hin bin trc tip: Phng php ny lm ni bin da vo s bin thin mc xm ca nh. K thut ch yu dng pht hin bin y l da vo s bin i theo hng.

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Nu ly o hm bc nht ca nh ta c k thut Gradient, nu ly o hm bc hai ca nh ta c k thut Laplace. Pht hin bin gin tip: Nu bng cch no ta phn c nh thnh cc vng th ranh gii gia cc vng gi l bin. K thut d bin v phn vng nh l hai bi ton i ngu nhau v d bin thc hin phn lp i tng m khi phn lp xong ngha l phn vng c nh v ngc li, khi phn vng nh c phn lp thnh cc i tng, do c th pht hin c bin. Phng php tm bin trc tip thng s dng c hiu qu v t chu nh hng ca nhiu. Song nu s bin thin sng ca nh l khng cao th kh c th pht hin c bin, trong trng hp ny vic tm bin theo phng php trc tip t ra khng t c hiu qu tt. Phng php tm bin gin tip da trn cc vng, i hi p dng l thuyt v x l kt cu i tng phc tp, v th kh ci t, song t hiu qu cao khi s bin thin v cng sng l nh. Quy trnh pht hin bin nh vo Lc nhiu Lm bin ni nh v bin trch chn bin input Out put

Hnh 3. Quy trnh pht hin bin Bc 1: Do nh ghi c thng c nhiu, bc mt l phi lc nhiu Bc 2: Lm ni bin s dng cc ton t pht hin bin. Bc 3: nh v bin Bc 4: Lin kt v trch chn bin. 1. K thut pht hin bin trc tip

Phng php ny ch yu da vo s bin thin sng ca im nh lm ni bin bng k thut o hm. Nu ly o hm bc nht ca nh: ta c phng php Gradient nh ngha: Gradient l mt vector f(x, y) c cc thnh phn biu th tc thay i mc xm ca im nh (theo hai hng x, y trong bi cnh x l nh hai chiu) tc:

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Trong dx, dy l khong cch gia 2 im k cn theo hng x, y tng ng (thc t chn dx=dy=1). y l phng php da trn o hm ring bc nht theo hng x, y. Gradient trong gc ta gc (r, ), vi r l vector, l gc

Hnh 4. Vector gradient 1.1 K thut Gradient Theo nh ngha v Gradient, nu p dng n vo x l nh, vic tnh ton s rt phc tp. n gin m khng mt tnh cht ca phng php Gradient, ngi ta s dng k thut Gradient dng cp mt n H1, H2 trc giao (theo 2 hng vung gc). Nu nh ngha g1, g2 l Gradient theo hai hng x, y tng ng th bin g(m, n) ti im (m, n) c tnh:

t A0 = g(m,n);

gim phc tp tnh ton, A0 c tnh gn ng nh sau:

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Xt mt s ton t Gradient tiu chun nh ton t Robert, Sobel, Prewitt, ng hng (Isometric), 4-ln cn di y

Hnh 5. Ton t 4 ln cn

Ton t Robert (1965). Robert p dng cng thc tnh Gradient ti im (x, y) nh hnh trn Wij vi mi im nh I(x, y) o hm theo x, y c k hiu tng ng gx, gy:

Cc cng thc k trn c c th ha bng cc mt n theo chiu x v y tng ng nh sau:

Mt n Robert

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Ton t (mt n) Sobel Ton t Sobel c Duda v Hart [5] t ra nm 1973 vi cc mt n tng t nh ca Robert nhng cu hnh khc nh sau:

Hng ngang (x) Mt n Prewitt Ton t Prewitt a ra nm 1970 c dng:

Hng dc (y)

Hng ngang (x) Mt n ng hng:

Hng dc (y)

Mt mt n khc cng c nu nh di y gi l mt n ng hng (Isometric).

Hng ngang (x) Mt vi nhn xt

Hng dc (y)

Ton t Prewitt c th tch sn tt hn ton t Sobel, trong khi ton t Sobel tch cc sn trn cc ng cho tt hn. Mt khc, cc ton t Robert c nhc im l nhy vi nhiu. Cc ton t Gradient v Sobel gim nhiu do tc dng ca lc trung bnh cc im ln cn. Nh vy, t c kt qu mong mun cc ton t Gradient thng c dng trc lm sch nhiu.

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Cc mt n ca cc ton t trn c kch thc 2x2 hoc 3x3 chiu. Cc mt n c s chiu ln hn cng c s dng. V d trong k thut pht hin bin ngi ta dng mt n 5x5 cho ton t Sobel:

Ton t Sobel 5x5. Cc ton t k trn u s dng cc mt n theo hai chiu (x, y) tc l 4 hng (-x, y-y, y) vi mc ch cho kt qu chnh xc hn(khi m tc v b nh my tnh tt. ) 1.2. Ton t la bn Kirsh xut mt n 8 hng nh 8 hng ca La bn(Compass). Hnh di l m hnh 8 hng v c t tn theo hng a l v theo chiu kim ng h: ng, ng Nam, Nam, Nam Ty, Ty, Ty Nam, Ty Bc, Bc, ng Bc; mi hng lch nhau 45 . Ton t la bn Kirsh C nhiu ton t la bn khc nhau. Ta xem xt ton t la bn Kirsh c trng bi tm mt n vi kch thc 3x3 nh sau:

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K hiu l Gradient theo 8 hng nh 8 mt n k trn, khi bin Gradient ti im nh (x, y) c tnh theo

Nu ly theo o hm bc hai ca nh: ta c phng php Laplace

Hai phng php ny gi chung l phng php d bin cc b. Ton t la bn khc Ngoi ton t la bn Kirsh, mt s ton t la bn khc s dng b mt n 8 hng khc nh:

Hoc:

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Trng hp tng qut, ngi ta c th m rng cc mt n vi n hng cch u tng ng vi cc mt Wi; i=1, 2, , n. Khi , bin ti hng th i vi mt n Wi c xc nh:

3 K thut Laplace khc phc hn ch v nhc im ca phng php Gradient, trong s dng o hm ring bc nht ngi ta ngh n vic s dng o hm ring bc hai hay ton t Laplace. Phng php d bin theo ton t Laplace hiu qu hn phng php ton t Gradient trong trng hp mc xm bin i chm, min chuyn i mc xm c tri rng. Ton t Laplace c nh ngha nh sau:

Ton t Laplace dng mt s mt n khc nhau nhm tnh gn ng o hm ring bc Cc dng mt n theo ton t Laplace bc 3x3 c th:

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Ghi ch: Mt n H1 cn ci bin bng vic ly gi tr tm bng 8 thay v gi tr 4. thy r vic xp x o hm ring bc 2 trong khng gian 2 chiu vi mt n H 1 lm v d, ta c th tnh gn ng nh sau:

Do :

Tm li: K thut theo ton t Laplace to ng bin mnh (c rng 1 pixel). Nhc im ca k thut ny rt nhy vi nhiu, do vy ng bin thu c thng km n nh. 1.2.1 Tch sn theo nh Canny B tch sn nh theo Canny (1986) da trn cp o hm ring bc nhtvi vic lm sch nhiu. Mc ny c ring v y l phng php tch ng bin kh ph bin c dng theo ton t o hm. Nh ni, phng php o hm chu nh hng ln ca nhiu. Phng php t hiu qu cao khi xp x o hm bc nht ca Gauss.

Vi fx, fy l o hm ring theo x,y ca f. Do vy:

Ly o hm ring theo x v y ca G ta c:

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Hnh 2.5. M hnh tnh ca phng php Canny. Do b lc Gauss l tch c, ta c th thc hin ring bit cc tch chp theo x v y:

T ta c:

Vi bin v hng tnh theo cng thc trn, thut ton c minh ha nh hnh H2.5 trn. 1.2.2 D bin theo quy hoch ng Nh trn ni, d bin theo phng php Gradient l xc nh cc tr cc b ca Gradient theo cc hng; cn phng php Laplace da vo cc im khng ca o hm bc hai. Phng php d bin theo quy hoch ng l phng php tm cc tr tng th theo nhiu bc. N da vo nguyn l ti u ca Bellman. Nguyn l ny pht biu nh sau: Con ng ti u gia 2 im cho trc cng l ti u gia 2 im bt k nm trn ng ti u . Th d, nu C l mt im trn con ng ti u gia A v B th on CB cng l cn ng ti u t C n B khng k n ta n C bng cch no.

H2.6. Minh ha nguyn l Bellman

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Trong k thut ny, gi s bn bin c xc nh v c biu din di dng th lin thng N chng. Gi s hm nh gi c tnh theo cng thc:

Vi: Xk, k=1,...,N: Biu din cc nh th ca th trong chng th k; D(x, y): Khong cch gia 2 nh x v y tnh theo cc nh ngha tng ng v khong

cch; |g(xk)| v (xk) Gradient bin v Gradient hng nh xk. v cc hng s khng m.

ng bao ti u s nhn c bng cch ni cc nh xk, k=1,..., N no sao cho S(x1,..., xN, N) t cc i. nh ngha hm nh sau:

By gi ta c:

Ly N = k. Nh vy:

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Vi cch ny, thay v tm ti u ton cc phc tp ca S(x1, ,xN, N), ta tm ti u ca N chng theo ti u 2 bin. Trong mi chng, vi mi xk tm ti u, ( k x k . d hnh dung, xt v d sau:

Gi s c bn biu din bi th lin thng. Theo phng php trn c 5 ) 1, ( = A , vi k =2 c . ) 2, ( 12 max(11,12) D = = iu c ngha l ng t A n D i qua C v ACD l bin c chn vi k=2. Tng t, vi k=4, c hai ng c chn l ACDEF v AGHJ. Tuy nhin, vi k=5 th on JB b loi v ch tn ti ng duy nht vi cc i l 28. Nh vy, bin c xc nh l ADEFB.

a. th lin thng biu din bin

b. Qu trnh d bin theo quy hoch ng

Hnh 2.7. D bin theo phng php quy hoch ng Trn hnh nhng ng nt t on biu th cung b loi; ng nt lin c mi tn biu th ng i hay bin ca nh. 2. K thut pht hin bin gin tip 2.1. Mt s khi nim c bn nh v im nh

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nh l mt mng s thc 2 chiu (Iij) c kch thc (mn), trong mi phn t Iij(i = 1,...,m; j = 1,...,n) biu th mc xm ca nh ti (i,j) tng ng. Cc im 4 v 8-lng ging Gi s (i,j) l mt im nh, cc im 4 v 8 lng ging l: N4= {(i,j) : |i-i|+|j-j| = 1}, N8 = {(i,j) : max(|i-i|,|j-j|) =1}. 2.2. Chu tuyn ca mt i tng nh nh ngha 1: [Chu tuyn] Chu tuyn ca mt i tng nh l dy cc im ca i tng nh P1,,Pn sao cho Pi v Pi+1 l cc 8-lng ging ca nhau (i=1,...,n-1) v P1 l 8-lng ging ca Pn, i Q khng thuc i tng nh v Q l 4-lng ging ca Pi (hay ni cch khc i th Pi l bin 4). K hiu <P1P2..Pn>.Hnh 1.2 biu din chu tuyn ca nh, P l im khi u chu tuyn.

Hnh 6. V d v chu tuyn ca i tng nh nh ngha 2: [Chu tuyn i ngu] Hai chu tuyn C= <P1P2..Pn> v C= <Q1Q2..Qm> c gi l i ngu ca nhau nu v ch nu i j sao cho: 1. Pi v Qj l 4-lng ging ca nhau. 2. Cc im Pi l vng th Qj l nn v ngc li. nh ngha 3: [Chu tuyn ngoi] Chu tuyn C c gi l chu tuyn ngoi nu v ch nu: 1. Chu tuyn i ngu C l chu tuyn ca cc im nn 2. di ca C nh hn di C nh ngha 4: [Chu tuyn trong]

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Chu tuyn C c gi l chu tuyn trong nu v ch nu: 1. Chu tuyn i ngu C l chu tuyn ca cc im nn 2. di ca C ln hn di C 2.3. Thut ton d bin tng qut V c bn, cc thut ton d bin trn mt vng u bao gm cc bc sau: Xc nh im bin xut pht D bo v xc nh im bin tip theo Lp bc 2 cho n khi gp im xut pht Thut ton d bin tng qut Bc 1: Xc nh cp nn-vng xut pht Bc 2: Xc nh cp nn-vng tip theo Bc 3: La chn im bin Bc 4: Nu gp li cp xut pht th dng, nu khng quay li bc 2 3. Mt s phng php khc Ngoi cc phng php trn, ngi ta cng p dng mt s phng php khc ci tin nh tip cn bi m hnh mt, cch tip cn ti u ha. Cch tip cn theo m hnh mt da vo vic thc hin xp x a thc trn nh gc hay nh thc hin php lc Laplace. Cch tip cn ti u nhm xc nh mt hm (mt b lc), lm gim phng sai 2 hoc gim mt s im cc tr cc b. Di y s trnh by mt cch tm tt cc phng php . Tip cn theo m hnh mt T tng ca phng php ny l ti ln cn im ct khng (im bin), nh sau khi lc Laplace c th c xp x bi mt a thc bc 3 theo hng v ct. a thc thng c dng l a thc Trebchp vi kch thc 3x3. Cc a thc ny c nh ngha nh sau:

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Vi mi im ct khng pht hin ti P(x, y) trong nh c lc bi ton t Laplace Gauss, Huertas v Medioni cho c tnh theo cng thc tnh xp x:

Vn l xc nh cc h s ai, i=1, 2, , N-1. Nu W l ca s lc ti im ct khng v x, y, i, j trong ca s; cc h s a c th c tnh ton nh mt t hp tuyn tnh:

y, IL-G(x, y) l k hiu nh c lc bi ton t LaplaceGauss. Cc h s ny c th nhn c bi chp nh IL-G(x, y) vi cc nhn chp nh trung bnh c trng s hay mt s nhn chp khc. Cc bc ci t phng php nhy c th m t nh sau: - Chp nh gc kch thc NxM vi ton t Laplac Gauss kch thc M2, nh thu c gi l IL-G. - Trch chn cc im ct khng ca nh IL-G, nh kt qu k hiu l IZCR. - Vi mi im ct khng trong IZCR, thc hin mt xp x vi kch thc 3x3 suy ra cc im ct khng theo cch gi tch. - To mt nh mi ca cc im ct khng kch thc nXxnY m cc ng bao c xc nh vi phn gii n no . Tip cn ti u ha tng ca cch tip cn ny l nh v ng v tr bng cch cc tiu ha phng sai v tr cc im ct khng hoc hn ch s im cc tr cc b ch to ra mt ng bao. Canny xut 3 rng buc ng vi 3 iu kin:

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Rng buc u tin () nhm tm hm h(x) phn i xng sao cho t s gia tn hiu v nhiu l cc i. Rng buc th hai () nhm cc tiu ha phng sai. Rng buc th ba nhm hn ch im cc tr cc b vi mc ch cung cp ch mt ng bao. CHNG 3 - MT S THUT TON TM BIN NH TRONG MATLAB

Bin l tp hp cc im ti hm sng ca nh thay i cc b t ngt, do pht hin bin v tch bin ta dng php ton o hm. Cc php ton o hm thng dng l o hm bc nht v o hm bc 2. V tr ca bin chnh l ga tr ln nht ca o hm bc nht v l cc im ti gi tr ca o hm bc 2 c s i qua im 0.

Ly bin theo ton t Robert >>I=imread(anh.gif); >>edge_p=edge(I,robert); >>imshow(I) >>figure,imshow(I),imshow(edge_p)

Ly bin theo ton t Sobel >>I=imread(anh.gif); >>edge_s=edge(I,sobel); >>imshow(I)

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>>figure,imshow(I),imshow(edge_s)

Ly bin theo ton t Prewitt >>I=imread(anh.gif); >>edge_p=edge(I,prewitt); >>imshow(I) >>figure,imshow(I),imshow(edge_p)

Ly bin theo Laplace Dng b l c 0 1 0 L= 1 -4 1 0 1 0 >> I=imread(ic); >> L=[1 0 1, 1 4 1, 1 0 1]

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>>L=fspecial(laplace,0); >>I_L=filter2(L,I); >>figure, imshow(mat2gray(I_L))

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KT LUN

Trong qu trnh thc tp tt nghip, di s nh hng ca Ts. Ng c Thin, em tm hiu c tng quan cc vn v trong quy trnh sn xut thc t ti cng ty VNPT- FUJITSU v cc vn lin quan ti pht hin ng bin nh. Qua , em c c nhng bc nh hng u tin trong vic lm kha lun tt nghip cng nh qu trnh lm vic sau ny. Em xin trn trng cm n!

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TI LIU THAM KHO Ti liu tham kho ting Vit

[1]. Phm Vit Bnh (2007), Pht trin k thut d bin, pht hin bin v ng dng, Lun
n Tin s.

[2]. Lng Mnh B, Nguyn Thanh Thy (2002), Nhp Mn X l nh s, Nxb Khoa hc
v K thut, 2002.

[3]. Phm Vit Bnh (2006), Mt s tnh cht ca php ton hnh thi v ng dng trong
pht hin bin, Tp ch Tin hc v iu khin hc, Tp 22, s 2, 2006, 155-163.

[4]. Nguyn Quang Sn(2008), Nghin cu mt s phng php pht hin bin, Lun n
Thc S [5]. Ti liu trc thuc cng ty VNPT- FUJISUT Ti liu tham kho ting Anh

[6]. J.R.Paker (1997), Algorithms for Image processing and Computer Vision. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.

[7]. T. Pavlidis (1982), Algorithms for Graphics and Image Processing, Computer Science
Press.

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