Nguyn B Th, lp A4, trng THPT chuyn L T Trng , TP Cn Th.

PHNG PHP IU KIN PROTON

Cc dng bi ton tnh pH ca dung dch in li lng tnh l mt trong nhng dng ton kh kh i hi phi c phng php gii ring. Sau y, ti xin gii thiu mt cch gii cho dng ton ny. I. Cht in li lng tnh l g? a). Khi nim: Cht in li lng tnh l cht khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit va c th phn li nh baz. b). Cht in li lng tnh thng gp trong cc trng hp sau: - Hidroxit ca mt s kim loi nh Al, Zn, Pb, Sn. - Aminoaxit - Mui axit (KHCO3, NaHS, NH4HCO3, Na2HPO4,) - Mui ca axit yu v baz yu (Na2CO3, Na2C2O4, NH4NO2,) II. iu kin proton: Theo phng php ny, ta phi tnh c 2 loi cn bng cho v nhn proton. V th ta phi s dng iu kin proton hay cn gi l nh lut bo ton proton trong dung dch. a. iu kin proton: Tng s proton (H+) trong dung dch s bng tng s proton cho tr i s proton nhn. HA H+ + A(1) cho H+ B- + H+ BH (2) nhn H+ + H2O H + OH (3) cho H+ [H+]dd = [H+]1 + [H+]3 [H+]2 b. p dng: Tnh pH ca dung dch NaHA. (1) NaHA Na+ + HA(2) HA- H+ + A2Ka2 1 + (3) HA + H H2A K a1 = 1/Ka1 (4) H2O H+ +OHKw = 10-14 (Vi Ka1, Ka2 l hng s phn li ca axit tng ng). Theo iu kin proton, ta c: [H+]dd = [H+]2 + [H+]4 [H+]3 + M [H ]2 = [A2-]; [H+]4 = [OH-]; [H+]3 = [H2A] Nn [H+]dd = [A2-] + [OH-] [H2A] =
[ HA ]K a 2 [H ]
+

Kw [H + ]

1 [HA ][ H + ]K a 1

1 [H+]2.(1 + [HA-]K a 1 ) = [HA ]Ka2 + Kw

1+ nhng v nhn t H+ v hng s in li kh nh nn hao ht kh t):

[H ] =

K a 2 .[HA ] + K w
1 Ka 1 [ HA ]

m [HA-]

CNaHA (do mui phn li hon ton, HA-

[H+] =

K a 2 .C NaHA + K w
1 1+ Ka 1 .C NaHA

Nguyn B Th, lp A4, trng THPT chuyn L T Trng , TP Cn Th.

Nu Kw << Ka2.CNaHA b Kw [H+] =

K a 2 .C NaHA
1 1+ Ka 1 .C NaHA

+ 1 Nu 1 << K a 1 .CNaHA (hay Ka1 << CNaHA) [ H ] = K a 2 .K a1 III. V d: Bi 1: Tnh pH ca dung dch NaHCO3 0,02M. Bit axit H2CO3 c Ka1 = 10-6,35, Ka2 = 10-10,33. Ta c cc qu trnh: (1) NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3(2) HCO3- H+ + CO32Ka2 1 + (3) HCO3 + H H2CO3 K a1 (4) H2O H+ + OHKw Theo iu kin proton: [H+] = [H+]2 + [H+]4 [H+]3 Bin i nh trn (phn II.b), ta c: K a 2 .C NaHA + K w 1 [H+] = M Kw << Ka2.CNaHA v 1 << K a 1 .CNaHA nn: 1 1 + K a1 .C NaHA

[H + ] =

K a 2 .K a1 =

10 , 33 10 .10 6,35

= 4,57.10-9

pH = - lg (4,57.10-9) = 8,34 Bi 2: Tnh pH ca dung dch NH4NO2 0,1M. Bit HNO2 c Ka = 10-3,29 v NH4+ c Ka = 10-9,24 Tng t nh trn, ta c pH = 6,27. Ngoi ra, ta cn c th p dng cho dung dch m: Bi 3: Tnh pH h m CH3COOH 0,1M v CH3COONa 0,1M. Bit CH3COOH c Ka = 10-4,75. Ta c cc qu trnh: (1) CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+ (2) CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ Ka = 10-4,75 1 Ka (3) CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH = 104,75 (4) H2O H+ + OHKw Theo iu kin proton: [H+] = [H+]2 + [H+]4 [H+]3 Bin i nh trn (phn II.b), ta c: K a .C CH3COOH + K w 1 [H+] = M Ka.C >> Kw v 1 << K a .CNaHA nn: 1 1+ Ka .C CH3COOH

2 [H + ] = K a = K a = 10 4,75

pH = 4,75.

IV. Bi tp t luyn: Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau: a) NaHS 0,01M bit H2S c Ka1 = 10-7,02, Ka2 = 10-12,9. (S: pH = 9,48). b) NH4HCO3 0,1M bit axit H2CO3 c Ka1 = 10-6,35, Ka2 = 10-10,33 v NH4+ c Ka = 10-9,24 (S: pH = 7,78).