10

Passband Digital Signal Transmission

http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kchsomsa/somsak/crse_dcmm/crse_dcmm.html

(
)

( )


10.1

(
)

( )

Ac cos ( 2fc t )

10.1

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DCMM-S2


( ) (
multi-dimensional signal)


10.2

PCM
M = 2 k k = log 2 M

( M ) ( )
k (symbol)
T = kTb {s1 (t ), s2 (t ),.....sM (t )}
T M ( T/M)

.1 - 1

10.2

- (Gram-Schmidt)
- M
s1 (t ), s2 (t ), s3 (t ),.....sM (t )
i (t ) 1

Ts

(t )

dt = 1

0 if i j

i j dt = 1 if i = j N M

0
si ( t ) = s i11 ( t ) + s i 2 2 ( t ) + .....SiN N ( t )

(10.1)

si ( t ) = sij j ( t )
j =1

0 t T i = 1,2 ,....., M

(10.2)

1 Jrgen Pedersen Gram Erhard Schmidt

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2

C3.20100209

 (
T

sij

sij = si (t ) j (t )dt

si

j = 1,2 ,3 ,...N

j (t ) )
i = 1,2 ,....., M

-
2

1. s1 (t )
s1 (t )
E1

1 (t ) =

s11 = E1

E1

s1 (t )

Ei (t ) = si2 (t )dt )

(10.3)

2. s21

sij ( t ) = si ( t ) j ( t )dt

0
T

s 21 = s 2 ( t )1 ( t )dt

(10.4)

3.

2 (t )

1 ( t ), 2 ( t )

4 f 2 ( t ) = s 2 ( t ) s 211 (t )
( 2 (t ) 2 (t ) 1 (t ) 2 (t )

f 2 (t ) ) 5
f 2 (t )

2 (t ) =

s2 (t ) s211 (t )

(10.5)

2
E2 s21

2
2 (t )dt

2 ( (t ) )
1
( s1 (t ) )
3 1

s (t )
1 (t )dt = 1E dt =
1

T
1
E1

s (t )dt = 1
2
1

4 s s (t ) (t ) s (t ) s (t ) s (t ) s (t )
21
2
1
1
2
21 1
2
5

f 22 (t )dt

{s (t ) s
2

21 1 (t )}

T
2

dt =

s22 (t )dt

2 s21 s2 (t )1 (t )dt
0

T
2
+ s21

(t )dt =
2
1

2
E22 s21

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DCMM-S2

 2 (t ) (
)
5.
4.

f i ( t ) = si ( t )

i 1

j =1

sij j ( t ) sij ( t ) = si ( t ) j ( t )dt

(10.6)

i ( t ) =

f i (t )

(10.7)

2
i (t )dt

1-5

sM (t), .....,s3 (t), s2 (t), s1(t)

s (t )
1 (t ) = 1
E1

i =i+1

iM

f i (t ) = si (t )

Yes
END
T

sij = si (t ) j (t )dt

i 1

sij j (t)
j =1

f i (t )

i (t ) =

fi

(t )dt

Yes

j<i
No

sij = si (t ) j (t )dt
0

i (t )

10.2 -

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4

C3.20100209

s2

s2

s1

s1

Pr
j(s

2)

f2
s2 = f 2 + prj( s2 )

2 (t )

1 (t )

f 2 = s2 prj( s2 )
= s 2 k 1 s1

s2 prj( s2 )

= s2 s21 s1
s21 s1

2 (t ) : (1) 1 (t ) =

s1 (t )
E1

(2) s11 = E1 (3) s 21 = s 2 ( t )1 ( t )dt

f (t )

(4) f 2 ( t ) = s 2 ( t ) s 211 ( t ) (5) 2 (t ) = |f2 (t )| =

2

s2 (t ) s211 (t )

s21 = proj _( s2 )

2
E2 s21

( 10.1 , : )
- s1 (t ), s2 (t ), s3 (t ) s4 (t )
1 0 t T / 3
s1 ( t ) =
elsewhere
0

1 T / 3 t T
s2 (t ) =
elsewhere
0

0 T / 3 t 2T / 3
s3 (t ) =
elsewhere
1

s 4 ( t ) = 1; 0 t T

1. s11

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DCMM-S2

T /3

E1 =

s12 dt

(1) dt = T /3
2

s11 = E1 =

T
3

1 (t ) =

2. s21 , 2 (t )

s22

s1 (t )
=
E1 0

3
T

0 t T3
elsewhere

s 21 = s 2 ( t )1 ( t )dt
0

=0
T

E2 E2 =

s22 dt

12 dt =

T /3

2T
3

1
f 2 (t ) = s2 (t ) s211 (t ) =
0
2 (t ) =

f 2 (t )
2
E2 s21

=
0

t T
elsewhere

3
2T

T
3

t T
elsewhere

s22 = s2 (t )2 (t )dt =

3
2T dt

2T
3

T /3

3. s31 , s32 , f 3 ( t ) , 3 ( t )

T
3

s33
T /3

s31 = s3 (t )1 (t )dt =
0

T
3

3
T dt

s32 = s3 (t )2 (t )dt =

E3 = s32 dt =

3
2 T dt

2 T /3

T
6

2T
3

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6

C3.20100209

f 3 (t )

i 1

f i ( t ) = si ( t ) sij j ( t )
j =1

21

f 3 (t ) = s3 (t ) s311 (t ) s32 2 (t ) = 21
0

3 (t ) s33 (

3 ( t ) =

f 3 (t )
T

2
2
E3 s31
s32
=

f 3 (t )

2
E3 s31

2
3 (t )dt

2
s32

elsewhere
T
6

3
2T

= + 23T
0

T
3

2T
3

2T
3

t T
elsewhere

s33 = s3 (t )3 (t )dt =
0

4. s41 , s42 , s43 , f 4 ( t )

T
2T
3 t 3
2T
3 t T

3
2T dt

T
6

2 T /3

4 (t )
T /3

s41 = s4 (t )1 (t )dt =
0

3
T dt

T
3

s42 = s4 (t )2 (t )dt =
0

3
2T dt

2T
3

T /3

s43 = s4 (t )3 (t )dt = 0
0

f 4 (t ) = s4 (t ) s411 (t ) s42 2 (t ) s42 3 (t ) = 0

4 (t ) =

f 4 (t )
T

=0

2
4 (t )dt

5.

1 (t ) =
0

3
T

0 t T3
elsewhere

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DCMM-S2


2 (t ) =
0

3
2T

T
3

3
2T

3 (t ) = + 23T
0

T
3

t T
elsewhere

2T
3

2T
3

t T
elsewhere

s4 (t ) = s1 (t ) + s2 (t ) s4 (t )
3 ( N M )
s1 (t ) = s111 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t )

s2 (t ) = s211 (t ) + s22 2 (t ) =

2T
3

2 (t )
T
3

s3 (t ) = s311 (t ) + s32 2 (t ) + s33 3 (t ) =

s4 (t ) = s1 (t ) + s2 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t ) +

2T
3

T
6

1 (t ) +

T
6

2 (t ) +

3 ( t )

2 (t )

()

T
3

T
3

s1 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t )

s 2 (t ) =

2T
3

s 3 (t ) =

T
3

2 (t )
1 (t ) +

T
6

s 4 ( t ) = s1 ( t ) + s 2 ( t ) =

2 (t ) +
T
3

T
6

1 (t ) +

3 (t )
2T
3

2 (t )

T
3
2T
3

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8

C3.20100209


s1 (t ), s 2 ( t ), s 3 ( t ) s4 ( t ) -

s4 (t ) = s1 (t ) + s3 (t )

1. s1 ( t )

s1 ( t ), s 2 ( t ), s 3 ( t )

T/3

E1 = s12 ( t )dt = (1) 2 dt = T

3
T
3

S11 = E1 =

s (t )
1 ( t ) = 1
E1
3
= T
0

2. s 21 , E2

0 t T/3

elsewhere

2 (t )
T

s 21 = s 2 ( t )1 ( t )dt
=

0
T/3

(1)
0

3 dt
T

T
3

s 2 (t )
2 T /3

E2 =

s22 (t )dt

(1)2 dt =

2T
3

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DCMM-S2


s ( t ) s 211 ( t )
2 (t ) = 2
2
E2 s 21
3
= T
0

T t 2T
3
3

elsewhere

s22
T

s 22 = s 2 ( t ) 2 ( t )dt
=

0
2T / 3

T/3

3 dt
T

= T

3. s 31 , s 32 , f 3 ( t )

3 (t )
T

s 31 = s 3 ( t )1 ( t )dt
0

=0
T

s 32 = s 3 ( t ) 2 ( t )dt
=

0
2T / 3

T
3

3 dt
T

(1)
T/3

f 3 (t )

f 3 ( t ) = s 3 ( t ) s 311 ( t ) s 32 2 ( t )
1
=
0

2T t T
3

elsewhere

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10

C3.20100209

f 3 (t )

3 (t ) =

2
f 3 ( t )dt

T
= 3
0

2T t T
3

elsewhere

s33
T

s 33 = s 3 ( t ) 3 ( t )dt
=

0
T

2T / 3

3 dt
T

= T3

.2

10.3

si ( t ) = sij j ( t )
j =1

(10.8)

si ( t ) = s i11 ( t ) + s i 2 2 ( t ) + .....SiN N ( t )

(10.10)

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DCMM-S2

11

 s i1
s
i2
[ (t ) 2 ( t ) ... N (t )]
si ( t ) =
: 1

siN

(10.10)

s i1
s
i2
si =
:

siN

(10.11)

N=3

s1 (t ) = s111 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t )

s2 (t ) = s211 (t ) + s22 2 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t ) +

s3 (t ) = s311 (t ) + s32 2 (t ) + s33 3 (t ) = 0 +

s4 (t ) = s1 (t ) + s3 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t ) +

T
3

T
3

2 ( t )
T
3

2 (t ) +

T
3

2 ( t ) +
T
3

3 (t )

3 (t )

T
3
s1 = 0
0

s2 = T3
0

s3 = T3

T3

s4 =

T
3
T
3
T
3

s 1 (t ) = T3 1 (t )
s 2 (t ) = T3 1 (t ) + T3 2 (t )
s 3 (t ) = T3 2 (t ) + T3 3 (t )
s 4 (t ) = s 1 ( t ) + s 3 (t )

10.3
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12

C3.20100209

 {s1 (t ), s2 (t ), s3 (t ),.........., sM (t )}
T M ( T/M)
3


s1 (t ), s 2 ( t ), s 3 ( t )

s4 ( t )

s4 (t ) = s2 (t ) + s3 (t )

s1 ( t ), s 2 ( t ), s 3 ( t )

( )

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DCMM-S2

13

s1 (t ) = s111 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t )

s2 (t ) = s211 (t ) + s22 2 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t ) +

T
3

2 (t )

s3 (t ) = s311 (t ) + s32 2 (t ) + s33 3 (t ) = 0 + 0 +

s4 (t ) = s2 (t ) + s3 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t ) +

T
3

2 (t ) +

s 1 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t )

s 2 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t ) +

s 3 (t ) =

T
3

3 (t )

s 4 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t ) +

T
3

3 (t )

T
3

3 (t )

T
3

2 (t )

T
3

2 (t ) +

T
3

3 (t )

-
()

10.3

( )

10.3.1

2 (Binary Phase-Shift Keying: BPSK)

2
0 180 90 270

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14

C3.20100209

+ Eb
Eb
2 Eb
Tb

10.4 2

0
)

0 t Tb

2Eb
Tb

s1 ( t )

s1 (t ) = +

2 Eb
cos(2 fc t )
Tb

s2 (t ) =

2 Eb
cos c t
Tb

c = 2 fc

xc (t ) = (t ) =

2
Tb

s 2 ( t )

cos c t

s1 ( t )

s2 (t )

(10.12)

(10.13)

2 Eb
cos ( c t + )
Tb

Eb 1 6

s1 (t ) s2 (t ) 1 0 ( )
- ( s2 (t ) = ( 1)s1 (t ) ) 7
1 (t ) =

2
cos c t ;
T

0 t Tb

(10.14)

s1 ( t ) = s111 ( t )

6 E =
b

Tb

x(t )

s11 = Eb

(10.15)

dt

1 (t ) = s1 (t ) = +

2 Eb
2
cos( c t ) =
cos c t
Tb E1
T
E1
_____________________________________________________________________________

DCMM-S2

15

Tb

s11 =

s (t ) (t )
1

Tb

s (t ) (t ) =

s21 =

(10.16)

Eb

s1 (t ) = s111 (t ) =

Eb 1 (t )

s2 = s211 (t ) =

Eb 1 (t )

0 t Tb

s 21 = Eb

s11 = Eb

10.5 BPSK BPSK

0

z1

z(t )

s2 (t )

s1 ( t )

Tb

z1 =

z(t ) (t )dt

(10.17)

( s2 (t ) )
1 ( z s )2
1
e N0 1 21
N 0

f ( z1 |s2 ) =

1 (z +
1
e N0 1
N 0

Eb )2

(10.18)

pe 0 =

f ( z1 |s2 )dz1

1
N 0

N1 ( z1 + Eb )2
0

dz1

(10.19)

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16

C3.20100209

x=

1
N0

( z1 + Eb )2 z1

pe 0 =

= 21 erfc

e x dx

(10.20)

Eb / N 0

( )
Eb
N0

erfc Complementary Error Function

pe 0 = pe 1 = 21 erfc

(erfc: )
0

( )
Eb
N0

(10.21)

Eb Eb
2

0 =

=0

BPSK
+ Eb Eb s1 (t )
1 0

0
s 2 ( t )
1

0 1
0

s 21 = Eb

s11 = Eb

f ( z | s1 )

f ( z | s2 )

s21

8 erfc: Complementary Error Function; erfc( z ) =

Pe 1

Pe 0

s11

d = 1 erf ( z )

erf ( z ) =

1
2

2
2

Q Q( z) =

2
z

Q( z

2 ) = 21 erfc( z )

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DCMM-S2

17

 10.5 BPSK

z(t )

"1"

"0"

zi

1 (t )

10.6 2

1 (t ) =

2
Tb

BPSK

cos(2 fc t )

fc =

c
2

s1 (t ) = Eb 1 (t ) s2 = Eb 1 (t )
m1 (t ) = + Eb

1 0 0 t Tb
mi (t ) 1 (t ) xmc (t ) = si (t ) = mi (t )1 (t ) mi {"0","1"}
m2 (t ) = Eb

s2 (t ) =

Eb

+ Eb

2 Eb
cos ( 2 fc t + )
Tb

s1 ( t )

s2 (t )

2 Eb
cos(2 fc t )
Tb

Tb = nc ( f1 )
c

+ Eb

s1 (t ) = +

fc = Tc

nc

(Product Modulator)

BPSK

Eb
1 (t ) =

2
Tb

cos( 2 f c t )

10.6 2 (BPSK)
10.4.2

4 (Quardriphase-Shift Keying: QPSK)

BPSK 1 1
2 4 4 (Symbol)

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18

C3.20100209

 ( 2 2 = 4 ) 00, 10, 10 11 4 0,
9
/2, 3 /2 Es Ts
s1 (t ) =

2 Es
cos(2 fc t )
Ts

s2 (t ) =

2 Es
cos ( 2 fc t + 2 ) =
Ts

s3 (t ) =

2 Es
2 Es
cos ( 2 fc t + ) =
cos(2 fc t )
Ts
Ts

s4 ( t ) =

2 Es
2 Es
cos ( 2 fc t + 32 ) =
sin(2 fc t )
Ts
Ts

2 Es
sin(2 fc t )
Ts

2
cos(2 fc t )
Ts

1 (t ) =

2 (t ) =

2
sin(2 fc t )
Ts

s1 (t ) = Es 1 (t ) = s111 (t )
s2 (t ) = Es 2 (t ) = s22 1 (t )
s3 (t ) = Es 1 (t ) = s111 (t )
s4 (t ) = Es 2 (t ) = s22 1 (t )

s11 = Es

s12 = 0

s 21 = 0

s 22 = Es

s 31 =
s 41 =

Ts

s 3 ( t )1 ( t ) = Es

0
Ts

s 4 ( t )1 ( t ) = 0

s 32 =

Ts

s 3 ( t ) 2 ( t )0 = 0

s 42 =

Ts

s 4 ( t ) 2 ( t ) = Es

9 T T (
1 ASK, BFSK, BPSK, Ts = Tb Es = Eb )
s
b
_____________________________________________________________________________
DCMM-S2

19

00
01
Es

00

10

Es
Es

01

10

11

Es

11

10.7 QPSK QPSK (4-PSK) si (t ) =

QPSK
/4 si (t )
si (t ) =

2 Es
cos ( 2 fc t + ( i 1) 2 )
Ts

2 Es
cos ( 2 fc t + (2 i 1) 4 )
Ts

(10.24)

si (t ) = si 11 (t ) + si 2 2 (t )
= si 1

QPSK (
/2 ( )

(10.25)

2
2
cos(2 fc t ) + si 2
sin(2 fc t )
Ts
Ts

()

) {si1 , si2 }

()

Si 1

Si 2

S1 (t )

10

/4

+ E/2

E/2

S2 (t )

00

3 /4

E/2

E/2

S3 (t )

01

3 /4

E/2

+ E/2

S4 (t )

11

/4

+ E/2

+ E/2

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20

C3.20100209

 4 ( )
n(t ) ( n(t )
N 0 /2 )
ri (t ) = si (t ) + ni (t )

(10.26)

y1 (t )

y 2 (t )

Ts

y1 (t ) =

s (t )dt + n (t )
1 i

0
Ts

2
Ts

cos ( 2 fc t )

2 Es
Ts

cos ( 2 fc t + (2 i 1) 4 ) + n1 (t )

(10.27)

Ts

2 E
Ts

cos ( 2f t ) cos ( 2f t + (2i 1) ) + n (t )

c

= E cos ((2 i 1) 4 ) + n1 (t )

Ts

y 2 (t ) =

s (t )dt + n (t )
2 i

0
Ts

2
Ts

sin ( 2 fc t )

2 Es
Ts

cos ( 2 fc t + (2 i 1) 4 ) + n2 (t )

(10.28)

Ts

2 E
Ts

sin ( 2f t ) cos ( 2f t + (2i 1) ) + n (t )

c

= E sin ((2 i 1) 4 ) + n2 (t )

y1 (t )

QPSK
r(t )

QPSK

1 (t )
MPX

2 (t )

y 2 (t )

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DCMM-S2

21

E/ 2

E/ 2
E

E/ 2

E/ 2
E/2

E/2

E/2

E/2

10.8 QPSK
s4 (t ) Z4 (
0 /2
Y1 Y2 E/2
y1 y2 pc ( s4 (t ) )

1
N 0

pc =

( y 1 E /2 )2
N0

dy1

1
N 0

( y 2 E /2 )2
N0

(10.210)

dy 2

( y 1 E /2 )2
N0

( y 2 E /2 )2
N0

=z

pc =

E /2

e z

dz

Complement error function (erfc) 1 21 erfc ( 2 NE

e z dz

E /2

( )}
erfc (
)+

pc = 1 21 erfc

=1

1
2

E
2 N0

E
2 N0

1
4

erfc

E
2 N0

(10.210)

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22

C3.20100209

pe = 1 pc

= 21 erfc

E
2 N0

>> 1

E
2 N0

1
4

erfc 2

E
2 N0

(10.210)

2
pe = erfc

QPSK

E = Es = 2 Eb

Eb
2 N0

(10.210)

QPSK ( I-Channel
Q-Channel) Polar NRZ ( 1

+ Eb

2 ( t ) =

2
sin(2 fc t )
Ts

Eb

1 (t ) =

2
cos(2 fc t )
Ts

+ Eb

1001

I-CH

De-MPX

1010

NRZ
2
Ts

cos( 2 f c t )

2
Ts

sin( 2 f c t )

11000110
Q-CH

Eb

QPSK
/2

NRZ

+ Eb

Eb

10.x QPSK

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DCMM-S2

23

10.4.3

M (M-ary Phase-Shift Keying: M-ary PSK)

QPSK 2 k
M = 2 k ( M-Ary ) 1
( k ) Es Ts
2 / M
2 Es
2 ( i 1)
cos c t +

Ts

si ( t ) =

i = 1,2 ,3......M

QPSK
1 ( t ) =

2
cos c t
Ts

0 t Ts

2 (t ) =

2
sin c t
Ts

0 t Ts

1 (t ) 2 (t )
2 / M
pe = erfc

Eb
2 N0

k=3

sin M

k=4

Es 010
011

Es
001

000

100

/8

Es

Es

/16

Es

Es

111

101

Es

110

8-ary

Es

16-ary

10.10 M-ary PSK (M=8, M=16)

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24

C3.20100209

10.5


10.5.1 Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (BFSK)

BPSK 2
s1 ( t ) =

2 Eb
cos 1t
Tb

s1 ( t ) =

2 Eb
cos 2 t
Tb

Eb 1 s1 (t )
1 0

s2 (t )

1 ( t ) =

2
cos 1t ;
T

0 t Tb

(10.x)

2 (t ) =

2
cos 2 t ;
T

0 t Tb

(10.x)

s11 = s 22 = Eb

Es

Es

10.x BFSK BFSK

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DCMM-S2

25

Es

Es

10.11 BFSK
0 s2 (t ) 1 z1
1 z2 0
z(t )
x = z1 z2

Z1

Z2

(10.x)

z1

z2

E [ X|1] = E [ Z1 |1] E [ Z2 |1] = + Eb

(10.x)

0
E [ X|0 ] = E [ Z2 |0 ] E [ Z1 |0 ] = + Eb

(10.x)

X
N 0 /2
Var [X ] = Var [ Z1 ] + Var [ Z2 ] = N 0

s2

f ( x|s2 ) =

z1 > z 2

1
2 N 0

( x + E )2
2 N0

(10.x)

x > 0

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26

C3.20100209

pe 0 =

X ( x|s2 )dx

1
2 N 0

z=

(x+ E )
2 N0

( x + E )2
2 N0

(10.x)
dx

pe 0 =

x1

e z dz

(10.x)

Eb / N 0

= 21 erfc

( )
Eb
2 N0

1 0

pe 0 = pe 1 = 21 erfc

( )
Eb
2 N0

(10.x)

BPSK BFSK BPSK

BFSK BPSK 2
BFSK 10.12
+ Eb

BFSK

1 (t ) = T2 cos(2f 1t )
b

2 (t ) = T2 cos( 2f 2 t )
b

)
z1
1 (t )

ri (t )

2 (t )

z2

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DCMM-S2

27

T = Tb

T = Tb

10.12 ) BFSK ) BFSK ()

) BFSK ( -)
10.5.2 M-ary Frequency-Shift Keying (M-ary FSK)

BFSK 2
k M M = 2 k
si (t ) =

2 Es
(2 fcit )
Ts

i = 1,2 ,3......M

(10.x)

M
i ( t ) =

2
cos(2 fcit ) ;
T

s2 =

0
Es

..
0

0 t Tb

i = 1,2 ,3......M

(10.x)

s1 =

Es

0
0

..
0

s3 =

0
0

Es ..

..
0

sM =

0
0

..
Es

Es

10.6

10.6.1 Binary Amplitude-Shift Keying (BASK)
_____________________________________________________________________________
28

C3.20100209

 ASK
1 0 ()
OOK-ASK On-Off Keying ASK 1 0
b ASK

10.13 ASK

1(t)

s11 = Eb

10.14 ASK
BASK

2 Eb
cos(2 fc t )
s1 (t ) =
Tb
si (t ) =
s (t ) = 0
1

Eb 1
1 0
1 (t ) =

2
cos(2 fc t ) ;
T

0 t Tb

s1 ( t )

s2 (t )

(10.x)

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DCMM-S2

29

pe 0 = pe 1 = 21 erfc

( )
Eb
2 N0

(10.x)

10.6.2 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

ASK
(PSK) M = 2 m ( m )
ASK
() QAM
ASK PSK
QAM (rectangular, square lattice)
QAM

16-QAM

16-QAM

2 Amplitudes 8 Phases

3 Amplitudes 12 Phases

10.15 QAM

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30

C3.20100209

 10.16 8-QAM (2 4 )
QAM 2 (in phase,

1 ( t ) )

(Quadrature

phase, 2 ( t ) )

10.4.3

1 (t ) =

2
cos(2 fc t ) ;
T

0 t Tb

(10.x)

2 (t ) =

2
sin (2 fc t ) ;
T

0 t Tb

(10.x)

M (M-ary Phase-Shift Keying: M-ary PSK)

QPSK 2 k
M = 2 k ( M-Ary ) 1
( k ) Es Ts
2/M
si (t ) =

2 Es
2 Es
ai cos(2 fc t ) +
bi s in(2 fc t ) ;
Ts
Ts

0 t Ts

(10.x)

E0 ai bi
2 16-QAM 4 ( M = 16
L = M = 16 = 4 ) L/2 ith
ai E bi E ai bi L L 4 4 2
Gray-code ( 00-3, 011, 11+1, 10+3)
3, +3
3, +1
{ai , bi } = 3, 1

3, 3

1, +3 +1, +3 +3, +3
1, +1 +1, +1 +3, +1

1, 1 +1, 1 +3, 1

1, 3 +1, 3 +3, 3

(10.x)

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DCMM-S2

31

 QAM
pe 2(1

Eavg

1
M

)erfc

3 Eavg
2 N 0 ( M 1)

Eavg =

(10.x)

2 E0 ( M 1)
3

1 (t )
2 (t )

2 (t )
E0

2E0
1 (t )
E0

cos( 2 f c t )
sin( 2 f c t )

z2

cos( 2 f c t )
sin( 2 f c t )

10.XX 8-QAM (2 4 )
_____________________________________________________________________________
32

C3.20100209

1 (t )

cos( 2 f c t )

m1 (t )

s(t )

m2 (t )

cos

( )
t
2 Tb

2 ( t )

y 1 (t )
1 (t )
r(t )

2 (t )

y 2 (t )

10.XX 8-QAM

ASK, FSK, 2-PSK

4-PSK, 4-QAM
8-PSK, 8-QAM
16-QAM
32-QAM
64-QAM
128-QAM
256-QAM

Bit
Dibit
Tribit
Quadbit
Pentabit
Hexabit
Septabit
Octabit

bit/symbol
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

bit/sec
N
2N
3N
4N
5N
6N
7N
8N

Minimum Shift Keying

PSK Coherent detection (

)

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DCMM-S2

33

CPFSK (Continuous Phase Shift Keying) 0 t Tb

2 Eb
cos[2 f 1t + (0)]

Tb
s(t ) =
2 Eb cos[2 f t + (0)]
2
T
b

for symbol "1"

(10.x)
for symbol "0"

Eb Tb (0) t = 0
f1 f2 1 0
CPFSK
s(t ) =

2 Eb
cos 2 fc t + (t )
Tb

(10.x)

s(t ) (t ) s(t )
( )

(t )

fc =

f1 + f2
2

(10.x)

(t ) Tb
(t ) = (0)

h
t
Tb

(10.x)

+ 1 -
0 h (derivation ratio)
h = Tb ( f 1 f 2 )

(10.x)

h (bit rate; 1/Tb ) ()

+h
(Tb ) (0) =
h

for symbol "1"

for symbol "0"

1 h 0

(10.x)

_____________________________________________________________________________
34

C3.20100209

+4 h

(t ) (0), radian

+3h

+2 h
+h
t

0
h

2Tb

4Tb

6Tb

8Tb

2 h
3h

4 h

10.XX phase tree

10.7
(
)

( )

bit/symbol
1

Error Probability (pe)

BPSK
QPSK,MSK

BFSK

pe = pe 0 = pe 1 = 21 erfc

Eb
2 N0

OOK

pe = pe 0 = pe 1 =

Eb
2 N0

QAM

pe = erfc

( )
) erfc ( )

pe = pe 0 = pe 1 = 21 erfc

pe 2(1

Eb
2 N0

1
M

1
4

1
2

Eb
N0

Eb
2 N0

( )
erfc (
)

)erfc

3 Eavg
2 N 0 ( M 1)

Eavg = 2 E (3M 1)
0

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DCMM-S2

35

Error Probability Distribution

10

-1

QPSK,MSK

-2

BPSK

10

Error Probability (pe)

10

BFSK,OOK

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

-6

10

m09090220pe.m

-7

10

10

15

Eb/N0 (dB)

_____________________________________________________________________________
36

C3.20100209


s1 (t ), s2 (t ), s3 (t )

s4 ( t )

2. s1 (t ), s2 (t ), s3 (t )

s4 ( t )

1.

3. s1 (t )

s2 (t )
-

s1(t)

s2(t)

t
0

T/2

4. s1 (t )

s2 (t )
-

s1(t)

s2(t)

T/2

t
T/2

t
0

T/2

- 4 /4
5.
_____________________________________________________________________________
DCMM-S2

37

6. 1 (t ) =

z(t ) = A cos c t

2
cos c t
T

y (t )

z(t ) = A cos( c t + )

BPSK

z(t )

y (t )

1 (t )

zi

t=Tb

5.
5.1 MSK (Minimum Shift Keying)
5.2 OFDM
3.3 Spread Spectrum Communication

_____________________________________________________________________________
38

C3.20100209


10 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1
........................................................................................................................ 1
Passband Digital Signal Transmission ................................................................................................................ 1

.............................................................................................................................. 1
10.1 ..................................................................................................... 1
10.2 .......................................................................................... 2
10.2.1 -................................................................................................................... 2
10.3.2 .......................................................................................................... 11
10.3 .............................................................................................................. 14
10.3.1 2 (Binary Phase-Shift Keying: BPSK) ........................ 14
10.4.2 4 (Quardriphase-Shift Keying: QPSK) ...................... 18
10.4.3 M (M-ary Phase-Shift Keying: M-ary PSK) .............. 24
10.5 .......................................................................................................... 25
10.5.1 Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (BFSK)................................................................................... 25
10.5.2 M-ary Frequency-Shift Keying (M-ary FSK) ......................................................................... 28
10.6 ................................................................................... 28
10.6.1 Binary Amplitude-Shift Keying (BASK) ................................................................................. 28
10.6.2 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) .............................................................. 30
10.4.3 M (M-ary Phase-Shift Keying: M-ary PSK) ............... 31
10.7 ................................................................................................................................................. 35

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DCMM-S2

39