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Walter, W. Muller, "Arabian Frankincense in Antiquity According to
Classical Sources, Studies the History of Arabia, Vol.1, Source for the
History of Arabia, Part I, University of Riyadh Press, 1399A.H./1979,
PP.79-92.


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Octavianus Augustus :
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Kitchen, K.A., Documentation for Ancient Arabia, Part I, Chronological Framework & Historical Sources, Liverpool University Press, 1994, P. 258.

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Forster, C., The Historical Geography of Arabia, Vol. I., London, 1844,
P.220; Kirwan, L.P., Where to Search for the Ancient Part of Leuke
Kome, Studies in the History of Arabia, Vol. II, Pre- Islamic Arabia,
King Saud University Press, 1404, A.H./1984, P.55.
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.Geography, (L.C.L.) BK: XVI

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:
Strabo, Geography Book XVI, Bohn Classical Library, Tr. By Hamilton,
H.C. and Falconer, W., 1889; Geography Book, XVI, Tr. By Jones, H.L.,
London 1949.


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Allright, W.F., Some Books on Early Arabian Archaeology and
Epigraphy, with A. Retruction and Apology to Professor Ryckmans G.,
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Number 176,
December, 1964, P.51.

: /
Pirenne, J. La Date du Periple de la Mer Erythree, Journal Asiatique,
1961, P.441.

: " : "

/
:
Pirenne, J., Op.Cit, P.441, Althin, F., Geschichte der Humen, V., Berlin,
1961, P.11.
" " :
Muller, C., Marcianus of Heraclea, Periplus Maris Exteri Geographi
Graeci Minores I, Paris, 1855, 527; Frisk, H., Le Periple de la Mer
;Erythree, Goteborg, 1927, The best Greek Text
Huntingford, G.W.B., The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Hokluyt
;Society, 1978
Schoff, W.H., The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, London, 1912.
Huntingford, G.W.B.
:
: .-

 " "

Cosmas Indicopleustes .

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) ( Kirwon, L.P.
:
Kirwan, L.P., "The Arabian Background to One of the Cosmas
Inscriptions", Sources for the History of Arabia, Part I, Studies in the
History of Arabia, I, 1399A.H./1979, PP.93-99.
) ( .-
) ( :
Praefectus
) (Praefectus Aegypti
) (Praefectus Alexandreae et Aegypti
- -


:

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Richard Le Baron & France. Albright Bowen. Jr., Archaeologeal
Discaveries in South Arabia, Vol.II, P. 38.
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Grimal, P. and Others, Hellenism and the Rise of Rome, Weidenfeld

and Nicolson, London, 1968, P. 295.
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Jameson, Sh., "Chronology of the Compaings of Aelius Gallus and C.
Petronius", Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 58, 1968, P.77.
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Austin, M.M., The Hellenistic World From Alexander to the Roman
Conquest, Cambridge, 1988, P.161.
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Bowersock, G.W., Roman Arabia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University

;Press, 1983, PP.46-49
Sidebotham, S., Roman Economic Policy in the Erythra, The Lassa,
Leiden, 1986, PP.120-130.
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Hatings, J., Op.cit., 9, P.121; Encyclopedia of Islam, 3, P.801.
Kitchen ). -(
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Parr, P.J. Harding, G.L. and Dayton, J.E., Preliminary Survey in N.W. Arabia,
1968, London: Institute of Archaeology, 1970; Kirwan, L.P., Op cit., P.55.

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)(3
Ibid.
Marcianns of Heraclea
Kinaidokolpites Zadrame :
Muller, C., Marcianus of Heruclea, Op. cit, P.527; Kirwan, L.P., Op.
cit., P. 60, n.8.
;Ibid, P.56
:

Kirwan, L.P., "The Christian Topography and the Kingdom of Axum",
Geographical Journal, 138: 2, PP. 166-177.

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Musil, A., The Northern Hegaz, American Geographical Societ of New
York, 1926, P.125.


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Schoff, W.H., Op cit.; Musil, A., Op cit., P, 125; Carry, M. and Warmington,
E.H., The Ancient Explores, (Revised Edition), London: Pelican Books, 1963.
)(2
Hunting Ford, G.W.B., Op cit.
)(3
Kirwan, P.L., "Where to Search for the Ancient Port of Leuke Kome", P.57.

 - - Monumentum
Adulitanum

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Schoff, W.H., Op cit.; Huntingford, G.W.B., Op cit.; Kirwan, L.P., Op
cit., P.59; Isserlia, B.S.J., "The Expedition of Aelius Gallus and Other
Aspects of Roman Penetration into Arabia: Some Suggestions for Future,
Research", Paper Delivered at the Second International Symposium on
Studies in the History of the Arabian Peninsula, University of Riyadh,
1979.
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Kirwon

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Kirwan, P.L., Op cit. P. 57.

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Parr, P.J. and Others, Op cit.

Kirwan, P.L., Op cit. P. 57.
)(3
Ibid.
)(2

)(

" : " .Huntingford, G.W.B., Op cit

CF. Meredith, D., (ed.), Tabula Imperii Romani. Coptes Sheet N.G. 36.

.Kirwan, P.L., Op cit. P. 60, n.15 :

)(5

) ( :
Tregenza, L.A., The Red Sea Mountains of Egypt, 1955; Murray, G.W.,
"Trogodytica; The Red Sea Littoral in Ptolemaic Times", Geographical
Journal, 133: 1, 1967, PP.24-33.


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.

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Kirwan
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Kirwan, P.L., Op cit. P. 57.
Ibid.

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Musil

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Kirwan, L. P., Op cit. P. 57.

;Vincednt, II, P.230; Forster, C., Op cit., II, P.285
)(
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Kirwan, L. P., Op cit. P. 57 : :/
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Musil
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Parr, P.J., Harding, G.L. and Dayton, J.E., Op cit..

.Kirwan, L. P., Op cit. P. 57 :

;Meredith, D., (ed.), Op cit.

)(1

)(2

.Kirwan, L. P., Op cit. P. 57 :

)(

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Kirwan, L.P., Op cit. P. 57.

)(3

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Fons Tadnos .
Musil -
-
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)
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.
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" " .

Kirwan
" " .
)(

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Musil, A., Op cit., P.125; Red sea and Gulf of Aden Pilol, 1967.

.Kirwan, L.P., Op cit. P. 59 :

" "

:
Kirwan, L.P., "Where to Look for the Ancient Port of "Leuke
Kome", Map 7.


: :
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: :
25- Albright, W.F., Some Books on Early Arabian Archaeology
and Epigraphy, with A. Retruction and Apology to Professor
Ryckmans,G.,Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental
Research, Number 176, December, 1964.
26- Althein, F., Geschichte der Human, V., Berlin, 1962.
27- Austin, M.M., The Hellenistic World From Alexander to
the Roman Conquest, Cambridge, 1988.
28- Bowersock, G.W., Roman Arabia (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press), 1983.
29- Carry, M. and Warmington, E.H., The Ancient Explores,
(Revised Edition), London: Pelican Books, 1963.
30- Forster, C., The Historical Geography of Arabia, Vol. I.,
London, 1844.
31- Frisk, H., Le Periple de la Mer Erythree, Goteborg, 1927.
32- Grimal, P. and Others, Hellenism and the Rise of Rome,
Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1968.
33- Hastings, J., Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, 9,
Edinburgh, 1908-1921.
34- Huntingford, G.W.B., The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea,
Hokluyt Society, 1978.
35- Isserlin, B.S.J., "The Expedition of Aelius Gallus and
Other Aspects of Roman Penetration into Arabia: Some
Suggestions for Future, Research", Paper Delivered at the
Second International Symposium on Studies in the History
of the Arabian Peninsula, University of Riyadh, 1979.
36- Jameson, Sh., "Chronology of the Compaings of Aelius
Gallus and C. Petronius", Journal of Roman Studies, Vol.
58, 1968.

37- Kirwan, L.P., "The Arabian Background to one of the

Cosmas Inscriptions", Sources for the History of Arabia,
Part I, Studies in the History of Arabia, I, 1399A.H./1979.
38- , "The Christian Topography and the Kingdom
of Axum", Geographical Journal, 138: 2.
39- , Where to Search for the Ancient Part of Leuke
Kome, Studies in the History of Arabia, Vol. II, PreIslamic Arabia, King Saud University Press, 1404,
P.H./1984.
40- Kitchen, K.A., Documentation for Ancient Arabia, Part I,
Chronological Framework & Historical Sources, Liverpool
University Press, 1994.
41- Meredith, D., (ed.), Tabula Imperii. Coptos Sheet N.G.
42- Muller, C., Marcianus of Heraclea, Periplus Maris Exteri
Geographi Graeci Minores I, Paris, 1855
43- Murray, G.W., "Trogodytica; The Red Sea Littoral in
Ptolemaic Times", Geographical Journal, 133: 1, 1967.
44- Musil, A., The Northern Hegaz, American Geographical
Societ of New York, 1926.
45- Parr, P.J. Harding, G.L. and Dayton, J.E., Preliminary
Survey in N.W. Arabia, 1968, London: Institute of
Archaeology, 1970.
46- Pirenne, J., La Date du Periple de la Mer Erythree, Journal
Asiatique, 1961.
47- Ptolemaios, Geography, V.
48- Richard Le Baron & Franc. Albright Bowen. Jr.,
Archaeologeal Discaveries in South Arabia, Vol.II.
49- Schoff, W.H., The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, London,
1912.

50- Sidebotham, S., Roman Economic Policy in the Erythra,

The Lassa, Leiden, 1986.
51- Strabo, Geography, Book XVI, Bohn Classical Library, Tr.
By Hamilton, H.C. and Falconer, W., 1889.
52- Strabo, Geography, Book XVI, Tr. By Jones, H.L.,
London, 1949.
53- Tregenza, L.A., The Red Sea Mountains of Egypt, 1955.
54- Walter, W. Muller, "Arabian Frankincense in Antiquity
According to Classical Sources, Studies the History of
Arabia, Vol.I, Sources for the History of Arabia, Part I,
University of Riyadh Press, 1399A.H./1979.