Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

Nghin cu tnh hung

Cuc chin Catfish

Xut khu c tra v c basa ca Vit Nam sang th trng M

Vo 14h07 ngy 8 thng 8 nm 2002 theo gi min ng Hoa K (hay 1h07 ngy 9/8/2002 theo gi H Ni), mt cuc hp ca y ban Thng mi Quc t Hoa K (ITC US International Trade Commission) c kt thc, vi tuyn b: "Da trn kt qu iu tra s khi, ITC thy ngnh nui c catfish ca M c th c nguy c b e da bi mt s mt hng c da trn phil ng lnh nhp khu t Vit Nam". Kt lun ny c a ra sau 40 ngy t lc Hip hi cc nh nui c catfish M (CFA) a n kin 53 doanh nghip ch bin v xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam bn ph gi cc sn phm c tra v basa phil ng lnh vo th trng M, gy thit hi nng cho cc nh nui c catfish trong nc. Vng u ca cuc chin thng mi v bn ph gi gia cc doanh nghip xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam v cc nh nui c catfish M th l kt thc. V kin s c chuyn sang B Thng mi Hoa K tin hnh iu tra, xem xt vic cc doanh nghip Vit Nam c thc s bn ph gi c tra, basa ti th trng M hay khng. Cui thng 7 nm 2003 s l thi im ra phn quyt nu v kin tip tc ko di cho n chng cui cng. V nu phn quyt nghing v pha nguyn n th c basa, c tra ng lnh ca Vit Nam nhp khu vo M s phi chu thu chng ph gi vi thu sut c th ln ti 190% so vi mc 0% hin nay. y l v kin bn ph gi u tin gia M v Vit Nam. Tranh chp xy ra ng vo giai on trin khai thc hin Hip nh Thng mi Song phng Vit M (BTA) v thi gian Vit Nam chun b cc iu kin gia nhp T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO). Hn th na v kin s c tc ng ti mt hot ng sn xut ang i ln vi trn 200.000 lao ng ti Vng ng bng sng Cu Long ca Vit Nam. Chnh v tnh cht nhy cm ny m v kin thu ht c s ch c bit ca cc nh qun l, kinh doanh v phng tin thng tin i chng. Cc tri nui v doanh nghip ch bin catfish lp lun rng mc tiu ca h l m bo thng mi cng bng. Ngc li, pha Vit Nam nu ln t tng bo h sn xut bng ro cn thng mi ca cc nh sn xut M, vn khng ch xut hin trong v kin bn ph gi m thc ra l bt u t nhng tranh chp lin quan n tn gi catfish. Bn cnh vic phn tch tnh php l, cn c mt lot cc vn quan trng khc xung quanh v c basa catfish. mc no th cc quy nh v nhn hiu, chng tr gi xut khu, chng bn ph gi, mi trng, lao ng, l nhng quy nh hp l m bo thng mi bnh ng v mc no l cc ro cn thng mi n ngm? Ch ngha bo h cc nc pht trin i vi cc sn phm m Vit Nam c li th mnh nh th no v n c tc ng g ti chin lc hi nhp kinh t ca Vit Nam? u l nhng cn c xc nh Vit Nam hin c kinh t th trng v iu ny c tm quan trng th no trong cc v tranh chp thng mi v bn ph gi hay tr gi? V kin s khc i th no nu Vit Nam l thnh vin ca WTO? tm li gii p cho nhng cu hi trn, chng ta hy i theo dng s kin.

Nguyn Xun Thnh

Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

Nui c da trn ng bng sng Cu Long H c da trn Pangasius tp trung mt s nc ng Nam , ni hot ng nui c lng, c hm trn sng, ao h hay m ly theo quy m nh ca nng dn ngy cng pht trin. Ti Vit Nam, c da trn c nui ch yu ng bng sng Cu Long (BSCL), ph bin l c tra v c basa. Trc nm 1995, c ging ph thuc vo ngun vt t nhin. Ngi nui c phi mua c con do ng dn vt trong ma c bt chy theo sng M Cng t Lo v Campuchia. Chi ph c ging lc cao, m ngun cung cp li bp bnh v t l hao ht cao do thay i mi trng sng. Cng ngh to ging c u t pht trin v thng 5 nm 1995 l lc m c sinh sn nhn to u tin thnh cng.1 T , con ging vi s lng ln v chi ph thp c cung cp thng xuyn cho nng dn. Theo c tnh ca cc c s sn xut ging, chi ph con ging gim 2/3 so vi trc. Bn cnh , nhng nghin cu v cng ngh nui vi vic a thc n cng nghip vo cng gip rt ngn thi gian nui v gim thiu c lng thc n cho 1 kg tng trng. Hot ng nui c tra, c basa bt u pht trin di hnh thc b c v hm c, dc hai b sng Hu thuc tnh An Giang v ng Thp. Nui c b, vn c du nhp theo kinh nghim ca ng dn trn H Tng-l-sp ca Campuchia, nhanh chng tr thnh hnh thc ch yu nui c tra v basa. Huyn Chu c ca An Giang l ni tp trung ch yu ca cc b c v cng l ni cung cp c ging chnh yu cho c vng. iu kin t nhin cc a phng ny l yu t then cht m bo tnh hiu qu ca hot ng nui c b. Lu lng nc sng ln gip nng dn c th nui c c vi mt dy, cho nng sut cao. Trn 1m3 nc c th t nng sut 120-150 kg c thng phm. Nh vy, trung bnh mt b c nh cho sn lng 30 tn/v v b c ln cho sn lng 50-60 tn/v.2 Kh hu m p quanh nm BSCL cho php c th th ging c nui vo bt k thi gian no trong nm. Thi gian nui mi v c c th ko di t 6 n 12 thng. Sau v nui 8-10 thng, c tra c th t c 1-1,3kg cn c basa c th t c 1,3-1,5kg/con. Chi ph sn xut thp l yu t quan trng to ra s gia tng sn lng c nhanh chng khi cc c hi v th trng c m ra. Trong thi gian 5 nm tr li y, sn lng c tng ln lin tc. Trong nm 2001, sn lng c tra v c basa ca cc tnh BSCL ln ti 120.000 tn, tng gp 6 ln so vi nm 1997. T hai tnh u ngun l An Giang, ng Thp, ngh nui c tra v basa lan nhanh n Cn Th, Bn Tre, Vnh Long v Tin Giang. Chi ph u t v sn xut c3 ng b l chi ph u t ln nht ca nng dn nui c tra v basa. Mt b c nh tn khong 100 triu ng, cn mt b c ln tn khong 200 triu ng. Kho st ca T chc ActionAid Vietnam cho thy nng dn u t b c ch yu bng vn tch ly v vay mn h hng, bn b. Ch sau khi ng b v ng k vi chnh quyn a phng, th h mi c th dng b lm th chp vay ngn hng. Cc chi ph u t c nh khc ch yu l mua sm my mc nh my cho n (3-4 triu ng) v my nu, trn cm (5-6 triu ng). Cc chi ph thng xuyn bao gm ging, thc n, lao ng, nhin liu, phng-cha bnh, li vay v thu. Chi ph c basa ging l 3.500 ng/con v c tra ging l 5001.500 ng/con. C ging mua vo c trng lng trung bnh khong 70-80 gam v c nui cho n khi t trng lng 1-1,2 kg. T l hao ht c mi v do b bnh v cht vo khong 10%.

Nguyn Xun Thnh

Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

Thc n cho c c hai loi: ch bin ti ch v ch bin cng nghip. Nhng h nui c quy m nh thng s dng thc n ch bin ti ch t cc loi c bin (nh c linh, c cm, c trch...) v cc loi cm, rau c. Gi bnh qun ca thc n t ch bin l 2.000 /kg. Cc h nui c quy m ln thng s dng c thc n cng nghip ln thc n t ch. Thc n cng nghip, tuy c chi ph cao hn, nhng c hm lng protein cao, khng b tan trong nc, t tit kim c lng thc n cho 1 kg tng trng v trnh c tnh trng nhim v kh nng ly lan dch bnh. Cargill, mt cng ty ch bin thc n gia sc ca M, hin l ngun ch yu cung cp thc n cng nghip cho c tra, c basa. Thc n cho c ca Cargill c gi t 4.000 n 5.000/kg. Theo tnh ton ca nng dn nui c, th cn 3 kg thc n c c 1kg c tra thnh phm v cn 4kg thc n c c 1 kg c basa thnh phm. Song song vi vic m rng quy m, hot ng nui c tra v basa gi y khng ch b hp trong phm vi lao ng gia nh. Cc ch h nui c thng thu thm 1-2 lao ng cho mi b c. Tin cng tr cho mi lao ng l 500.000 /thng. Tuy nhin, chi ph thc t l 750.000 /lao ng/thng do ngi lm cng thng c bao tin n vi mc bnh qun 250.000 /thng. Cc chi ph sn xut khc bao gm nhin liu chy my nghin thc n, phng v cha bnh cho c v cc khon thu, ph. c tnh, 1 tn c thnh phm mi v cn 20 lt nhin liu xng/du vi chi ph l 3.800 /lt. Chi ph phng v cha tr bnh cho c mi v vo khong 10 triu ng bnh qun mt b. Thu mn bi v cc loi ph vo khong 1 triu ng/b. Mt khon chi ph ng k l tin li tr cho n vay. Bn cnh vn u t c nh ban u, cc h nui c cn phi c lng vn lu ng rt ln mua ging v thc n hng ngy. Tnh bnh qun, mt h nui c c th vay t 100 triu n 150 triu ng cho mi b c. Ngun vay cng rt a dng. Cc h c th dng b c lm ti sn th chp vay t Ngn hng Nng nghip & Pht trin Nng Thn hay Ngn hng Cng thng vi li sut 0,75%/thng. Cc cng ty ch bin thy sn, khch hng ca cc h nui c, cng cho vay vi li sut 0,85-0,9%/thng vi iu kin cc h phi k hp ng bao tiu sn phm vi cng ty. Cc khon vay c thi hn t 6-12 thng, ph hp vi thi v nui c. Nng dn nui cc cng vay t ngun t nhn khng chnh thc vi li sut kh cao, ln n 2-3%/thng.
Hp 1 Tm tt chi ph nui c tra b

Chi ph u t b: 200 triu ; khu hao trong 10 nm Chi ph u t my nu v nghin thc n: 9 triu ; khu hao trong 5 nm Ging nui: 44.000 con vi trng lng trung bnh 0,075 kg/con v gi 1.400 /con; (vi t l hao ht l 10%, 44.000 con c ging s cho 40.000 con c thnh phm khi thu hoch). Thi gian nui: 8 thng (c tng trng t 0,075 kg ln 1 kg) Sn lng: 40 tn c Thc n: gi bnh qun 2.500 /kg; h s tiu tn thc n: 3,0 kg thc n/kg c; chi ph thc n bnh qun 1 kg c thnh phm: (1 kg 0,075 kg)*3*2.500 /kg = 6937.5 Lao ng: bnh qun 1,5 lao ng vi mc lng 750.000 /thng Nhin liu: chi ph nhin liu 3.800 /lt; h s s dng nhin liu 20 lt/tn c Phng chng bnh: 10 triu ; Thu mn bi v ph: 1 triu N vay: 140 triu vi li sut 1%/thng

Nguyn Xun Thnh

Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

Bng 1: C cu chi ph sn xut c tra b

Chi ph () Gi vn hng bn Con ging (44.000 con * 1.400 /con) Thc n (6.937,5 /kg * 44.000 kg) Lng cng nhn (750.000 /ng/t * 1.5 ng * 8 t) Nhin liu (20 lt/tn * 44 tn * 3.800 ) Phng v cha bnh Khu hao Khu hao b c (200.000.000 * 10% * 8/12) Khu hao my mc (9.000.000 * 20% * 8/12) Li vay (140.000.000 * 1%/thng * 8 thng) Thu v ph Tng chi ph Chi ph bnh qun 1 kg c thnh phm 38.9194.000 61.600.000 305.250.000 9.000.000 3.344.000 10.000.000 14.533.333 13.333.333 1.200.000 11.200.000 1.000.000 415.927.333 10.398

Gi thnh nui c tra c khc bit rt ln gia cc a phng v gia cc h trong cng mt ni, ty thuc vo k nng nui, mc u t cho b c, loi thc n s dng v li vay phi tr. Kt qu tnh ton trong Bng 1 l tng i cao do s dng mc chi ph u t cao v thc n cng nghip c s dng b sung cho thc n t ch bin. Tnh ton trong Bo co ca ActionAid da theo s liu ca S Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn An Giang thng 7/2002 cho thy chi ph nui c tra ch l 8.600 /kg c thnh phm. Ni chung, theo nng dn nui c An Giang th chi ph nui c tra bnh qun dao ng t 8.500 /kg n 10.500 /kg. Gi c tra ti trn th trng dao ng trong khong t 10.000 n 13.000 /kg. Nh vy, nu s dng kt qu tnh ton trong Bng 1, th thu nhp bnh qun mt b c tra trong mt v l: (12.000 10.400)*40.000 = 64.000.000. Thu nhp ny bao gm c tin cng lao ng ca ch b, cc thnh vin khc trong gia nh v li nhun rng. So vi c tra, c basa c chi ph con ging cao hn, thi gian nui lu hn v h s tiu tn thc n cao hn. Tnh trung bnh gi thnh nui c basa cao hn so vi c tra 1.000-2.000 . Tuy vy, c basa c gi bn cao hn khong 1.000 . T nm 1998 tr v trc, basa l loi c c nui ch yu. Nhng t nm 1998, nng dn chuyn sang nui c tra ngy mt nhiu hn. Trn y l cc s liu lin quan ti nui c b. Trn thc t, bn cnh hot ng nui c tra v basa b cn c nui hm (tc l nui trong ao). Tnh bnh qun, gi thnh v gi bn c b cao hn gi c hm khong 1.000 /kg.4 S liu ca Hi Nng dn tnh An Giang nm 2002 cho thy tnh c 3.400 b v 1.430 ha hm c ng k chnh thc. Nui c b c chi ph cao hn do phi u t lm b v t l c b cun tri cao.

Nguyn Xun Thnh

Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

Ch bin c tra v basa ng lnh v xut khu sang M Hu ht c tra v basa sau khi nui c ch bin di dng ng lnh trc khi n tay ngi tiu dng cui cng. Cc tnh nui c tra v basa BSCL u c doanh nghip ch bin thy sn gn vi cc lng b nui c. ng trc s cnh tranh trn th trng, hu ht cc doanh nghip ch bin thy sn u nhp dy chuyn thit b ng lnh t nc ngoi v p dng cc quy nh v v sinh an ton thc phm theo tiu chun ca HACCP. Hnh 1 trnh by mt quy trnh ch bin c phil ng lnh in hnh. Hnh 1: Quy trnh ch bin c tra v basa phil ng lnh
Tip nhn c tra v basa nguyn liu Ra c, cht u v ly rut Lng tht phil Lt da Sa c, loi b k sinh trng v kim tra Ra bn thnh phm v phn loi Xp khun v cp ng ng gi v bo qun kho lnh Phi v xy kh Nu thnh m c Nghin thnh bt c u, xng, tht vn v m Phn loi v s ch Xay kh

ng gi

Ngun: Agifish, Bn co bch Cng ty C phn Xut nhp khu Thy sn An Giang (Agifish), 2002.

Trong hot ng ch bin c tra v basa phil ng lnh, c tra v basa ti l nguyn liu quan trng nht. Tnh trung bnh, phn tht nc c lc ra thnh phil chim khong 30-40% trng lng c nguyn liu. C th, 3,2 kg c tra hay 3,9 kg c basa nguyn liu sau khi qua ch bin s cho 1 kg c phil. Ph phm c tha ra sau khi ct phil (nh u, ui, da, rut) c s dng ch bin bt v m c, gip doanh nghip thu hi li mt phn chi ph. Ngoi c nguyn liu (chim 82% gi rng sn phm bn ra), cc chi ph ln khc trong ch bin ng lnh l lao ng ct phil, in lm , chy my v kho lnh, nc ra c, ha cht v bao b. Bng 2 di y trnh by c cu chi ph ch bin c tra phil ng lnh. Mt phn ln sn lng c tra v basa phil ng lnh c xut khu. An Giang, tnh ch lc sn xut c tra, basa, l ni tp trung nhng doanh nghip ch bin v xut khu thy sn ln nh Cng ty c phn xut nhp khu thy sn An Giang (Agifish), Cng ty xut nhp khu nng sn thc phm An Giang (Afiex) v Cng ty TNHH Nam Vit. Cc doanh nghip ln cc a phng khc gm Cng ty Vnh Hon (ng Thp), Cng ty Cataco (Cn Th) v Cng ty Cafatex (Cn Th). Cc

Nguyn Xun Thnh

Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

doanh nghip ny hin chim ti 95% kim ngch xut khu c phil ng lnh ca Vit Nam vi th phn ca tng doanh nghip c trnh by trong Bng 3. Bng 2: C cu chi ph ch bin c tra
Gi tr () Gi 1 kg phil (gi rng ti ca nh my, khng k chi ph bn hng) Chi ph c tra nguyn liu (VND/kg c nguyn liu) H s ch bin (trng lng c tra ti/1kg c phil) Chi ph c nguyn liu (VND/kg c phil) (12,000 * 3,2) Ph phm thu hi (da, bao t, bong bng, xng, m) (VND/kg phil) C cu chi ph (VND/kg c phil) C nguyn liu rng (38.400 3.200) Lao ng in, nc, bao b Thu t Khu hao Li vay Thu Li nhun 35.200 3.397 594 63 365 453 1.088 1.840 81,86% 7,90% 1,38% 0,15% 0,85% 1,05% 2,53% 4,28% 43.000 12.000 3,2 38.400 3.200 T trng trong gi

Vit Nam bt u xut khu c basa v c tra sang M t nm 1996 sau khi cm vn kinh t c bi b. C xut khu vo th trng M l sn phm phil ng lnh. Sau nhng nm u khng tiu th c nhiu, sn lng c da trn dng phil khng xng ng lnh nhp khu t Vit Nam vo M tng mnh t nm 2000. n cui nm 2001, sn lng c phil ng lnh xut khu tng ln gn 21.000 tn, gp hn 20 ln sn lng xut khu nm 1998 (Hnh 2). Gi FOB xut khu dao ng trong khong 1,2-1,5 USD/pao hay 40.000-50.000 /kg. Hnh 2: Sn lng v kim ngch xut khu c da trn phil ng lnh sang M
25000 20965 San lng (tan) 20000 15000 10000 5000 98 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 299 958 3269 8624 13475

Nm 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Gi tr USD 455.880 1.369.428 4.295.350 13.370.882 29.667.246 38.286.449 62.777.855

Tc tng (%) 200 214 211 122 29 64

Ngun: C s d liu trn mng ca y ban Thng mi Quc t Hoa K (Dataweb).

Nguyn Xun Thnh

Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

Bng 3: C cu kim ngch xut Mt thun li l sn phm c da trn phil ng khu c phil ng lnh ca Vit lnh ca Vit Nam xut sang M ch phi chu Nam nm 2000 theo doanh nghip thu sut thu nhp khu rt thp. M p dng thu sut thu nhp khu 0% i vi sn phm Doanh nghip T trng c da trn phi l ng lnh nhp khu t cc Agifish (Cty CP) 40% nc m M c quan h thng mi bnh Vnh Hon (Cty TNHH) 25% thng, nhng p thu 4,4 xen/kg i vi c phil ng lnh nhp khu t cc nc khng c Cafatex (DNNN) 10% quan h thng mi bnh thng. Nh vy, cho Afiex (DNNN) 9% n thi im trc khi Hip nh Thng mi Cataco (DNNN) 6% Song phng c hiu lc (thng 12 nm 2001), Nam Vit (Cty TNHH) 5% c tra v basa phil ng lnh ca Vit Nam Cng ty khc 5% xut sang M ch phi chu thu sut khong 1,3% gi tr sn phm (suy ra t mc thu n v Ngun: Agifish, Bn co bch, 2002. 4,4 xen/kg v gi nhp khu trung bnh 3,5 USD/kg). Cn t thng 12 nm 2001 n nay, sn phm c tra v basa phil ng lnh ca Vit Nam khng cn chu thu khi nhp khu vo M.

Hin ti, th trng M chim 40% tng kim ngch xut c tra v basa phil ng lnh. Cc th trng nc ngoi quan trng khc l EU, Australia v chu . Ngh nui c da trn v th trng c da trn M Cho ti nm 1970, c da trn hay catfish theo tn ting Anh vn ch l mt th c sn ca mt s vng M v nhu cu i vi sn phm ny rt hn ch. i vi nhiu ngi dn M, i cu c m bt c catfish th cng vt i ch khng bao gi mang v n. Hnh nh ny c dn dn thay i bng cc chin dch tip th ca cc tri nui c catfish v doanh nghip ch bin thy sn. Thng ip a ra l c catfish nui cho th trng t m, t cholesterol, t ca-lo, nhng giu protein, vitamin v khong; c catfish nui cn hu nh khng c mui tanh, t xng v c th ch bin thnh nhiu loi mn n. Kt qu l nhu cu i vi cc sn phm ch bin t catfish tng ln. Catfish gi y thnh mt mn n chnh rt nhiu nh hng thy sn v xut hin hu ht cc siu th. Mc tiu dng c catfish bnh qun u ngi M tng t 0,41 pao vo nm 1985 ln 1 pao vo nm 2001.5 Nu nh nm 1970, cc nh nui c M ch sn xut 2.580 tn, th vo nm 2001 con s ny tng ti 271.000 tn vi doanh s trn di na t la. Cc tri nui c catfish c tp trung ch yu ng bng sng Mississippi (BSMI) ti cc bang Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas v Louisiana. Khc vi BSCL ni c c nui ch yu bng cch th b trn sng, c catfish BSMI c nui trong ao. Tng din tch ao h nui c catfish cc bng min Nam nc M hin l 76.000 hcta, trong ch ring Bang Mississippi chim ti 58% din tch. C catfish tr thnh sn phm quan trng th t trong s cc sn phm nng lm nghip ti bang Mississippi. Tuy nhin, th trng catfish gia tng M hp dn hng nhp khu t nc ngoi nh t Braxin, Guyana, Trung Quc v Vit Nam.6 Sau mt thi gian hng s gia tng c v sn lng v gi, cc nh nui c catfish M bt u phi chp nhn gim gi t nm 2001. Gi bnh qun mt pao m cc nh nui c catfish nhn c gim t 75 xen nm 2000 xung 66 xen nm 2001 v 50 xen nm 2002. Hip hi cc nh nui c catfish M (CFA) lp lun rng gi bn hin thp hn chi ph sn xut ti 15 xen. Tng doanh s c catfish ni a bn cho cc n v ch bin gim 20% t 446

Nguyn Xun Thnh

Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

triu USD nm 2000 xung 385 triu USD nm 2001. Cc ch tri nui c catfish coi cc sn phm c tra v basa nhp khu t Vit Nam chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra s gim st ny vi lp lun rng sn phm ca Vit Nam ang c bn ti M vi gi thp hn 1 USD/pao so vi sn phm ni a. CFA nhn thy rng mnh cn phi hnh ng v n tn cng u tin l vo tn gi catfish. Cuc chin v tn gi catfish Lp lun ca CFA S thnh cng bt ng ca Vit Nam trong xut khu c tra v basa, theo li ca cc ch tri nui c catfish, gy thit hi nghim trng cho ngnh nui c ni a ca M v h cho rng, c Vit Nam thng ln ch yu nh s thay i v chin lc tip th. Nhng t c u tin c mang nhng thng hiu khc nhau xoay quanh ch basa hay tra. Vic tiu th khng c thnh cng lm. Nm 1996, sn lng xut khu c da trn dng phil ng lnh ca Vit Nam vo M l 59 tn v n nm 1998 th cng ch vn vn con s 260 tn. Cc doanh nghip nhp khu thy sn M sau bt u tiu th sn phm c basa v c tra ca Vit Nam trn th trng vi nhn hiu catfish. Sn lng c nhp khu t Vit Nam k t tng vt. (Hnh 2). CFA cn a thm bng chng cho rng bao b ng gi cng ging vi cc nh sn xut trong nc; thm ch nhiu hng nhp khu c ca M s dng nhn hiu "Delta fresh" (tc l sn phm ti t ng bng lu vc sng). CFA cho rng nhn hiu ny to ra s nhm ln v ngi tiu dng c th hiu rng c c nui t BSMI, trong khi trn thc t l t BSCL. Kt lun ca CFA l pha Vit Nam ang li dng thnh qu tip th ca nhng ngi nui c M. Hugh Warren, ch tch ca CFA, ni rng CFA ch vn ng ngn chn hot ng thng mi v s dng nhn hiu khng trung thc ch khng phi l nhm bo h sn xut trong nc. Bc tip theo l CFA v cc nh vn ng hu trng cho nhng ch tri nui c tm cch chng minh rng c tra v basa ca Vit Nam khng phi l catfish v do vy vic s dng nhn hiu catfish trn bao b l khng c php. C basa v tra hon ton khng phi l c catfish nui ti Bc M, Carol Engle, Gim c Trung tm Thy sn Ng nghip thuc i hc Arkansas Pine Bluff, vng c nhiu ch tri nui c, lp lun. C catfish nui BSMI thuc h Ictaluridae. C tra v basa nui BSCL thuc h Pangassiidae. ng l c tra v basa u khng c vy, c ria ming v mang nhiu c im nh catfish, nhng c nhiu loi c vi cng c im nh vy nhng khng c gi l catfish Engle lp lun tip.7 Ngh s cc bang nui c catfish cng nhp cuc v ln ting bo v quan im ca CFA. Huchinson, Thng ngh s bang Arkansas, ni trc Thng vin rng nhiu ngi trong s 12.000 lao ng trong ngnh s mt vic nu hng nhp khu tip tc chim ch ca c nui ti M.8 Ngy 9/2/2001, 12 ngh s M i din cho cc bang nui c catfish gi th cho i din Thng mi Hoa K (USTR) yu cu Chnh ph M phi c bin php x l i vi sn phm c da trn nhp khu t Vit Nam.

Nguyn Xun Thnh

Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

Lp lun ca pha Vit Nam Catfish l mt t ting Anh thng dng ch hng trm loi c. Theo nh ngha ca t in Webster th catfish l bt k loi c nc ngt no c da trn, c ria gn ming thuc b Siluriformes. Nh vy th r rng c tra v basa ca Vit Nam l catfish. C qun qun l Thc phm v Dc phm Hoa K (FDA) cho rng hon ton c th s dng cc tn nh l basa catfish cho sn phm ca Vit Nam. Ed Wiley, chuyn gia thy sn thuc Trung tm nghin cu a dng sinh hc ca i hc Kansas, cng khng nh: coi c da trn Vit Nam khng phi catfish l iu phi l, bi v r rng l catfish. N khng phi l c catfish Bc M. N l c catfish chu . Nhng ni rng n khng phi catfish l sai.9 Theo B Thy sn ca Vit Nam, th trn tt c cc bao b ca sn phm thy sn xut khu ca Vit Nam u ghi r dng ch ting Anh Product of Vietnam hay Made in Vietnam v thc hin vic ghi y c tn khoa hc ln tn thng mi theo ng quy nh ca FDA. C th, i vi c ba sa - tn khoa hc l pangasius bocourti, tn thng mi l basa, bocourti, bocourti fish, basa catfish, bocourti catfish; i vi c tra - tn khoa hc l pangasius hypophthalmus, tn thng mi l swai, striped catfish, sutchi catfish. Theo b Nguyn Th Hng Minh, Ch tch Hip hi cc nh ch bin v xut khu thy sn Vietnam (VASEP), vit rng vn nhn hiu catfish c a ra l "bo v quyn li ca mt nhm nh cc nh sn xut catfish giu c, i ngc li tinh thn thng mi t do v li ch ca ngi tiu dng M". Hot ng nui c catfish BSMI khng c tnh cnh tranh l do chi ph cao. Bn cnh mc lng lao ng cao, cn mt s yu t khc gp phn lm tng tng chi ph sn xut. Th nht, s vn u t cn thit cho mt din tch h nui c catfish khng thp hn chi ph lm b c. Th hai, chnh v nui c trong ao h nn mt nui c BSMI khng th cao v nc ng ch khng phi l nc chy nh nui c b; vic p dng cng ngh quy nc li lm tng thm chi ph. Th ba, M c cng ch ln nhanh trong 7-8 thng cn trong nhng thng lnh ca ma ng th c cng ng ng v hon ton khng ln hay ch ln rt chm. Th t, t l hao ht do chim n ln ti 30% (trong khi t l hao ht trung bnh ti BSCL ch mc 10%). Hu i tn S vn ng lin tc ca CFA v cc ngh s nhng bang nui c catfish cho kt qu. D lut HR 2964 ca H vin M thng qua vo thng 10 nm 2001 ra lnh cm tm thi tt c cc loi c khng thuc h da trn Ictaluridae c mang nhn catfish khi tiu th ti M. Mc d lnh cm tm thi ny s ht hiu lc vo cui thng 9 nm 2002, nhng ngay lp tc CFA v cc ngh s cc bng min Nam tm cch m bo lnh cm tr thnh mt quy nh vnh cu trong mt b lut nng nghip sp c thng qua. V vo thng 5/2002, Tng thng M ph chun o lut An ninh trang tri v u t nng thn HR 2646, trong c iu khon 10806 quy nh ch t tn, dn nhn mc hoc qung co ''catfish'' cho cc loi c da trn h Ictaluridae. o lut ny s c thc hin trong 5 nm, t nm ti chnh 2002 n nm ti chnh 2007 v c th s cn c ko di.

Nguyn Xun Thnh

Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

CFA hy vng rng thnh cng trong vic cm sn phm c da trn ca Vit Nam c s dng tn catfish th nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng ni a i vi hng nhp khu s gim hoc ch t th cng buc cc doanh nghip xut khu ca Vit Nam v nhp khu ca M phi chu chi ph tin hnh tip th cho nhn hiu mi. ng l trong vng 1-2 thng sau khi c quy nh s dng cc nhn hiu mi, sn lng xut khu c tra v basa ng lnh sang M c gim. Nhng nguyn nhn l do cc doanh nghip ch bin thy sn ca Vit Nam phi in li v thay nhn hiu mi nn phi tm ngng xut hng sang M. Theo quy nh ca B Thy sn Vit Nam, ba tn thng mi s dng l hypo basa, sutchi basa v trasa. Nhng iu m CFA khng ng ti l vic phng tin thng tin i chng a tin v v tranh chp tn gi lm cho c tra v basa tr nn ni ting. Vi nhn hiu v chin lc tip th mi, gi c tra v basa phil ng lnh th trng M tng ln ti 20-30% so vi trc khi i tn. Cc n t hng t M n ti tp. C tra v basa phil ng lnh ca Vit Nam xut sang M trong 6 thng u nm 2002 tng ti 24% c v lng v gi tr so vi cng k nm nm 2001.10 Mt v d ca s thnh cng sau i tn l Tp on siu th thc phm Bc M SYSCO k hp ng mua c ng lnh ca Agifish v bn theo thng hiu ca SYSCO. Cng sau v tranh chp v tn gi, khng ch ngi tiu dng M m nhiu nc khc cng bit n sn phm ca Vit Nam. Sn phm c tra v basa c xut mnh hn sang cc th trng chu u, Nht, c. Ngoi sn phm phil ng lnh, nhiu dng ch bin c tra v basa khc cng xut hin nh kh c n lin, xc xch c, c ch bng, c hun khi... Thc ra giai on sau i tn u d chu i vi c cc ch tri nui c M, c s ch bin thy sn M, nng dn nui c BSCL v cc doanh nghip ch bin thy sn ng lnh Vit Nam v vi t cch l ngi sn xut th h u c li khi gi tng ln. Con ngi tiu dng M th sao? Tt nhin, ngi tiu dng vn tip tc thng thc c tra v basa Vit Nam cng nh c catfish M, nhng mc gi phi tr cao hn. Mc d thng li v quy nh v tn gi catfish nhng r rng quy nh ny khng cn tr c c tra v basa ca Vit Nam nhp vo M. ng trc lo ngoi v th phn c Vit Nam ngy cng gia tng, cc nh nui c v ch bin c ca M a ra n tn cng th hai: co buc cc doanh nghip ch bit thy sn ca Vit Nam bn ph gi c tra v basa phil ng lnh trn th trng M. V kin bn ph gi Vo ngy 28 thng 6 nm 2002, Hip Hi ch tri nui c da trn M (CFA) n kin mt s doanh nghip ch bin thu sn Vit Nam ln B Thng mi M (DOC) v y Ban Thng Mi Quc t M (ITC) l cc sn phm c tra v basa phil ng lnh c bn thp hn gi tr hp l ti th trng M, gy thit hi v vt cht cho sn xut ni a. Pha nguyn n trong v kin l 500 tri nui c catfish thuc Hip hi Nui c Catfish (CFA) v 8 doanh nghip ch bin thu sn M. Bn b n l 53 doanh nghip ch bin thy sn ng lnh ca Vit Nam. Trong n kin, CFA a ra hai xut p dng thu chng ph gi DOC xem xt. Nu Vit Nam c xc nh khng phi l mt nc theo nn kinh t th trng, th mc thu sut thu chng ph gi p dng s l 190%. Cn nu Vit Nam c xc

Nguyn Xun Thnh

10

Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

nh l c nn kinh t th trng, th mc thu sut thu chng ph gi p dng s l 144%. y l v kin bn ph gi u tin xy ra gia Vit Nam vi M, v cng l v c tim nng nh hng ln n mt khu vc kinh t ca Vit Nam (nui v ch bin thy sn). Cho n nay, Vit Nam phi i ph vi tm v kin bn ph gi i vi c cc sn phm nng nghip ln cng nghip ch bin, trong Vit Nam u l bn b n.11 Theo thng k ca WTO, M l nc khi xng cc v kin bn ph gi nhiu nht trn th gii. Tnh trong giai on 1995-2001, 255 v iu tra bn ph gi c M khi xng nhm vo sn phm nhp khu t nc ngoi, chim 14% tng s v kin ph gi trn th gii. Cng trong thi gian ny, M phi i ph vi 102 v cc nc khc kin M bn ph gi nc h. (Xem Hp 2 v 3).
Hp 2 Cc v kin Vit Nam bn ph gi

V kin cc doanh nghip Vit Nam bn ph gi u tin xy ra vo nm 1994 khi Clmbia cho rng cc nh xut khu go ca Vit nam bn go vi gi thp hn 9% so vi gi tr hp l. Tuy nhin nhng co buc v bn ph gi sau cng c loi b do pha Clmbia khng tm thy tc ng tiu cc ca go xut khu Vit Nam i vi go ca Clmbia. Trong v kin th hai vo nm 1998, EU co buc Vit Nam bn ph gi bt ngt trn th trng EU v p thu chng ph gi vi thu sut 16,8% i vi sn phm ca Vit Nam. EU trong nm 1998 cng iu tra kh nng bn ph gi cc sn phm giy dp nhp khu t Trung Quc, Thi Lan, Innxia v Vit Nam. Vit Nam sau c loi khi doanh sch do th phn cn nh so vi cc nc xut khu khc. Vo nm 2000, Ba Lan xc nh Vit Nam bn ph gi bt la ga v p t thu chng ph gi mc 0,09 euro trn mt sn phm nhp khu. Vo nm 2001, Canada co buc cc nh xut khu ti ca Vit Nam bn ph gi ti trn th trng Canada v p thu chng ph gi 1,48 USD/kg. Cn trong nm 2002, Vit Nam phi chu ba co buc bn ph gi v c ba v u ang trong qu trnh iu tra. V th nht l Hip hi Giy dp Canada kin cc doanh nghip sn xut giy Vit Nam bn ph gi giy chng thm nc. V th hai l EU co buc cc nh xut khu bt la ga Vit Nam bn ph gi trn th trng EU. V th ba l c tra v basa phil ng lnh.

Hp 3 Cc v kin bn ph gi trn th gii v cc v lin quan ti M

Tnh t 1/1/1995 n 31/12/2001, trn th gii c tt c 1.845 v kin bn ph gi, trong 1.066 trng hp cui cng b p dng cc bin php chng ph gi (chim 58% tng s v). Cc nc mi cng nghip ha (k c Trung Quc v n ) l i tng b kin nhiu nht (chim 39% tng s v), k l EU (19%). Cng trong giai on 1995-2001, M tin hnh iu tra 255 v bn ph gi chng li cc nc khc, trong 169 trng hp b M p t cc hnh thc chng bn ph gi (chim t l 66% tng s v). Trung Quc l nc b M kin nhiu nht vi 33 trng hp (trong 29 trng hp b p thu chng ph gi). Nhng nc khc cng b M kin nhiu l Nht, Hn Quc v i Loan. Cng trong thi gian trn, M phi chu 102 v cc nc kin M bn ph gi, trong bin php chng ph gi c p dng cho 57 v.
Ngun: T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO), Thng k chng bn ph gi ti www.wto.org.

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Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

Th no l bn ph gi? Bn ph gi (dumping) c nh ngha l hot ng bn sn phm ra nc ngoi mc gi thp hn gi tr hp l (fair value) ca sn phm. Gi tr hp l l gi bn th trng nc nh. Trong trng hp gi bn nc nh khng tn ti hay th trng nc nh qu nh th gi tr hp l l gi bn cao nht ca sn phm xut sang mt nc th ba hay l chi ph sn xut nc nh cng vi mt mc chi ph bn hng v li nhun nht nh. Nu hnh vi bn ph gi c chng minh v hnh vi ny gy ra cc thit hi vt cht (material injury) cho ngnh sn xut trong nc th thu chng bn ph gi (antidumping duty) s c p dng. Mc thu sut bng vi mc bn ph gi (dumping margin), c tnh bng t l chnh lch gia gi xut khu v gi tr hp l ca sn phm khu (xem Hp 4).
Hp 4 Tnh mc bn ph gi (*)

Tnh ton mc bn ph gi bao gm thu thp hai nhm thng tin, gi xut khu (EP) v gi tr hp l (NV). Th nht, gi xut khu c tnh trn c s gi thun. Cc chi ph bn hng nh bo him, vn chuyn v qung co c khu tr khi gi xut khu gp tnh gi xut khu ti ca nh my. Th hai, gi tr hp l c tnh bng cc phng php khc nhau ty thuc vo tnh cht ca nn kinh t xut khu sn phm. i vi trng hp kinh t th trng, gi bn sn phm ti th trng nc nh l c s tnh gi tr hp l. Cng ging nh gi xut khu, gi tr hp l bng gi ni a ti ca nh my. Nu khng tn ti gi ni a hay th trng nc nh nh hn 5% lng xut khu, th hoc gi xut khu rng sang mt nc th ba hay gi tr tnh ton t chi ph sn xut s c s dng. i vi trng hp kinh t phi th trng, gi tr hp l ca sn phm phi c xy dng. S lng nhn t sn xut thc t nh lao ng, nng lng, nguyn liu cn sn xut mt n v sn phm xut khu c ly t cc doanh nghip xut khu, sau nhn vi gi tng ng mt nc tng ng c nn kinh t th trng tnh chi ph sn xut n v. Gi tr hp l bng chi ph n v cng thm chi ph qun l v li nhun ly t bo co ti chnh ca cc doanh nghip trong ngnh nn kinh t th trng. Sau cng, mc bn ph gi c tnh theo t l phn trm ca chnh lch gia gi tr hp l v gi xut khu so vi gi xut khu. V d, nu gi tr hp l l 120$ v gi xut khu l 100$, th mc bn ph gi l: (120-100)/100 = 20%.
(*)

Xem chi tit trong ITC, Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Handbook, 1999.

Quy nh chng bn ph gi ca M Ti M, hai c quan chu trch nhim iu tra v bn ph gi l B Thng mi (Department of Commerce - DOC) v y ban Thng mi Quc t Hoa K (U.S. International Trade Commission ITC). Tuy nhin, nhim v ca hai c quan c tch bit. DOC c trch nhim iu tra xem mt hng nhp khu c phi ang c bn ph gi th trng trong nc hay khng cn ITC c trch nhim xc nh xem mt hng nhp khu c gy hay c e da gy thit hi vt cht cho ngnh sn xut trong nc hay khng. Ch khi c hai c quan u a ra quyt nh l c bn ph gi v c gy thit hi th DOC mi ch th Hi quan Hoa K nh thu chng bn ph gi

Nguyn Xun Thnh

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Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

vo hng nhp khu. Thu sut c xc nh theo t l phn trm gi tr hng nhp khu v c mc tng ng vi mc bn ph gi. Quy trnh iu tra bn ph gi c chun ha v c th ko di t 45 ngy cho ti 280 ngy. Mt s v iu tra c th ko di hn nu cha ng nhiu yu t phc tp. B Thng mi c quyn t khi xng iu tra chng bn ph gi, nhng trn thc t th hu ht cc trng hp u do cc nh sn xut trong nc khi kin. Khi n kin bn ph gi c np, ITC s tin hnh iu tra s b xem c bng chng hp l cho thy ngnh sn xut trong nc ca M b thit hi hay b e da chu thit hi do tc ng ca hng nhp khu hay khng. y l bc s khi v trong vng 10 nm tr li y ch c 10% s v b bc ngay t giai on ny. Nu xc nh ca ITC l c thit hi th v kin s c chuyn sang DOC tin hnh iu tra s b xem liu hng nhp khu c b bn di mc gi hp l. bc ny, DOC ch phi xc nh xem c c s hp l khng nh hay nghi ng bn ph gi hay khng. Nu kt qu cui cng l khng thy c bn ph gi hay mc bn ph gi l khng ng k (thp hn 2% gi tr sn phm) th v kin vn c chuyn tip sang giai on sau. Cn nu kt qu l c bn ph gi th DOC s yu cu doanh nghip nhp khu phi k qu vi Hi quan mt khon tin tng ng vi mc thu d kin. Hng ha nhp khu sau khi c xc nh s b v bn ph gi phi chu thu chng ph gi nu thu ny c p dng ti thi im kt thc iu tra. Trong giai on tip theo, DOC iu tra a ra xc nh cui cng. Nu quyt nh cui cng l khng c bn ph gi hay mc bn ph gi l khng ng k th v kin c kt thc. Nu quyt nh cui cng l c bn ph gi th v kin c chuyn v ITC. Ln ny, ITC s xc nh ln cui xem liu ngnh sn xut trong nc ca M c b thit hi vt cht, hay b e da phi chu thit hi vt cht, hay qu trnh hnh thnh ngnh sn xut M thc s b cn tr do tc ng ca vic bn ph gi. Thit hi vt cht c nh ngha l thit hi do hu qu ca mt tc ng, khng phi l phi vt cht hay khng phi l khng quan trng. Trong qu trnh xem xt, ITC da vo cc thng tin nh kim ngch nhp khu, tc ng ca hng nhp khu i vi gi ca sn phm ni a, tc ng v th phn, a ra kt lun cui cng. Nu quyt nh ca ITC l khng c thit hi th v kin c kt thc v lnh ngng thanh l hng nhp khu trc y c hy b. Cn nu kt lun l c thit hi hay c nguy c gy thit hi th thu chng bn ph gi s c nh vo hng nhp khu. Lnh p thu chng ph gi s c hiu lc cho n khi b hy b. Theo quy nh ca WTO, ITC phi tin hnh nh gi mun nht l 5 nm k t khi p thu chng ph gi xem vic hy b thu ny c th dn n tnh trng ti xut hin hnh vi bn ph gi hay khng. Nu kt lun l khng th thu chng ph gi s c hy b. C bn nguyn n ln b n u c th khng n mi quyt nh ca DOC hay ITC ti Ta Thng mi Quc t. Quyt nh ca ta ny c th c phc thm ti Ta Phc thm Lin bang. Hp 5 trnh by quy trnh iu tra v x l v CFA kin cc doanh nghip Vit Nam bn ph gi c tra v basa phil ng lnh theo nh Lut chng bn ph gi ca M.

Nguyn Xun Thnh

13

Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

Hp 5 Lch trnh v kin bn ph gi c tra v basa phil ng lnh (sau nhiu ln hiu chnh)

28/06/2002 CFA n ln y ban Thng Mi Quc t Hoa K (ITC) v B Thng mi Hoa K (DOC) kin mt s doanh nghip Vit Nam bn ph gi c tra, basa. 08/08/2002 ITC a ra kt lun s khi. Nu kt lun l khng c thit hi vt cht th v kin c kt thc. Nu kt lun l c thit hi th v kin c chuyn sang DOC. 24/01/2002 (d kin) Theo k hoch ban u, DOC s cng b kt qu iu tra s khi v co buc bn ph gi vo ngy 5/12, nhng sau cng b hon n 24/1/2003. 16/06/2003 (d kin ban u l 8/02/2003) DOC cng b kt qu iu tra cui cng v co buc bn ph gi. V kin c kt thc nu kt lun l khng c bn ph gi. Cn nu c, v kin c chuyn li ITC. 31/07/2003 (d kin ban u l 04/04/2003) ITC cng b kt qu iu tra cui cng v co buc ngnh ch bin catfish phil ng lnh ca M c b thit hi vt cht hay khng. 7/08/2003 (d kin) Lnh p thu chng ph gi (nu c).

Lun im ca cc bn v co buc bn ph gi c tra v basa Pha cc tri nui c catfish v cc doanh nghip ch bin catfish M V kha cnh th nht ngnh sn xut ni a v thit hi vt cht:

Bn nguyn n (bao gm 500 tri nui v 8 doanh nghip ch bin catfish) lp lun cho rng sn phm ca h chim khong 86% sn lng sn xut ni a. Hn th na, cc tri nui c bn hu ht sn phm ca mnh cho cc n v ch bin v n v ch bin ph thuc ton b vo c nguyn liu ca nng dn nui c. Quyn li ca ngi nui v ngi ch bin cn trng nhau ch c s hu cho gia hai bn. Do vy, c tri nui ln c s ch bin cng li c th i din cho pha sn xut trong ngnh kin pha Vit Nam. Mc d M khng h c sn phm ng nht vi c tra v basa ca Vit Nam, nhng c catfish, tra v basa u l c nc ngt c tht trng v trong nhiu mn n ch bin cc loi c phil ny c th c dng thay th cho nhau. Do vy, catfish phil ng lnh l sn phm M c nhng c im ging nht vi c tra v basa phil ng lnh. Hng nhp khu ca Vit Nam tng ln nhanh chng t nm 1999 v chim ti 20% th phn vo nm 2001. tng thm sc mnh cho nhn nh ny, pha CFA a ra cc con s trong tng sn lng hng Vit Nam nhp khu v gim sn lng sn xut ni a. Th nht, sn phm nhp khu t Vit Nam khng ch nm trong hng mc c catfish phil ng lnh (theo Biu thu nhp khu hi ha HTS), m cn c ba hng mc khc (c nc ngt phil ng lnh khc, c bn phil ng lnh v c phil ng lnh cha phn vo

Nguyn Xun Thnh

14

Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

u), v mt s loi c tra v basa ng lnh c nhp vo di cc hng mc ny. Vi lp lun nh vy th sn lng nhp khu t Vit Nam trong nm 2001 ln ti 13.500 tn.12 Th hai, sn phm b cnh tranh trong nc ch bao gm catfish phil, ch khng bao gm cc sn phm c tht trng khc. Tng lng tiu dng catfish phil trong nm 2001 M l thp hn 70.000 tn.

Cc sn phm c tra v basa phil ng lnh nhp khu lun c gi thp hn cc sn phm catfish ni a (vi mc chnh lch vo khong 0,8-1 USD/pao) trong tt c cc qu m hai bn c sn lng bn ra, mc d nhu cu v mc tiu dng r rng l tng ln. Gi catfish gim lin tc trong thi gian qua m nguyn nhn chnh l do sn phm ca Vit Nam nhp vo vi s lng ngy cng tng v c bn ph gi trn th trng M. Hnh ng ny gy ra thit hi ln cho ngnh catfish M.

V kha cnh th hai bn ph gi:

Trong n kin nhm khi xng iu tra bn ph gi, CFA cung cp cc tnh ton v mc bn ph gi trn c c s kinh t th trng v phi th trng. Trong trng hp kinh t th trng, CFA cho rng th trng c tra v basa phil ng lnh Vit Nam qu nh nn khng th cn c vo gi ni a Vit Nam tnh gi tr hp l. Do CFA cng khng tm thy c s liu v gi xut khu ca sn phm Vit Nam mt nc th ba, nn trong tnh ton ca mnh, CFA t xy dng chi ph sn xut. Gi c nguyn liu, lao ng, in, nc ca Vit Nam c s dng. i vi nhng s liu v gi ca Vit Nam khc m CFA khng c c, th CDF dng ch ph sn xut ca mt c s ch bin ca M. Bng cch so snh gi tr hp l t xy dng v gi xut khu, CFA i n mc bn ph gi l 143,7%.

Trong trng hp kinh t phi th trng, CFA chn n lm nc c kh nng so snh v n l nn kinh t th trng, c cng mc pht trin kinh t nh Vit Nam v c sn xut ng k c tr trng (torpedo-shaped catfish) ging c tra v basa. Gi nguyn liu ch bin c phil ng lnh n c s dng tnh gi tr hp l. i vi s lng cc nhn t sn xut, CFA trnh by rng khng thu thp c thng tin tin cy ca Vit Nam. Vi lp lun rng quy trnh ch bin c phil ng lnh gn nh ging nhau mi ni trn th gii, CFA da vo s liu v lng nhn t sn xut ca mt c s ch bin ca M, sau khi hiu chnh cho nhng khc bit c bit n Vit Nam, tnh ton. Theo tnh ton ca CFA, nh trnh by trong Bng 4, gi tr hp l ca c tra v basa phil ng lnh l 4,19 USD/pao, trong khi gi xut khu l 1,44 USD/pao. Do vy, mc bn ph gi l 190,20%.

Nguyn Xun Thnh

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Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

Bng 4: Tnh ton mc bn ph gi ca CFA trong trng hp kinh t phi th trng Nhn t sn xut C nguyn liu Thu hi ph phm Chi ph khc Chi ph n v rng T l % so vi chi ph n v rng Chi ph c nh Li vay + khu hao Li nhun Gi tr hp l 20,4% 46,0% 1,2% 0,51 1,15 0,03 4,19 T l s dng u vo 4 3 Gi u vo so snh (/lb) 0,53 0,01 Chi ph (/lb) 2,12 (0,03) 0,41 2,50

Ngun: V d s do DOC a cho cc doanh nghip ch bin c tra v basa ca Vit nam vo thng 10/2002 trn c s ca thng tin do pha nguyn n cung cp.

Trng hp kinh t phi th trng chnh l ni pha nguyn n tp trung lp lun. Sau y l mt s bnh lun ca CFA gi cho DOC v vic xc nh tnh cht kinh t phi trng: (i) ng tin VND khng hon ton c kh nng chuyn i c ti khon vng lai v ti khon vn; (ii) mc lng Vit Nam khng c xc nh trn c s tha thun t do ngi lao ng v gim c qun l doanh nghip (iii) Vit Nam duy tr nhng hn ch ng k i vi lin doanh v cc hnh thc u t nc ngoi khc; (iv) Chnh ph Vit Nam duy tr s hu v kim sot cc phng thc sn xut Vit Nam; (v) Chnh ph Vit nam kim sot vic phn b ngun lc v cc quyt nh v gi v sn lng ca doanh nghip

Pha cc doanh nghip ch bin c tra v basa phil ng lnh ca Vit Nam Hip hi Ch bin v Xut khu Thy sn Vit Nam (VASEP) phn i n kin ca CFA trn c hai bnh din: (i) thit hi vt cht i vi ngnh ch bin catfish M v (ii) c tra v basa phil ng lnh ca Vit Nam c bn ph gi trn th trng M. V kha cnh th nht ngnh sn xut ni a v thit hi vt cht:

Vic quy nh v tn gi va qua chng t rng khng c mt sn phm no M l ng nht vi c tra hay basa ca Vit Nam. Do vy, v kin phi da vo sn phm sn xut M ging nht vi c tra hay basa phil ng lnh. Theo quan im ca pha Vit Nam, cc sn phm ging nht khng ch bao gm c catfish phil ng lnh m c sn phm phil ng lnh t cc c tht trng khc. Hn na, sn phm b cnh tranh bao gm c phil cng vi cc sn phm ln bt v tm xt. Nh vy, th phn ca sn phm Vit Nam ch l 2% ch khng phi l 20% nh pha CFA co buc. V vi th phn nh nh vy, th sn phm Vit Nam khng th gy thit hi vt cht cho ngnh ch bin catfish ng lnh ca M. (Xem ch thch 12)

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Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

Ngnh kinh t c xem xt l ch bin c phil ng lnh v do vy cc ch tri nui c catfish khng t cch i din cho cc nh sn xut sn phm ch bin. Ngnh ch bin catfish phil ng lnh ca M khng b thit hi vt cht do c sn lng ni a ln nhp khu u tng v khng c cnh tranh trc tip v gi gia hai loi. Hn th na, cc ch s ti chnh ca ngnh sn xut ni a thc ra l c ci thin trong thi gian va qua mc d l nn kinh t hin ang i xung. Nhng kh khn (nu c) m ngnh sn xut ca M gp phi l do u t qu mc.13 Hon ton cng khng c nguy c v thit hi trong tng lai do cc nh sn xut Vit Nam cn xut khu sang nhiu th trng khc nh EU v cc nc chu . Trong thi gian qua, xut khu ca Vit Nam sang cc th trng ny cng tng mnh. Cc c s ch bin thy sn ca Vit Nam khng ch ch bin c tra v basa, m cn ch bin nhiu loi thy sn khc. iu ny cho thy cc doanh nghip ch bin thy sn ca Vit Nam cn c nhiu c hi m rng sn xut khc thay v ch tng sn lng xut khu c tra v basa ng lnh sang M.

V kha cnh th hai bn ph gi:

Vit Nam lp lun mnh m cho t cch kinh t th trng. Ti liu 110 trang ca Chnh ph Vit Nam gi cho DOC tn cng tt c cc lun im m CFA a ra. Bo co vit: Vit Nam t b h thng k hoch ha tp trung v t nhiu kt qu trong vic t do ha kinh t ph hp vi thng l quc t v do vy phi c coi l mt nn kinh t th trng theo lut thng mi Hoa K. Mc d tha nhn rng cn nhiu yu t gy bin dng th trng trong nn kinh t, nhng Chnh ph Vit Nam a ra bng chng cho thy tt c nhng bin dng ny u tn ti nhiu nn kinh t th trng. VASEP cng lp lun tng t bng cch so snh Vit Nam vi Kazakhstan, mt nc mi c DOC tha nhn l c kinh t th trng vo thng 3 nm 2002. Da trn nhiu tiu ch khc nhau, Vit Nam t hay vt mc ci cch kinh t ca Kazakhstan. Cc doanh nghip ca M v cc nc khc hot ng Vit Nam cng gi vn bn cho DOC ng h Vit Nam c kinh t th trng, nh Citibank, Cargill, American Standard, New York Life International, Vedan, v Chinfon.

Vi t cch kinh t th trng, gi c phil trong th trng ni a ca Vit Nam c th c dng tnh gi tr hp l. Mc gi ny thp hn nhiu so vi gi xut khu sang M. Thm ch nu th trng ni a c coi l qu nh, th gi tr hp l c th c xy dng trn c s cc chi ph sn xut, tng t nh trong Bng 1 v 2. Kt qu s cho thy Cc doanh nghip ch bin thy sn ca Vit Nam khng h bn ph gi. Mc gi cnh tranh ca c tra v basa phil ng lnh ch yu l do chi ph cho c nguyn liu thp. Nh trong Bng 1, nng dn nui c chu chi ph theo gi th trng trong tt c cc khu ging, thc n, in, xng du. Mt s u vo thm ch cn b chu thu. i vi vn u t ng b v vn lu ng, mt s h vay c vn u i ca Ngn hng Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, nhng nhiu h khc phi vay theo li sut th trng t doanh

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Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

nghip ch bin hoc t t nhn v c h phi vay nng li. Li sut bnh qun 1%/thng l hon ton khng c yu t tr gi v thm ch cn cao hn li sut ca cc khon cho vay doanh nghip sn xut cng nghip TP.HCM. Nng dn nui c thu li ng k vi chi ph sn xut 10.500/kg v gi bn cho cc c s ch bin mc 11.000-13.000 /kg.14 Nh trong Bng 2, chi ph nguyn liu c chim ti 82% tng chi ph ch bin phil ng lnh. Phn chi ph cn li bao gm lao ng, in, nc, ha cht, bao b, khu hao, li vay, thu t. Chi ph v lao ng, in, nc v bao b hon ton c xc nh theo th trng. Phn tr gi nu c th ch xut hin li vay v tin thu t. T l tr gi nu c cng khng th vt qu 1% gi tr sn phm ch bin.15

Ngay c khi vn coi Vit Nam l cha c kinh t th trng th xut chn n l nc th ba so snh gi thnh c tra, basa Vit Nam xut sang th trng M vn l v l. Th nht, c tr trng n , mc d cng thuc h catfish, nhng khc vi c tra ba sa Vit Nam. Th hai, k thut nui c, quy trnh ch bin phil v chi ph sn xut ca ngnh c hai nc cng hon ton khc bit.
Bng 5: So snh c tr n vi c tra Vit Nam Cc yu t khc bit Gi c ging H s tiu tn thc n Gi c nguyn liu bn ra Gi c phil ng lnh xut khu C tr n 31.258 /100 gam (45 xen/pao) 3,5/1 18.000-19.000 /kg 3,33 USD/pao C tra Vit Nam 18.667 /100 gam (1.400 /con) 3/1 13.000-14.000 /kg 1,3 USD/pao

Ngun: VASC Orient tng hp qua thng tin cung cp t Cng ty Afiex, 31/07/2002.

Vo thng 12 nm 2002, DOC quyt nh nn kinh t Vit Nam l phi th trng. Tc l, DOC ch yu cu Vit Nam cung cp s liu v sn lng sn xut v lng cc nhn t sn xut. Trong khi Vit Nam c nhng thnh tu ng k trong mt s ci cch, phn tch ca B Thng mi cho thy rng Vit Nam vn cha hon tt s chuyn i sang mt nn kinh t th trng. Cho ti khi quyt nh ny c hy b th tnh trng kinh t phi th trng ca Vit Nam s c p dng cho tt c cc v xem xt trong tng lai, trong bao gm cc iu tra v thm nh din ra sau khi quyt nh ny c hiu lc. Do vy, Vit Nam s vo v th rt bt li khi cc mc gi ca n c s dng tnh gi tr hp l.16 Mt hy vng mong manh i vi cc nh ch bin c tra v basa ca Vit Nam l kinh nghim gn y ca Trung Quc trong gii quyt cc v bn ph gi. trnh b cho l bn ph gi, cu cnh ca cc nh xut khu t nn kinh t phi th trng l phi chng minh h c qui trnh sn xut tht s hiu qu. Trong qu trnh xy ra kin tng bn ph gi, hai cng ty sn xut thp ca Trung Quc cho thy lng u vo nh qung st, than v lao ng dng sn xut ra mt tn thp l tht s thp. Do vy, d c s dng gi yu t sn xut ca n , th gi tr hp l c cu thnh
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Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

vn thp hn nhiu so vi gi xut khu. Khng c khon thu chng bn ph gi no c p dng i vi cc nh sn xut Trung quc. Tuy nhin, hu nh khng c v kin no khc trong trng hp kinh t phi th trng t c kt qu ny. Kt qu iu tra s khi ca ITC v kh nng gy thit hi i vi sn xut catfish ni a ng theo lch trnh, ITC a ra kt qu iu tra s khi vo thng 8 nm 2002. V sn phm b kin, tt c cc mt hng phil ng lnh ch bin t c tra hay basa u c bao gm cho d c p m g i na trong biu thu. V sn phm sn xut ti M b cnh tranh, sn phm ging vi c tra hay basa phil ng lnh l c catfish phil ng lnh (k c sn phm ln bt v tm xt), nhng khng bao gm cc loi c tht trng khc nh pha Vit Nam lp lun.17 Bng 6 di y trnh by cc s liu v sn lng do ITC cng b. Bng 6: Th phn sn phm nhp khu t Vit Nam ti th trng M
1999 Sn lng tiu dng c da trn phi l ng lnh M (tn) Sn lng c tra, basa phil ng lnh NK t Vit Nam (tn) Th phn ca sn phm Vit Nam (%) 63.969 2.179 3,4 2000 67.056 5.357 8,0 2001 71.278 11.078 15,5

Ngun: y ban Thng mi Quc t Hoa K, Mt s sn phm c phil ng lnh t Vit Nam, iu tra s 731-TA-1012 (S khi), Washington DC - 8/2002.

V vn i din cho ngnh sn xut ni a, Lut Thng mi v Cnh tranh Omnibus 1988 (the 1988 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act) ca Hoa K c iu khon quy nh nng dn sn xut sn phm nng nghip th c coi l ngi sn xut trong ngnh ch bin t sn phm nng nghip nu: (i) Sn phm nng nghip ch bin c sn xut t sn phm nng nghip th qua mt dy chuyn sn xut lin tc, vi nh ngha v dy chuyn sn xut lin tc nh sau: sn phm nng nghip th c s dng ch yu hay ton b cho ch bin. sn phm nng nghip ch bin c sn xut ch yu hay ton b t sn phm nng nghip th. (ii) Nng dn v n v ch bin c cng quyn li v kinh t.

i vi iu kin th nht, kt qu iu tra ca ITC cho thy khong 54% lng c catfish ti c ch bin thnh catfish phil ng lnh. S liu ca B Nng nghip Hoa K cng cho thy catfish phil ng lnh chim khong 44% trng lng ca tt c cc loi catfish do cc c s sn xut trong nc bn ra. Nhng con s ny khng tha mn iu kin sn phm nng nghip th c s dng ch yu hay ton b cho ch bin.18 i vi iu kin th hai, ITC nhn thy c s hu cho gia cc tri nui v doanh nghip ch bin. Do vy, cc tri nui v doanh nghip ch bin catfish c cng quyn li v kinh t. Nhng do iu kin th nht khng c tha mn nn ITC kt lun rng ngnh sn xut ni a M chu cnh tranh ca c tra v basa phi l ng

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Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

lnh nhp khu ch bao gm cc doanh nghip ch bin catfish phil ng lnh, ch khng bao gm cc ch tri nui c catfish. Do vy, iu kin v tnh hnh kinh t doanh ca nng dn nui c catfish M khng c xem xt trong qu trnh phn tch s khi v thit hi vt cht. Xt v tnh hnh sn xut ca ngnh ch bin catfish phil ng lnh ca M, ITC thy mt s ch s thng k chng t trng thi i xung ca ngnh, nhng cng c nhng ch s li cho thy iu kin ti chnh c ci thin. V d, mc d th phn gim, nhng sn lng ca ngnh ch bin catfish ca M li tng trong nm 2000, sau gim vo nm 2001 v tng li trong nhng thng u nm 2002; s lng lao ng v s gi lm vic gim, nhng nng sut, lng li c ci thin trong giai on 1999-2001; tng doanh s gim nhng li nhun t hot ng kinh doanh tng trong nm 2001 so vi nm 2000.19 T cc kt qu trn, ITC tuyn b khng c thit hi vt cht hin ti i vi ngnh sn xut ni a ca M. Tuy nhin, da trn xu hng gia tng th phn nhanh chng ny, mc gi thp cng nh cng sut gia tng ca cc doanh nghip ch bin ca Vit Nam, ITC nhn nh rng c kh nng gia tng tip tc hng nhp khu ca sn phm ang iu tra vo th trng M. Kt lun chung ca ITC l c bng chng hp l cho thy ngnh sn xut c catfish phil ng lnh trong nc [] b e da chu thit hi vt cho gy ra bi hng nhp khu t Vit Nam hin ang b co buc bn thp hn gi tr hp l Hoa K. V kin, do vy, c chuyn sang B Thng mi Hoa K tin hnh iu tra, xem xt vic cc doanh nghip Vit Nam c thc s bn ph gi c tra, basa ti th trng M hay khng. Nhng bc tip theo Vo thi im vit bi nguyn cu tnh hung ny th DOC va a ra quyt nh s khi v vic bn ph gi da mt phn vo thng tin do cc doanh nghip xut kh basa v tra ng lnh cung cp.20 Theo quyt nh ny, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam xut khu c basa v c tra sang M bn ph gi v s phi chu mc thu chng bn ph gi tm thi mc t 38% n 64%.21,22 Trong thi gian ti DOC s tin hnh iu tra v kim chng thng tin vi bn doanh nghip ln sn xut c basa v tra ng lnh ca Vit Nam l Agifish, Vnh Hon, Cataco v Nam Vit. Bo ch ngoi ra cn a tin rng DOC s trc tip phng vn nng dn nui c tra v basa An Giang. Nhng thng tin ny s phc v cho vic ra quyt nh cui cng ca DOC. Sau , v kin s c chuyn sang USITC a ra phn quyt cui cng. V kin c basa, c tra l v tranh chp thng mi ln u tin v cng s khng phi l v cui cng trong qu trnh hi nhp ca Vit Nam. Theo li ca B trng B Thng mi Vit Nam Trng nh Tuyn, s kin v c tra, basa ch l mt hin tng bnh thng trong thng mi quc t v cha phi l nhng kh khn ln m Vit Nam thc s gp phi khi hi nhp. Nhng thch thc ln hn s n t nhng cam kt phi m ca thng trng trong nc khi tham gia T chc Thng mi Th gii. Ngy no chng ta cn cha hi nhp, chng ta cn phi chu nhng thit thi bi s phn bit i x. Mc tiu ca Vit Nam l phi gia nhp WTO trc khi vng m phn Doha kt thc (2005). V Vit Nam cha phi l thnh vin ca WTO nn nu quyt nh ca cui cng ITC v DOC l bt li th cc doanh nghip ca Vit Nam ch c th khng n ti Ta

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Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

Thng mi Quc t ca M, ch khng th a ra kin ti WTO ni, theo c ch gii quyt tranh chp, mt hi ng trng ti s c thit lp bi cc thnh vin c lp thuc cc nc th ba. Ngoi nhng l do khc v thu quan, hn ngch v tip cn th trng, vn ra nhp WTO cng tr nn cp thit khi Vit Nam cn phi i ph vi nhiu v kin v bn ph gi v cc tranh chp khc t cc nc i tc, m v kin v bn ph gi tm ang c pha M cn nhc gn y ch l mt v d.

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Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

Ghi ch
Hot ng nghin cu sinh sn nhn to c tra v basa c thc hin trn c s hp tc gia i hc Cn Th, Trung tm hp tc quc t v nghin cu nng nghip phc v pht trin (CIRAD) ca Php v Agifish.
2 3 1

Mt b c nh c kch thc khong 5m*10m*4m v mt b c ln c kch thc 14m*7m*5m.

Cc s liu trong mc ny c tham kho t chuyn i thc a An Giang ca hc vin kha VII, Chng trnh Ging dy Kinh t Fulbright vo ma xun nm 2002 v t nhiu ngun trong c Bo co ca T chc ActionAid Kt qu nghin cu nhanh cc nh hng c th xy ra ca v CFA kin cc doanh nghip thnh vin VASEP i vi ngh nui c tra v basa ti mt s tnh ng bng sng Cu Long, H Ni, 8/2002. Ti thi im 3/7/2002, gi th trng ca c tra b loi 0,5-1 kg/con l 12.400 /kg; c tra hm trng lng tng ng l 11.400 /kg (s liu ly t mng VASEP).
5 4

Mc tiu dng c v hi sn cc loi bnh qun u ngi M hin nay l 15 pao. Do vy, sn lng tiu th c catfish mi ch chim 3-4% tng lng c v hi sn tiu th v tim nng gia tng sn lng cn rt ln.

Trn thc t sn phm c da trn ng lnh ca Vit Nam c tnh cnh tranh mnh hn, y bt hng nhp khu t cc nc khc v hin chim ti 84% sn lng nhp khu vo M.
7 8 9

Theo David Bennet, U.S., Vietnam in world battle over catfish, Delta Farm Press, 14/06/2002. Carter Dougherty, One catch not fish of the day, The Washington Times, 28/12/2001.

Theo Eric Palmer, Catfish at center of U.S.-Vietnamese trade battle, The Kansas City Star, 22/04/2002.

Ring trong thng 7 nm 2002, cc doanh nghip ch bin c tra v basa phil ng lnh An Giang xut khu c 11.000 tn sn phm, tng 126% so vi cng k nm 2001.
11 12

10

Cho n nay, Vit Nam cha c lut hay quy nh v chng bn ph gi.

Hnh 2 trnh by s liu xut khu c phil ng lnh ca Vit Nam sang M khi c bn hng mc sau u c tnh: 0304.20.60.30 (c catfish phil ng lnh), 0304.20.60.43 (c nc ngt phil ng lnh khc), 0304.20.60.57 (c bn phil ng lnh) v 0304.20.60.96 (c phil ng lnh cha phn vo u). Tuy nhin, nu ch tnh hng mc th nht l c catfish phil ng lnh, th s liu s nh sau: Volume (tn) Value (USD)
13

1996 59 260.847

1997 55 233.846

1998 261 1.156.550

1999 903 4.052.524

2000 3.191 10.695.974

2001 7.765 21.509.704

Ngun: C s d liu trn mng ca y ban Thng mi Quc t Hoa K (DataWeb).

Pha Vit Nam cn ly dn chng t C quan Nghin cu Kinh t thuc B Nng nghip M lp lun rng nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn vic gim gi c catfish M khng phi l do sn phm c tra v basa ng lnh nhp khu t Vit Nam. Gi gim st xut pht t nhng nguyn nhn ni ti, trong quan trng nht l vic cc ch tri nui c catfish ca M u t qu mc vo cc ao nui gia tng sn lng. Xem Nguyn. Hu Dng, Catfish - Th thch u tin i vi Hip nh Thng mi Vit - M, VASC Orient, 30/11/2001.
14 15 16

Xem phn nui c da trn ng bng sng Cu Long. Xem phn ch bin c tra v basa ng lnh v xut khu sang M.

Nm nn kinh t c xem xt chn la l n , Pakistan, Bangladesh, Kenya v Guinea. Pha Vit Nam yu cu chn Bangladesh, trong khi pha cc ch tri nui c catfish ca M yu cu chn n .
17 18

Trong t nh gi sau cng, ITC s xem xt li vn ny.

i vi phn hai ca iu kin th nht, catfish ti nguyn con chim khong 70,4% chi ph sn xut catfish phil ng lnh (s liu nm 2001). Do vy, sn phm catfish ch bin c coi l sn xut

Nguyn Xun Thnh

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Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

ch yu hay ton b t c catfish nguyn liu th. Tuy nhin, do khng tha mn phn mt ca iu kin th nht nn ton b iu kin th nht cng khng c tha mn. Mt s s liu v ngnh ch bin catfish ca M m ITC a ra bao gm: (i) tn kho cui k tng t 2.906 tn nm 1999 ln 3.223 tn nm 2000 v 4.358 tn nm 2001; (iii) tng u t gim t 9,9 triu USD nm 1999 xung 5,8 triu USD nm 2000, nhng tng ln 22,9 triu USD nm 2001; (iv) li nhun t hot ng kinh doanh tng t 6,7 triu USD nm 2000 ln 8,5 triu USD nm 2001; v (v) 5 trong s 11 doanh nghip ch bin catfish bo co l trong nm 2001 so vi 5 trong s 11 vo nm 2000. Cc tnh ton v mc bn ph gi ca CFA trc y ch c DOC xem xt khi xng v kin. Gi y, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam mi cung cp cho DOC s liu ca mnh. Lu rng trong vic iu tra ca DOC xem cc doanh nghip Vit Nam c bn ph gi hay khng khng h c lin quan g n vic so snh gi sn phm ca doanh nghip Vit Nam vi gi ca sn phm tng ng ca doanh nghip M, cng nh ti chi ph sn xut M. Cng nh VASEP, CFA c quyn cung cp thng tin tham kho v hot ng ch bin c phil ng lnh Vit Nam v cc nc c th c chn so snh cho DOC. Thng tin v bn thn hot ng sn xut ca cc doanh nghip Hoa K c ITC xem xt trong qu trnh xc nh thit hi vt cht i vi sn xut trong nc. Theo kt qu tnh ton ca DOC cho tng doanh nghip trong s bn doanh nghip iu tra chnh thc, Agifish chu thu chng ph gi 61,88%, Cataco 41,06%, Nam Vit 53,96% v Vnh Hon 37,94%. Cc doanh nghip t nguyn tr li phiu iu tra (bao gom Afiex, Cafatex, Cng ty xut nhp khu thy sn Nng, Mekonimex, QVD v Vit Hi) chu mc thu bnh qun trng s l 49,16%. Hng c basa v tra ng lnh nhp khu t tt c cc doanh nghip khc ca Vit Nam phi chu thu sut 63,88%. Tuy nhin, ch sau vi tun sau khi a ra mc thu trn, DOC hiu chnh li kt qu tnh ton ca mnh v mc bn ph gi, trong thu i vi Agifish c gim xung cn 31,45%; thu i vi Nam Vit gim xung 38,09%; v do vy, thu sut bnh qun trng s ch l 36,76%. Cc mc thu sut khc vn c gi nguyn. V kin cn thm phn phc tp khi bn nguyn n lp lun rng tnh trng khn cp xut hin i vi nhp khu cc basa v tra phil ng lnh t Vit Nam. Sau khi thc hin iu tra s khi, DOC xc nh rng Cng ty Nam Vit tng mnh xut khu mc d ang trong qu trnh iu tra. Tuy nhin, tnh trng khn cp khng c khi DOC iu tra Agifish, Cataco v Vnh Hon. Theo lut ca M, thu pht vi thu sut cao c p dng khi c tnh trng khn cp.
22 21 20 19

Nguyn Xun Thnh

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Fulbright Economics Teaching Program

Case Study

Catfish Fight

Ti liu tham kho Action Aid, Bo co kt qu nghin cu nhanh cc nh hng c th xy ra ca V CFA kin cc doanh nghip thnh vin VASEP i vi ngh nui c tra v basa ti mt s tnh ng bng sng Cu Long, H Ni 8/2002. Agifish, Bn co bch Cng ty C phn Xut nhp khu Thy sn An Giang (Agifish), 28/02/2002. Bennet, David, U.S., Vietnam in world battle over catfish, Delta Farm Press, 14/06/2002. Catfish Farmers of America and individual U.S. catfish processors, Comments regarding the nonmarket economy status of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Public Document - Case No. A-552-801, 2/10/2002. Dougherty, Carter, One catch not fish of the day, The Washington Times, 28/12/2001. Government of Vietnam, Comments on the Departments Consideration of the Market Economy Status of Vietnam, Public Document - Case No. A-552-801, 2/10/2002. H An, n khng th l nc th ba so snh gi c Vit Nam, VASC Orient, 31/07/2002. International Trade Administration (Department of Commerce), Initiation of Antidumping Duty Investigation: Certain Frozen Fish Fillets From the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Federal Register, Vol. 67, No. 142, 24/7/ 2002. International Trade Administration (Department of Commerce), Fact Sheet: Preliminary Determination in the Antidumping Duty Investigation of Certain Frozen Fish Fillets from Vietnam, 27/1/2003. Nguyn Hu Dng, Catfish - Th thch u tin i vi Hip nh Thng mi Vit - M, VASC Orient, 30/11/2001. Palmer, Eric, Catfish at center of U.S.-Vietnamese trade battle, The Kansas City Star, 22/04/2002. Trebilcock, Michael J. and Robert Howse, The Regulation of International Trade, 2nd Edition, Routledge, 2001. U.S. International Trade Commission, Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Handbook, Washington DC, November 1999. U.S. International Trade Commission, Certain Frozen Fish Fillets From Vietnam, Investigation No. 731-TA-1012 (Preliminary) (y ban Thng mi Quc t M - Mt s loi c phil ng lnh t Vit Nam - iu tra s khi s 731-TA-1012), Washington DC - 8/2002. VASC Orient, Cm nhp khu c tra, basa, M li ngc Hip nh Thng mi, 06/11/2001.

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