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Calculus Cheat Sheet Integrals
Calculus Cheat Sheet Integrals
Integrals
Definitions Anti-Derivative : An anti-derivative of f ( x ) Definite Integral: Suppose f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b] . Divide [ a, b ] into n subintervals of width D x and choose x from each interval.
* i
Then
lim f ( x ) D x . a f ( x ) dx = n i
b
=1 * i
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Variants of Part I : Part I : If f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b ] then d u( x) x f ( t ) dt = u ( x ) f u ( x ) g ( x ) = f ( t ) dt is also continuous on [ a, b ] dx a a d b d x f ( t ) dt = -v ( x ) f and g ( x ) = f t dt = f x . () ( ) v ( x ) v( x ) dx a dx d u( x) Part II : f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b ] , F ( x ) is f ( t ) dt = u ( x ) f [ u ( x ) ] - v ( x ) f [ v ( x ) ] dx v( x ) an anti-derivative of f ( x ) (i.e. F ( x ) = f ( x ) dx ) then f ( x ) dx = F ( b ) - F ( a ) .
a b
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx b b b f x g x dx = f x dx ( ) ( ) ( ) a a a g ( x ) dx a
a
Properties
cf ( x ) dx = c f ( x ) dx , c is a constant b b cf x dx = c ( ) a a f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
b
f ( x ) dx = 0
a
a
b a
f ( x ) dx = f ( t ) dt
a
b a
a f ( x ) dx = -b f ( x ) dx
If f ( x ) g ( x ) on a x b then If f ( x ) 0 on a x b then
b a a b
f ( x ) dx
a
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
b
f ( x ) dx 0
a
k dx = k x + c n n 1 x dx = n+1 x + c, n -1 x dx = x dx = ln x + c a x + b dx = a ln ax + b + c ln u du = u ln ( u ) - u + c e du = e + c
+1 -1 1 1 1 u u
sin u du = - cos u + c sec u du = tan u + c sec u tan u du = sec u + c csc u cot udu = - csc u + c csc u du = - cot u + c
2
-1
-1
Standard Integration Techniques Note that at many schools all but the Substitution Rule tend to be taught in a Calculus II class. u Substitution : The substitution u = g ( x ) will convert
2
( ) a f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) dx = g (a ) f ( u ) du
b g b
using
1 5x
cos ( x3 ) dx
3 3
1 5x
cos ( x3 ) dx =
5 cos 1 3 8 5 3
( u ) du
=5 3 sin ( u ) 1 =
b b
a u dv = uv
Ex.
b a
xe
-x
-x
dx du = dx v = -e - x
-x -x -x -x
u=x
dv = e- x
3 ln x dx
dv = dx du = 1 x dx v = x
5 5 5 3 3
xe
dx = - xe + e dx = - xe - e
+c
u = ln x
ln x dx = x ln x 3 - dx = ( x ln ( x ) - x ) = 5ln ( 5) - 3ln ( 3) - 2
Products and (some) Quotients of Trig Functions For sin n x cos m x dx we have the following : For tan n x sec m x dx we have the following : 1. n odd. Strip 1 sine out and convert rest to 1. 2 2 cosines using sin x = 1 - cos x , then use the substitution u = cos x . 2. m odd. Strip 1 cosine out and convert rest 2. to sines using cos 2 x = 1 - sin 2 x , then use the substitution u = sin x . 3. n and m both odd. Use either 1. or 2. 4. n and m both even. Use double angle 3. and/or half angle formulas to reduce the 4. integral into a form that can be integrated. Trig Formulas : sin ( 2 x ) = 2sin ( x ) cos ( x ) , cos 2 ( x ) =
n odd. Strip 1 tangent and 1 secant out and convert the rest to secants using tan 2 x = sec 2 x - 1 , then use the substitution u = sec x . m even. Strip 2 secants out and convert rest to tangents using sec2 x = 1 + tan 2 x , then use the substitution u = tan x . n odd and m even. Use either 1. or 2. n even and m odd. Each integral will be dealt with differently. 2 1 1 2 (1 + cos ( 2 x ) ) , sin ( x ) = 2 (1 - cos ( 2 x ) )
sin5 x
3
Ex.
tan
x sec5 xdx = tan 2 x sec 4 x tan x sec xdx = ( sec2 x - 1) sec 4 x tan x sec xdx = ( u 2 - 1) u 4 du
7 5 1 =1 7 sec x - 5 sec x + c
( u = sec x )
cos x dx (sin x ) sin x sin x sin x sin x cos x dx = cos x dx = cos x dx (1- cos x ) sin x = dx ( u = cos x ) cos x = - (1-u ) du = - 1-2u +u du u u
5 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 4 3 3
2 2 1 =1 2 sec x + 2 ln cos x - 2 cos x + c
Trig Substitutions : If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and formula to convert into an integral involving trig functions. sin q a2 - b2 x2 x = a b cos 2 q = 1 - sin 2 q Ex.
a sec q b2 x2 - a 2 x = b
tan 2 q = sec 2 q - 1
16
4 sin 2 q ( 2cosq ) 9
16
2
4 -9 x 2
dx
= 12 csc 2 dq = -12 cot q + c Use Right Triangle Trig to go back to xs. From substitution we have sin q = 32x so,
Recall x 2 = x . Because we have an indefinite integral well assume positive and drop absolute value bars. If we had a definite integral wed need to compute q s and remove absolute value bars based on that and, x if x 0 x = - x if x < 0 In this case we have 4 - 9 x = 2 cos q .
2
4 -9 x 2 3x 4 -9 x 2 x
. So,
16
2
4 -9 x 2
dx = - 4
+c
P( x )
Q ( x ) . Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table. Factor in Q ( x )
ax + b
Term in P.F.D Ak A1 A2 + +L + 2 k ax + b ( ax + b ) ( ax + b )
( ax + b )
ax 2 + bx + c
( ax
+ bx + c )
Ak x + Bk A1 x + B1 +L + k 2 ax + bx + c ( ax 2 + bx + c )
2
Ex.
7 x2 +13 x
( x -1)( x
2
dx +4) +
( x -1)( x + 4 )
7 x2 +13 x
x -1
+C + Bx = x2 + 4
A( x2 + 4) + ( Bx + C ) ( x -1)
( x -1)( x 2 + 4 )
( x -1)( x2 + 4 )
7 x2 +13 x
3 x +16 dx = x4 -1 + x2 + 4 dx 3x x2 + 4 16 x2 + 4
= x4 -1 +
dx
3 = 4 ln x - 1 + 2 ln ( x 2 + 4 ) + 8 tan -1 ( x 2)
Set numerators equal and collect like terms. 7 x 2 + 13x = ( A + B ) x 2 + ( C - B ) x + 4 A - C Set coefficients equal to get a system and solve to get constants. A+ B = 7 C - B = 13 4A - C = 0 A=4 B=3 C = 16
An alternate method that sometimes works to find constants. Start with setting numerators equal in previous example : 7 x 2 + 13x = A ( x 2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x - 1) . Chose nice values of x and plug in. For example if x = 1 we get 20 = 5 A which gives A = 4 . This wont always work easily.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.
x-axis with area above x-axis positive and area below x-axis negative.
Area Between Curves : The general formulas for the two main cases for each are, y = f ( x) A =
b a
upper function
- lower
function dx
& x = f ( y) A =
d c
right function
- left
function dy
If the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be found individually. Here are some sketches of a couple possible situations and formulas for a couple of possible cases.
A = f ( x ) - g ( x ) dx
a
A = f ( y ) - g ( y ) dy
c
A = f ( x ) - g ( x ) dx + g ( x ) - f ( x ) dx
a c
Volumes of Revolution : The two main formulas are V = A ( x ) dx and V = A ( y ) dy . Here is some general information about each method of computing and some examples. Rings Cylinders 2 2 A = 2p ( radius ) ( width / height ) A = p ( outer radius ) - ( inner radius)
Limits: x/y of right/bot ring to x/y of left/top ring Limits : x/y of inner cyl. to x/y of outer cyl. Horz. Axis use f ( x ) , Vert. Axis use f ( y ) , Horz. Axis use f ( y ) , Vert. Axis use f ( x ) , g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx. Ex. Axis : y = a > 0 g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy. Ex. Axis : y = a 0 g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy. Ex. Axis : y = a > 0 g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx. Ex. Axis : y = a 0
radius : a - y width : f ( y ) - g ( y )
radius : a + y width : f ( y ) - g ( y )
These are only a few cases for horizontal axis of rotation. If axis of rotation is the x-axis use the y = a 0 case with a = 0 . For vertical axis of rotation ( x = a > 0 and x = a 0 ) interchange x and y to get appropriate formulas.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.
f ( x ) dx
Arc Length Surface Area : Note that this is often a Calc II topic. The three basic formulas are, L = ds
a b
where ds is dependent upon the form of the function being worked with as follows. ds = 1 + ds =
( ) 1+ ( )
dy dx dx dy
dx if y = f ( x ) , a x b dy if x = f ( y ) , a y b
ds =
( dx dt )
( )
dy dt
2
dt if x = f ( t ) , y = g ( t ) , a t b
dr ds = r 2 + ( d dq if r = f (q ) , a q b q)
With surface area you may have to substitute in for the x or y depending on your choice of ds to match the differential in the ds. With parametric and polar you will always need to substitute. Improper Integral An improper integral is an integral with one or more infinite limits and/or discontinuous integrands. Integral is called convergent if the limit exists and has a finite value and divergent if the limit doesnt exist or has infinite value. This is typically a Calc II topic. Infinite Limit 1. 3.
a t b b
f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
t c a
2.
f ( x ) dx = lim
t -
f ( x ) dx
t
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx +
b a
2. Discont. at b : f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx -
a t b a c b a c
xp
and
divide [ a, b] into n subintervals [ x0 , x1 ] , [ x1 , x2 ] , , [ xn -1 , xn ] with x0 = a and xn = b then, Midpoint Rule : Trapezoid Rule : Simpsons Rule : f ( x ) dx Dx f ( x ) + f ( x ) + L + f ( x ) , xi
b a * 1 * 2 * n b a 0 1 2 *
is midpoint [ xi -1 , xi ]
n -1 n
Dx f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + +2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + f ( x ) f ( x ) dx 2
b a 0 1 2 n-2 n -1
Dx f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + f ( x ) f ( x ) dx 3
n