ملحق البكالوريا العلمي

2102 / 2102
Scientific Section
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0940227436
0940227436 :
Introduction
( p 5 )
recently
not long ago
science
knowledge about the physical and natural world
coin
) (
invent a new word or phrase
origin
the point from which something starts to exist
accurate
correct in every detail
measurement
the size, length, height, etc of something
astronomy
the scientific study of the stars and planets
mathematics
the science of numbers and shapes
empirical
based on scientific testing or practical experience
observation
the process of watching something for a long time
Read the following text then do the tasks below:
()
. ( ) :
1) People have probably been asking questions about the world around
them since they first developed the power of speech many thousands of
years ago, but it is only relatively recently that what we call science has
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been widely practised.
Indeed, the word scientist was coined less than two hundred years ago. . ""
Previously, individuals whom we would call scientists were known in the
English-speaking world as natural philosophers.
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The origins of science are uncertain. From 3500 BCE the people of . 0033 .
Sumer, a civilisation from the area that is now Iraq, began to record
accurate and thorough measurements of the world around them.
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The ancient Egyptians developed the study of astronomy, mathematics,
geometry and medicine.
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Later, in ancient Greece, Aristotle took some steps towards adopting the
empirical method, which dictates that all theories must be tested against
observations in the natural world.
India was also an early cradle of scientific thought. For example, .

Aryabhata (476550 CE) worked out an accurate model of gravitation, ) 003 674(
based on the sun as centre of the solar system.
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Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

1. What we call science has been widely practiced ..............
a. for a long time
b. for thousands of years
2. The origins of science are ..............................

a. well-known
b. not known exactly
Match two of the underlined words from the text to the definitions below:
c. relatively recently
c. Sumer and Egypt
3. correct in every detail .....

4. the scientific study of the stars and planets .......................
Complete the following sentences with information from the text:

5. The word scientist was invented...............................................................................................................................
6. In the past scientists were called .................................................................................................................................
7. In the empirical method, all theories have to .....................................................................................................................
8. Aryabhata's theory about the solar system is that .......................................................................................................
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compass
an instrument that shows directions
discovery
irrevocably
warfare
navigation

( )
finding or knowing about something not known

before
done in a way that cannot be changed
the weapons and ideas used in fighting in war
sailing a ship
expert
momentous
someone who has a special skill or knowledge of

a particular subject
very important
optics
transport
global
the scientific study of light

a system for carrying passengers and goods from
one place to another
affecting or including the whole world
2) China also has a proud and impressive history of scientific thought and
discovery. Sometimes known as the four great inventions of China, .
gunpowder, papermaking, printing and the compass irrevocably changed
warfare, communication and navigation.
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However, scientific method was only perfected during what is known as
the Islamic Golden Age (from approximately the 8th to the 14th centuries (
CE). Robert Briffault, a surgeon and an expert in human society, wrote .)
the following in his book, The Making of Humanity :
:
What we call science arose as a result of new methods of experiment,
observation and measurement which were introduced into Europe by the .
Arabs. Science is the most momentous contribution of Arab civilisation to
the modern world.
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One person in particular, Ibn al-Haytham, who conducted experiments on

optics, is sometimes regarded as the father of science as he pioneered "
modern scientific method.
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It is no accident that the English words algebra, chemistry and
physics all derive from Arabic.
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Over the succeeding generations, science has worked wonders, improving
our lives in a great variety of ways. Transport, medicine and .
communication are just three examples.
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Of course, we must remember that scientific knowledge should be used
with wisdom and care. Modern warfare and global pollution are two .
examples of the negative effects that can occur if science is handled
badly.
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1. The compass is a / an .................................... invention.
a. Indian
b. Chinese
c. Arab
2. In order to improve our lives, science has to be .................................
a. ignored
b. stopped
c. used with wisdom and care
3. the size, length, height, etc of something ....................... 4. affecting or including the whole world...................
Complete the following sentences with information from the text
5. China changed warfare with ......................................................................................................................................
6. The Arabs contributed to the development of science by introducing ........................................................... .........
7. Ibn al-Haytham pioneered modern scientific method and that is why......................................................................
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0940227436 :
Waste Disposal and Recycling
( p 6)
the action or process of throwing away or getting
rid of something
) (

a site used to dispose of waste material by
landfill

burying

able to cause harm or injury
dangerous

( )
( make a solid ) mix with a liquid and become
dissolve

part of it
) ( water that has been leached out from a larger object

leacheate

the building process, usually of a large structure
construction

relating to the conditions needed for an area to be
sanitary

healthy or hygienic

to flow slowly in drops or a thin stream
trickle
- a type of heavy, sticky earth used to make pots, ...
clay
3) Every year, people throw away huge quantities of rubbish. In .
their daily activities, people generate many types of waste,
including used paper, empty packages and food scraps.
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disposal
Homes, businesses and other places in the community all produce

substantial quantities of waste. Three methods of disposing of .
solid waste are to bury it, to burn it or to recycle it.
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Until recently, people often disposed of waste in open holes in the
ground, called open landfills. But these open dumps were . ( )
dangerous.
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Rainfall dissolved some of the chemicals from the waste, forming
a liquid called leachate. Leachate could pollute the soil, run off
into streams and lakes, or trickle down into the groundwater.

. ) (
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Some countries have banned the use of open dumps. Another type
of landfill is called a sanitary landfill, which is specially
constructed to hold the waste material more safely.
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A sanitary landfill holds municipal solid waste, construction

debris and some types of agricultural and industrial waste.
Once a sanitary landfill is full, it is covered with a clay cap to

keep rainwater out.
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Even well-designed landfills can pollute the soil and groundwater.
And while capped landfills can be reused for some purposes, such
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as parks, they cannot be used for housing or agriculture.
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1. For disposing of waste, people used open holes in the ground which are called.
a. leacheate
b. debris
c. landfills
2. Open landfills are ...............
a. very useful
b. very harmful
c. a good way of disposing of waste
3. Capped landfills can be reused for ..............
a. parks
b. housing
c. agriculture
4. a type of heavy sticky earth used to make pots, bricks,etc................ 5. able to cause harm or injury ..................
6. To get rid of waste, countries can .............................................................................................................................
7. Leacheate is a liquid formed when ...........................................................................................................................
8. A sanitary landfill is designed to ..............................................................................................................................
9. Even well-designed landfills can ..............................................................................................................................
10. Some countries have banned the use of open landfills because ...............................................................................
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municipal
relating to or belonging to the government of a

town or city
waste
materials that are no longer needed and are thrown

away.
toxic
containing poison or caused by poisonous

substances
pesticide
a substance used to destroy harmful insects and

small animals
residue
the small part of something that is left after the

main part is used
compost
decayed organic material used as a plant fertilizer
incineration
the process of destroying something by burning
4) Another solution is municipal solid waste composting. With this .

technique, all the solid waste that a community produces can be
composted.
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This would dramatically reduce the volume of waste disposed of in
sanitary landfills.
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One disadvantage of this type of composting is that heavy metals and
toxic pesticide residues may be left in the compost.
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The burning of solid waste is called incineration. This process has .
some advantages over landfills. Incinerators take up less space and do .
not pollute groundwater.
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The heat produced by burning solid waste can be used to generate
electricity.
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Unfortunately, incinerators also have disadvantages. For example, they .
release some pollution into the air.
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And although incinerators reduce the volume of waste by as much as
90 percent, some waste still remains, and this has to be disposed of % 03
somewhere. Incinerators also cost much more money to build than .
landfills.
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1. Through incineration, we can get rid of .................. waste.
a. some of
b. most of
c. all
2. Landfills..................than incinerators.
a. cost more money
b. are safer
c. cost less money
3. a substance used to destroy harmful insects and small animals ........................
4. relating to or belonging to the government of a town or city.......................

5. The municipal solid waste composting technique would ........................................................................................
6. The problem with solid waste composting is that ...................................................................................................
7. Incinerators have advantages over landfills in that ..................................................................................................
8. Electricity can be produced from ............................................................................................................................
9. The form of pollution that is caused by incineration is ..........................................................................................
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process
a series of actions that are done in order to achieve a

particular result
raw
natural; not changed by humans
reduce
to make something less in size or amount
volume
the total amount of something
aluminum
a light silver-grey metal
can
a metal container in which food or drink is

preserved
ore
rock or earth from which metal can be mined
mine
conserve
dig a deep hole in the ground to remove coal, gold

etc
prevent from being overused
melt
to become a liquid by heating
temperature
a measure in degrees of how hot or cold a place or

something is
mining
getting gold, coal etc out of the earth
...
5) Recycling is the process of reclaiming raw materials. Recycling

reduces the volume of waste materials. Most recycling involves four
main categories of product: metal, glass , paper and plastic.
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Common metals such as iron and aluminum can be melted down and
reused. The aluminum in soft drink cans, for example, can be .
recycled.
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Recycling metal saves money and causes less pollution than
processing new materials. With recycling, no ore needs to be mined,
transported to factories or processed. Recycling metals also helps to
conserve these nonrenewable resources.

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Recycling glass is easy and inexpensive. Glass pieces can be melted
down over and over again to make new glass containers. The .
recycled pieces melt at a lower temperature than the raw materials.
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Therefore, less energy is required. Recycling glass also reduces the
environmental damage caused by mining the raw materials that are
used to make glass.
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1. Processing new materials is ................... than recycling.
a. more expensive
b. less expensive
c. cheaper
2. Recycling .......................energy and raw materials.
a. needs more
b. does not need
c. saves
3. Recycling glass is ...............
a. expensive
b. not expensive
c. difficult
4. rock or earth from which metal can be mined ..................
5. makes something less .......................
6. The main materials that can be recycled are ............................................................................................................
7. Recycling glass saves energy because .....................................................................................................................
8. Recycling metals is better than processing new materials because .........................................................................
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pulp
a soft, wet mass of material, often made from wood and

used to make paper
resin
detergent
carpet(ing)
a thick, sticky liquid that comes out of trees or a similar

substance produced chemically

a liquid or powder used for washing clothes, plates,

etc.

a thick layer of fabric used to cover the floor

fibre filling
a material made from many small threads, often used to

fill or insulate
6) About 17 trees are needed to make one metric ton of paper.

Paper mills turn wood into a thick liquid called pulp.
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Pulp is spread out and dried to produce paper. Pulp can also be
made from used paper, such as old newspapers. Most paper
products can only be recycled a few times.
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Recycled paper is not as smooth or as strong as paper made from

wood pulp. Each time paper is recycled, the new paper is rougher, .
weaker and darker.
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When oil is refined to make petrol and other products, solid
materials called resins are left over; resins can be heated, stretched
and molded into plastic products.

:
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Common products made from plastic include milk jugs, detergent

containers and soft drink bottles.
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When they are recycled, the new plastic can take on very different
forms, such as carpeting, park benches or fiber filling for jackets
and many other things.
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1. The more paper is recycled, the .................the paper is.
a. better
b. worse
c. smoother
2. Plastic products can be made from ...............
a. pulp
b. soft drink bottles
c. resins
3. a soft, wet mass of material, used to make paper ..................... 4. a liquid or powder used for washing .......................
5. Pulp can be made from used paper, but ....................................................................................................................
6. Resins are .................................................................................................................................................................
7. Two examples of plastic products are ......................................................................................................................
vessel
a container used for holding liquids
pulses
seeds such as peas that you can eat
7) Recycling is not a complete answer to the solid waste problem.

Some materials cannot be recycled. There are not enough uses for
some recycled products, such as low-quality newspaper.

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Finally, all recycling processes require energy and create some
pollution. Not all the materials we use have to be recycled. By . .
reusing objects, we can reduce the need for disposal sites and the
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polluting machinery used for some recycling processes.
Empty glass bottles and jars can become flower vases, candle
holders or storage vessels for rice, pulses and sugar. Plastic bags .
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can be used as floor coverings or for insulating your home.
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0940227436 :
:
1. ...................... can be recycled.
a. All materials
b. Not all materials
c. No materials
2. We can reuse empty glass bottles as ...................
a. storage vessels
b. flower vases
c. both (a) and (b)
3. containers for holding liquids ........................... 4. seeds that you can eat ........................
5. Instead of recycling objects, we can ................,........................................................................................................
6. The advantage of reusing objects is that ..................................................................................................................
7. Two disadvantages of recycling are that.....................................................................................................................
8. An example of reusing objects is when ...................................................................................................................
methane
a gas that you cannot see or smell
vent
an opening that allows air, gas or liquid to pass in and out
compact
pack things together closely and neatly
well
a deep hole in the ground from which people take water
leaking
allowing liquid or gas to flow through a small hole
8) A Sanitary Landfill
(p9)

Leachate treatment: The collected leachate is pumped into holding :
tanks and treated with chemicals. Any leftover solids are collected and .
transported to a safe disposal site.
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Gas recovery: Bacteria break down waste in a landfill, producing
methane and carbon dioxide. These gases could build up pressure in
the landfill and cause an explosion. To avoid that, vent pipes collect
the gases and release them. The gases are sometimes burned off in a
flare.
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Solid waste layers: Compacting the waste reduces its volume and .
keeps the landfill from settling. Each layer of compacted waste is .
covered with a layer of clean soil or plastic.
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Monitoring wells : Testing wells surround the landfill. The wells are . :
monitored to detect any waste polluting the groundwater.
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Leachate collection : Water moving through the landfill dissolves :
substances from the waste material, forming leachate, which collects at
the bottom.
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Liners: Layers of clay and plastic line the bottom and sides of the :
landfill. The liners keep liquids from leaking into the soil.
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1. The solids that are left over from leachate are ...................
a. treated with chemicals
b. pumped into tanks
c. taken to a disposal site
2. The function of vent pipes is to ...................
a. build up pressure
b. take the gases out of the landfill
c. break down waste
3. Liners .....................
a. push liquids into the soil
b. collect liquids
c. prevent liquids from leaking into the soil.
4. makes a solid mix with a liquid and become part of it .................. 5. water that has been leached out .....................
6. It is necessary to release methane and carbon dioxide out of the landfill because ...................................................
7. It is important to compact the waste before burying it because ................................................................................
8. The function of the test wells is to ............................................................................................................................
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0940227436 :
Daily Life in Space
( p 10 )
tiny
very small
survive
to stay alive continue to live
research
a serious study of a subject
airtight
not allowing air to escape or pass through
shuttle
a form of transportation that travels back and

forth between two places.
a vehicle that can travel into space
mechanism
a system of parts working together in a machine
microgravity

)(
very weak gravity
carbon
dioxide
a gas produced when animals breathe out or

when carbon is burned in the air
9) Great explorers have travelled across deserts, the Antarctic and

up mountains, braving extreme conditions and facing great danger.
Now, people even travel into space where the conditions are far
more extreme and a tiny mistake can mean death within thirty
seconds.

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They do not do it for fun or to place their countrys flag on a planet;

they are in space because they are highly qualified scientists who
need to carry out very important work.
.
For a human being to go into space, survive and conduct important
research, there needs to be careful organisation and planning.
Daily life inside an airtight space shuttle or space station requires

much more than just oxygen and heat.
People require the correct atmosphere, a mechanism for removing

the carbon dioxide that living things produce, and a reliable means of
day-to-day living in microgravity (ways of eating, drinking and (
washing, for example).
.)
For humans to survive in space for months at a time, all these things
need to be very carefully planned.
If, for example, the carbon dioxide extractor doesnt work, or the
system for maintaining the correct atmosphere breaks down, then
they will die.
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1. People travel into space ...................
a. to raise their countrys flag
b. to have fun
c. to do research
2. In a space station, the air ...................
a. is allowed to pass through
b. is allowed to escape
c. neither (a) nor (b)
3. Organization and planning are important for people to ................

a. go into space
b. continue to live and conduct research c. both (a) and (b)
4. Daily life inside a space shuttle needs .................
a. oxygen, heat and other features
b. oxygen and heat
c. oxygen only
5. a system of parts working together in a machine ............................ 6. very small ..................
7. Living in space is so dangerous that .......................................................................................................................
8. When compared to other kinds of travel, space travel ............................................................................................
9. If the carbon dioxide extractor doesnt work, humans ...........................................................................................
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0940227436 :
oxygen
a gas that has no colour or smell, but is

necessary for most plants or animals to live
cylinder
a shape or container with circular ends and

long straight sides
seal
a substance used to keep air, water , etc out of

something
vacuum
a space that is completely empty of all gas
spare
an extra item or amount
mission
an important job that someone has been given

to do a flight into space
skilled
having a special ability or talent
team
a group of people who work together
atmosphere
the mixture of gases surrounding the Earth
Earth
the planet that we live in
10) All the correct materials, food, oxygen cylinders and fuels have to
be prepared and supplied correctly.
All the machinery and seals that keep the air in, the cabin pressure
correct and that protect the astronauts from the freezing cold vacuum
of space have to work perfectly every second of every minute.
.
The machinery is complex, yet it must not break down once; all the :
supplies are important, yet spares cannot be carried because of limited
space.
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A small miscalculation in the planning and preparation of the space
mission will probably mean the death of everyone on board.
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Despite this, people can survive very successfully in space for months
at a time. They can live in relative comfort, and they can carry out
important work that could not be done anywhere on Earth.

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Any space mission involves enormous risks, but with a highly trained,
skilled and hard-working team, people can be prepared for and can
conduct space missions of great scientific importance.
The International Space Station (ISS) contains laboratories where

scientific experiments are carried out that cannot be done on Earth
because of its atmosphere and heavy gravity.
.

1. Spares can not be carried in a space station because ..............
a. they are not necessary
b. they are easy to carry
c. there is not enough space
2. In space ...............
a. it is vey hot
b. it is very cold
3. The experiments that are carried out in space can not be done on Earth because the earth has .................
a. no gravity
b. strong gravity
c. weak gravity
4. the mixture of gases surrounding the Earth ...................... 5. a space that is completely empty of all gas .................
6.
7.
8.
9.
All the correct materials, taken into space, need to be ...............................................................................................

Seals and machinery on a space station should .........................................................................................................
A small error in the preparation of a space mission may cause ................................................................................
In order to conduct a successful space mission, Astronauts should be ......................................................................
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0940227436 :
crew
all the people who work on a plane or a

spaceship
astronaut
someone who travels and works in a spaceship
purification
the removal of dirty or harmful substances
maintenance
the repairs that are necessary to keep

something in good condition
protect
to stop harm or damage
11) Not many people work in space at any one time, as crews on a
space station are always as small as possible. It means that there are .
.
very few people to do all the technical, scientific and domestic jobs.
Everyone shares the huge workload and the tiny living area. The .
crew are all highly qualified scientists who have important work to
.
do.
But they also live in a small area that must be kept clean and they
need to prepare food, maintain the systems on board and still fit in
enough time between their main jobs to get enough sleep and
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exercise.
The astronauts carry out the cleaning in between their main duties;
they clean the meal area, change the air purification systems
filters, collect the rubbish and wipe down the walls and floors.
Each astronaut also has maintenance roles, looking after important

systems. On board the ISS, the environmental control and life
support systems control elements such as atmospheric pressure,
oxygen levels and water recycling.

.

.
Often, maintaining these important controls involves working on

the outside of the space station in a space suit which itself has to
protect the astronaut from space and provide the means for a
human to live for a few hours (such as oxygen).
1. Astronauts ......................
a. have a lot of free time
b. are very busy

.)(
c. do not work a lot
2. In a space station, the housework and repairing jobs are done by .................
a. one astronaut
b. all astronauts
c. robots
3. Astronauts do the cleaning .................their duties.
a. after they finish
b. before they start
c. during the performance of
4. The astronauts work ...............

a. inside the station
c. inside and outside the station
b. outside the station
5. A space suit must protect the astronaut and provide him with ................
a. hydrogen
b. oxygen
c. nitrogen
6. stop harm or damage .......................
7. the removal of dirty or harmful substances .......................
8. On a space station, the crews number ......................................................................................................
9. One of the cleaning roles of an astronaut is ...............................................................................................................
10. One of the maintenance roles of an astronaut is .......................................................................................................
11. Pressure , oxygen levels and water recycling are controlled by ................................................................................
12. In working outside the station, an astronaut wears ..................................................................................................
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0940227436 :
compartment
a separate section or part of something
float
move slowly through the air
blindfold
a cloth that covers someones eyes to prevent

them from seeing
gravity
the force that attracts a body toward the centre

of the Earth
treadmill
a device used to exercise by walking and

running, but without travelling
12) There is no day and night in space, so sleep is simply planned

for when it is most convenient.
Astronauts sleep in small compartments using sleeping bags. They .

are loosely strapped into these so that they will not float out of
them in their sleep.
.
Blindfolds and earplugs are also available for the astronauts, who
might find it difficult to sleep with the noise from the machines.
.
Daily routines should allocate eight hours for sleeping. Most of the
time, however, astronauts will normally sleep for around six, as
they often have so much work to do.
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Another important part of spending any long period in space is

getting the right amount of exercise so that the bones and muscles
can stay strong.
On Earth human beings are always moving against the force of

gravity, with the bones and muscles supporting the body.
In space there is no gravity so the bones and muscles weaken very

quickly.
In space, astronauts need to do about two hours of exercise a

day, using exercise machines such as treadmills and exercise
bikes.
.

1. Astronauts wear earplugs in order to ..................
a. hear the noise from the machines
b. be able to sleep
c. listen to other astronauts
2. Astronauts should sleep for ..................

a. four hours
b. two hours
c. eight hours
3. Exercise bikes are used to .................

a. have fun
b. keep the muscles and bones strong
c. weaken the bones and muscles
4. devices used to exercise by walking and running, but without travelling ......................
5. people who travel and work in a space station .....................
6. Because there is no day and night in space, .............................................................................................................
7. In order not to float out of their sleeping bags, astronauts ......................................................................................
8. Astronauts do not get much sleep because .............................................................................................................
9. It is important to do exercise and keep fit in space because ...................................................................................
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0940227436 :
liquid
a substance that is not a solid or a gas for

example, water or milk
damage
to cause physical harm to something destroy
stabilize
make something stable, so it is not likely to

change or fail
resuscitation
reviving someone from unconsciousness
13) At the start of the 1960s, when Yuri Gagarin first went into
space, the food was bite-sized and kept in small aluminum
tubes.
.
Food was designed this way so that it wouldnt take up too much
room and could be eaten in a single mouthful before it floated away.
.
Now, however, astronauts enjoy food from plastic containers that
just need to have hot or cold water added. Fruit and nuts can also be .
eaten in space.
.
When drinking liquids, a straw is used to suck the liquid out of a
sealed package. It mustnt spill or float out of the cup, or it could .
damage some of the computers.
.
Another, equally important, issue to address is the toilet. In space
this is largely similar to one on Earth, with the difference being that
astronauts have to strap themselves onto it.

.
.
In place of running water to flush it, there is a vacuum-cleaner-like

system to suck up the waste, which is then dried and disposed of on
Earth.
.
People need to keep clean in space to stay healthy and avoid
spreading germs. They do this by washing themselves with ethanol .
cloths or wet towels, and they use special shampoo that does not
need water or produce foam.
.
Each astronaut in the crew has a specific assigned role and receives
intensive training for it. The crew medical officer is in charge of the .
sick and is trained in first aid and in stitching up wounds and giving
injections.
.
The medical kit on board will treat minor injuries and illnesses in
space and can be used to stabilise the patients condition during the
flight back to Earth. All the crew are trained in emergency .
resuscitation after a heart attack.
.
1. Today, food is kept in ..................
a. aluminum tubes
b. plastic containers
c. dishes
2. In the toilet in space, there is ...................
a. running water
b. a vacuum-cleaner-like system
c. a vacuum cleaner
3. The shampoo used in space ...............
a. has foam
b. needs water
4. the planet we live in .................................
5. reviving someone from unconsciousness ..........................
6. Food was bite-sized in order not to ............................................................................................................................
7. If a liquid floats out of the cup, it could .....................................................................................................................
8. The toilet in space is different from that on Earth in that .........................................................................................
9. In order to stay healthy and avoid spreading germs, astronauts ...............................................................................
10. The crew medical officers duty is to .......................................................................................................................
- 12 -
0940227436 :
bone
one of the hard parts that together form the

skeleton of a human or animal
fluid
a liquid
evolution
the scientific idea that plants and animals develop

and change gradually over a long period of time
combustion
the process of burning something
by-product
) (
a side effect something additional that is

produced during a natural or industrial process
14) One of the main goals of the ISS is to provide a place to

conduct experiments that require one or more of the conditions
found in space (such as microgravity).

.) (
So far, most research has only been on the effects of microgravity

on humans. Astronauts study how long periods in space affect the .
body by working on subjects like bone loss and fluid shifts.
.
The effect of near weightlessness on evolution, development and
growth, and the internal processes of plants and animals, are now
.
also the subject of research.

The physics of fluids in microgravity is not completely understood.
In space, unlike on Earth, fluids can be mixed or combined almost
regardless of their relative weights.
.
( )
.( )
Researchers also want to study the combination of fluids that ( )

would not mix well on Earth. By examining reactions that are .
slowed down by low gravity and low temperatures, scientists also
hope to gain new insights into the way matter is made up.
.
Researchers also hope to examine combustion in an environment
with less gravity than on Earth.
Any information they can find involving the efficiency of the actual
burning, or the creation of by-products, could improve the process
of energy production, which would be of economic and
.
environmental interest.

1. In space, liquids can be mixed together ...............
a. depending on their relative weights
b. almost regardless of their relative weights
2. Because of low gravity and low temperatures in space, reactions....................

a. are not possible
b. take less time
c. take more time
3. Improving the process of energy production leads to ..............

a. decrease in costs
b. less harm to environment
c. both (a) and (b)
4. the process of burning something .......................
5. liquids ......................

6. By working on subjects like bone loss and fluid shifts, astronauts can .............................................................................
7. On Earth, liquids can be mixed or combined depending on .....................................................................................
8. Astronauts can improve the process of energy production by finding.......................................................................
- 13 -
0940227436 :
The IT Age
( p 14)
contour
outline of a shape
process
to deal with information using a computer
implementation
the action of putting something into effect
software
the set of programmes that tell the computer how

to do a particular job
hardware
computer equipment
palm
the inner side of your hand between your wrist

and fingers
refrigerator
a large piece of electrical kitchen equipment used

for keeping food and drink cool
15) Instead of paying with notes and coins, customers can now pay with
their fingerprints! A scanner records the contours of your fingertip and !
sends the image electronically to your bank, which removes the money
from your account.
.
The modern world is defined by IT, or Information Technology. The term .
Information Technology emerged in the 1970s, but it can in fact be
traced back to World War II,

when the military and early computer specialists worked together to
develop electronics, computers and information theory.
.
Information Technology has a broad remit encompassing the design,
development, implementation and management of computer-based
information systems; particularly software applications and computer
hardware.
.
In short, IT deals with the use of computers and computer software to
convert, store, process, transmit and retrieve information securely. IT
comprises various disciplines: Data Management, Computer
Networking, Software and Computer Engineering are all crucial
components.

.
:
.
In recent years, the field has ballooned through advances in computer

applications and the Internet, to include mobile telephones, computer
games and video technology as well as new ways of sharing, processing
and storing information electronically.
The abbreviation ICT Information and Communication Technology -) ICT (

which refers explicitly to electronic communication, is thus an
increasingly familiar term.
.
In a matter of decades, computers have developed from large, bulky
machines to highly sophisticated devices that fit in the palm of your hand.
.

one electronics company is developing a refrigerator that, when it is

empty, emails a shopping list to the nearest supermarket!
.
1. In everyday life, people usually pay....................
a. with notes and coins
b. with their finger prints
c. electronically
2. .....................helped to develop IT.
a. Military specialists
b. Early computer specialists
c. both (a) and (b)
Computers are evolving as rapidly as the ways in which people use them;
- 14 -
0940227436 :
:
3. Data management and computer networking are .................parts of IT.
a. important
b. unimportant
c. secondary
4. When computers were first invented , they were ....................
a. small
b. tiny
c. very big
5. Computers are developing .................
a. slowly
b. quickly
c. gradually
6. the set of programmes that tell the computer how to do a particular job .......................
7. the inner side of your hand between your wrist and fingers ....................
8. The things that computers can do to information are to ...........................................................................................
9. The term IT expanded in recent years to include ......................................................................................................
10. Today computers can be so small that they can .......................................................................................................
11. The refrigerator being developed by the electronics company is able to ..................................................................
data
information or facts
wireless
a system that uses radio signals instead of wires
transceiver
graphics
a device that can both transmit and receive

communications
pictures
vehicle
a machine used to transport people or things

from one place to another
16) The management of data is crucial to the IT industry and refers to the
analysis, organisation and storage of information within a computer, or a
group of electronic devices.
.
A computer network is a set of computers or devices connected to each
other. A Local Area Network ( LAN) serves a relatively small
environment , a university for example, while a Wide Area Network
(WAN) spans a larger area; multinational companies use WANs to
connect their offices in different countries.

.

:
.
A wireless network is different because it transfers data over sets of radio

transceivers, instead of through cables.
.
The programs that control what a computer is able to do are known as
software. Applications such as work processors, spreadsheets, media an .
graphics programmes, and personal information management are all
examples of computer software.
.
Computer engineering combines elements of electrical engineering and

.
computer science. Computer engineers are involved in many aspects of

computing, from the design of personal computers to monitoring the
.
many subsystems in motor vehicles.
1. The management of data is .................. in Information Technology.
a. not included
b. unnecessary
c. essential
2. To connect their offices in different countries, multinational companies use ...................
a. Local Area Networks
b. Wide Area Networks
3. information or facts .............................
4. pictures ..........................
5. Instead of using cables, wireless networks use .........................................................................................................
6. A word processor is an example of .........................................................................................................................
7. Computer engineering combines the two disciplines of ..........................................................................................
- 15 -
0940227436 :
malfunction
the failure of a device to work normally
digit
one of the written signs that represent the numbers

0 to 9

)0( ) .(
millennium
a period of 1,000 years
7333
meteorology
the scientific study of weather conditions
embedded
fixed firmly and deeply in a surrounding mass
infrastructure
the basic structure a country needs in order to

work properly
transaction
) (
a business deal such as buying and selling
debate
serious discussion involving lots of people
expenditure
the total amount of money an organisation or

person spends during a particular amount of time
17) One of the most significant moments in IT history occurred at the

close of the twentieth century when experts predicted that computer
.7000 07
systems would malfunction at midnight on 31 December 1999.

Computer scientists speculated that IT programmes would stop
working or produce incorrect results because they stored years with
two digits instead of four 98 instead of 1998, for example.

. 7009 09
They believed that the year 2000 would be represented by 00, and
would be interpreted by software as the year 1900. This became
00 0333
.7033
.0333
known as the Millennium Bug, or the Year 2000 Problem.
They predicted that IT systems, ranging from meteorological

devices and hospital equipment to data storage systems in
governments, banks and airports, would fail.
.
It was thought that embedded systems that also made use of date logic,
such as utilities and other crucial infrastructure, would collapse too.
When midnight arrived, the Millennium Bug caused only minimal

damage; some Australian bus-ticket machines failed to work and a
few British banking transactions were temporarily disrupted.
:
.
Many still debate whether the Millennium Bugs limited effect was
thanks to substantial government expenditure or whether its
predicted threat was over-stated by the media.

1. It was expected that at midnight on 31 January, IT systems .................
a. would not function normally
b. would function well
c. would be destroyed
2. The speculations of computer scientists about the Millennium Bug ...............

a. happened as was expected
b. proved to be true
c. were over-rated
3. the acts of buying and selling something .......................... 4. fail to function normally .......................
5. It was thought that the year 2000 would be interpreted as 1900 because .................................................................
6. Examples of embedded systems that make use of date logic are ............................................................................
7. One of the effects of the Millennium Bug was that ................................................................................................
- 16 -
0940227436 :
transform
to change completely from one form to another
thrive
to become successful or strong and healthy
parallel
to be side by side with the same distance, or to occur at

the same time
opt out of
to choose not to participate in something
image
a picture that appears on the computer screen
18) Over one hundred million websites, made up of billions of web

pages, now exist. The Internet has transformed the way people .
communicate with each other and access information, and continues
to evolve every day.
.
Recent scholarship suggests that by 2020, the Internet will be a 0303
thriving, low-cost network of billions of devices, accessible to
anyone, anywhere.
.
Some Internet professionals also predict that it will provide a reality
parallel to our own. Virtual Reality will allow people to live, work .
and interact with others in an electronic world, driven by the Internet.
.
Some fear, however, that Virtual Reality will encourage people to
opt out of human society, creating a world of two halves, with those
in Virtual Reality losing touch with the realities of the real world.
.
Today, designers and inventors are using the Internet in increasingly
.
innovative ways. Two students at Keio University in Japan have
.
recently produced the Internet Umbrella.
The umbrellas handle contains a projector that displays images from
the Internet onto the underside of the umbrellas canopy.
.
The umbrella is also fitted with a Global Positioning System that
allows carriers to find their way, wherever they are, while looking at
a three-dimensional map projected into the umbrella above them.
Even large companies, when developing their products, use the

Internet to interact with their customers. A prominent sports-shoe .
manufacturer is inviting the public to design trainers online.
.
The design is then sent electronically to a factory, where it is made to
the customers specifications.
It is certain that the Internet, and Information Technology in general,

will continue to transform the world we live in, in ways we have yet
to imagine.

1. Designers and inventors use the Internet in ................. ways.
a. traditional
b. creative
c. careless
2. The Internet Umbrella ..............users to find their way when they are lost.
a. helps
b. prevents
c. fails
3. becoming very successful ............................
4. pictures that appear on a computer screen ...................
5. By 2020, the Internet will be used by ......................................................................................................................
6. Some experts fear that Virtual Reality will .............................................................................................................
7. Virtual Reality will help people to communicate with others in ............................................................................
8. After someone designs trainers, the design .............................................................................................................
- 17 -
0940227436 :
Alfred Nobel
( p 18 )
innovator
someone who introduces changes and new ideas
armament
military weapons and equipment
view
what you think or believe about something- opinion
patent
the sole right to make, use or sell an invention
gelatin
a substance used in food preparation, photographic

processes and glue
obituary
a notice of the death of someone, often in a newspaper
award
to officially give someone something like a prize

- a prize
19) Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer,
innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite.
) 7904 7900 (
.
. 7900 07
educated in Russia, France and the United States. He was fluent in .
five languages and had a great interest in literature.
.
Nobel was born on 21 October, 1833, in Stockholm, Sweden. He was
Nobel was also very interested in social and peace-related issues, and
.
held views that were considered radical for his time.

Nobel travelled widely, then returned to work in his fathers factory in
St Petersburg, Russia. Later, in Sweden, Nobel began to experiment
with explosions. In 1867, he received a patent for dynamite.

.
. 7947 .
About 1875 he produced an even more powerful explosive called 7970

blasting gelatin. In all, Nobel held more than 100 patents. Nobel died .733 .
in 1896 and was buried in Stockholm.
. 7904
The incorrect publication in 1888 of a premature obituary of Nobel
by a French newspaper, condemning him for his invention of 7999
dynamite, is said to have brought about his decision to leave a better
.
legacy after his death.
On November 27, 1895, Alfred Nobel made his last will in Paris.
When it was opened and read after his death, the will caused a lot of
controversy both in Sweden and internationally, as Nobel had left
7900 07
.

!
much of his wealth for the establishment of a prize!
His family opposed the establishment of the Nobel Prize, and the
people he asked to award the prize refused to do what he had .
requested in his will. Thus, it was five years before the first Nobel
. 7037
Prize could be awarded in 1901.

1. Dynamite and blasting gelatin are .................
a. explosives
b. obituaries
2. Dynamite is .................. blasting gelatin.
a. more powerful than
b. less powerful than
3. The French newspaper ................Noble for inventing dynamite.
a. admired
b. thanked
4. .................... made Nobel make his will of awarding the prize.
a. His family
b. His 100 patents
- 18 -
c. patents
c. as powerful as
c. attacked
c. The premature obituary
0940227436 :
:
5. a notice of the death of someone .......................... 6. someone who introduces changes and new ideas .....................

7. Noble was not only a chemist. He was also .............................................................................................................
8. Noble could speak ....................................................................................................................................................
9. In his time, Nobels opinions were looked at as ......................................................................................................
10. In order to leave a better legacy, Nobel....................................................................................................................
11. The first prize was granted after five years because ...............................................................................................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------) ( 2
The Nobel Prize
( p19)
physiology
laureate
parliament
)(
a science that studies the way in which the

bodies of living things work
a person who is honoured with an award for

outstanding creative or intellectual achievement
the group of people elected to discuss and make

a countrys laws.
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honouring men and women from 7037
all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in Physics,
Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace.
.
Who selects the Nobel Laureates? In his last will and testament, Alfred
Nobel specifically designated the institutions responsible for the prizes
he wished to be established:
:
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the Nobel Prize in Physics
and Chemistry, the Karolinska Institute for the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine,

the Swedish Academy for the Nobel Prize in Literature, and a
committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Parliament
(Storting) for the Nobel Peace Prize.
In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in 7049

Economics in memory of Alfred Nobel.
.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences was given the task of
selecting the Economics Prize Laureates starting in 1969.
.7040
Presentation ceremonies are held on December 10, the anniversary of 73
Nobels death. The Nobel Foundation in Stockholm supervises the .
awarding of the prizes.
.
The peace prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway. The other prizes are .
presented in Stockholm. Each Nobel Prize winner receives a gold .
medal, a diploma and prize money.
.
: 0010
In 1901, the following prizes were awarded:

Physiology or Medicine: Emil von Behring (Germany) for his work on
serum therapy.
( ) :
.
. ( ) :
Literature: Ren Sully Prudhomme (France) for poetry.
Peace: Jean Dunant (Switzerland), founder of the Red Cross, and ) ( :

Frdric Passy (France), founder and president of the first French Peace ( )
Society.
.
- 19 -
0940227436 :
Physics: Wilhelm C. Roentgen (Germany) for the discovery of X rays

(also called roentgen rays).
( ) . . :
. ) (
Chemistry: Jacobus Henricus vant Hoff (the Netherlands) for the ) ( :

discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure.
.
Nomination for the Nobel Prizes
( p 20)
Each year the respective Nobel Committees send individual invitations
to thousands of members of academies, university professors, scientists
from numerous countries, previous Nobel Laureates, members of
parliamentary assemblies and others, asking them to submit the names
of candidates for the Nobel Prizes for the coming year.

These nominators are chosen in such a way that as many countries and
universities as possible are represented each year.

The Nobel Prize has been given to several people from the Arab World,
including: Mohamed El Baradei (Egyptian, Peace, 2005), Ahmed H.
) 0330 ( :
Zewail (Egyptian and American, Chemistry, 1999) and Naguib Mahfouz )7000 ( . .
. )7099 (
(Egyptian, Literature, 1988).
And several prominent figures from the Arab world have been
.
nominated for Nobel Prizes.
The Syrian philosopher Michel Allawerdi was nominated for the Peace
Prize in 1951, for his use of music in spreading peace across the world.
7007
The identity of Nobel nominees are kept secret for fifty years after their
.
.
nomination.
The Nobel Prize and Naguib Mahfouz
1911: Born in the old Gemaliya quarter of Cairo on 11 December,

Mahfouz was the youngest of seven siblings. His father was a civil
servant. Cairos busy narrow streets became the inspiration for his work.
1934: Graduates from Cairo University with a degree in philosophy.
1936: Abandons an MA in philosophy to become a full-time writer.
Starts working as a civil servant to fund his writing.
( p 21)
77 :0000
. .
.
. :0021
:0021
. .
. :0020
1939: His first novel, The Curse of the Ra, is published.

1956-7: The three volumes of the Cairo Trilogy are published.
. : 7 0091
1971: Retires from the Egyptian Civil Service.
. :0070
1988: Awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.
. :0011
1989: Joins a group of writers and intellectuals supporting the rights of

authors in Arab countries.
:0010
.
. :2119
2005: His final book, The Seventh Heaven, is published.

2006: Becomes increasingly unwell and almost completely blind. Dies
at the age of 94.
:2111
.06 .
Upon his death he is the third oldest Nobel Laureate and the only Arabic
language writer to have won the Nobel Prize.
- 20 -
0940227436 :
novel
a long written story
trilogy
a series of three parts
masterpiece
a work of art or literature considered the best that a

particular artist or writer produced
20) Naguib Mahfouz was an Egyptian novelist who became one of the
most famous writers in the Arab world when he won the Nobel Prize
for Literature in 1988.
. 7099
The award raised the profile of Arabic literature and Mahfouzs books
were subsequently translated into many languages. Mahfouz wrote .
thirty novels, over one hundred short stories, dozens of film scripts
and more than two hundred articles.
.
His first novels explored Egyptian history and were intended to be part
of a monumental cycle of thirty books, charting the entire history of
Egypt.
The project was never completed but Mahfouz often dealt with history,
society and politics in his work. Mahfouz was an experimental writer .
and is credited with modernising Arabic literature.
.
His epic Cairo Trilogy, which most critics consider to be his
masterpiece, is a huge work of around 1,500 pages. Each volume is . 7033
named after a street in Cairo: Palace Walk (1956), Palace of Desire :
(1957) and Sugar Street (1957).
. ) 7007 ( ) 7007 ( )7004(
The trilogy charts the life of three generations of the Abd al-Jawad
family, spanning the period from 1917 to the end of the Second World 7077
War.
.
The books are remarkable because in them Mahfouz handles a huge
cast of well-drawn characters with great skill and masters the Arabic
novel form, which had only come into being a few years previously.
.
Mahfouz was the third oldest living Nobel Laureate and the only
Arabic language writer to have won the Nobel Prize.
.
1. Mahfouz liked to .....................

a. imitate others
b. try new things
c. write in a traditional way
2. Cairo Trilogy is a very .................... work of literature.

a. short
b. bad
c. long
3. In Cairo Trilogy, he created ................. characters.

a. a few characters
b. a large number of
c. no
4. long written stories .................... 5. a person honoured with an award for outstanding achievement ....................
6. Mahfouzs books were translated into many languages after ...................................................................................
7. He not only wrote novels but also ............................................................................................................................
8. He had a project of a cycle of books but ..................................................................................................................
9. Sugar Street is a street in .........................................................................................................................................
10. The events in Cairo Trilogy happen between...........................................................................................................
11. Mahfouz is different from all other Arab writers in that ..........................................................................................
- 21 -
0940227436 :
What is Caffeine ?
( p 22 )
extract
remove or obtain a substance from something
laboratory
a special room in which a scientist does experiments
odourless
having no smell
powder
powdered
a dry substance in the form of very small pieces or

grains
produced or sold in the form of a powder
stimulant
a substance that makes people more alert or excited
prescription
the instructions for a medicine or treatment
tolerance
blood vessels
allowing people to do, say or believe what they

want without criticising or punishing them
the degree to which someone can suffer
something without being damaged
tubes that carry blood through the tissues and organs
21) I have loads of homework to do and plenty of tests to prepare for,

and I dont have much time to finish all my work. I say to myself, I
have to stay awake to finish my studies.

. .
I go to the kitchen and make a cup of coffee. It is the caffeine in the

coffee that helps me stay awake.
.
.
Chemically speaking, caffeine was first extracted from plants in its

pure form in 1820. But now, it can be made in the laboratory.

. .7903
Caffeine is an odourless, slightly bitter solid. Caffeine dissolves in .

water and alcohol and its crystals look like needles. When caffeine is .
removed from the source plant and reduced to its purest state, it
forms a white powder.
.
This powdered form of caffeine is very bitter, which is why many
drinks containing caffeine also contain lots of sugar or other
sweeteners.
.
Caffeine is used as a stimulant of the heart and nervous system in
certain disorders and is found in a number of non-prescription pain-
killing preparations.
.
Caffeine may not be addictive in the classic sense, but the body does
build up a tolerance over time. Some people find it difficult to function
without at least one cup of strong coffee or tea in the morning.

.
.
The stimulating effects of caffeine are caused by a central nervous .

reaction. The heart rate increases, blood vessels expand and the
brain receives more oxygen. This effect can last up to an hour.
. .

1. The person speaking above drinks a cup of tea .................
a. to pass his tests
b. to keep awake and alert
2. As a solid, caffeine has ...............
a. no smell
b. a nice smell
3. The heart beat ................ when caffeine is taken.
a. becomes less
b. becomes more
4. The blood vessels .................. when caffeine is taken.
a. widen
b. become narrow
5. Caffeine has the effect of a stimulator as a result of ................
a. body tolerance
b. its powdered form
- 22 -
c. to sleep well
c. a strong smell
c. is not affected
c. are not affected
c. a central nervous reaction
0940227436 :
:
6. mixes with a liquid and becomes part of it .................. 7. the instructions for a medicine or treatment.....................
8. Today caffeine can be extracted from plants and can also ......................................................................................
9.
Caffeine takes the form of a white powder when ..................................................................................................
10. Many caffeinated drinks have sweeteners because ...............................................................................................

11. In certain disorders, caffeine can stimulate ...........................................................................................................
12. Caffeine can be found in .........................................................................................................................................
species
a group or kind of animals or plants
source
a thing that you get something from
contain
to have something inside or as a part of
brand
a product from a particular company
method
a particular way of doing something
22) Caffeine is a stimulant found in many plant species. The .

most common natural sources of caffeine are coffee, tea and
cocoa, although cocoa contains a comparatively low amount.
.
Coffee (which varies according to brand and method of ) (
preparation) is, without a doubt, one of the most popular natural .
sources of caffeine. A 170g cup of instant coffee contains about
. 43 773
60mg of caffeine.
Tea also contains varying amounts of caffeine. Green tea has .
the lowest, with only 35mg per 170g cup; black tea has up to 773 00
75mg, depending on the brand and country of origin.
. 70
Cocoa is one of the healthiest natural sources of caffeine. 28g of
09 .
baking chocolate contains about 25mg of caffeine, but a glass of

chocolate milk barely reaches 5mg.
00
. 0

1. In comparison with the other sources of caffeine, the amount of caffeine in cocoa is .................
a. the most
b. the least
c. the highest
2. Black tea has ....................... green tea.

a. more caffeine than
b. less caffeine than
c. the same amount of caffeine as
3. ......................... is one of the healthiest natural sources of caffeine.

a. Coffee
b. Tea
c. Cocoa
4. a product from a particular country ..........................
5. a substance that makes people more alert or excited...................
6. Caffeine can be found in ..........................................................................................................................................

7. The amount of caffeine in coffee differs depending on ...........................................................................................
- 23 -
0940227436 :
metabolism
the chemical processes that occur within a living

being in order to stay alive
intake
an amount of any substance taken into the body
beverage
any type of drink
circulation
urination
getting rid of the liquid waste from your body
lethal
sufficient to cause death
diuretic
a drug that causes an increased passing of urine
dehydration
losing a large amount of water from the body
the continuous motion by which the blood travels

through all parts of the body
23) There is much debate about the health effects of caffeine, and
whether these effects are primarily positive or negative.
Caffeine, particularly in coffee, has been studied closely to determine
where it may be of benefit, and where it may cause undesirable effects.
Caffeine is a stimulant. In healthy adults this means that the effects
of caffeine will tend to make one feel more alert and less sleepy, and
will temporarily boost metabolism.

.

.
.

.
Yet because it is a stimulant, one of the effects of caffeine is a let-

down a few hours after intake. If a person drinks coffee or other .
caffeinated beverages all day, they are unlikely to feel this drop in
mood or alertness.
.
The person who drinks caffeinated beverages in the morning only,
however, may find themselves feeling more tired as the day
progresses.
When taken in small amounts, caffeine increases the circulation and

is considered harmless for most people. When taken in large .
amounts, however, it causes nervousness and loss of sleep.
.
The use of caffeine also may cause rapid heart rate, increase in
urination, headaches and digestive disturbances. A lethal dose of
caffeine is about 10g.
.
. 73
Because caffeine is a mild diuretic , the effects of caffeine upon

those who do not have sufficient fluid intake may include mild .
dehydration. If one regularly indulges in caffeinated beverages , fluid
intake of water or juices should be increased.
.
Doctors urge people especially to monitor caffeine intake during hot
weather , or when travelling to hot climates. The effects of caffeine
in such conditions are likely to be more harmful than beneficial.

.
.

1. One of the positive effects of caffeine is to make people feel .................
a. active
b. sad
c. sleepy
2. Caffeine tends to ..................metabolism.

a. reduce
b. increase
c. stop
3. A person may feel tired as the day progresses if .................

a. he drinks coffee all day
b. he drinks coffee in the morning only
c. he doesnt drink coffee
4. When there isnt sufficient intake of fluid with caffeine ..................is caused.
a. metabolism
b. alertness
c. dehydration
- 24 -
0940227436 :
:
5. a drug that causes an increased passing of urine.............. 6. an amount of any substance taken into the body........
7. Caffeine may be beneficial, but it may.......................................................................................................................
8. One of the negative effects of caffeine is ..................................................................................................................
9. Taking caffeine in small amounts .............................................................................................................................
10. Nervousness and loss of sleep are caused when .......................................................................................................
11. About 10 grams of caffeine is ..................................................................................................................................
12. Fluid intake should be increased if.............................................................................................................................
compromise
an agreement that comes from each side accepting less

than what they want
flavour
the particular taste of a food or drink
molecule
the smallest unit into which any substance can be

divided without losing its own chemical nature
soaking
leaving something in liquid for a time
saturated
holding as much water or moisture as can be absorbed
24) When you go to a coffee shop, you look at the menu. The first
thing that appears on the list is the following: Caf or Decaf or Half
Caf Coffee. You may get confused.
.
"" "" ":
. . "
Caf means Caffeine: the coffee contains the full quantity of

caffeine. Decaf means Decaffeinated: the coffee contains 3%
caffeine. Half Caf means Half Caffeinated: the coffee is a
mixture of 50% caffeinated and 50% decaffeinated.
""
"" .
" " . %0
. % 03 % 03
Many people who like caffeinated coffee drink Half Caf because it
reduces their caffeine intake while still packing a punch. It also " "
allows people to drink twice as many cups of coffee, compared to .
those who drink Caf.
." "
Half Caf is a nice compromise for those who prefer the taste of " "
caffeinated coffee but are sensitive to caffeine. In most methods of .
decaffeination, flavor molecules are separated from the beans along
with caffeine molecules.
.
An agent is used to bind the caffeine in order to remove it, and then
the flavour molecules are returned to the beans through soaking.
One method uses baths already saturated with flavour molecules to

help preserve the flavor of the beans. How the beans are .
decaffeinated can have a significant effect on the coffees taste.
.

1. People can drink twice as many cups of coffee when they drink...........
a. Caf
b. Half Caf
c. Decaf
2. Baths are saturated with flavour molecules to help ................... the flavour of the beans.
a. remove
b. reduce
c. keep
3. leaving something in liquid for a time ...................4. holding as much water or moisture as can be absorbed .................
5. Half Caf is a good beverage for people who ..............................................................................................................
6. What plays an important factor in the coffees taste is how ......................................................................................
7. Soaking is used to ......................................................................................................................................................
- 25 -
0940227436 :
Modern Medicine
( p 26 )
undergo
experience something unpleasant
surgery
medical treatment to repair or remove something

inside the body
conventional
what is normally done or believed
incision
a surgical cut made in skin or flesh
sterile
completely clean and not containing any bacteria
contaminated
dirty or harmful because of dangerous or unclean

substances
anaesthetic
a drug that stops you feeling pain
numb
make somebody unable to feel anything
paralyse
to make someone lose the ability to move
unconscious
unable to see or move in a normal way
25) Unless you are very lucky, you will probably have to undergo
surgery at some point in your life. Surgery is used to solve problems that
cannot be treated with conventional medicines.
.
.
Surgery has been practised since ancient times. It requires a doctor to

make an incision into the patients flesh to repair or remove something
within the body.
.

.
In the modern era, surgery has become far safer and more
commonplace than in the past, and it is now employed to cure a wide
range of ailments.
.
The surgical process is very complex and a lot of care and patience is
required before a surgical operation can begin. It is essential that every
item in the operating theatre remain clean and uncontaminated.

.
.
Clean, sterile items that are free of germs are kept separate from
contaminated items at all times.
.
All surgical equipment is sterile and, if it comes into contact with any
unclean surface, it must be removed or re-sterilised immediately.
Besides the surgeon, the most important member of the surgical team
is the anaesthetist. It is this persons job to administer the drugs that
allow the patient to undergo surgery at all.

.
.
Because surgery would be incredibly painful if a patient could feel

what was happening, anaesthetics are the only way to make surgery
possible.
Local anaesthetics are used for smaller surgeries. They only numb a
small area of skin so the patient doesnt feel the operation as it happens.
General anaesthetics are much more serious.
.

. .
They paralyse the patient and render them unconscious so that a surgeon
can operate much more easily, without fear of sudden movements that
could cause an accident or harm the patient.
.

1. All the items used in surgery should be ..................
a. unclean and contaminated
b. clean and sterile
2. The most important member of the surgical team is the .................
a. the anaesthetist
b. the surgeon
- 26 -
c. separate from each other

c. the nurse
0940227436 :
:
3. The next most important member of the surgical team is ................
a. the anaesthetist
b. the surgeon
c. the nurse
4. ................. administers the drugs to make surgery possible.
a. The surgeon
b. The patient
c. The anaesthetist
5. completely clean and not containing any bacteria............................6. a surgical cut made in skin or flesh ....................
7. The patient has to undergo surgery when his medical problem ................................................................................
8. To perform surgery a doctor has to ............................................................................................................................
9. People undergo surgery in order to ............................................................................................................................
10. In comparison with surgery in the past, surgery today is ........................................................................................
11. When an uncontaminated item comes into contact with a contaminated one, it ....................................................
12. If anesthetics are not used, surgery would be ............................................................................................................
13. Local anaesthetics are different from general ones in that they ................................................................................
14. General anaesthetics are different from local ones in that they ................................................................................
bacteria
small living things , some of which cause illness
cell
the smallest part of a living thing that can exist by

itself
disease
an illness which affects a person, an animal or a plant
antibiotic
a drug used to kill bacteria
connected with breaking down food in the stomach

and intestines
26) Bacteria are tiny cells that live everywhere on
Earth, including in our bodies. They are responsible for .
spreading many types of diseases through infection.
.
digestive
If the wrong types of bacteria are allowed to grow in

our bodies, they can cause respiratory failure, digestive
problems or dangerous skin diseases like gangrene.
.
Fortunately, in the modern world, numerous antibiotics
have been developed that can protect us from, or even
destroy, these dangerous types of bacteria.
.
The first antibiotic to be
it remains one of the
antibiotics in use today.
discovered was penicillin and

most useful and important
A Scottish
scientist
called
Alexander
noticed it by accident, first discovered penicillin.
Fleming,
who
.
1. We use antibiotics to ...................

a. spread diseases
b. protect ourselves from bacteria
c. cause respiratory failure
2. Penicillin is ..................
a. the first antibiotic discovered
b. not much used today
c. a harmful antibiotic
3. small living things , some of which cause illness ........................ 4. a drug used to kill bacteria .....................
5. Bacteria are ..............................................................................................................................................................
6. Some bacteria are dangerous because they may .....................................................................................................
7. Fleming is the scientist who ...................................................................................................................................
- 27 -
: 0940227436
a soft substance that grows on food kept too long
mould
a disease in which one has a very high temperature
fever
a serious disease causing red spots on the skin
scarlet fever
an illness affecting the lungs making breathing

difficult
pneumonia
a serious illness in which the outer part of the brain

becomes swollen
meningitis
a serious throat disease that makes breathing difficult
diphtheria
a medicine or a substance for making medicines
drug
to completely change the way people do something

or think about something
revolutionise
27) While researching a certain type of dangerous bacteria,

Fleming, who was notoriously untidy, left some samples of
bacteria on a bench in the corner of his laboratory for a
month while he went on holiday with his family.
.
When Fleming returned he noticed that mould had grown
on one of his samples and that this mould had destroyed
all the bacteria it touched.
.
Fleming was very excited by this discovery and he soon

began to test the mould on other types of disease causing
bacteria.
.
He learned that the mould had an effect on many different
types of bacteria; it could combat the bacteria that caused
scarlet fever,
pneumonia, meningitis
and diphtheria,
and
that it was able to cure these diseases.
.
At
first,
the mould,
which Fleming named
penicillin,
worked slowly and Fleming was unable to find a chemist
skilled enough to manufacture it in any great amount.
.
It was only ten years later, when a team of researchers at
Oxford University, led by Howard Florey, began to test
the medical uses of penicillin, that it began to be made in
large quantities.
.
used
.
commonly
and
effective
most
the
It is still one of
drugs in use today.
": Many years after his discovery, Fleming would remark I

certainly didnt
plan
to revolutionise
all
medicine
by
discovering the worlds first antibiotic, or bacteria killer.
But I suppose thats exactly what I did.
. ".
c. he was untidy
1. Fleming left the bacteria for a month because .....................

a. he went on holiday
b. he wanted to discover penicillin
c. by other types of bacteria
2. The bacteria were destroyed...............

a. by the mould
b. because they were left for a month
c. after a month of his discovery
3. Penicillin was manufactured in any great amount ...................

a. as soon as Fleming discovered them b. after ten years of his discovery
- 28 -
0940227436 :
:
4. a room in which a scientist does experiments ....................5. medicines or substances for making medicines ...............
6. The diseases that penicillin can cure are ....................................................................................................................
7. It was not possible at first to make penicillin in large quantities because ................................................................
8. The medical uses of penicillin were tested and developed by ..................................................................................
resistance
the ability to stop something from harming you
eliminate
remove completely
multiply
to breed and replicate ( increase ) rapidly
( )
28) Antibiotics are incredibly useful and they have transformed modern
medicine. However, there is a danger that we use them too much.
. .
The more we use antibiotics, the more the bacteria they fight get used to
.
them and build up a resistance.
There are many reasons why this might happen. Often patients stop taking .
a course of antibiotics when they start to feel better but before all the
.
bacteria have been eliminated.

This means that the bacteria that survive are the strongest and most
resistant. These resistant bacteria will multiply and spread and, in future,
will not be eliminated by the same antibiotics.

.
.
There is a real danger that these new superbugs could cause diseases
that antibiotics are unable to fight.
" "
.
It is very important not to overuse antibiotics in order to prevent bacteria

from becoming too resistant.
Try to avoid antibiotics unless strictly necessary and, if you are taking
them, make sure you take everything prescribed and dont just stop when
.
you feel better.
You should always wash your hands, especially when you feel ill, to
make sure you kill all of the resistant bacteria.
.

1. Bacteria can become too resistant when ...................
a. antibiotics fight them
b. antibiotics are used
c. antibiotics are overused
2. A person taking a course of antibiotics should .....................

a. stop when he feels better
b. take everything prescribed
c. stop before the bacteria are eliminated
3. removed completely .......................
4. the ability to stop something from harming you ...................

5. Antibiotics can have a negative effect if .................................................................................................................
6. Antibiotics can be dangerous if they are used too much because ...........................................................................
7. Patients should not stop taking antibiotics by themselves when they ....................................................................
8. When a course of antibiotics is not completed, the bacteria that survive are .........................................................
9. The bacteria surviving from an incomplete course of antibiotics could ................................................................
10. Washing the hands .................................................................................................................................................
- 29 -
0940227436 :
Translate the following sentences into Arabic:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The ancient Egyptians developed the study of astronomy, mathematics, geometry and medicine.
Scientific knowledge should be used with wisdom and care.
Science arose as a result of new methods of experiment, observation and measurement.
Even well-designed landfills can pollute the soil and groundwater.
Incinerators take up less space and do not pollute groundwater.
The heat produced by burning solid waste can be used to generate electricity.
Recycling reduces the volume of waste materials.
8. Recycling metal saves money and causes less pollution than processing new materials.
9. All recycling processes require energy and create some pollution.
10. A small miscalculation in the planning and preparation of the space mission will probably mean the death of everyone
on board.
11. On Earth human beings are always moving against the force of gravity, with the bones and muscles supporting the body.
12. People need to keep clean in space to stay healthy and avoid spreading germs.
13. In space, unlike on Earth, fluids can be mixed or combined almost regardless of their relative weights.
14. A computer network is a set of computers or devices connected to each other.
15. The Internet has transformed the way people communicate with each other and access information.
16. Virtual Reality will allow people to live, work and interact with others in an electronic world.
17. Some fear that Virtual Reality will encourage people to opt out of human society, creating a world of two halves.
18. Caffeine is an odourless, slightly bitter solid.

19. Caffeine is used as a stimulant of the heart and nervous system in certain disorders.
20. The effects of caffeine will tend to make one feel more alert and less sleepy.
21. The heart rate increases, blood vessels expand and the brain receives more oxygen.
22. When taken in small amounts, caffeine increases the circulation and is considered harmless for most people.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Surgery is used to solve problems that cannot be treated with conventional medicines.
Clean, sterile items that are free of germs are kept separate from contaminated items.
Local anaesthetics numb a small area of skin so the patient doesnt feel the operation.
General anaesthetics paralyse the patient and render them unconscious so that a surgeon can operate more easily.
Penicillin is one of the most effective and commonly used drugs in use today.
Often patients stop taking a course of antibiotics when they feel better and before all the bacteria are eliminated.
Resistant bacteria will multiply and spread and will not be eliminated by the same antibiotics.

. "" .0
. .2
. .0
. ( ) .6
. .0
. .4
. .7
. .9
. .0
. .73
. .77
. .70
. .70
. .76
Translate the following sentences into English:
- 30 -
0940227436 :
Great Scientists and Inventors - Short stories Around the World

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) Stars in His Eyes

-------------------------------------------------------------
( p 38 )
Fill in the spaces with words from the list. Use each word once only:
) (
become - imagined - easily - clouds
- discovery
- key
1) Stop looking at those stars and come and help me, Galileos father
called. Dreamer, said his teacher. Youll never have any success if you .
dont study now.
.
1
Galileo was a starry-eyed child. He often ....................himself flying .

through the 2...................... He was sent away to school to 3........................a .
doctor, but he did not learn 4................... His favourite subject was .
5
mathematics. He believed that it could be a ................... to understanding .
.
the world around him.
noticed - success - when - chain - swinging - same

.
He was in a church ............... he heard a strange noise. He ................... .
that an oil lamp was 3................. backwards and forwards. He also heard the .
4
lamps .................. hitting against the wall, and it seemed to him that they
5
.
were both moving at the .................. time.
2) At the age of eighteen, Galileo made his first discovery.
1
length - lead - chair - backwards - true hurried

3) Am I only dreaming again? he wondered.
But he ....................home to find out if what he thought was .

2
..................... He took two pieces of 3.................. that were of the same
weight and tied them to two short ropes of equal 4........................ He .
5
fixed the ropes to a ....................
.
1
time - reached - swings - other end church

4) He gave his father one rope to hold at the 1................ with the weight; he
held the 2................ rope higher than his fathers. They let go of the weights
at the same 3........... and then counted the number of 4..................backwards
and forwards. Both father and son 5................... one hundred together.
rope -
moving - hundreds - know -
5) Dont you see? My rope was further up than yours but they both arrived
at the same point at the same time.

.

. .
fact
- measure
The old Italian man could not 1................... then that his son had just
discovered a great 2...................... Nor did he know that, for 3................ of .
years, men would use his knowledge to 4................... time with a clock and
5
to watch the stars and sun ...................... in the sky.
.
faster
- beginning - ball - different - height - if

1
6) To Galileo, it was only the .................. Next, he said that two .

2
................... weights fall together 3................... they come down from the .
4
same .................... Not possible! his friends said. Everyone knows that a .
.
penny falls .....................than a feather!
." "
Follow me and I will show you, commanded Galileo.
- 31 -
0940227436 :
could - together - heard - fall - heavy climbed

7) And up to the top of the Tower of Pisa he 1............ He carried a ball in .
each hand, but one was ten times as 2............. as the other. He let go of them .
at the same time and 3........... the crowd become silent when the balls hit the
! .
ground 4............. They had just seen something they 5................ not believe!
thermometer - things measured - compass ball explain

8) For the rest of his life he worked to make 1.................. that the whole
world still uses and enjoys today. He made a 2.................. that could always .
point North. He used a magnet to 3................... many things about the .
. .
Earth. He 4..................... the temperature of the air with a 5........................
solar - telescope - magnet - moon - planets
- centre
9) Finally, he proved to the world that the Earth and the other 1............... in
2
our ...................system move around the sun, which is at the
3
....................... To do this, he built a 4................... through which he could .
.
study the stars, the sun and the 5....................
telescope
- boy
- opened
- great - blood - people
10) From a 1.................... who had science in his 2................ and stars in his
eyes, he grew to be a 3.................. man who 4..................... the beauties of
.
the heavens to 5................. on Earth.
-------------------------------------------------------Life that Kills

----------------------------------------------------------------bacteria
- suffered
( p 40)
- protect - death - that - famous
11) Today, we can 1.................... ourselves against many illnesses that once
meant 2..................... to thousands of people. This is because of the work of .
a 3..................... French scientist who 4.................... much in his own life so
5
.
......................others might live.
angry
- bright
- understand
- questions - behind - careful
12) Louis Pasteur was a .................... boy, although his teachers said he
was slow and always 2......................... the rest of his class. The reason .
for this was simple: Louis was very 3.......................... in everything he :
did. He wanted to 4.................................all that he studied and he asked .
.
many 5....................
1
discovered - stopped - class

1
- since - caused - angry
13) Listen, shouted an ................... teacher one day. Youre supposed to

answer the questions, not ask them! But he never 2.................. asking
questions. There was one special question he asked: What were illnesses
3
4
.................. by? In time, he .................. answers that have helped men to
live longer ever 5........................
.
.
: .

.
losing - began - hard - trouble - animals - kill

1
14) He worked very ................ to keep life going on, both in 2....................
and people. When the silkworms 3.................... dying and Frances silk- .
makers were 4................... money, they turned to Pasteur for help. He
. .
found the 5....................
- 32 -
0940227436 :
without - living - fight - can - people eggs

1
15) Certain ..........................germs, called bacteria, attacked the silkworm

2
....................... These same germs, or ones like them, 3.................... attack .
food, animals and even people, Pasteur said. We must learn how to .
4
...........................them. We must kill the germs 5..................... killing the . .
animals or people.
.
years
found
- attack -
children whole
thankful -
16) Pasteur ................... a way to kill the germs on silkworm eggs and the
2
.................. country was 3................... But during his 4.................... of .
.
work three of his own 5...................... died.
help
- that
- chickens - saved - sadness - spreading
17) Even in his 1....................... he believed that other childrens lives

could be 2...................... if he could stop germs from 3...........................

.
4
Next he helped farmers to fight germs ............................ were killing
5
. .
their ........................ . He also went one step further.
began - success - safe - fed - vaccinations against

18) Pasteur made the germs weak and 1..................... the chickens with the
weak germs. They did not become ill; their own bodies went to work .
2
........................ the germ. Then they were 3....................... from any more .
4
attacks from the same germ. Thus began Pasteurs plan of ....................... .
5
to stop illness. It was a ...................... with animals.
. .
dog
safe - himself - painful - chance - brought
19). But what about people? Pasteur wondered.
While he was asking

.....................this question, he had a
2
.......................... to answer it. A woman 3........................... him her son, .
4
who had been bitten by a mad ......................... In those days, such a bite .
.
meant a slow and 5..........................death.
mouths
- died
body
- heard
- out
- make
20) But the childs mother had ...................... of Pasteurs work with such
dogs; he got the germs 2..................... from the dogs 3..................... and
4
used them to .................... a weaker form of the same germ. Pasteur put .
!
these weak germs into the boys 5.................. fourteen times and he lived!
more
- different
- disease - room - one
- began
21) Doctors heard of Pasteurs work. They 1.................... to be more . .

2
careful. They stopped putting people with .................. kinds of illnesses in
the same 3..................... Germs could be carried from 4...................... .
person to the other. They also took 5...................... time to clean their .
hands, the beds and the rooms, to kill germs before they spread.
.
filled
discoveries - room
microscope
food
healthier
22) After Pasteurs 1............................, there were fewer deaths. He also .

studied different kinds of 2........................... and discovered new kinds of
germs, so small they could only be seen by a 3............................ Pasteurs
life was 4............................. with work and the long wait for answers. Now, .
.
because his answers were right, the world is a 5........................... place to
.
live in.
- 33 -
0940227436 :
The Hidden Power

---------------------------------------------
( p 42)
radium - woman - pay - secret - honours - mind

1
23) She was a poor girl who worked to get money to ............... for her
lessons. She became the most famous 2.................. scientist of her time.
. .
That is the story of Marie Curies life. She did not ................... working .
4
and she took little notice of the .................. that were given to her in later .
.
years. This was the 5................. of her greatness.
3
thin - reading - sister
- where - lessons - quick
.7947
.................. her father was a teacher. Everyone soon saw that Marie had a .
2
.................... mind. When she was quite young, she loved nothing better .
3
4
than to spend hours .................... books. But her body was ................. and .
weak, so her mother often asked her to leave her 5...................... and play
.
out in the sun.
24) She was born Marie Sklodovska in 1867. Marie lived in Poland
1
died - school - pay
- top - knew - successful
25) Maries mother 1.......................... when her youngest daughter was only
2
ten. From then on, Marie ....................... that she would have to work hard .
3
at her lessons if she wanted to be ...................... in her life. She studied .
.
very hard and won 4........................ honours at her 5.........................
earn
there
- plan
- dreamed
- finished - marry
26) Marie and her older sister, Bronya, 1..................... of studying in France
at the Sorbonne. Their father, however, did not 2................... enough money
to send them there. It was Marie who thought of a 3.....................: she
would teach at home and send money to Bronya. After her sister

.
.
. :
................... studying in Paris, she could get work and send Marie the
5
money to study ................... herself.
married
six
- help
- send
- eyes - last
27) With tears in their 1.................. the girls parted, and Marie worked very
hard for 2........................years to pay for her sisters studies. At
3
..................... it was Maries turn, but by the time she got to France, her
sister was 4..................... and could not give her much 5.......................

.

.
other - bread - world - science - light - liked

28) Again Marie worked. She studied in a small room without heat or .
1
.......................She lived on 2...................... and tea most of the time, but all .
she ever thought of was mathematics and 3........................ This was her
4
.................., and above all, she 5....................... her experiments.
.
experiments
wooden -
time -
scientist - met - health
1
29) It was in Paris that she ................. and married Pierre Curie, a young
2
................. who had already earned respect. Together they made their .
3
.................. in an old 4................... house that was too cold and damp for
their 5......................
- 34 -
0940227436 :
prize - through - believe - new - power - some

1
30) Marie and Pierre Curie knew that .......................... elements in the
world gave off a strange 2........................... that could go 3......................... .
other objects. They found more of this power in some elements than in
others, which made them 4....................... that it must be a 5..........................
element itself.
.
element - contained - greater
separate - called
young
31) For four years they tried experiments to 1.................... this powerful
2
3
new ..................... Then they found something which they ........................ . .
radium. Its power was very much 4.................... than the power
5
.
..................... in other elements.
ill
treating - further - continue
- great - radium
32) Mary and Pierre Curie were given the Nobel Prize for their
1
......................discovery, but they were too 2.................... to go to
Stockholm themselves to receive it. They used the money for
3
........................... experiments on the uses of 4........................ They found it

.
.
could be used in 5................. diseases.
woman
suddenly
power
post
made
offered
33) Pierre died 1................... just after he had been 2..................... a good
3
post at the Sorbonne. Marie Curie was given the ................... She thus . .
4
became the first .................... ever to teach there. She continued their work .
.
and 5.................... many more important discoveries.
person
- received
- history - hidden - killed - money
34) In 1911 she 1................. another Nobel Prize. It is the only time in . 7076
2
.................... that two Nobel Prizes have been given to the same .
................... Marie Curie discovered a ................... power and gave it to .
4.
.7006
the world. It was this same power, however, that ................. her in 1934.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Sound in the Air
( p 44)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
send
- world
- could - noise
- laughed
- big
35) People 1.......................... at Guglielmo Marconi all through his life

2
.
sounds through those ears which other people ....................... not hear. And
because he had such ......................... ears. But it is possible that he heard
3
he worked all his life to 4........................ those sounds back through the air
to a waiting, listening 5........................
home
best
- especially
- receiver
- curious
36) Young Marconi had the 1.......................... teachers to give him lessons
- himself
at .......................... in Italy. He loved books, ......................... those on .

2
science. He had a 4......................... mind and always wanted to prove to .

5
............................... what he read.
- 35 -
0940227436 :
ears
words
- wireless
pick -
open
- round
1
37) One day, when he was sitting by an ..................... window, it seemed
that a thousand noises filled his 2....................... Where are they all coming .
from? he asked himself. And where will they go? What happens to all the .
3
...................... people say? Do they stay in the air 4..................... the Earth,
5
just waiting for someone to ......................them up?

home
electricity
- once
- power
- wood
38) At 1....................... Marconi went to work. Sounds can be made to

2
........................ if they are given a push by ..................... If I can push a

piece of 4..................... across the waves on water, I can also send sounds
through the air waves by electrical 5..........................
- travel
.
.

.
wireless - made - machine - sound - workroom - carry

39) A few weeks later he called his mother and father up to his
1
..................... for a surprise. He touched a little 2..................., and two
3
floors below there was the ......................... of a buzz. How did you do
it? they asked. Your machine is so far from the sound. Thats right, he
said joyfully. I have just found a way to 4......................... sound without
wires a 5....................... way.
continue - day - messages

.
. .
.

.
- think - important - far
1
40) Although Marconis father did not ...................... the wireless sound
2
3
would ever be .................., he gave his son some money to ...................
his work. Father, with this money I am going to send 4.............. round the .
5
.
world one .....................
father - through - can - made - ideas - ready

41) He 1................. a wireless machine and took it to England, where the
2
3
public was ................... to hear new ................ What will those machines .
4
5
do? they asked. I .................. send messages ................. the air, he .
replied. Show us! they said. And he did.
. . ! .
silence - wave -
few
- village
- received
42) On March 27, 1899, Marconi pressed the ................... on his wireless
2
at a small ................ on the coast of France. After a ................. minutes of

dead 4.................., a sound returned from across the channel at Dover :
Your message was 5........................ Very good.
also
- key
7900 07
.

. . .
storm - stations - coast - ships - government

......................... all along the ........................ He ...................... put some .
.
of his machines on 5........................
43) The British ............................ helped Marconi to set up wireless
2
sent
- message - shore - storm
- saved - help
1
44) One night during a bad ................. at sea, two of the ships were in
2
trouble and sent out calls for .................. Marconis wireless stations on .
the 3....................... received the calls and 4................... help at once. All the
. .
men were 5.....................
- 36 -
0940227436 :
line - enough
- sound -
rest
- Earth
wanted
45) Still this was not ................ for the Italian scientist. He ................. to .
1
send his messages across the Atlantic Ocean, and he would not
3
................... until this was done. He was sure that air waves follow the .
same 4................ as water waves going round the 5......................
expected - water - hill
- hearing
- thin - stormy
7037
......................, sick man who climbed to the top of a ................... on the .
46) By 1901 he was ready to prove that he could do it. It was a

1
coast on the night of December 12. The sea was very 3................... He .70
hoped that it would not stop him from 4..................... the message he .
5
................... to receive from England.
during - made - instrument - passed
- sound - told
47) The time came. Now they are talking to me, he said with his ear close .
1
to the receiving ........................... Half an hour ........................ No sound.

3
Another half an hour and then a faint ....................... three times! But
4
he .........................no one. Instead, he waited for other messages sent

5
. . .
.
.
. .
...........................the next three days. All came through to him.
heard
- great
- radio - led - invented - told
1
48) On December 15, 1901, Marconi ................... the world that he had 7037 70
2
.................. messages by wireless from across the Atlantic Ocean. His
................. discovery ................ to many more wonderful things, like the
....................., which we enjoy today.
---------------------------------------------------------------------The Wizard of Menlo Park

( p 46 )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
minute
- store
- experiment
- curious
- burned
- started
1
2
49) A great fire ................ before the .................. eyes of a six-year-old
boy. He enjoyed every 3.................. of it, even though it was his fathers
4
................... that burned to the ground. Later he said that he had
................... the fire himself.
.
.
.
But why? shouted his father. I just wanted to see what it would do, came .
his sons reply.
.
results
- learned
- experiments
50) This was the first of Thomas Alva Edisons

2
- train - failed
.................. It
- several
.
3
......................... something. I get 4...................... in everything I try, he .
....................; so did hundreds more. But even when he failed, Edison
said once in later life. Ive discovered 5...................... things that wont
.
!
work!
- 37 -
0940227436 :
clever - book
- different
- children - while - born
51) Tom Edison was 1........................... with a curious mind. It made him .
ask himself questions 2.......................... he was still very young. He stayed .
in school for only three months because he was so 3...................... from the
.
rest of the 4........................ there. Some said he was foolish. Others thought .
5
.
he was very ...........................
age - taught - experiments - scientist - laboratory
- questions
52) His mother 1................... him at home and gave him many books to .
read. By the 2.................of ten, it was clear that Tom wanted to be a
3
. .
.................He set up a 4...................at home and began his own 5.................
who - fly - gas - because - failed - powder

53) Few children even liked to play with Tom 1...................... he was so
2
different. One afternoon he fed some ....................... to a friend, .
3
.
........................ later became ill. Im sorry, said young Tom, but I only
4
wanted to see if it would form enough ............... in his stomach to make
. .
him 5.......................... Another experiment had failed.
allowed - selling - fire - whistle - waste - invented

54) Edisons first job was 1.................. newspapers on a train. He did not
.
want to ................... his time between stations, so he set up a moving
2
laboratory on the train. Here he worked until one day a 3......................

4
broke out and Tom was not .................. to work on the train any more.
Next, he set up his own telegraph station and sent out messages by using a
train .........................
invented
fire - fine - ear - wonders - rich
1
55) At this point in his life, a ...................... man paid him forty thousand 63
dollars for the right to make all the things he had 2....................... Joyfully,
3
he took the money and set up a ........................ laboratory at Menlo Park.
There he worked to make such 4.......................... as the gramophone, the .

cinema and a telephone with both mouth and 5...................... pieces.
heat
- outside - money - burn - changed - lamp
56) The electric 1............... is probably the most useful thing Edison
invented. He knew that electricity produced power and 2................. So why . .
shouldnt it make light, too? he asked himself. He looked for something
that would ............... for a long time without being used up. Then on the .
last day of the year 1879, he 4................. night into day by turning on 7970
several powerful street lamps 5............... his laboratory.
old - begin - enjoyed - happiness - lost - lamp

57) Edison worked hard and 1................ his life, working for the pleasure
2
and ................. of other people. Once when his laboratory burned down
and he 3................ everything, he said, Ill 4............... again. No one is ever
too ................ to start working. He died in 1931 at the age of eighty-four.
- 38 -
.96 7007 .
0940227436 :
1) 1. c 2. b 3. accurate
4. astronomy
5. less than two hundred years ago.
6. natural philosophers
7. be tested against observations in
the natural world.
8. the sun is the centre of the solar
system.
2) 1. b 2. c 3. measurement
4. global 5. the invention of
gunpowder 6. new methods of
experiment, observation and
measurement.
7. he is called the father of science.
3) 1. c 2. b
3. a 4. clay
5. dangerous
6. bury, burn or
recycle it. 7. rainfall dissolves
some of the chemicals from the
waste.
8. hold the waste material more
safely. 9. pollute the soil and
ground water.
10. they are dangerous.
4) 1. b
2. c
3. pesticide
4. municipal 5. dramatically
reduce the volume of waste
disposed of in sanitary landfills.
6. heavy metals and toxic
pesticide residues may be left in
the compost. 7. they take less
space and do not pollute the
groundwater. 8. the heat
produced by burning solid waste.
9. air pollution
5) 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. ore
5. reduces 6. metal, glass , paper
and plastic. 7. the recycled pieces
melt at a lower temperature than
the raw materials. 8. with
recycling no ore needs to be
mined, transported to factories or
processed and it helps to conserve
these nonrenewable resources.
6) 1. b 2. c 3. pulp 4. detergent
5. it is not made as smooth or as
strong as paper made from wood
pulp. 6. solid materials left over
when oil is refined to make petrol
and other products
7. milk
jugs and detergent containers.
7) 1. b
2. c
3. vessels
4. pulses 5. reuse them.
6. we can reduce the need for
disposal sites and the polluting
machinery used for some
recycling processes.
7. some materials cannot be
recycled and there are not enough
uses for some recycled products,
such as low-quality newspaper.
8. plastic bags are used as floor
coverings.
8) 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. dissolves
5. leacheate
6. they could
build up pressure in the landfill
and cause an explosion.
7. this reduces its volume and
keeps the landfill from settling.
8. detect any waste polluting the
groundwater.
9) 1. c 2. c
3. c
4. a
5. mechanism
6. tiny
7. a tiny mistake can mean death
within thirty seconds.
8. is more extreme 9. will die.
10) 1. c 2. b 3. b 4. atmosphere
5. vacuum 6. prepared and
supplied correctly. 7. work
perfectly every second of every
minute.
8. death of everyone on board.
9. highly trained, skilled and hardworking.
11) 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. c
5. b
6. protect
7. purification
8. is always as small as possible.
9. collecting the rubbish.
10. looking after important
systems. 11. the environmental
control and life support systems.
12. a space suit.
12) 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. treadmills
5. astronauts 6. sleep is planned
when it is most convenient.
7. are strapped into their sleeping
bags. 8. they have so much
work to do. 9. the bones and
muscles weaken very quickly.
13) 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. Earth
5. resuscitation 6. take up too
much room.
7. damage some
of the computers. 8. people have
to strap themselves onto it. 9.
have to be able to keep clean.
10. take care of the sick , stitch up
wounds and give injections.
14) 1. b 2. c 3. c 4. combustion
5. fluids
6. study how long
periods on space affect the body.
7. their relative weights
8. any information involving the
process of energy production.
15) 1. a
2. c
3. a
4. c 5. b 6. software 7. palm
8. convert, store , process, transmit
and retrieve it. 9. mobile phones,
computer games and video
technology as well as new ways of
sharing , processing and storing
information electronically.
11. fit in the palm of your hand.
12. email a shopping list to the
nearest supermarket ( when it is
empty)
16) 1. c 2. b 3. data 4. graphics
5. radio transceivers 6. software
7. electrical engineering and
computer science.
17) 1. a 2. c 3. transactions
4. malfunction 5. IT programmes
stored years with two digits
instead of four
6. utilities 7.
some Australian bus-ticket
machines failed to work
18) 1. b 2. a 3. thriving 4. images
5. anyone, anywhere 6. encourage
people to opt out of human
society, creating a world of two
halves, with those in Virtual
Reality losing touch with the
realities of the real world.
7. an electronic world
8. is sent electronically to a
factory, where it is made to the
customers specifications.
19) 1. a 2. b
3. c
4. c
5. obituary 6. innovative 7. an
engineer, innovator, armaments
manufacturer and the inventor of
dynamite. 8. five languages
9. radical 10. left much of his
wealth for the establishment of a
prize.
11. his family opposed the

establishment of the Nobel Prize and
the people he asked to award the prize
refused to do what he had requested.
20) 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. novels
5. laureate 6. he won the Nobel
prize. 7. short stories, film scripts
and articles. 8. it was never
completed. 9. Cairo 10. 1917 and
the end of the Second World War.
10. he won the Nobel Prize.
21) 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. c
6. dissolves
7. prescription
8. be made in the laboratory.
9. it is removed from the source
plant and reduced to its purest state.
10. the powdered form of caffeine is
very bitter.11. the heart and nervous
system. 12. a number of nonprescription pain-killing preparations.
22) 1. b 2. a 3. c
4. brand
5. stimulant 6. coffee, tea and
cocoa 7. brand and method of
preparation
23) 1. a
2. b
3. b
4. c
5. diuretic
6. intake
7. cause undesirable effects.
8. a let- down a few hours after
intake. 9. increases the circulation
and is considered harmless for
most people. 10. caffeine is taken
in large amounts 11. a lethal
dose. 12. one regularly indulges
in caffeinated beverages.
24) 1. b 2. c 3. soaking
4. saturated 5. prefer the taste of
caffeinated coffee but are sensitive
to caffeine. 6. the beans are
decaffeinated. 7. return the flavour
molecules to the beans.
25) 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. sterile
6. incision 7. can not be treated
with conventional medicines.
8. make an incision into the patients
flesh. 9 . repair or remove something
within the body. 10. far safer and
more commonplace 11. must be
removed or re-sterilised immediately.
12. incredibly painful. 13. numb a
small area of skin. 14. render the
patient unconscious.
26) 1. b 2. a
3. bacteria
4. antibiotic 5. tiny cells that live
everywhere on Earth. 6. cause
respiratory failure,
digestive
problems or dangerous skin
diseases like gangrene.
7. first discovered penicillin.
27) 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. laboratory
5. drugs 6. scarlet fever,
pneumonia, meningitis and
diphtheria. 7. Fleming was unable
to find a chemist skilled enough to
manufacture it.
8. a team of researchers at Oxford
University, led be Howard Florey.
28) 1. c 2. b
3. eliminated
4. resistance 5. we use them too
much. 6. the bacteria they fight
get used to them and build up a
resistance. 7. start to feel better
8. the strongest and most resistant.
9. cause diseases that antibiotics
are unable to fight. 10. kills all
of the resistant bacteria.
- 39 -
Translate into Arabic:

( .7
. )
.0
.) (
) - ( .0
) (
. ( )
( ) .6
( )
( )
.
( .0
. )
( ) .4
) (
.
( ) .7
.
.9
.
( ) .0
- (

.)
.73

. ( )
) ( .77
(
) ( )
. ( )
.70

.
( .70
) ( )
( )
.
.76

.( )
.70

.
.74
) (
.
.77

.( )
.79
.
.70
.
( ) .03
.
.07
.
.00

.
( .00
)
.
0940227436 :
( ) .06

. ( )
) ( .00

)
)
.
( ) .04
) (
.
.07
.( )
.09

(
. )
.00
(
. )
Translate into English:
1. The word scientist was coined
( invented ) less than two
hundred years ago.
2. Recycling glass is easy and
inexpensive ( cheap).
3. In space, a tiny mistake can
mean death within thirty
seconds.
4. Astronauts sleep in small
compartments using sleeping
bags.
5. In space there is no gravity so
the bones and muscles weaken
( become weak ) very quickly.
6. IT programmes stored ( used to
store ) years in two digits
( numbers ) instead of four.
7. Alfred Nobel is the inventor of
dynamite.
8. The famous writer Naguib
Mahfouz won the Nobel Prize
for literature.
9. Caffeine dissolves in water and
alcohol.
10. The most common natural
sources of caffeine are coffee,
tea and cocoa.
11. The surgical process is very
complex.
12. Bacteria are tiny ( very small )
cells that ( which ) live
everywhere on Earth, including in
our bodies.
13. It is important not to overuse
antibiotics ( use antibiotics too
much ) in order to prevent
bacteria
from
becoming
resistant.
30. You should always wash your
hands, especially when you feel
ill ( sick).

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
39)
40)
41)
42)
43)
44)
45)
46)
47)
48)
49)
50)
51)
52)
53)
54)
55)
56)
57)
1. imagined
1. when
1. hurried
1. end
1. know
1. beginning
1. climbed
1. things
1. planets
1. boy
1. protect
1. bright
1. angry
1. hard
1. living
1. found
1. sadness
1. fed
1. himself
1. heard
1. began
1. discoveries
1. pay
1. where
1. died
1. dreamed
1. eyes
1. light
1. met
1. some
1. separate
1. great
1. suddenly
1. received
1. laughed
1. best
1. open
1. once
1. workroom
1. think
1. made
1. key
1. government
1. storm
1. enough
1. thin
1. instrument
1. told
1. burned
1. experiments
1. born
1. taught
1. because
1. selling
1. rich
1. lamp
1. enjoyed
2. clouds
3. become
4. easily
2. noticed
2. true
2. other
2. fact
2. different
2. heavy
2. compass
2. solar
2. blood
2. death
2. behind
2. stopped
2. animals
2. eggs
2. whole
2. saved
2. against
2. chance
2. out
2. different
2. food
2. woman
2. quick
2. knew
2. earn
2. six
2. bread
2. scientist
2. power
2. element
2. ill
2. offered
2. history
2. big
2. home
2. ears
2. travel
2. machine
2. important
2. ready
2. village
2. stations
2. help
2. wanted
2. hill
2. passed
2. heard
2. curious
2. failed
2. while
2. age
2. powder
2. waste
2. invented
2. heat
2. happiness
3. swinging
3. lead
3. time
3. hundreds
3. if
3. heard
3. explain
3. centre
3. great
3. famous
3. careful
3. caused
3. began
3. can
3. thankful
3. spreading
3. safe
3. brought
3. mouths
3. room
3. microscope
3. mind
3. reading
3. successful
3. plan
3. last
3. science
3. experiments
3. through
3. called
3. further
3. post
3. person
3. could
3. especially
3. words
3. electricity
3. sound
3. continue
3. ideas
3. few
3. coast
3. shore
3. rest
3. stormy
3. sound
3. great
3. minute
3. learned
3. different
3. scientist
3. who
3. fire
3. fine
3. burn
3. lost
4. chain
5. same
4. length
5. chair
4. swings
5. reached
4. measure
5. moving
4. height
5. faster
4. together
5. could
4. measured
5. thermometer
4. telescope
5. moon
4. opened
5. people
4. suffered
5. that
4. understand
5. questions
4. discovered
5. since
4. losing
5. trouble
4. fight
5. without
4. years
5. children
4. that
5. chickens
4. vaccinations 5. success
4. dog
5. painful
4. make
5. body
4. one
5. more
4. filled
5. healthier
4. honours
5. secret
4. thin
5. lessons
4. top
5. school
4. finished
5. there
4. married
5. help
4. world
5. liked
4. wooden
5. health
4. believe
5. new
4. greater
5. contained
4. radium
5. treating
4. woman
5. made
4. hidden
5. killed
4. send
5. world
4. curious
5. himself
4. round
5. pick
4. wood
5. power
4. carry
5. wireless
4. messages
5. day
4. can
5. through
4. silence
5. received
4. also
5. ships
4. sent
5. saved
4. line
5. Earth
4. hearing
5. expected
4. told
5. during
4. led
5. radio
4. store
5. started
4. results
5. several
4. children
5. clever
4. laboratory
5. experiments
4. gas
5. fly
4. allowed
5. whistle
4. wonders
5. ear
4. changed
5. outside
4. begin
5. old
- 40 -
5. key

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2102 / 2102

not long ago

knowledge about the physical and natural world

invent a new word or phrase

the point from which something starts to exist

correct in every detail

the size, length, height, etc of something

the scientific study of the stars and planets

the science of numbers and shapes

based on scientific testing or practical experience

the process of watching something for a long time

Read the following text then do the tasks below:

been widely practised.

India was also an early cradle of scientific thought. For example, .

Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

b. for thousands of years

2. The origins of science are ..............................

3. correct in every detail .....

an instrument that shows directions

finding or knowing about something not known

someone who has a special skill or knowledge of

the scientific study of light

Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

Waste Disposal and Recycling

the action or process of throwing away or getting

Homes, businesses and other places in the community all produce

A sanitary landfill holds municipal solid waste, construction

Once a sanitary landfill is full, it is covered with a clay cap to

relating to or belonging to the government of a

materials that are no longer needed and are thrown

containing poison or caused by poisonous

a substance used to destroy harmful insects and

the small part of something that is left after the

decayed organic material used as a plant fertilizer

the process of destroying something by burning

4) Another solution is municipal solid waste composting. With this .

Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

Complete the following sentences with information from the text

a series of actions that are done in order to achieve a

natural; not changed by humans

to make something less in size or amount

the total amount of something

a light silver-grey metal

a metal container in which food or drink is

rock or earth from which metal can be mined

dig a deep hole in the ground to remove coal, gold

to become a liquid by heating

a measure in degrees of how hot or cold a place or

getting gold, coal etc out of the earth

5) Recycling is the process of reclaiming raw materials. Recycling

Recycling glass is easy and inexpensive. Glass pieces can be melted

Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

a soft, wet mass of material, often made from wood and

a thick, sticky liquid that comes out of trees or a similar

a material made from many small threads, often used to

6) About 17 trees are needed to make one metric ton of paper.

Recycled paper is not as smooth or as strong as paper made from

Common products made from plastic include milk jugs, detergent

Choose the correct answer a , b or c :

a container used for holding liquids

seeds such as peas that you can eat

7) Recycling is not a complete answer to the solid waste problem.

a gas that you cannot see or smell

an opening that allows air, gas or liquid to pass in and out