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  • 21 13 Nov 2009

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    - The aerospace industry is an important sector for the US economy, providing millions of high-paying manufacturing jobs. In recent years, spending on aerospace and defense by the US government has greatly increased due to ongoing military campaigns. - Major aerospace companies like Lockheed Martin, Boeing, and Northrop Grumman receive large defense contracts from the US government for projects such as aircraft, missiles, and other advanced military technologies. Between 2002-2007, total defense spending on aerospace increased over 60%. - While this spending has benefited aerospace firms and supported many US jobs, some experts argue that the high levels of military spending may not be sustainable and increased international trade in aerospace could benefit both US competit

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    - The aerospace industry is an important sector for the US economy, providing millions of high-paying manufacturing jobs. In recent years, spending on aerospace and defense by the US government has greatly increased due to ongoing military campaigns. - Major aerospace companies like Lockheed Martin, Boeing, and Northrop Grumman receive large defense contracts from the US government for projects such as aircraft, missiles, and other advanced military technologies. Between 2002-2007, total defense spending on aerospace increased over 60%. - While this spending has benefited aerospace firms and supported many US jobs, some experts argue that the high levels of military spending may not be sustainable and increased international trade in aerospace could benefit both US competit

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    113 views133 pages

    21 13 Nov 2009

    Uploaded by

    kmaw_1
    - The aerospace industry is an important sector for the US economy, providing millions of high-paying manufacturing jobs. In recent years, spending on aerospace and defense by the US government has greatly increased due to ongoing military campaigns. - Major aerospace companies like Lockheed Martin, Boeing, and Northrop Grumman receive large defense contracts from the US government for projects such as aircraft, missiles, and other advanced military technologies. Between 2002-2007, total defense spending on aerospace increased over 60%. - While this spending has benefited aerospace firms and supported many US jobs, some experts argue that the high levels of military spending may not be sustainable and increased international trade in aerospace could benefit both US competit

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    &mckdifE_ef;okd@ wufoGm;cJhw,f? ILO u bmaiGa=u; tusyftwnf;
    a=umifhwurBmvHk;rSm tvkyfvufrJhOD;a& oef; 20 avmuf wkd;vmEkdif
    w,fvkd@ cef@rSef;xm;w,f? 2- wurBmvHk;rSm aiGpuUL azmif;yGr_ odod
    omom ay:xGufvmjcif;? a'0gvDcH&awmhr,fhqJqJ aiGa=u;tzGJ@t
    pnf;rsm;&J@ tau;tusyftwnf;ukd ulnDu,fwifa&;twGuf tar&d
    uef/ Oa&my/ *syefwkd@&J@ tvkyfzefwD;a&;[m wpwp avsmh&Jvm
    w,f? 3 - toHk;p&dwfavsmhenf;oGm;&ef awmif;qkdjcif;? aiGpkaiGacs;
    vkyfief; qkwf,kwfusqif;vmvkd@ tar&duefrSm wOD;csif; toHk;p&dwf
    avsmhenf;vmw,f?
    tar&duef pD;yGm;a&; ododomom qkwf,kwfysufjym;vmr_
    [m urBmhpD;yGm;a&; wkd;wufr_E_ef;eJ@ qufEG,faew,f? ta=umif;&yf
    trsdK;rsdK; pkpnf;aygif;pnf;vmr_a=umifh tar&duef&J@ aiGa=u;tusyft
    wnf;[m tar&duef/ Oa&mypD;yGm;a&;wkd@ukd &yfwef@azmif;yGwJh tajc
    taersdK;okd@ usa&mufoGm;apvkd@ 2008 rSm urBmhvHk;qkdif&m pD;yGm;a&;
    wkd;wufr_E_ef; ra&SmifrvGJom usqif;cJh&w,f? bma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;
    *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;urBm}uD;rk@d tar&duef bmaiGa=u;tusyft
    wnf;[m urBmhaps;uGuf&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_eJ@ pm;oHk;olawG&J@ ,Hk=unfr_ukd
    ESdyfuGyfypfvkdufygw,f?
    4?
    tar&duef bmaiGa=u;tusyftwnf; euf_dif;vmr_&J@ t
    a=umif;&if;[m t&if;&Sifpepfa=umifhygyJ? pepf_axmifht&ajym&&if
    xkwfvkyfa&;ykdv#Hjcif;eJ@ pm;oHk;r_rvHkavmufjcif;[m t&if;&Sifpepf&J@
    t&if;cHydyuQjzpfw,f? 'DydyuQ[m tar&duefaiGa=u;jy\emt
    wGif; azmfjycsuf[m wzufrSm aiGa=u;&J@ qifhyGm;ypPnf;rsm;[m ta&
    twGuf rsm;jym;vSwJh wGufqaps;upm;xm;wJh t&if;tESD;rS zefwD;ay:
    xGufvmwmjzpfw,f? tjcm;wzufrSm omrefjynfolvlxkrSm pGrf;&nf
    r&SdjzpfoGm;&w,f? ypPnf;ukd tmrcHtjzpfaygifESHjcif;jzifhjzpfjzpf aiGacs;
    a&;yHkpHeJ@yJjzpfjzpf rdrdrSm aetdrf&Sda&; ar#mfrSef;csufukd jynfh0apw,f?
    'DydyuQ[m tar&duef aiGa=u;tusyftwnf;ukd jzpfay:apcJhwmygyJ?
    8

    tar&duef bmaiGa=u; tusyftwnf;u EdkifiHwum pD;


    yGm;a&;ukd zsufqD;ypfvkdufygw,f? xkwfvkyfr_/ pm;oHk;r_tygt0if t
    &if; tESD;jrKyfESHr_twGif;u EkdifiHwum pD;yGm;a&;uGif;qufawG[m jyef
    vnf jyKjyifpDrHoGm;a&;eJ@ &ifqkdif}uHKawG@ae&ygw,f? apmpGmuwnf;u
    urBmhpD;yGm;a&;[m wnf+idrfayr,fh csdefcGifv#mrnDr#wJhtajctae
    wcktwGif;rSm wnf&SdcJhwmyg? t&if;tESD;vSnfhvnfr_uae =unfh&if
    tar&duef[m reufjzefrSm &r,fhaiGukd 'Dn tdyfrufxJuwnf;u
    oH;k pGJcJhw,fwJh? aiGacs;+yD; tem*wf aexkdifr_b0twGuf }udKwifcHpm;
    =uw,f? tvGeftu|H oHk;pGJ=uw,f? pkaqmif;r_ rvkyf=ubl;? wkwf
    jynfeJ@ tm&Su wjcm;xGef;opfp aps;uGufEkdifiHawG&J@ pkaqmif;r_aiG[m
    tvGef jrifhrm;w,f? 'gawG[m tar&duefrSm &if;ESD;jrKyfESHa&;twGuf
    taxmuftuljzpfygw,f? bmaiGa=u;tusyftwnf;[m 'Dvkd csdef
    cGifv#mnDr#r_ukd qHk;_H;oGm;apwJh pkaqmif;jcif; - oHk;pGJjcif;wkd@ abmif
    cwfzGJ@pnf;xm;&Sdr_ csdK@,Gif;csufrS ay:xGufvmwmjzpfw,f? ukefpnful;
    oef;a&mif;0,fa&;t& =unfh&if wkwf/ tdENd,pwJh xGef;opfp pD;yGm;
    a&;yHkpH[m E_dif;,SOfjcif;tm;jzifh vkyftm;&J@ukefusp&dwf edrfhusawmh
    tar&dueftwGuf aps;csdKwJh ukefpnftrsdK;rsdK; axmufyHhEkdifygw,f? t
    ar&duefpD;yGm;a&; qkwf,kwfysufjym;oGm;r_&J@ *,ufkdufcwfcH&vkd@ w
    kwf/ tdENd,pwJh EkdifiHawGu tar&duefokd@ ykd@ukefusqif;oGm;cJh&w,f?
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    toD;oD;[m EkdifiHwumukefoG,fa&;e,fy,f&J@ E_dif;,SOfjcif;t& tqifh
    edrfhusaer_ukd jyefvnfxdef;nd&ygr,f? tem*wftwGuf ukefoG,fa&;
    umuG,fa&;0g'[m acgif;armh a&S@wef;a&mufvmygvdrfhr,f?
    rsufarSmufrSm EkdifiHwumpD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOf[m jyefvnf
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    aemufrSmvnf; tar&duefa':vm[m urBmhtajccHaiGa=u;tjzpf t
    oHk;awmfcHaeqJjzpfw,f? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ aiGpkaqmif;r_qkd
    wm aiGpuULyHkESdyfpufom jzpf+yD;/ urBm}uD;okd@ a':vmaiGawG tqufr
    jywfxkwfa0um vnfywfr_prG f;tm;ukd tm;jznfhay;cJhw,f? EkdifiHt
    oD;oD;[m tar&duefa':vm &&Sda&;ukd tqufrjywf tav#mhray;
    jiif;cHkae=u+yD; tar&duefa':vmukd pkaqmif;um tar&duefrSm jrKyfESH
    =uw,f? tar&duef&J@ au;+rDyHkpHpD;yGm;a&;omefukd xdef;odrf;
    qufqHr_jyKxm;=uw,f? bmaiGa=u;tusyftwnf;eJ@ }uHK&wJhtcg
    urBmhbmaiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;}uD; 2 ckjzpfwJh EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;&efyHk
    aiGtzGJ@eJ@ urBmhb%fwkd@u vma&muf =uyfrwfxdef;nd/ ulnDu,fwif
    a&;twGuf wpHkw&m ta&;ygwJhtcef;u aqmif&Gufzdk@ pGrf;tifeJ@ w
    9

    u,fhtiftm; r&Sdygbl;? rsufarSmuf EkdifiHwumaiGa=u;pepfukd xdef;


    odrf;xm;zkd@ enf;emvnf; r&Sdawmhygbl;? bmaiGa=u; tusyft
    wnf;ukd aq;a=umokwfoif+yD;aemufrSmawmif tar&duefa':vm[m
    urBmhaiGa=u;taeeJ@ tqifhae&m wpHkw&m twkdif;twmtxd csnfheJ@
    oGm;ygvdrfhr,f? rsufarSmuf EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;/ pD;yGm;a&;pepf&J@ vuf
    iif;awmif;qkdaer_t& jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;[m a&S@wef;a&mufvmygvdrfh
    r,f?
    5?
    EkdifiHawmfu pD;yGm;a&; EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:a&pD;a=umif;ukd
    vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vufvGwfpy,fjyKxm;jcif;rS EdkifiHawmfu 0ifa&muf
    pGufzufa&;qDokd@ OD;wnfv_yf&Sm;vmaeyg+yD? tar&duefbmaiGa=u;
    tusyftwnf;[m tar&duef&J@ t"duuswJh 'grSr[kwf tjrKawjzpf
    wJh EkdifiHawmftusdK;pD;yGm;ukd xdyg;vmaeyg+yD? tar&duef tpkd;&[m
    tusyftwnf;udk &ifqkdifa&;eJ@ tiftm;awmifhwif;wJh pD;yGm;a&;/ b
    ma&;omru pufr_vkyfief;ay:vpDawGay:xGufvma&;twGuf wGef;
    aqmfay;+yD; aps;uGufukd 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&awmhw,f? tar&duef
    jynfaxmifpk aiGpkb%f (Reserve Bank) [m twdk;E_ef;ukd tqufr
    jywf xdef;nday;+yD; aps;uGuftwGif;okd@ ta&twGufrsm;jym;vSwJh
    vSnfhvnfr_awGukd }udrfzefrsm;pGm oGif;ay;jcif;jzifh aps;uGuftay: ,Hk
    =unfr/_ wnf+idrfr_wdk@ukd ar#mfvifhxm;w,f? tar&dueftpkd;&[m
    aemufqHk;rSm vkyfief;awGukd v$Jajymif;odrf;,lwm/ aiGa=u;eJ@ywfouf
    wJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGukd 0,f,lwm/ aiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;awGukd EkdifiHawmf
    ykdif jyKvkyfwmawGukd aqmif&Guf&awmhw,f? t&Sif;qHk;ajym&&if tar
    &dueftpkd;&[m aps;uGufu,fwifa&;ukd tpGrf;ukef tm;xkwfawmh
    w,fvkd@ qkdwmxuf rdrdukd,fukd,f u,fwifa&;ukd tpGrf;ukef tm;
    xkwfcJhw,fvkd@yJ qkd&rSmyg? tusyftwnf;[m Oa&myukdyg tr_ywf
    ukef+yD; EkdifiHawmfu ZmwfcHka&S@ukd xGufvm&ygw,f? EkdifiHawmf[m aiG
    a=u;t&if;tESD;ukd xrf;aqmifwJh aemufqHk;tmrcH&oltjzpf aiGa=u;
    tzGJ@tpnf;awGukd tpm;xkd;vkduf&w,f? jrif&wJhvufrSwqifh t
    ar&duef/ Oa&mywkd@rSm EkdifiHwum pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&; tawG;tac:
    a&pD;a=umif;u EkdifiHawmfu 0ifa&mufpGufzufwJh pD;yGm;a&;pepfqDokd@
    jyefvma&;ukd wGef;aqmfaeyg+yD?
    bmaiGa=u;tusyftwnf;u EkdifiHwumrSm tar&duefyHkpH
    ukd qGJaqmiftm; usqif;oGm;apw,f? tar&duef[m olwav#muf
    vHk; 0g'jzef@cJhwJh 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vGwfvyfr_wkd@ukd ausmckdif;+yD; 'Drkdu
    10

    a&pD b,fvkdyJjzpfaeae(tcGefaqmifolawG&J@aiGeJ@a'0gvDcH&qJqJbm
    aiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;awGukd ulnDu,fwifcJhw,f) vGwfvyfr_ b,fvkdyJ
    jzpfaeae (aps;uGufukd vufvGwfpy,fv$wfxm;wmrsdK; xyfrvkyfawmh
    yJ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf xdef;nda&;ukd aqmif&Gufw,f) ayghvkd@ ajym&if
    awmh ajymEkdifw,f? tar&duef[m 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vGwfvyfr_wkd@&J@
    urBmhpHerlemtjzpf ol@&J@ tm;ay;v_H@aqmfaer_ pGrf;tm;ukd r,HkouFm
    pdwfjzifh ar;jref;cHae&+yD? tar&duefyHkpH&J@ qGJaqmiftm; usqif;ae+yD?
    bmaiGa=u; tusyftwnf;u0g&SifwefoabmwlnDcsufu tqdk
    jyKxm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; yk*~vduykdifjyKvkyfa&;aps;uGufjzpf
    xGef;a&; vGwfvyfr_jzpfxGef;a&;wkd@[m tuef@towfawG &Sdae
    a=umif;ukd wqifhwuf oufaojyvmae+yD? 'gayrJh xyfodxm;zkd@vkd
    wmuawmh tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;yHkpH[m (Oyrm -tau;,lpm;oHk;
    jcif;tckuwnf;u vmrnfhESpftwGuf &duQmukd pm;oHk;ypfjcif; p
    wmrsdK;awG) [m ol@rSm &SdaewJh vlr_a&;tajccHtkwfjrpfukd vG,fvG,f
    uav;eJ@awmh ajymif;ypfvkd@ &rSmr[kwfygbl;? tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;yHkpH
    [m 'Dt}udrf aiGa=u;tusyftwnf;uwqifh xdef;ndprf;oyf&if; yHkrSef
    qufvuf vnfywfoGm;Ekdifyghrvm;qkdwm tcsdef&J@ prf;oyfppfaq;r_
    ukd apmifh=unfh&ef vkdygao;w,f?
    vmr,fhtcsdefwykdif;twGif; *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;&J@ jzpfxGef;
    wkd;wufaer_ukd wpHkw&m xdef;ndypf&ygvdrfhr,f? 'gayrJh ajymif;vJypf
    &efawmh cufcJygw,f? tusyftwnf;u tvpftikdufwkdufckdufvkduf
    awmh vlawG[m bmaiGa=u;*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ukd jyefvnf p
    wif pOf;pm;vm=uyg+yD? aiGa=u;*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;/ vGwfvyfr_ jzpf
    xGef;a&;wkd@ukd csihfcsifhcsdefcsdef &ifqkdif+yD; bmaiGa=u;=uyfrwfa&;ukd
    tm;jznfhoGm;a&;[m EkdifiHtoD;oD; oabmwlnDcsufjzpfvmw,f? 'D
    vkdqkd EkdifiHwum bmaiGa=u;e,fy,fukd vufvGwfpy,f tpDtpOfrJh
    v$wfxm;r_'Dv_dif;[m aemufqkwfoGm;r_ jzpfEkdifygvdrfhr,f? *vkdb,f
    vkdufaZ;&Sif;&J@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_OD;wnfcsuf/ wGef;aqmfr_pGrf;tm;eJ@ jyef@
    yGm;r_wkd@[m yHkpHt& ajymif;vJr_jzpfay:vmygvdrfhr,f? 'gayrJh tar&d
    uef bmaiGa=u;tusyftwnf;ukd *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;u u,f
    wifzkd@ vkdw,f vkd@ aomrwfpfzkduf'frif; ajymvkdufovkd bufpHkEkdifiH
    jcm;qufqHa&;eJ@ bufpHkpDrHtkyfcsKyfr_awG[m tusyftwnf;ukd ajz&Sif;
    a&;eJ@ywfoufvkd@ ykdrdkvkdtyfa=umif;eJ@ ykdrkdta&;}uD;a=umif; odom xif
    &Sm;ygw,f? t&if;tESD;[m tjrwftpGef; aemufokd@vkdufwJh tESpfom
    &ukd ajymif;vJvdrfhr,f r[kwfbl;qkdwmukdawmh jrifxm;zdk@ vkdygw,f?
    t&if;eJ@ vkyftm;&J@ tiftm;tcsdK;tpm;[m t}uD;tus,f rajymif;vJ
    11

    wwfzl;qkd&if t&if;tESD;eJ@vkyftm;t=um;u ydyuQ[m rvkdufavsm


    EkdifwJh tajctaersdK;xd jzpfxGef;roGm;ygbl;? t&if;[m wurBmvHk;
    twkdif;twmt& tjrwftpGef;ukd vkdufpm;+rJvkdufpm;aeygw,f? b
    maiGa=u;=uyfrwfr_ tm;jznfhxm;wJh tajctaeatmufrSmom t
    jrwftpGef;vkdufwJhyHkpHeJ@ t&Sdefukd xdef;nd&ygr,f?
    6?
    tar&duef&J@ tiftm;vGefEkdifiH}uD;wEkdifiHqkdwJh tqifhae&m
    [m E_dif;,SOfjcif;tm;jzifh csnfheJ@vmyg+yD? IT pufr_vkyfief; ylazmif;uGJ
    oGm;+yD;aemuf tar&dueftdrf+cHajrylazmif; qufvuf uGJoGm;jyefw,f?
    'gawGu 'Dt}udrf bmaiGa=u;tusyftwnf;ukd jzpfyGm;apvkduf+yD;
    tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;&J@qifjcifwHkw&m;rJhwJh pnfyifom,mr_[m ed*Hk;
    csKyfoGm;&awmhw,f? wurBmvHk;bmaiGa=u; qlemrDv_dif;x&m Zmpf
    jrpftaeeJ@ tar&duef[m tiftm;vGefEkdifiH}uD;wEkdifiHtjzpf Akdvfus
    v$rf;rkd;a&; aoe*FAsL[mtqifhae&m[m E_dif;,SOfjcif;tm;jzifh xdckduf
    oGm;cJh&w,f? tar&duef&J@ EkdifiHwum EkdifiHa&;pepftwGif; tqifhae
    &m[mvnf; E_dif;,SOfjcif;tm;jzifh usqif;oGm;&w,f? 'gayrJh tar&d
    uef[m pD;yGm;a&;/ ody`HeJ@enf;ynmpwJh pkaygif;wu,fhpGrf;tm;&J@ t
    vGef@tvGef tm;aumif;aewJh tqifhae&mrSm wnf&Sd+rJ wnf&Sdaew,f?
    'gukd v_yfzkd@awmh rvG,fbl;? tiftm;vGef EkdifiH}uD;wEkdifiHeJ@ tiftm;
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    baiGa=u;tusyftwnf;u EkdifiHwum tiftm;toD;oD;
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    jyefvma&;vuQ%mawG ododomom ygvmw,f? 'gayrJh rsufarSmuf
    EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;pepf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ukd A[kdjyK+yD; tar&duefeJ@
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    =u&ifawmh twWvEdwfork'N&m&J@ [kdbuf'Dbuf urf;ESpfzuf qufqH
    a&;[m tem*wf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_rSm tajymif;tvJawGeJ@ jynfhESufoGm;
    12

    ygvdrfhr,f? tar&duef bmaiGa=u;tusyftwnf;u wkwf/ tENd


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    ay:rSmvnf; =oZmoufa&mufygvdrfhr,f? tcsdK@EkdifiHvwf/ EkdifiHi,f
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    epfemr_awG cH=u&ygw,f? cufcJwJhtajctaeeJ@ &ifqkdif=u&ygw,f?
    tkdufpvefu|ef;EkdifiH +yD;wJhaemuf ygupPwef[mvnf; a'0gvDcH&wJh t
    ajctaersdK; }uHKawG@&ygw,f? a'0gvDcH&vkqJqJtajctaersdK; }uHKawG@
    ae&wJh tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdif EkdifiHawGukd u,fwifulnDa&; aqmif
    &Gufr_[m jynfaxmifcsif; qufqHa&;wkd@rSm eufeJodrfarG@wJh ajymif;vJr_
    ukd jzpfay:aprSmomru EkdifiHawmf&J@ EkdifiHjcm;qufqHa&; aoe*FAsL[m
    tqifhae&m owfrSwfr_ topfwzef jyefvnfay:xGufapygvdrfhr,f?
    EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;awG&J@tcef;[m ray:vGifbJ a'otif
    tm;}uD;EkdifiHawG&J@ xdef;nda&;pGrf;tm;awG[m xdyfwef;a&mufvmyg
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    twGif; EkdifiHwumaiGa=u;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;awG&J@ toH[m ykd
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    'geJ@E_dif;,SOf&if a'owGif; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;pGrf;tm;awG[m a&S@
    wef;a&mufvmae+yD; a'o "etiftm;}uD;EkdifiHawG&J@ nDnmzszseJ@ a&S@
    aqmifr_tcef;[m wqifhwuf ay:vGifvmw,f? tar&duef&J@ bm
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    wnf;aom aiGa=u;xlaxmifa&; OD;wnfcsuftwkdif; a&S;_csDwufaeyg
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    &Sif;a&; pDrHaqmif&Gufr_awGukd wGef;aqmf&efcufygw,f? 'gayrJh tm&S&J@
    wkwf/ *syef/ awmifukd;&D;,m;eJ@ Oa&my&J@ +Adwdef/ jyifopf/ *smreD/
    tDwvDpwJh a'owGif; "etiftm;}uD;EkdifiHawGt=um; yl;aygif;aqmif
    &Gufa&;/ nDnmzszs vkyfaqmifa&;wkd@[m ykd+yD;ay:ay:vGifvGif &SdvSyg
    w,f?
    ukd;um;?

    ? rsufarSmufurBm vpOfxkwf *sme,f/ 2008 trSwf 11?


    &JabmfpdefxGe;f

    13

    yxrb&ufwef0ked*Hk;eJ@
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    yxrb&ufwef0ked*Hk; (odk@) 2008 pD;yGm;ysufuyf


    2008 ckESpfrSm tar&duefEdkifiH tdrf+cHajraps;uGuf yysuf&mu pvdkuf
    wJh *,ufa=umifh pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,ftoD;oD;rSmyg tusyfqdkufcJh&w,f?
    'DaemufrSmawmh 'DpD;yGm;ysufuyf[m wurBmvHk;udk ysH@ESH@oGm;ygawmh
    w,f? 1930 ckESpfawGu jzpfcJhwJh r[mpD;yGm;ysufuyfaemufydkif; t}uD;
    rm;qHk; pD;yGm;ysufuyfvdk@ qdk=uygw,f?
    1930 r[mpD;yGm;ysufuyfjzpf+yD;aemufrSm 'kwd,urBmppfjzpf
    w,f? urBmppfa=umifh pD;yGm;ysufuyfudk ausmfv$m;Edkifvdkufw,f? urBm
    ppf+yD;cgeD;rSm r[mpD;yGm;ysufuyfawG aemufxyfray:atmif xdef;!dEdkif
    zdk@twGuf b&ufwef0ktpnf;ta0; udk tar&duefOD;aqmif+yD; ppfyGJ
    EdkifwJh EdkifiHawGpk+yD; vkyfcJh=uw,f? tJ'Db&ufwef0kuay:vmwJh urBmhpD;
    yGm;a&;taqmufttHkyHkpHeJ@ urBmhpD;yGm;a&;udk xdef;!dcJh=uw,f?
    'gayrJh ajymif;vJvmwJhtajctaetvdkuf urBmhpD;yGm;yHkpHvnf;
    vdkufajymif;cJhygw,f? tckwcg pD;yGm;ysufuyfqdkufvmawmh 'DyHkpH
    a[mif;awGeJ@ qufoGm;vdk@ r&awmhbl;qdk+yD; yHkpHopfawG csrSwfzdk@'k
    wd,b&ufwef0k vdkvm+yDqdkwJh toHawG=um;vm&ygw,f? *sD 20
    tpnf;ta0;awGac:+yD; 'kwd,b&ufwef0kjzpfajrmufa&; u;yrf;vm
    =uw,f? tJ'Dta=umif;awG rqufcif yxrb&ufwef0kta=umif;udk
    jyef=unfh=u&atmifyg?
    14

    r[mpD;yGm;ysufuyfeJ@ yxrb&ufwef0k
    1930 ckESpfawGrSm urBmhpD;yGm;a&;xkwfvkyfr_awG usqif;vmcJh
    w,f? urBmhEdkifiHawG[mvnf; udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;umuG,fa&;0g'awG usifh
    oHk;vm=uw,f? oGif;ukeftcGefawG wdk;aumuf=uw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ EdkifiH
    wumhukefoG,fa&;vnf; xdcdkufvm&w,f? urBmhukefoG,fa&; usqif;
    vmayr,fh EdkifiHwdkif;[m udk,fhjynfwGif;tvkyfvufrJhawG wdk;rvm
    atmif ukefxkwfvkyfr_udk wdk;jrifhcJh=uw,f? 'gayrJh tjyeftvSef oGif;
    ukef tcGefawG wdk;aumuf=uwma=umifh tJ'DxGufukefawG a&mif;cszdk@
    aps;uGufu r&Sdbl; jzpfaew,f? aps;uGufrSm 'DxGufukefawG&J@ aps;E_ef;
    [m olwdk@udk xkwfvkyf&mrSm ukefuswJhp&dwfxuf enf;vmw,f? vkyf
    cif;udkifcif;awG[m tH_;ay:vmvdk@ vkyfief;awG av#mhcs=uw,f? 'D
    awmh tvkyfvufrJhawG rsm;vmw,f? tJ'ga=umifh taxGaxG 0,fvdk
    tm;awG usqif;jyefa&m? ukefaps;E_ef;awGvnf; xyfusjyefw,f? vkyf
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    orm;awG tvkyfywfukef=uw,f? udk,fhjynfwGif; tvkyftudkifawGudk
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    ay:vpD u ajymif;jyeftusKd ;oufa&muf+yD; tvkyfvufrJhawG oef;csD
    wdk;rsm;vmcJhw,f? tar&duefu 'DpD;yGm;ysufuyfudk ausmfv$m;Edkifzdk@t
    wGuf csrSwfusifhoHk;wJh pDrHudef;opf (New Deal) qdkwmuvnf; tvkyf
    rjzpfygbl;?
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    ypPnf;tygt0if ukefypPnf;awGeJ@ vkyftm;vdktyfr_awG xdk;wufvm
    w,f? tvkyfvufrJhtrsm;tjym;[mvnf; ppfonfawmfawG jzpfukef
    =uw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ a&mif;vdktm;eJ@ 0,fvdktm; r#ajcysufaewmudk jyef
    xdef;!dvdkufEdkifcw
    Jh ,f?
    ppfyJaG =umifh r[mpD;yGm;ysufuyfudk ausmfvdkufEdkifw,fqdkwm
    udk ay:vpDcsrSwfolawGu vufcH=uayr,fh 'DppfyGJu pD;yGm;ysufuyfudk
    jzpfay:apwJh ta=umif;tcsufawGudk vHk;0z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufEdkif+yDvdk@awmh
    r,lq=uygbl;? 'ga=umifh 1944 ckESpf ZlvdkifvrSm 44 EdkifiHu udk,f
    pm;vS,faygif; 730 [m tar&duefEdkifiH b&ufwef0krSm pka0;cJh=uyg
    w,f? aemifrSm pD;yGm;ysufuyfawG xyfray:aygufEdkifzdk@eJ@ ay:aygufvm
    &ifvnf; tJ'Duyfudk urBmppfenf;eJ@ r[kwfbJ tjcm;enf;awGeJ@ tqHk;
    owfzdk@ pepfw&yfudk csrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf pka0;cJhwmyg? tJ'Db&ufwef
    15

    0kuGefz&ifhuae bma&;pepfudk xdef;uGyfzdk@ EdkifiHwumaiGa=u; &efyHk


    aiGtzGJ@ (IMF) eJ@ ppf+yD;aemufydkfif; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf
    jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ zGH@z;a&; EdkifiHwumb%f (tcktac: u
    rBmhb%f) qdkwJhtzGJ@}uD; 2 zGJ@udk wnfaxmifcJhw,f? rlvb&ufwef
    0kpepfu jyefvnfxdef;!dEdkifwJh yHkaoaiGvJvS,fa&;pepfeJ@ t&if;tESD;
    a&G@vsm;r_awGudk xdef;uGyfzdk@awG csrSwfxm;w,f? aiGa=u;pepf[m t
    ar&duefa':vmtay:rSm tajccHw,f? a':vmudk tar&duefu a&GeJ@
    tmrcHcsufay;xm;w,f?
    ajymif;vJvmwJhb&ufwef0kpepf
    1960 ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;awGrSm AD,uferfppfa=umifh tar&duef&J@
    bwf*sufeJ@ vufiif;aiGpm&if;vdkaiGjyr_[m tvGef}uD;xGm;cJhw,f? 'Dvdk
    aiGawGudk Oa&myEdkifiHawGeJ@ *syefEdkifiHwdk@u jznfhqnf;ay;cJhw,f? aiG
    a=u;yrm%}uD;xGm;vmwJhtwGuf urBmtESH@ aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_}uD;vm
    w,f? &if;ESD;jrKyfESHolawGu a':vmtufquf (asset) awGudk rudkifcsif
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    rcHxm;wmudk &yfqdkif;a=umif; a=unmvdkufw,f? a':vmaps;vnf;
    ododomomusoGm;w,f?
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    wJhpepfudk usifhoHk;vm=uw,f? t&if;tESD;pD;qif;r_ xdef;csKyfwmudk
    vnf; wpwp pGef@v$wfvm=uw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ wjznf;jznf;ay:vmwJh p
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    pepftusyftwnf;jzpfEdkifajcawG ydkrsm;vmcJhw,f? 'ga=umifh 1970 ck
    ESpf tapmydkif;avmufupvdk@ EdkifiHwumbma&;tusyftwnf;}uD;
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    tESD;awGjrKyfESH&mrSm xdxda&mufa&muf cGJa0jrKyfESHEdkifr,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
    'gayrJh (IMF) udk,fwdkif uruxvkyfwJh pl;prf;avhvmr_w&yft&qdk&if
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    16

    vG,fr_/ rwnf+idrfr_eJ@ pepfqdkif&mtE&m,f&Sdr_awG udkvnf; jzpfay:ap


    cJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
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    epfatmufrSm bma&;tufqufawG[m (b%fawGrSm aiGtyfESHxm;
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    w,f? 'gayrJh aps;upm;wJht&if;&Sifpepfacwf (Speculative Capitalism)
    a&mufvmwJh tcgrSmawmh tJ'DnDr#r_ysuf+yD; uGm[r_ }uD;vmcJhygw,f?
    1980 ckESpfrSm bmtufqufwefzdk;[m wrBmhpkpkaygif;xkwfukef&J@
    109 &Sd&mu 2005 ckESpfrSmawmh urBmhpkpkaygif;xkwfukef&J@ 316
    jzpfvmygw,f? 2008 ckESpf aps;uGuf yvJwJhtcsdeftxd ol@wefzdk;[m
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    t0,fvkyf+yD; tjrwftpGef;awG t}uD;tus,f&ae=uwmyg? 'geJ@ ywf
    ouf+yD; udef;&J@ausmf=um;wJhaumufcsuf &Sdygw,f? wGufqa&mif;
    0,fupm;olawG[m rSefwef;pD;qif;aewJh vkyfcif;}uD;awG&J@ a&pD;
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    tE&m,f}uD;+yD rSwfayawmhwJh? wu,fhvkyfcif;}uD;awGtay:rSm
    wGufqaps;upm; a&mif;0,faewmawG&J@ v$rf;rdk;r_udk xdef;uGyfr_r&SdwJh
    qifhyGm; ta&mif;t0,faps;uGuf (Derivatives Market) rSm t&Sif;qHk;
    jrifawG@&ygw,f?
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    xkduf jzpfygw,f? ol@&J@wefzdk;[m - ol@udkqifhyGm;xm;wm[m - w
    jcm;0,fa&mif;EdkifwJh t&m0wKwckcktwGuf (ukefypPnf; odk@r[kwf aiG
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    wnf;udk ay:aygufapcJhwJhtxJrSm tc&muswJh qifhyGm;trsdK;tpm;u
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    17

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    jyif;vufeufawGygyJ?
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    18

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    Adjustment Programs SAPs) qHk;H_;wJhtwGuf tckvdk emrnfysufae
    =uwm jzpfygw,f? aiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@eJ@ urBmhb%fwdk@u csrSwfay;cJh
    wJh eD,dkvpfb&,fvfpD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDawGa=umifh awmifydkif;EdkifiHawG
    (zGH@z;qJEdkifiHawG) [m 1980 ckESpfeJ@ 2005 ckESpft=um;rSm pD;yGm;a&;zGH@
    z;r_E_ef;awG edrhfuscJhw,f? vlr_zGH@z;a&; t!ef;udef;awGvnf; tvm;
    wl usqif;ukefw,f? t&if 1960 ckESpfeJ@ 1980 ck =um;wkef;uqdk&if
    pD;yGm;a&;zGH@z;r_E_ef;aum vlr_zGH@z;r_t!ef;udef;awGyg aumif;rGefcJhwm
    jzpfygw,f? tJ'D SAPs awGa=umifh obm0ywf0ef;usifawG xdcdkuf
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    rSef;csufjzpfwJh pD;yGm;a&;a&S@wdk;r_udkawmif pGrf;aqmifray;EdkifcJhbl;?vlxk
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    'ga=umifh EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;[m 'DtzGJ@}uD;awG&J@!ef=um;r_
    atmufu vGwfzdk@ tau;awG jyefqyfukef=uw,f? 2006 ckESpfrSm b
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    vpfydkifEdkifiHwdk@[mvnf; tau;jyefqyfwJhEdkifiHu jyefqyf/ tdkiftrf
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    19

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    20

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    21

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    22

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    23

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    24

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    OD;rSm jzpfygw,f?
    yxreJ@'kwd,b&ufwef0k
    yxrb&ufwef0k usif;ywkef;utajctaeeJ@ tcktajctae
    rwlawmhygbl;? yxrb&ufwef0ktpnf;ta0;usif;ywJh 1944 rSm qdk
    &if Oa&my[m emZD*smreDvufatmufrSm &SdaeqJ jzpfw,f? emZD
    vufatmufu vGwfajrmufzdk@twGuf taemufbufppfrsufESmrSm t
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    awG@&wm jzpfw,f?
    tcktcsdefuawmh tJ'Dvdk r[kwfawmhygbl;? pD;yGm;a&; tusyf
    twnf;udku tar&duefu pjzpfvmwm jzpfw,f? ESpf&Snfvrsm; vdk
    25

    aiGt}uD;tus,fjywJh bwf*sufeJ@ c&D;ESifvmwJh tar&duef[m tckpD;


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    b,fvdk&SmrvJ? aiGxyfacs;r,fhEdkifiHawmh ray:ao;yg? 'ga=umifh a':
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    xyfusr,fh tE&m,f&Sdaew,f? EdkifiHjcm;t&efaiG a':vmawG&SdaewJh
    EdkifiHawGu 'DvdkjzpfrSmudk vdkvm;rSm r[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifh wkwfEdkifiH
    u EdkifiHjcm;t&efaiGtjzpf a':vmtpm; r[mt&efaiGa=u; w&yf
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    cHygw,f? jyifopfEdkifiHuvnf; vef'ef *sD 20 tpnf;ta0;rSm olwdk@
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    ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;+yDvdk@ qdkvdkwm r[kwfyg? yxr b&ufwef0k umvavmuf
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    b,fvdkjzpfvmrvJqdkwm apmifh=unfh&rSmyg?
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    awmhrSm jzpfygw,f? pm;eyf&duQm/ vlr_a&;/ &moDOwkeJ@ avmifpmt
    usyftwnf;awGa=umifh jzpfay:vmwJh pdefac:r_awGudk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;
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    tcGefa&Smifwdrf;r_eJ@ tjcm;w&m;r0ifvkyf&yfawGa=umifh awmifydkif;EdkifiH
    26

    awG[m ESpfpOf tar&duefa':vm 500 bDvsHuae wpfx&DvsHtxd qHk;


    H_;r_awG &Sdaew,f?
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    twGuf EdkifiHtvdkufpDrHcsufawGcsrSwf&mrSm tqifajyacsmarG@apzdk@ yHhydk;
    ay;r,fh EdkifiHwumbma&;ydokum vdktyfygw,f? 1941 ckESpfwkef;
    u udef;u tckvdk owday;cJhzl;w,f? tuGyfavsmh&J&J aiGa=u;awG[m
    urBmywf+yD; yHkrSefvnfywfaewJhvkyfief;awGudk zdkz&Jjzpfapvdrfhr,f? t
    &if; pD;qif;v_yf&Sm;r_ xdef;uGyfa&;udk vkyfzdk@uvJG+yD; tjcm;r&Sdyg? 'g
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    u axmufcHa=umif; odEdkifygw,f? 'grS jyifyzdtm; odk@r[kwf t&if;
    xGufajy;rSmudk a=umufp&mrvdkbJ tpdk;&awG[m olwdk@&J@bma&;eJ@
    aiGa=u;ay:vpDawGudk uGyfuJEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f?
    e*dku b&ufwef0kpepf[m t&if;v_yf&Sm;pD;qif;r_awGtay:
    trsdK;om;xdef;csKyfr_udk ododomomcGifhycJhwm jzpfw,f? 1975 wkef;
    uqdk&if pufr_EdkifiH 17 EdkifiHeJ@ zGH@z;qJEdkifiH 85 EdkifiHrSm t&if;pD;qif;
    v_yf&Sm;r_tay: yHkpHwrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ yrm%uef@owfr_awG &SdcJh=uw,f?
    1990 ckESpftxd pufr_ 11 EdkifiHeJ@ zGH@z;qJ 109 EdkifiHwdk@rSm tJ'grsdK; &Sd=u
    wkef;jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_awGudk qGJaqmifEdkifzdk@t
    wGufqdk+yD; tdkiftrftufzf&J@ tm;ay;r_a=umifh wjznf;jznf;eJ@ wEdkifiH+yD;
    wEdkifiH tJ'Duef@owfr_awGudk pGef@v$wf+yD; olwdk@&J@bma&;aps;uGufudk
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    tar&du vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&; oabmwlnDcsuf (NAFTA) u t
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    uawGrSm &if;ESD;jrKyfESHEdkifrSm jzpfw,f?
    27

    aemufta&;}uD;vkyfief;wckuawmh EdkifiHjcm;aiG v$Jajymif;r_


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    jzwfcsufawG csrSwfEdkifr,fh au;+rDqdkif&m cHkorm"dHk; ,E&m;topfudk
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    awGrSm oHk;pGJwJh kyfuif;avmifpmawGtwGuf bHkumbGefcGef aumufcH
    &ygr,f? aumufcH&&SdwJhtcGefaiGudk awmifydkif;EdkifiHu a*[pepfysufpD;
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    &J@ v_yf&Sm;r_udkvnf; &yfwef@ypf&ygr,f? tau;tjynfhjyefr&awmhbl;
    vdk@ ,lqoGm;wJh +rD&SifawGqDu EdkifiHjcm;au;+rDawGudk aps;aygaygeJ@
    tJ'Dyk*~vdu tzGJ@tpnf;awGu 0,f,lvdkuf=uw,f? 'DaemufrSm tJ'D
    (vulture funds) awGu +rDpm;EdkifiHawGudk w&m;Hk;rSm w&m;pGJ+yD; olwdk@
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    r_eJ@ a*[pepfa&&SnfwnfwHhr_awGudk &&SdEdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;?
    &nf!ef; - What Kind of a "New" Bretton Woods Will Emerge from
    the Crisis? by John Dillon
    - The United States, Europe and Bretton Woods II by George
    Friedman and Peter Zeihan

    =unf0if;
    28

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    uefeJ@+Adwdefwdk@rSm bma&;vkyfief;awGudk EdkifiHawmfu csKyfudkifae
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    29

    t*Fvdyfwdk@t=um; wjcm; bmuGJvGJr_awGSdSd/ 'Dtcsuftay:rSmawmh


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    +rD;wdkuawmh vlxkoHk;pGJr_uwqihf 0,fvdktm;udk wdk;csJ@wmygyJ? 'gayrJh
    vufawG@rSm 'DvdkaiGa=u;pD;qif;r_zefwD;wm oufoufeJ@ r&ygbl;? bm
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    30

    omem;axmifwJh +Adwdo#tpdk;&aiGwdkuf[m jiif;y,fcJhygw,f? tvm;


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    ae+yD; t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;udk 0ifvkyfudkifw,fvdk@qdkvdkufwmeJ@ t&if;&Sif
    awG&J@ w&m;0ifwnf&Sdr_udk xdcdkufapvdk@yJjzpfygw,f? EdkifiHawmfuae
    vkyfief;awGudk xda&mufpGm vnfywfapEdkifw,fqdk&if/ 'grSr[kwf pepf
    }uD;udk acsmarG@pGmvnfywfapEdkifw,fqdk&if t&if;&SifawGudk bmt
    wGuf vdktyfaeOD;rSmvJ? 'Dvdkar;cGef;udk bmt&if;udk udk,fpm;ywJh
    t&if;&SifawG (udef;pfpum;eJ@qdk&if b,ftoHk;0ifwJhtcef;rSmrS ryg0if
    wJh &if;ESD; ryfESHolawG) u rcHEdkifygbl;?
    ppf}uD;+yD;wJ@ aemufydkif;ESpfawGusrS bmt&if;[m tm;
    enf;vmvdk@ txufuajymcJhwJhqef@usifr_awG wpHkw&m avsmhenf;
    vmygw,f? ppf}uD;[m a&S@wef;a&muf t&if;&SifEdkifiH}uD;awGu vl
    wef;pm;awG&J@ tiftm;wnfSdr_udk ajymif;vJapcJhygw,f? bmt&if;
    &J@ vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&; t&Sdef=oZm wpHkw&musqif;cJh+yD; tvkyform; vl
    wef;pm;rSmawmh wpHkw&m wufvmcJhygw,f? 'gudk (yHkpHa[mif;) qdk
    S,f'Drdkua&pD jyefvnftm;aumif;vm+yD; udef;pf&J@ aps;uGufawmif;qdk
    r_ uGyfuJa&; t,ltqudk pwifusifhoHk;vm=uygw,f? 'gayrJh 'DvdkeJ@
    t&if;tESD; pkpnf;r_awGjzpfvm+yD; aiGa=u;tkyfpkawGjzpfvm/ aemufqHk;
    rSm aiGa=u;t& *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;jzpfvm+yD; bmt&if;&Sifpepf
    [m udef;pf&J@ aps;uGufawmif;qdkr_ uGyfuJa&;t,ltqtay: jyeft
    Edkif&oGm;ygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ eD,dkvpfb&,f0g'eJ@ *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;awG
    jzpfay:vmawmhwmyg?
    31

    'Gd[eJ@ydyuQawG yGrf;aewJh t&if;Sifpepf


    EdkifiHwumbmt&if;[m tckvdktcgrSmawmifrSyJ EdkifiH
    awmf toHk;p&dwfyHkomefeJ@ aiGa=u;pD;qif;r_ wGef;tm;ay;wmudk o
    abmrusEdkifygbl;? ('DvdktcgrSm tenf;qHk; EdkifiHa&;t& kyfjyaumif;
    atmif trsm;jynfoltwGuf toHk;awGjy&ygw,f)? olwdk@[m EdkifiH
    awmfuae jynfolawG&J@aiGawGudk toHk;jyK+yD; 'kuQawG@aewJh olwdk@ aiG
    a=u;pepf}uD;udk u,fwifwmrsdK; jzpfapcsifwmyg? wenf;ajym&&if t
    rsm;jynfolydkifwJhaiGudkvnf; olwdk@twGufyJ jzpfapcsifwmyg?
    txufrSmajymcJhovdkyJ bmt&if;a=umifh pD;yGm;a&; us
    qif;r_[m &Snf=umvmwmeJ@tr# tvkyform;awGrSm tvkyfvufrJh
    umvawG=um/ v,form;eJ@vkyfief;&SifawGrSm pD;yGm;a&;xdcdkufpwJh t
    edmHkawG[mvnf; wm&Snf wnf&SdaerSmjzpfygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@yJ bm
    t&if;u eD,dkvpfb&,ftawG;tac:udk rpGef@v$wfcsifav eD,dkvpfb
    &,f0g' qufvufwnfSdr_udk +cdrf;ajcmufaerSmjzpfygw,f? t&if;&Sif0g'
    &J@ ydyuQvdk@ qdkvdkufwm 'ga=umihfyJjzpfygw,f?
    aps;uGufawGudk v$wfrxm;oifh/ EdkifiHawmfu uGyfuJoifhwJh
    aemufta=umif;wck &Sdygao;w,f? vGwfvyfwJh aps;uGuf/ txl;
    ojzihf vGwfvyfwJhaiGa=u;aps;uGuf&SdwJh t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;rSm yl
    azmif;awGjzpfay:wmeJ@ ylazmif;awG aygufuJw
    G mawG rjywfjzpf
    ay:aerSmyg? ylazmif;awG jzpfay:wJhtcgrSm pD;yGm;a&;wuf+yD; yl
    azmif;awGaygufuJw
    G JhtcgrSm pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_}uD;awGjzpfay:wmygyJ?
    'Dvdk ylazmif;aygufuGJwmawGjzpfwdkif; jyifyu0if+yD; axmuful&
    wmygyJ? tJ'Dvdk taxmuftulawG &aevdk@uawmh t&if;&Sifpepf[m
    rwfaewmygyJ? 'gayrJh r&&ifvnf; {&mr usqif;r_}uD;awG jzpfwwf
    ygw,f?
    yxrurBmppfrwdkifrDu t&if;&Sifpepf[me,fy,fwdk;csJ@jcif;
    qdkwJh taxmuftuludk&cJhygw,f? tJ'gu oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom O
    a&mywdkufom;awG tar&duef/ =opa=w;vs/ e,l;ZDvef/ uae'g/
    awmiftmz&dupwJh a&=unf&m jrufEk&ma'oawGudk oGm;+yD; a'ocH
    awGqDuajrawGudkvk,uf tajccs=uwmygyJ? olwdk@tajccs&m ae&m
    opfawGtwGuf ypPnf;trsdK;rsdK;/ txl;ojzifh tajccHtaqmufttHk
    (infrastructure) awGtwGuf wdkufkduf/ 'grSr[kwfoG,f0dkuf 0,fvdktm;
    awGa=umihf urBmht&if;&SifpepftwGuf jynfywifydk@r_awGuae t}uD;
    tus,fpD;yGm;jzpfcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dom,mwJhumv}uD;[m yxr u
    rBmppf}uD;jzpfawmh tqHk;wdkifoGm;ygawmhw,f? 'DppfyJGumv[m t
    &if;&SSifpepftzdk@ jyifyu taxmuftulr&wJh umvvdk@ ajym&ygr,f?
    32

    'Dawmh 1920 pkESpfrsm;taESmif;ydkif;rSm pD;yGm;a&;uyf}uD; jzpfay:vm


    wm[m odyfawmhrqef;ygbl;?
    udef;pfuay;wJh EdkifiHawmfoHk;pGJr_[m 0,fvdktm;udk ay:ayguf
    ap&r,f qdkwJhaq;t!ef;[mjyifyu taxmuftuludk zefwD;cdkif;
    wmygyJ? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;+yD;awmh t&if;&SifpepftaeeJ@ umv=um
    &SnfpGm pD;yGm;a&; yGifhvef;cJhwm[m tJ'Djyify taxmuftuludk &cJhvdk@
    yJjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh udef;pfajymwJh 0,fvdktm;pDrHcsuf qdkwmudkvnf;
    pGef@ypf/ aemuf+yD; EdkifiHwumbmt&if;vnf; ay:vmwJhaemufawmh
    t&if;&SifpepfrSm taxmuftulrJhwJhb0 jyefa&mufoGm;ygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@
    1990 pkESpfrsm;&J@ ylazmif;aygufuJrG _jzpfay:+yD; pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_}uD;
    ay:aygufwmygyJ?
    tckvnf;yJ EdkifiHawmfoHk;pGJr_qdkwJh taxmuftul}uD;wck rkcs
    vdktyfaeygw,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m pepfxJrSmudk xnfhoGif;owfrSwfxm;
    wJh taxmuftulrsdK;jzpf&rSmyg? Edk@rdk@vdk@uawmh 'DoHo&mxJu xGuf
    EdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;? 'gayrJh jy\emu t&if;&Sifpepfu pDrHudef;cswJh
    pD;yGm;a&;udk vufrcHygbl;/ qef@usifygw,f? txufrSmajymcJhwJh ay:
    aygufcJhwJh taxmuftulawG[m wrifvkyf,lwmawG r[kwfygbl;? r
    awmfwq &SdwmawGjzpfygw,f? ppfyJ/G vlwef;pm;wdkufyJG pwmawG
    uae ay:xGufwmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh a&S@rSm t&if;&SifpepftaeeJ@
    pDrHudef;topfawG csrSwfrvm;/ 'grSr[kwf wjcm;pepfwckudkyJ ae&m
    z,fay;rvm;/ bmrS twdtusrajymEdkifygbl;? wckyJ twdtus ajym
    Edkifygw,f? tJ'gu awmh eD,dkvpfb&,f0g'[m ae0if+yDqdkwmygyJ?
    pdefcsif;junf

    a&S@rSm t&if;&SifpepftaeeJ@ pDrHudef;topfawG csrSwfrvm;/


    'grSr[kwf wjcm;pepfwckudkyJ ae&mz,fay;rvm;/ bmrS
    twdtusrajymEdkifygbl;? wckyJ twdtus ajymEdkifygw,f? tJ'gu
    awmh eD,dkvpfb&,f0g'[m ae0if+yDqdkwmygyJ?

    33

    b&pfwef0k pepfta=umif;
    odaumif;p&m

    (&Jabmf _,Of)
    urBmhpD;yGm;a&; bma&; tusyftwnf;pwifusa&mufvmwJh 2008
    ckESpf tv,fykdif;avmufupvkd@ b&ufwef0kpepf (Bretton Woods
    System) qdkwJh pum;vHk; owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm r=umc% awG@vm &
    ygw,f?
    uJ 'gjzifh b&ifwef0kpepf qkdwm bmygvdrfh?
    b&ufwef0kpepfqdkwm[m urBmht"du pufr_EkdifiH}uD;rsm; t
    =um;&SdwJh ukefoG,fa&;eJ@ bma&;qufqHr_ pnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;ukd
    wnfaqmufay;vdkufwJh aiGa=u;qkdif&m pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_pepfw&yfom jzpf
    ygw,f?
    'kwd,urBmppf+yD;cgeD; ppft+yD; EkdifiHwumhpD;yGm;a&;pepf jyef
    vnfwnfaqmufzkd@ jyifqifwJhtaeeJ@ EkdifiHwumaiGa=u;eJ@bma&;
    uGefz&ifh}uD;ukd tar&duef e,l;[Jrf_dif;,m;jynfe,f b&ufwef0k t
    &yf&Sd 0g&Sifwefa[mfw,frSm 1944 ckESpf ZlvkdifvtwGif;rSm usif;ycJhyg
    w,f? r[mrdwfEkdifiHaygif; 44 EkdifiHu ukd,fpm;vS,faygif; 730 wuf
    a&mufcJhygw,f? tJ'DrSm ukd,fpm;vS,ftrsm;tjym; tjyeftvSef aqG;
    aEG;=u+yD; b&ufwef0koabmwlnDcsufukd csKyfqkdcJh=uw,f?
    tJ'DoabmwlnDr_uae+yD; EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;pepfukd pepfw
    us xdef;odrf;tkyfcsKyfr,fh Oya'rsm;/ enf;Oya'rsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/
    enf;vrf;rsm;/ pepfrsm;udk azmfxkwfcJh+yD; tJ'Duae EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;
    &efyHkaiGtzGJ@ (IMF) wkd@/ urBmhb%fjzpfvmr,fhtzGJ@wdk@ ay:xGef;cJhygw,f?
    34

    'DoabmwlnDcsufukd vufrSwfxkd;wJh EkdifiHrsm;taeeJ@ rdrdwkd@


    EkdifiH&J@ aiGa=u;vJvS,fr_E_ef;ukd a&$eJ@ wefzkd;csif; taoowfrSwf&rSm
    jzpf+yD; IMF &J@ }uD;=uyfr_ukd cH&rSm jzpfygw,f?
    'Dpepf ay:vm&wJh EkdifiHa&;tajctaeuawmh 1930 ckESpf t
    wGif; ay:cJhwJh pD;yGm;a&;ysufuyf}uD; (The Great Depression) &J@ tawG@
    t}uHKrsm;t&a&m urBmppf}uD; 2 ckt+yD; EkdifiHwum =oZmtm%m
    EkdifiHwcsdK@vufxJ usqif;oGm;r_a&m urBmhaiGa=u;jy\emrsm;rSm acgif;
    aqmifr_tcef;ukd &,lcsifwJh/ &EkdifwJhtiftm;vnf;&SdaewJh tiftm;
    }uD;EkdifiH ay:aygufvmr_ (tar&duefukdqkdvdk) pwmawGa=umifh ygyJ?
    'DoabmwlnDcsufukd atmifatmifjrifjrif &EkdifvkdufwJh tajc
    cHta=umif;tcsufuawmh t&if;&Sifpepftay: ,Hk=unfr_eJ@ umuG,f
    vkdr_a=umifhygyJ? zGH@+zdK;+yD; EkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;t=um; t&if;&Sifpepf yHkpH
    omeftay: usifhoHk;wJhtpkd;&rsm;&J@ ay:vpD[m rwluJjG ym;r_tcsdK@ &Sd
    ayr,fh tm;vHk;[m tajccHtm;jzifh aps;uGufpepf&J@ yk*~vduykdifqkdifr_
    tay:rSm tajccHygw,f? olwkd@tcsif;csif;t=um; wlnDr_u ykdrsm;yg
    w,f? ppftwGif; ay:aygufcJhwJh aiGa=u;uarmufurjzpfr_rsm;uae+yD;
    ed*Hk;csKyfoifcef;pmawG xkwfcJh=uygw,f?
    1930 ckESpfrsm;u aiGa=u;bma&; taqmufttHkrsm;t
    wGif; xdef;csKyfr_tm;enf;csufrsm;u urBmhpD;yGm;a&;ysufuyf}uD;ukd
    qkdufa&mufapcJhw,fvkd@ oHk;oyf=u+yD; rdrdwEkdifiHcsif;&J@ aiGa=u;wefzdk;
    csvkduf+yD; ykd@ukefrsm;atmif vkyfr_awGa=umifh urBmhukefoG,fa&;pepfw
    ckvHk; xdckdufcJh&w,fvkd@ ,lq=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh wEkdifiHcsif; tusdK;pD;
    yGm;ay:rSm tajccHwJh a&wkdpOf;pm;enf;rsm;tpm; a&&Snf}udKwifpOf;pm;
    enf;rsm;udk }uHqcJh=uwmyg? 'ga=umifh EkdifiHwumhpD;yGm;a&;pepft
    wGuf aps;uGufxdef;csKyf+yD; aiGa=u;wefzdk;awGukd wif;wif;usyfusyf csKyf
    ukdifwJh pepfw&yf azmfaqmifzdk@ pOf;pm;=uwmygyJ?
    1933 rS 1944 xd tar&duef EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfwJh [mvf
    (Hull) u urBmppf}uD; 2 ck jzpfay:cJh&wJh tajccHta=umif;&if;awGxJ
    rSm pD;yGm;a&;t& rr#rwjzpfr_rsm;/ ukefoG,fa&;ppfyJrG sm;(trade warfare)
    rsm;ygw,fvkd@qdk+yD; ppft+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;ukd wnfaqmufzkd@qdk&if vGwf
    vyfwJh EkdifiHwumhpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnfaqmuf&r,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? t
    wm;tqD;r&SdwJh ukefoG,fa&;[m +idrf;csrf;a&;ukdjzpfap+yD; tuef@t
    owf/ rnDrr#eJ@ taumufcGefjrifhrm;r_awGuawmh ppfyJGukd jzpfapw,f
    vdk@vnf; qdkygw,f? 'gukd olu pD;yGm;a&;vHk+cHKr_ (Economic Security)
    vkd@ trnfwyfygw,f? 'g[m tar&duefawGtzkd@ urBmtESH@ vGwfvyf
    pGmukefoG,fEkdifcGifh &a&;twGufygyJ? 'gayrJh 'DvGwfvyfwJh EkdifiHwumh
    35

    pepfrSmvnf; tpkd;&awG&J@ pGufzufr_eJ@ xdef;csKyfr_ vkdtyfw,fvkd@vnf;


    qkd=uygw,f? 'DpD;yGm;a&;uyf}uD;t+yD;rSmawmh tpkd;&xdef;csKyfr_awGukd
    ykdvkyfvm=uygw,f? rdrdEkdifiHom;rsm;&J@ pD;yGm;a&;acsmifvnfr_ukd EkdifiH
    awmfu wm0ef,l+yD; EkdifiH trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;ukd tpkd;&rsm;u 0if
    a&mufpGufzufoifhw,fvkd@ ,lq=u+yD; EkdifiHwumtqifhrSmvnf; tif
    tm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;&J@ tqifhjrifhwJh pD;yGm;a&;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_r&Sd&if pD;
    yGm;a&;ppfyGJrsm;uae ykdrdkus,fjyef@wJh ppfa&;wkdufyGJrsm;txd a&muf
    oGm;Ekdifw,fvkd@vnf; oHk;oyfcJh=uygw,f? 'guawmh ppfqef@usifa&;
    twGuf tusdK;&Sdygw,f?
    pD;yGm;a&;wnf+idrf+yD; EkdifiHa&;t& +idrf;csrf;a&;&apzdk@ EkdifiHt
    awmfrsm;rsm;u EkdifiHwumaiGa=u;pepfukd xdef;csKyf&mrSm yl;aygif;
    aqmif&Guf=uzkd@ oabmwlvmygw,f? ppf+yD;urBmtay: tar&duef&J@
    tjriftajccHuawmh vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&; (free trade) ygyJ? vGwf
    vyfpGmukefoG,fa&;qdkwm taumuftcGefwkd@ av#mhcswmpwmawG t
    jyif t&if;&SifpepftwGuf tusdK;&Sdapr,fh ukefoG,fa&;xdef;ndr_rsm;
    om jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh zGH@+zdK;+yD; EkdifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m tar&d
    uef&J@tjrifeJ@ wl=u+yD; ukefoG,fa&;twm;tqD;rsm;ukd z,f&Sm;+yD; t
    &if;tESD;rsm;ukd vGwfvGwfvyfvyf pD;qif;EkdifwJh xda&mufr_&SdvSwJh EkdifiH
    wumaiGa=u;pepfw&yfukd wDxGifxde;f odrf;zdk@ vkyfaqmifvm=uyg
    w,f? *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;twGuf tvGefxda&muf vsifjrefapcJyh g
    w,f?
    ppfyJjG zpfaepOfumvuwnf;u tar&duefwkd@[m ppf+yD;&if
    t&ifu olr0ifEkdifcJhwJh aps;uGufawG 0ifa&mufEkdifzdk@ }udKpDpOfcJhwmyg?
    1941 ckESpf =o*kwfvu tar&dueforRwkpAJheJ@ +Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf csm
    csDwkd@ csKyfqkdcJhwJh twWvEdwfpmcsKyf(Atlantic charter) [m b&uf
    wef0k&J@ a&aomufjrpfyg? tJ'DpmcsKyf&J@ t"dutcsufuawmh ukefoG,f
    a&;eJ@ ukef=urf;ypPnf;rsm; 0,f,lcGifhtwGuf EkdifiHwkdif; wef;wltcGifht
    a&; &Sdw,fqkdwmygyJ? 'ghtjyif yifv,fa&jyifrsm;ukdvnf; vGwfvyfpGm
    oH;k pGJcGifh&Sdw,fqdkwmvnf; ygygw,f? 'gawGtm;vHk;uawmh 18 &mpk/
    19 &mpkrsm;twGif;u ukdvkdeDt&Sifocifrsm;jzpf=uwJh t*Fvdyfwkd@ jyif
    opfwkd@&J@ urBmh=oZm}uD;EkdifiHrsm;tjzpf urBmukd v$rf;rkd;xm;r_=oZmukd
    av#mhcsvkdufwm jzpfygw,f? tar&duefeJ@ +Adwdo#bma&;0ef}uD;
    awG[m 2 ESpfcGJausmf=um tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;ndE_dif;+yD;rS 'D b&ufwef
    0koabmwlnDcsufukd &&SdcJh=uwmyg? ppftwGif; }uHKcJh&wJh aiGa=u;wef
    zdk;usqif;r_/ aiGvJvS,fr_E_ef; rwnfr+idrfjzpfr_wkd@ukd a=umufp&m rvkdbJ
    ukefoG,fEkdifwJh EkdifiHwumaiGa=u;pepfukd wnfaxmifvkduf=uwmygyJ?
    36

    ppftwGif;u pD;yGm;jzpfvmwJh tar&dueftzkd@ ppft+yD; Oa&my


    aps;uGuf oefpGrf;rvm&if ol@pD;yGm;a&;ukd rxdef;Ekdifbl;qkdwm tar&d
    uefawGu jrifygw,f? Oa&my&J@ tar&duefr[mrdwfrsm;uvnf; ppf
    yef;usaevkd@ tar&duef&J@acgif;aqmifr_ukd cH,l+yD; rdrdjynfwGif;&J@ xkwf
    vkyfr_twGufa&m EkdifiHwumukefoG,fa&;twGuf t&if;tESD;a&m t
    ar&duefukd tm;ukd;vm&ygw,f? tar&duefrsm;vufxJrSmuvnf;
    ppftwGif; vufeuftygt0if ukefoG,fr_trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh &xm;wJh t
    usdK;tjrwfrsm;tjzpf a':vmawG yHkaewmyg? ppf'%fukdvnf; ol@ajr
    ay:rSm olu rcHxm;&ygbl;?
    1930 ckESpfrsm;twGif;u +Adwdo#[m tar&duefukefypPnf;
    awG r0ifa&mufEkdifwJh ol@pD;yGm;a&;e,fedrdwfukd wnfaqmufxm;wm
    yg? 'gayrJh ppft+yD;rSmawmh +Adwdo#wkd@omru jyifopfawGuyg olwdk@&J@
    ydwfqdk@r_awGukd tar&duefawGukd zGifhay;vkduf&ygw,f? ppft+yD; tif
    tm; tawmifhwif;qHk;tjzpf ay:vmwJh tar&duefawG&J@ =oZm[m
    b&ufwef0k tpnf;ta0;rSm tompD;&oGm;wmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
    'D oabmwlnDcsufukd vufrSwfa&;xkd;t+yD;rSm t*Fvefb%fu t}uD;
    wef;t&m&SdwOD;u 'g[m +AdwdeftwGuf ppf+yD;aemuf t}uD;qHk; xkd;
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    37

    usdK;tjrwfrsm; jzpfxGef;cJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif Oa&my&J@ wkd;wufr_eJ@ *syef&J@


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    38

    topf jyefvnfae&mcs
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    39

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    40

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    41

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    42

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    43

    2006 urBmhtcsuftvufrsm;pmtkyf (The World Almanac


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    44

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    wkwfjynf[m 2008 aemufqHk; 4 vywfrSm zGH@+zdK;r_E_ef;[m
    r}uHKpzl; 6 'or 8 &mckdifE_ef;ukd xkd;usoGm;ygw,f? ykd@ukefawG usqif;
    vdk@ pufHkawG axmifeJ@csDydwfvkduf&+yD; aus;vufrsm;uae +rdK@wuf t
    vkyfvkyfaewJh ysHustvkyform; (migrant worker) aygif; oef; 20 t
    vkyfvufrJh jzpfoGm;+yD; aus;&Gmrsm;ukd jyefoGm;&yg+yD? 'DESpf wuUokdvf
    rsm;u bGJ@&vm+yD; tvkyfcGif0ifr,fholaygif;u 6 oef;ausmfygw,f?
    'Dvkd &ifav;zG,fjzpf&yfawG &SdaeygvsufueJ@ bma=umifh w
    kwfawG[m olwkd@EkdifiH pD;yGm;a&;ysufuyfxJu kef;xGufEkdifvdrfhr,fvdk@
    oHk;oyf=uovJ? 'D,Hk=unfcsuf (confidence) ukd b,fu&ovJ?
    tck rwfv 3 &ufae@u pvkd@ rwfv 13 &ufae@txd usif;y
    +yD;pD;oGm;cJhwJh wkwfjynfv$wfawmf 2 &yftwGif; ajym=um;cJhwJh wkwf
    tpkd;&acgif;aqmifrsm;/ Oya'ynm&Sirf sm;/ pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm; pwm
    awG&J@ ajym=um;csufrsm;udk =unfh&atmifyg?
    51

    rwfv 7 &ufae@u usif;ywJh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm wkwf


    EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; ,efusJ@csDu wkwfjynf[m urBmhpD;yGm;ysufuyfu
    b,fvkdvGwfajrmufatmifvkyfzdk@ tpDtpOf&SdygovJqkdwJh owif;
    axmufwa,muf&J@ar;cGef;ukd ajzqkd&mrSm- u|efawmfwkd@ rdrdwkdif;jynf
    u pD;yGm;a&;ukd t"du aumif;atmifvkyfr,f? u|efawmfwkd@wkdif;jynf
    u pD;yGm;a&; u|efawmfwkd@owfrSwfxm;wJh }uD;xGm;r_E_ef; 8 &mckdifE_ef;
    rSm xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifr,fqkd&if 'g[m urBm}uD;ukdyg wnf+idrfatmif
    vkyfay;&m a&mufygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|efawmfwkd@&J@ t"duvkyfief;[m
    rdrdwkdif;jynf&J@ pD;yGm;a&;ukd aumif;atmifvkyfa&;ygyJ?
    'kwd, u|efawmfwkd@ }udK;pm;rSmuawmh 'DESpftwGif; usif;y
    r,fh EkdifiHwumtpnf;ta0;rsm; (multi lateral meetings) atmif
    jrifatmif vkyfzdk@ygyJ? txl;ojzifh {+yDv vef'efrSmusif;yr,fh G 20 t
    pnf;ta0; atmifjrifa&;ygyJ? tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;eJ@
    vlxk&J@,Hk=unfr_ukd &&SdwJh/ yl;aygif;yg0ifwJh/ wnf+idrfwJh urBmhbma&;
    pepfopfw&yf ay:xGufvmzdk@ }udK;pm;zkd@ygyJvkd@ ajz=um;oGm;ygw,f?
    wcg rwfv 13 &ufae@rSm usif;ywJh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm
    awmh wkwf0ef}uD;csKyf 0rfusm;aygifu ol v$wfawmfrSmwifoGif;wJh t
    pkd;&vkyfief;tpD&ifcHpmrSm ajym=um;xm;wJh tcsuftcsdK@ukd jyefvnf
    &Sif;vif;ajym=um;&mrSm 1? 2009 ckESpftwGuf wkwfjynf&J@wkd;wufr_E_ef; 8 &mckdif
    E_ef; owfrSwfwm[m jzpfEkdifajc&Sdvdk@owfrSwfwmjzpfa=umif;/ 'Dvkdowf
    rSwfcsuf&Sdwm[m vrf;nefcsuf&Sdovkdjzpfvdk@ vkyfief;pOfrsm;vkyfaqmif
    &mrSm OD;wnfcsuf&Sdaea=umif;/ 'ga=umifh 'DvkdowfrSwfzdk@ vdktyfcsuf
    vnf; jzpfa=umif;?
    2? pD;yGm;a&;v_H@aqmfcsufpDrHudef; (stimulus- package- plan)
    tar&duefa':vm bDvD,H 500 ausmf oHk;pGJr,fh txufyg pD
    rHudef;[m tckrSaumufqGJwJh pDrHudef; r[kwfbJ/ 11 }udrfajrmuf 5 ESpf
    pDrHudef;xJu tpDtpOfrsm;omjzpf+yD; tckvuf&Sd tcdkiftrmvkdtyfcsuf
    awGt& rGrf;rHjyifqifxm;wJh pDrHudef;om jzpfa=umif;/ 'DpDrHudef;t& rD;
    &xm;vrf;awG/ um;vrf;awG/ av,mOfysHuGif;awG xyfaqmufr,fh t
    pDtpOfrsm; yg&Sd+yD;/ 'Duae tvkyfopf/ tukdifopfrsm; trsm;tjym; ay:
    vmrSmjzpfa=umif;?
    tvkyftukdif&&Sda&; (employment) jy\em[m pm;0wfae
    a&;udpPomru vlwa,muf&J@ *k%foduQvnf; jzpfa=umif; 'ga=umifh
    tvkyftukdifaygif; 9 oef;cef@ ay:xGufvmatmif vkyfrSm jzpfa=umif;?
    52

    ESpfpOfvkyfkd;vkyfpOf pDrHudef;rsm;jzpfwJh tqifhjrifhenf;ynmrsm;


    jrifhwifa&;/ obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;/ vpmrsm;wkd;ay;a&;/
    v,form;rsm;ukd axmufyHha&;/ aq;0g;ukoa&;twGuf jyKjyifajymif;
    vJr_rsm;pwmawG&J@ ukefusp&dwfrsm;u oD;jcm;jzpf+yD; 'Dv_H@aqmfcsuf pD
    rHudef;xJ ryga=umif; ajymoGm;ygw,f?
    'Dowif;pm &Sif;vif;yGJrSm ar;cGef;awG xkwf=uwJh txl;ojzifh
    jynfwGif;u owif;orm;awG&J@ ar;cGef;awGukd =unfh&if 'Dtpkd;&&J@ aiG
    oHk;r,fh tpDtpOftay: pdwfylyefae=uyHk&ygw,f? 'ga=umifhyJ 0ef}uD;
    csKyfu 'Dvkyfief;awGtm;vHk;ukd tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;ndE_dif;wJh/ tjynfh
    t0 xifomjrifom&SdwJh/ wm0ef,lpepf&SdwJh }uD;=uyfr_rsdK; vkyfaqmif
    oGm;ygr,fvdk@ uwdjyKoGm;ygw,f? 'ghtjyif wqufwnf;rSmyJ wkwf
    jynf&J@ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd acwfeJ@tnD qufvufvkyf
    aqmifoGm;rSm jzpfa=umif;/ txl;ojzifh taqmufttHkjyKjyifajymif;vJ
    r_rsm; (Institutional Reform) ukd vkyfaqmif+yD;/ qkd&S,fvpf'Drkdu
    a&pDukd zGH@+zdK;+yD; atmufajcvlxk&J@tcGifhta&;ukd tmrcHwJh EkdifiHa&;
    pepfw&yf ay:xGufa&;/ Oya'jyKvkyfief;rsm;ukd jyKjyifajymif;vJ+yD; vlr_
    a&;w&m;r#wr_&Sda&;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;u tqifhtoD;oD;u
    wm0efcHrsm;ukd }uD;=uyfa&;pwmawGvnf; vkyfaqmifoGm;r,fvkd@ qkdyg
    w,f?
    'ghtjyif pD;yGm;a&;uyfukd ausmfeif;zdk@vkyf&mrSm vuQ%m&yf
    rsm;ukd ukoHkomru t&if;cHta=umif;&if; (root causes) rsm;ukd
    vnf; ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;oGm;rSmjzpfa=umif; xnfhoGif;ajym=um;&if; w
    kwfjynf&J@ rjynfhpHkao;wJh vlr_zlvHka&;uGef,uf (social security
    network) vkyfief;rsm;ukdvnfh jynfh0&ifhusufatmif vkyfaqmifoGm;
    rSm jzpfa=umif; ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'ghtwGuf 0efaqmifvkyfief;rsm;ukd
    vnf; wkd;csJ@oGm;rSmjzpfa=umif; ajymoGm;ygao;w,f?
    'Dvkd tpkd;& xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifrsm;&J@ ajymqkdr_rsm;tjyif w
    jcm;v$wfawmfOya'jyKtrwfrsm;/ ynm&Sifrsm;&J@ ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukd
    =unfh&ifvnf; wkwfawG[m 'DpD;yGm;ysufuyfukd b,fvkd=unfhjrifoHk;
    oyf+yD;/ taumif;bufvSnfhajymif;Ekdifatmif }udK;pm;ae=uw,fqkdwm
    odjrifEkdifygw,f?
    wkwfjynf +rdK@&Gmwkd;wufa&; okawoeXmeu nef=um;a&;
    rSL;csKyf csif[GdKif (Chen Huai) u wkwfawG bma=umifh 'Dvkd,Hk=unf
    csuf&Sdae&ovJ qkdwmukd ajym&mrSm wkwfjynf[m wjcm; zGH@+zdK;+yD;EkdifiHrsm;vkd +rdK@jywnfaqmuf
    a&; (urbanization) vkyfief;wkd@ pufr_wyfqifa&; (industraialization)
    53

    vkyfief;wkd@ +yD;jynfhpHkjcif; r&Sdao;ygbl;? 'ga=umifh 'Dvkyfief;twGuf Ekdif


    iHjcm;t&if;tESD;vnf; rvkdygbl;? rdrdwdk@rSm t&efaiGrsm; tjynfht0 &Sd
    ygw,f? +rdK@jywnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;rsm;twGif; tajccHtaqmuf
    ttHkawG aqmufvkyfzkd@ pDrHudef;awG tjynfha&;qGJxm;+yD;jzpfvkd@/ 'Dvkyf
    ief;rsm;rSm tvkyftudkiftopfrsm; ay:aygufvmrSmyg?
    'Dae&mrSm olu Oyrmay; ajym=um;oGm;wm wckuawmh t
    pkd;&taeeJ@ tjrefajy;um;vrf;rrsm; wnfaqmuf&mrSm &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_
    aiG wkwf,GifaiG oef; 100 oHk;wkdif; tvkyftukdif av;axmifcef@
    (wkdufkdufa&m/ oG,f0kdufa&m) zefwD;Ekdifw,fvdk@ qkdygw,f?
    'D+rdK@jyvkyfief;uae +rdK@jyvlxkawG ay:xGufvm+yD; tpkd;&t
    aeeJ@ tv,ftvwfeJ@ tao;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ +rdK@jypufr_vkyfief;
    ay:xGufa&;twGuf t&if;tESD;acs;aiGawG xkwfay;jcif;jzifh/ +rdK@jyvlxk
    &J@aexkdifpm;aomufr_jrifhvm+yD; jynfwGif;0,ftm;(domasticdemand)
    vnf; jrifhvmEkdifygw,f? wkwfjynf&J@vlOD;a&t& tv,ftvwfvl
    wef;pm; rsm;vm&if jynfwGif;0,ftm;vnf; tvGefwufvmrSmjzpfvkd@
    wkwfjynf&J@ ykd@ukeftajcjyK (export orientated) pD;yGm;a&;ukd
    jyKjyifvmEkdifygvdrfhr,f? 'Dtcg ykd@ukefawGusqif;vkd@ pD;yGm;ysufwJh jy\
    em r}uHKEkdifawmhygbl;? wkwfjynf&J@ 0,ftm;wufvm&if EkdifiHjcm;u
    oGif;ukef (import) vnf; wufvmEkdifvkd@ wjcm;EkdifiHrsm;&J@ pD;yGm;a&;
    ukdvnf; tultnDjyK&m a&mufygw,f?
    vufawG@t&vnf; azazmf0g&DvtwGif;u wkwfjynfuukef
    oG,fa&;0ef}uD; OD;aqmifwJh ukef0,f,la&; tzGJ@wzGJ@ Oa&my 4 EkdifiH
    (*smreD/ qGpfZmvef/ pydef/ +Adwdef) ukd oGm;a&muf+yD; ukefypPnf;rsdK;pHk
    (tqifhjrifh enf;ynmqkdif&m ypPnf;rsm;tygt0if) tar&duefa':vm
    13 bDvD,Hzdk; 0,f,lcJhygao;w,f? Oa&myu tvGefxdckdufaewJh puf
    r_vkyfief;rsm;ukd wzufwvrf;u ulnDvkdufwmygyJ?
    zGH@+zdK;+yD;EkdifiHrsm;rSm +rdK@jyvkyfief;wkd@/ pufr_vkyfief;wdk@[m jynfhpHk
    ukHvHkoGm;+yDjzpfvdk@ olwkd@EkdifiHrSm aiGt&if;tESD;awG pk+yHKae+yD; 'DaiGawG
    [m aiGyl (Hot Money) awG jzpfvmygw,f? 'DaiGawGukd pawmh aiG
    a=u;aps;uGuf/ tmrcHpmcsKyfaps;uGufpwJh/ ra&&mwJ/h rvHk+cHKwJh aps;
    uGuftrsdK;rsdK;xJ oGif;+yD; aiGa=u;upm;&muae 'Dae@pD;yGm;a&;ysufuyf
    }uD; ay:vm&wmyg? 'DvkdaiGt&if;tESD; ykdv#Haer_u ay:aygufvmwJh
    jy\emrsm;ukd tvG,frajz&Sif;Ekdifygbl;?
    wkwf&J@ +rdK@jyvkyfief;awGuawmh tckrS t&Sdef&wkef; &Sdygao;
    w,f? 'ga=umifh aiGt&if;tESD; ykdv#Hr_awG rjzpfEkdifao;bJ tJ'Dvkyfief;
    awGtwGuf t&if;tESD;awG vkdtyfaeOD;rSmyg? 0ifaiGedrfhvkyfom;rsm;t
    54

    wGuf tkd;tdrfawGvnf; aqmuf&OD;rSmyg? 'ga=umifh aiG&if;ESD;jrKyfESHzdk@


    vkyfief;rsm; (Investment) trsm;}uD; vkdtyfaeygao;w,f?
    'ghtjyif wkwfjynf&J@ bma&;pepfeJ@ b%fvkyfief;pOfrsm;
    [m tvGefusef;rmoefpGrf;ygw,f? 1997 ckESpfu usa&mufcJhwJh tm&S
    uyfab;twGif;u oifcef;pmrsm;ukd aumif;aumif;avhvm+yD; rdrdwdk@
    &J@ b%fvkyfief;rsm;ukd oefpGrf;atmif vkyfaqmifxm;Ekdifwmuvnf;
    rdrdwdk@&J@pD;yGm;a&;tiftm; tjrefemvefxlvmzkd@ a&cHajrcHaumif;ukd
    jzpfapygw,fvkd@vnf; ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'Db%fpepfeJ@ ywfoufvkd@ w
    kwf0ef}uD;csKyfuvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ ajymoGm;cJhzl;w,f?
    'gawGa=umifh wkwfawGu ,Hk=unfr_ tjynfh&Sdaewmygvkd@ ol
    uqkdygw,f? t"duuawmh tpkd;&u wufwufuu yg0ifywfouf
    aer_/ tpkd;&rSm EkdifiHjcm;t&efaiG tvHktavmuf &Sdr_ (2008 ckESpf
    tukef/ EkdifiHjcm;t&efaiG tar&duefa':vm 2 x&DvD,H) wkd@a=umifh
    jzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmifr_uvnf; (Political Leadership) jynfolvl
    xktrsm;pk}uD;&J@ aexkdifr_b0ukd t+rJrjywfxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ay;+yD; jynf
    olawG&J@ aexkdifr_b0 jrifhwufa&;twGuf tm;}udK;rmefwuf aqmif
    &Gufay;r_rsm;a=umifhvnf; jzpfygw,fvkd@ ed*Hk;csKyfrSm ajymqkdoGm;cJhyg
    w,f?
    ukd;um;/

    ? CCTV rS Dialogues

    rsm;?

    14-3-09?

    zGH@+zdK;+yD;EkdifiHrsm;rSm +rdK@jyvkyfief;wkd@/ pufr_vkyfief;wdk@[m jynfhpHk


    ukHvHkoGm;+yDjzpfvdk@ olwkd@EkdifiHrSm aiGt&if;tESD;awG pk+yHKae+yD; 'DaiGawG
    [m aiGyl (Hot Money) awG jzpfvmygw,f? 'DaiGawGukd pawmh aiG
    a=u;aps;uGuf/ tmrcHpmcsKyfaps;uGufpwJh/ ra&&mwJ/h rvHk+cHKwJh aps;
    uGuftrsdK;rsdK;xJ oGif;+yD; aiGa=u;upm;&muae 'Dae@pD;yGm;a&;ysufuyf
    }uD; ay:vm&wmyg? 'DvkdaiGt&if;tESD; ykdv#Haer_u ay:aygufvmwJh
    jy\emrsm;ukd tvG,frajz&Sif;Ekdifygbl;?

    55

    ajrmufukd;&D;,m;&J@ +*dK[fwkeJ@

    *,uf &kdufcwfrSKrsm;

    2009 ckESpf {+yDv 5 &ufae@rSm ajrmufukd;&D;,m; uGrfrGefpGef 2 quf


    oG,fa&;+*d[fwkukd tef[ 2 o,faqmif'Hk;ysHeJ@ v$wfwifvkdufyg
    w,f? ukd&D;,m;u|ef;qG,fay:rSm rlvuwnf;u wnf&SdaewJh wif;rm
    r_[m ykdrkdjrifhwufvmcJhygw,f? ajrmufukd;&D;,m;[m 'D+*dK[fwk v$wf
    wifr,fh tpDtpOfukd 2009 ck/ azazmf0g&D 24 &ufae@rSm vlod&Sif=um;
    a=unmcJhwmyg? 'Dvkd a=unm+yD;uwnf;u a0zefoH/ uef@uGufoHawG
    tqufrjywf xGufay:vmcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh ukd&D;,m;u|ef;qG,f
    ta&;rSm yg0ifywfoufae=uwJh 6 EkdifiHqDu t"duygyJ? k&Sm;eJ@ w
    kwfu tjyKoabmaqmifwJha0zefr_rsm; ay;cJh=uayr,fh awmifukd;&D;
    ,m;/ *syefeJ@ tar&duef 3 EkdifiHuawmh tjyif;xefqHk; a0zefqef@usif
    cJh=uygw,f? 'Dvkd a0zefr_rsm;tay: ajrmufukd;&D;,m;u +idrf;csrf;wJh&nf
    &G,fcsuftwGuf +*dK[fwkv$wfwifwm[m ajrmufukd;&D;,m;&J@ w&m;
    0if tcGifhta&;jzpfygw,f? +*dK[fwkypfv$wfr_[m wkdif;jynfukd }uD;xGm;
    wkd;wufapovkd vlom;rsm;&J@wkd;wufr_ukdvnf; jzpfapygw,fvkd@ rwf
    v 29 &ufae@rSm wkH@jyefcJhygw,f? tar&duef/ *syefeJ@ awmifukd;&D;
    ,m;wkd@u 'g[m ukvor*~&J@qHk;jzwfcsuf 1718 ukd csdK;azmufwm
    jzpfvkd@ 'DtpDtpOfukd &yfypfzkd@ ajym=uygw,f? k&Sm;eJ@ ukvor*~qkdif
    &m oHtrwfuawmh vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD&J@ qHk;jzwfcsuf 1718 [m +*dK[f
    wkv$wfwifwmukd wkdufkdufydwfyifwmr[kwfbJ/ wma0;ypf'Hk;usnf
    ypfv$wfr_ukdom ydwfyifwmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh apmifh=unfh&rSmyJvkd@
    rwfv 30 &ufae@rSm ajymygw,f? wkwfjynf ajyma&;qkdcGifh&Sdolu
    awmh {+yDv 2 &ufae@rSm oufqkdif&m EkdifiHtm;vHk;[m ta&S@ajrmuf
    tm&Sa'oeJ@ ukd;&D;,m;u|ef;qG,f +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ wnf+idrfr_&Sda&;eJ@ 6
    56

    EkdifiHawG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfajrmufa&;udk wGef;aqmfay;&ef wm0ef&Sdyg


    w,fvkd@ ajymcJhygw,f?
    +*dK[fwk rypfv$wfrD tjyeftvSef ajymqdk=u&mrSm tjyif;xef
    qHk;eJ@ tE&m,ft&SdqHk;u *syefeJ@ ajrmufukd;&D;,m;wkd@&J@ wkH@jyefajymqdk
    r_rsm; jzpfygw,f? *syeftpkd;&u ajrmufukd;&D;,m;&J@ 'Hk;usnfypfv$wfr_
    [m vrf;a=umif;vGJacsmfcJhaomf =um;jzwfypfcs&ef ol&J@ppfwyfukd rwf
    v 2 &ufae@rSm trdef@ay;cJhygw,f? ajrmufukd;&D;,m;uvnf; {+yDv 2
    &ufae@rSm *syefuom ajrmufukd;&D;,m;&J@ +*dK[fwkukd &rf;&rf;um;
    um; =um;jzwfwkdufcwfwm vkyfcJh&if ajrmufukd;&D;,m;wyfrawmft
    aeeJ@ 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; q,fpkESpf 6 ckausmft=umrSm *syefu jyef
    vnfusL;ausmfwJhppfyJu
    G kd pwifwm jzpfw,fvkd@ ,lqrSmjzpf+yD; tjyif;
    xefqHk; ppfa&;enf;vrf;rsm;eJ@ wkH@jyefwkdufckdufoGm;r,fvkd@ ppfOD;pD;csKyf
    u ajymcJhygw,f? +*dK[fwkrypfv$wfrDrSm *syefu ol&J@ at;*spftqifhjrifh
    a&'gpepfrsm;eJ@ SM-3 'Hk;cGif;'Hk;rsm; wyfqifxm;wJh zsufoabFm 2 pD;ukd
    *syefyifv,fjyifokd@ apv$wfapmifh=unhfcJhygw,f? ol@{&d,mxJ 0ifvm
    cJh&if ypfcszkd@yg? ajrmufukd;&D;,m;&J@ 'Dw}udrf ypfv$wfr_[m *syefeJ@ xdyf
    wkdufjzpfr,fh tajctaeukd a&Smifv$JEkdifcJhw,fvkd@ ajym&rSmygyJ? wu,f
    wrf; xdyfwkdufjzpf=u&ifawmh 'D 2 EkdifiHxJeJ@ +yD;rSmr[kwfygbl;? ajrmuf
    ukd;&D;,m;u ol@ tpDtpOfukd r&yfqkdif;bJ/ +*dK[fwkv$wfr_ vkyfvmcJh&if
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    &if;ESD;pGm ndE_dif;aqmif&Gufr_jyKvkyfoGm;=u&eftwGuf tapmuwnf;u
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    rSm wpHkw&m vGJacsmfcJh&if us,fjyef@wJhppfyGJwck jzpfvmEkdifwJh tajct
    aetxd &Sdygw,f? ajrmufukd;&D;,m;tay: 'D 3 EkdifiHaygif;+yD; ay;xm;
    wJh zdtm;u }uD;ygw,f? ajrmufukd;&D;,m;&J@ +*dK[fwkprf;oyfypfv$wf
    r_ukd awykda'gif 2 wma0;ypf'Hk;usnf prf;oyfypfv$wfwm jzpfw,f
    vkd@ wav#mufvHk;ajym+yD; ydwfyifzkd@ }udK;pm;cJhwmyg? tar&duef[m
    ajrmufukd;&D;,m;u tar&duefxda&mufatmif ypfcwfEkdifwJh wma0;
    ypf 'Hk;usnfenf;ynm ykdifqkfdifoGm;rSmukd pkd;&drfaeygw,f? ajrmufukd;&D;
    ,m;tay: Akdvfusv$rf;rkd;xm;Ekdifr_pGrf;&nf avsmhusoGm;rSm ylyefyHk&yg
    w,f? ajrmufukd;&D;,m;[m 3 EkdifiH&J@ jyif;xefwJhzdtm;eJ@ +cdrf;
    ajcmufr_ukd &ifqkdif+yD; ol@EkdifiH&J@tmumoenf;ynm zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;
    ukd &J&J0Hh0Hh vkyfaqmifvkdufwmjzpfw,f? EkdifiHwEkdifiH&J@ enf;ynmopf
    wck zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufEkdifa&;twGuf bma=umifh 'Davmuf pGef@pm;zdk@ vkdae
    & wmygvJ?
    57

    ajrmufukd;&D;,m;ukd 'Dvkdydwfqdk@ zdtm;ay;aecsdefrSmyJ tar&d


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    tpPa&;u ypfv$wfprf;oyfvkdufygw,f? bmuef@uGufa0zefoHrS r=um;
    =u&yg? tar&duefu tpPa&;ukd vkyfcsif&mvkyfcGifh tjynfhay;xm;+yD;
    ajrmufukd;&D;,m;vkyfwm rSefor#ukd ydwfyifwm;qD;w,fqkdwm jrif
    omygw,f? 'g[m tar&duef&J@ Akdvfusv$rf;rkd;a&;0g' jzpfygw,f? t
    ar&duef&J@ orRwopf tkdbm;rm;[m tD&wfu tar&duefwyfrsm; kyf
    odrf;a&; vkyfaqmifwmuvGJvdk@ bk&Sfvufxufu oabmxm;eJ@ ay:
    vpDrsm;ukd ododomom ajymif;vJwm r&Sdao;ygbl;? bk&Sfvufxuf
    u tajccHoabmxm;twkdif; tD&ef/ ajrmufukd;&D;,m;tay: quf
    vufusifhoHk;qJyg? vkyfaqmifyHkrSm ppfa&;enf;r[kwfbJ wpHkw&m aysmh
    aysmif;vmwmom xl;jcm;r_ &Sdygw,f?
    ajrmufukd;&D;,m;&J@ awmif;qkdr_t& 2009 rwfv 2 &ufae@
    rSm ajrmufukd;&D;,m;eJ@ tar&duefOD;aqmifwJh ukvor*~ppfbuftzGJ@
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    wGuf 2 EkdifiHe,fpyf yefrGef*sHKrSm awG@qHkaqG;aEG;cJh=uygw,f? 'DaqG;aEG;
    yGJ[m 2002 ckESpf aemufykdif;rSm yxrqHk;t}udrfjyKvkyfwJh ppfbufqkdif
    &m aqG;aEG;yGJjzpfygw,f? aqG;aEG;yGJt+yD; xkwfjyefwJh tpD&ifcHpmrSm ukd;
    &D;,m; 2 EkdifiHt=um; ,Hk=unfr_ tjyeftvSefwnfaqmufzdk@eJ@ em;
    vnfr_vGJrSm;wmawG rjzpfay:atmif jyKvkyfay;EkdifcJhygw,fvdk@ azmfjycJh
    ygw,f? 'gayrJh rwfv 9 &ufae@rSm tar&duefeJ@ awmifukd; &D;,m; 2
    EkdifiH[m olwdk@ESpfpOfvkyfaeus yl;wGJppfa&;avhusifhr_ukd pwifvkyf
    aqmifcJh=uygw,f? 12 &uf=umwJh 'Dyl;wGJppfavhusifha&;rSm tar&d
    uefwyftiftm; 26000 eJ@ awmifukd;&D;,m;wyftiftm; 50 000
    yg0if+yD;/ ,ltuf(pf)tuf(pf)*|efpDpwif;epf av,mOfwifoabmFwpif;
    eJ@ zsufoabFm 7 pif;wkd@ yg0ifcJhygw,f? 'DrSmygwJh tar&duefppfom;
    14000 [m awmifukd;&D;,m;jyify&Sd tar&duefppftajcpkdufpcef;rsm;
    rS vma&mufyg0if=uwm jzpfygw,f? ppfavhusifha&;&J@ &nf&G,fcsufu
    awmifukd;&D;,m;EkdifiH usL;ausmfcH&wJhtcsdefrSm a&S@wef;wyfrsm;tm; r
    [mrdwfwyfzJ@G rsm;u tvsiftjreftiftm;jznfhwif;Ekdifr_pGrf;&nf awmifh
    wif;}uHhckdifvmap&ef jzpfw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? 'Dppfavhusifha&;ukd ajrmuf
    ukd;&D;,m;u jyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uGufygw,f? 'Dyl;wGJ ppfavhusifha&;
    ukd y,fzsufypfzdk@ xyfjyefwvJvJ awmif;qkdcJhygw,f? ajrmufukd;&D;
    ,m;u 'Dppfavhusifha&;[m ol@ukdtE&m,fjyKzdk@ ppfjyifqifwmjzpf
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    vwav#mufvHk; ajrmufukd;&D;,m;wyfzGJ@rsm;twGuf toifhjyifxm;&ef
    58

    trdef@ay;xm;cJhygw,f? ajrmufukd;&D;,m;u tar&duefwyfzGJ@rsm;


    awmifukd;&D;,m;rSm &Sdaewm[m 2 EkdifiHaygif;pnf;a&;twGuf }uD;rm;
    wJh twm;tqD;jzpfw,fvkd@ ajymaewmyg? vuf&Sd awmifukd;&D;,m;
    tpkd;&&J@ wif;rm;wJhoabmxm;a=umifh ESpfEkdifiHaygif;pnf;a&;[m ykdrkd
    tvSrf;a0;vmygw,f?
    ukd;&D;,m;u|ef;qG,fay:u wif;rmwJhtajctae[m awmif
    ukd;&D;,m;rSm vDajrmifbuforRw jzpfvmwJh 2008 ckESpfup+yD; wp
    wp qdk;vmwm jzpfygw,f? t"duta=umif;&if;rSm vDajrmifbuf
    [m ol@t&iftpkd;&rsm;jzpfwJh uifa';*sHKeJ@ kdrkd[Gef;tpkd;&rsm;vufxuf
    u usifhoHk;cJhwJh ukd;&D;,m; 2 EkdifiH qufqHa&;ay:vpDeJ@ rwlbJ wif;rm
    wJhoabmxm; ajymif;vJusifhoHk;cJhvkd@ jzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifh ol@t&if
    tpkd;& 2 ck&J@vufxufu/ ukd;&D;,m; 2 EkdifiH xdyfoD;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rSm
    &&Sdxm;cJhwJh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ukd vspfvsL_cJh+yD; wif;rmwJhay:vpD
    ukd ajymif;vJusifhoHk;cJhwma=umihf jzpfygw,f? ajrmufukd;&D;,m;u 'Dvkd
    ajymif;vJvmr_ukd xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifr_tjzpf =unhfjrif+yD; vDajrmifbwf
    tpkd;&ukd wif;wif;rmrm jyefvnfwkH@jyefr_awG vkyfvmcJhygw,f? ukd;&D;
    ,m;yl;wGJpufHkrS awmifukd;&D;,m;t&m&Sdrsm;ukd armif;xkwfjcif;/ yif
    v,fwGif; a&a=umif;qdkif&m'Hk;usnfrsm; ypfcwfjcif;/ MIG ppfav,mOf
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    aqmifcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif ajrmufukd;&D;,m;u awmifukd;&D;,m;eJ@ 0ef
    }uD;tqifh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ukdvnf; &yfwef@xm;cJhygw,f? yl;wGJpDrHudef;
    rsm;ukdvnf; &yfwef@xm;cJhygw,f? orRwvDajrmifbwf[m ol@t&if
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    vkd@ ,lq+yD; ol@vufxufrSm tar&duefeJ@ ykdrkdtqifajyatmif qufqH
    +yD; ajrmufukd;&D;,m;ukd wif;wif;rmrm qufqHwJh ay:vpDukd usifhoHk;cJh
    wmyg? vDajrmifbwf[m tar&duefukd tm;ukd;xm;&if; *smreDaygif;
    pnf;a&;rsdK;jzpfvmatmif vkyfEkdifzkd@ ar#mfvifhaeyHk&ygw,f? ajrmufukd;&D;
    ,m;&J@&yfwnfyHku tav#mhay;r_ vHk;0r&Sdwm ck+*dK[fwk v$wfwifwJh t
    jzpftysufu jyoaeygw,f? +*dK[fwkv$wf+yD;aemuf ukvor*~qdkif&m
    ajrmufukd;&D;,m;oHtrwfu EkdifiHwkdif;rSm tmumoukd +idrf;csrf;wJh
    &nf&G,fcsuftwGuf oHk;pGJzdk@ tcGifhta&;&Sdygw,f? EkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;
    [m t}udrfaygif;&mcsD+yD; +*dK[fwk v$wfwifcJh=u+yD; jzpfygw,f? 'g[m
    olwdk@twGuf vHkavmuf+yDvdk@ qkdEkdifygovm;? u|efawmfwkd@rSm 'Dvkd
    vkyfzkd@ tcGifhta&; r&ygbl;? 'g[m rw&m;ygbl;? 'g[m +*dK[fwkjzpfyg
    w,f? vlwkdif; +*dK[fwkeJ@'Hk;usnfukd cGJjcm;Ekdif=uygw,f? tu,fI vHk+cHK
    a&;aumifpDu b,fvkdajcvSrf;rsdK;yJ vSrf;vmvm/ u|efawmfwkd@uawmh
    59

    'g[m u|efawmfwkd@&J@ tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd rr#rw 0ifa&muf uef@


    owfcsKyfcs,fwmvkd@ ,lqrSmjzpf+yD;/ aemufa&G;cs,fr_uawmh u|efawmf
    wkd@tykdif;om jzpfygvdrfhr,f? vkdtyfaomt&mrsm;eJ@ jyif;xefaom ajc
    vSrf;rsm; qufvkdufvmygvdrfhr,fvkd@ {+yD 7 &ufae@rSm ajymvkduf
    ygw,f?
    'g[m ajrmufudk;&D;,m;u +*dK[fwkv$wfwifa&; vkyfief;pOfukd
    qufvkyfoGm;rSm jzpfa=umif; xkwfazmfajymvkdufwJh oabmygyJ? tar
    &duef/ *syefeJ@ awmifukd;&D;,m;wkd@[m b,fvkdwHk@jyef=ur,fqkdwm r
    odao;ayr,fh wif;rmpGm wHk@jyef=urSm aocsmygw,f? ukd;&D;,m;u|ef;
    qG,fay:rSm aemifqufjzpfvmr,fh xdyfwkdufjzpfr_rsm;ukd apmifh=unfh
    oGm;=u&ygvdrfhr,f? tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHawG v$rf;rkd;csKyfukdifxm;wJh enf;
    ynme,fy,fopfwckudk 0ifa&mufEkdifzkd@ b,favmufkef;uef&w,f qdk
    wm ajrmufukd;&D;,m; tawG@t}uHKu urBm}uD;ukd jyoaeygw,f?
    ukdaxG;
    11/ 4/ 09?

    tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHawG v$rf;rkd;csKyfukdifxm;wJh enf;


    ynme,fy,fopfwckudk 0ifa&mufEkdifzkd@ b,favmufkef;uef&w,f qdk
    wm ajrmufukd;&D;,m; tawG@t}uHKu urBm}uD;ukd jyoaeygw,f?

    60

    ql[mwkd
    ocsKif;pm

    orRwa[mif; AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ql[mwkd[m 21 &mpk&J@ oufwrf;t&Snf


    qHk;jzpf/ txifu&vnf;jzpfwJh tm%m&SifwOD;tjzpf tif'kdeD;&Sm;EkdifiH
    ukd 32 ESpf(1966 -1998) =um tkyfpkd;cJhw,f? ql[mwkdtay: tar&d
    ueftpkd;&tqufquf b,fvkdoabmxm; qufqHcJhw,fqkdwm pdwf
    0ifpm;zkd@ aumif;ygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;/ tm%m&Sifpepf
    pwmawGtay: tar&dueftpkd;&tqufquf b,fvkdoabmxm;cJh
    w,f/ b,fvkd t"dy`m,fzGifhqkdw,f/ tar&duef EkdifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpDeJ@
    b,fvkd qufpyfw,fqkdwm pdwf0ifpm;zkd@aumif;ygw,f?
    ql[mwkd[m Armjynfu oGm;avol eHygwf0rf;}uD;OD;ae0if;eJ@
    wuG ,cktcsdefrSm tem;,loGm;+yDjzpfwJh pifumyl0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;
    vnf;jzpf txifu&EkdifiHa&;okcrdefwOD;vnf;jzpfwJh vDuGrf;,leJ@ acwf
    +ydKif jzpfygw,f? vDuGrf;,lu e0w (etz) ppftkyfpkukd ql[mwkdvkd
    vkyfzkd@ wkdufwGef;cJhzl;w,f?
    vDuGrf;,lu r=umcifESpfrsm;u ArmjynfeJ@ywfoufvkd@
    aqmif;yg;wapmif a&;cJhw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cifnGef@u t}uH^m%fawmif;
    wJhtwGuf cifAsm;wdk@ tif'kdeD;&Sm; *kdumygwDvkd vkyfyg/ ppfwyfwykdif;
    t&yfom;wykdif; zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkrsdK; a&;qGJ+yD; a&G;aumufyJGvkyfygvkd@ t
    }uHay;cJhw,f? pifumyl pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;ukdvnf; ArmjynfrSm oGm;
    a&muf&if;ESD;jrKyfESHzkd@ wkdufwGef;cJhw,f? wkdufwGef;wJhtwkdif; [kdw,fawG/
    c&D;oGm;vkyfief;awGrSm oGm;a&muf&if;ESD;jrKyfESH=uw,f? 'gayrJhAsm [kd
    w,fawGrSm {nfhonfawG r&Sdbl;/ tcGHcsnf;yJ/ Armjynf ppfAkdvfcsKyf}uD;
    awG[m o,HZmwaygrsm;wJhwkdif;jynfukd ukef;aumufp&m r&Sdatmif/
    rGJatmif vkyfae=uw,f? "mwfaiG@u&wJhaiGawG b,fa&mufoGm;+yDvJ?
    +rdK@awmfopfqkdwmukd awmawGawmifawGxJ oGm;aqmufae=uw,f?
    AkdvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$&J@orD; r*FvmaqmifqkdwmrSm pdefawGvnf; qGJxm;
    61

    vkdufwm tl;usaewmyJ? vDuGrf;,ltqkdt& ppftpkd;&&J@ vrf;jyajryHk


    eJ@ 2008 zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk[m oGm;avol ql[mwkdukd twk,lxm;wm
    jzpfygw,f?
    ql[mwkd uG,fvGef+yD; vtwef=um 2008 Zefe0g&DrSm tar
    &duef trsdK;om;vHk+cHKa&;armfuGef;wkduf (U.S National Security
    Archives) rS ql[mwkd - uG,fvGef+yD; olESifhywfoufaom rSwfwrf;
    rsm; (Suharto: a Declassified Document Obil) qdkwmukd xkwfazmf
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    =uKwf&ufpufr_/ zdESdyfowfjzwfr_/ tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm;eJ@wuG tar&d
    uef tpkd;&tqufquf&J@ a&&Snf worwfwnf; axmufcHtm;ay;r_
    awGudk tao;pdwf awG@&Sd&w,f?
    ql[mwkdrSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm; xGufvm+yD; &ufykdif;twGif;
    xkwfjyefwJh vl@tcGifhta&; apmifh=unfhtzGJ@ (HRW) tpD&ifcHpmwGif
    ,ckvdk tpcsDa&;xm;w,f? 'Drkdua&pDukd csD;rGrf;cef;zGifh=uoavmuf
    OyuQmjyK=uw,f? tr$ef;wif=uoavmuf rav;rpm;jyK=uw,f? t
    a&;w,l vkyf=uoavmuf pdwfysufvufysuf jzpf=uw,f? ,ae@um
    vrSm 'Drkdua&pDqdkwm w&m;0if tajccHvkdtyfcsuf jzpfvm+yD;/ xif&Sm;
    ay:vGifaewJh tm%m&SifawGyifv#if 'Drkdu&ufwpfwHqdyf cwfESdyfzkd@ vdk
    vm;=uw,f?
    tDaumfaemfrpf (The Economist) *sme,fu ql[mwkd[m
    tuif;rJhtm%m&SifwOD;/ taemufu apmifha&Smufxm;wJh ppfat;um
    v o&Jobuf wOD;jzpfw,f? bma=umifhvJqkdawmh ol@&J@ &efbuf[m
    uGefjrLepfvdk@ ,Hk=unf&olawGjzpfvkd@yJ? *ifwkd odrfarG@+yD; enf;emaysmh
    aysmif;wJh rsufESmay;&J@aemufuG,frSm =urf;=uKwf&ufpufr_awG &Sdw,f?
    ol[m 1960 ckESpfrsm;tv,frSm ol@tm%mckdif+rJa&;twGuf odef;csDwJh
    vlawGukd owfjzwfcJhw,f? aomif;csDwJhvlawGukd pGJcsufrwifbJ ESpf
    aygif;rsm;pGm csKyfaESmifxm;cJhw,f vkd@ a&;ygw,f?
    A[kdaxmufvSrf;a&;Xme (CIA) u 1968 ukefykdif;rSm uGefjrL
    epfaxmufcHolvkd@ pGyfpJ+G yD; towfcH&olaygif; 5 odef;eJ@ woef;=um;
    &Sdw,fvkd@ cef@rSef;aomfvnf; ql[mwkdukd aysmhaysmif;aomtkyfcsKyfol
    (mild ruler) vkd@ oHk;E_ef;xm;w,f? qufvufazmfjy&mrSm ql[mwkd
    tpkd;&u tm%m,E&m;ukd w&m;r#w ayghyg;aomvuf (a fairly light
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    azmfjyxm;w,f? toHk;tE_ef;awG[m tifrwef uarmufurEkdifyg
    62

    w,f?w&m;r#w ayghyg;aomvufwJh? EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ@ twkduft


    cHawGukd =urf;=uKwf&ufpufpGm acsr_ef;cJhwm[m w&m;r#w ayghyg;wm
    wJhvm;?
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    ta=umif; owday;cJhaomfvnf; tdrfjzLawmfu ql[mwkd tpkd;&ESifh
    pdwfvkdvuf& qufqHcJhw,f?
    xkdpOfu tar&dueforRw &pfcswfepfqif (1969 -1974) ukd
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    tif'kdeD;&Sm;t=um; bmjy\emrS r&Sdyg? qufqHa&; tvGefaumif;yg
    w,f? tif'kdeD;&Sm;[m urBmay:rSm t}uD;qHk; 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiH}uD;wck
    jzpfvmzkd@ &Sdw,fvdk@ ajymcJw
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    63

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    64

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    &nfnef;?

    ? US loves tyrants, The Pioneer , 6 Feb. 2008.

    atmif+idrf;

    65

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    66

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    &nfnef;?

    ? The China Post. June 26, 2008.

    CNA . Aug . 13, 2008.

    armifoef;jra&$

    67

    tu,fIfom

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    69

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    rSDjirf;? ? Comparative Politic Of The Third World.
    Global Village Of 1,000 Pepple.

    roef;at;
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    76

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    77

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    78

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    79

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    80

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    81

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    82

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    83

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    84

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    85

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    86

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    87
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    yJ awmiftmz&du tpkd;&uyg 'DppfyGJxJ 0ifygvmw,f? =o *kwfv 9
    &ufae@rSm awmiftmz&duppfwyf(SADF) u erD;bD;,m; e,fpyfu
    f ef;}uD;ukd 0ifodrf;w,f? 14 &uf
    Ruacana a&tm;v#yfppfpufkHvkyi
    ae@rSm awmiftmz&du[m ,leDwmtzGJ@eJ@ FNLA tzGJ@wkd@eJ@ aygif;+yD;
    Savanah qkdwJh ppfqifa&;vkyfum r@awmf Luanda qD wkd;vmwm r@
    awmfeJ@ uDvkdrDwm 200 tuGmta0;txd a&mufvmw,f? Zkdif
    ,mwyfzGJ@awG&J@tultnD/ awmiftmz&dueJ@ ay:wl*Da=u;pm;wyfawG
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    xd eD;vmw,f? tJ'DESpf Ekd0ifbmv 7 &ufae@usawmh usL;bm;yg
    ppfyJx
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    yGJxJ 0ifvmw,f? vGwfvyfa&;a=unm&r,fh Ekd0ifbmv 11 &ufae@
    88

    a&mufawmh rmhufpf0g'D MPLA tzGJ@&J@acgif;aqmif Agostinho Neto u


    tif*kdvmvGwfvyfa&;ukd a=unmvkdufw,f?
    tif*kdvm jynfwGif;ppf[m 2002 ckESpftxd awmuf
    av#muf jzpfcJhw,f? wkdufyGJt&Sdeft[kef jyif;wmeJ@ avsmhwmyJ uGm
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    oef;0ufavmuf aocJh&w,f? wkdif;jynf&J@ tajccHtaqmuftODawG
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    at;wkdufyJGwkdufaewJh tiftm;vGefEkdifiH}uD; 2 ckwkd@u olwkd@&J@ ukd,f
    pm;vS,fawGuwqifh tif*kdvmjynfwGif;ppf tjzpftysufawGay:rSm
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    ppfat;wkdufyGJeJ@qufEG,faewmukd odxm;zkd@tjyif
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    w,f? t&Sif;vif;qkH;ajym&&if tif*kdvmrSm r@awmfukd odrf;xm;EkdifwJh
    MPLA qkdwmu rmhufpf0g'ukdifpJGxm;wJh uGefjrLepftiftm;pkawG? tif
    *kdvmeJ@ e,fedrdwfcsif;xdpyfaewJh erD;bD;,m;qkdwmu awmiftmz&du
    &J@ &ifcGifykduf tapmifha&SmufcHEkdifiH? tJ'Dwkef;u erD;bD;,m;ukd awmif
    tmz&dueJ@wJ+G yD; taemufawmiftmz&duvkd@awmif ac:cJh=uw,f? tJ
    'D erD;bD;,m;&J@ vGwfajrmufa&;twGufqkd+yD; uGefjrLepfawG ausm
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    qifE$Jaew,f? 'DqGmykdtzGJ@[m tif*kdvmukd tajccH+yD; wkdufae=uwm?
    olwkd@&J@ +cdrf;ajcmufr_uvnf; zdtm;}uD;w,f? 'Dawmh awmiftmz&du
    vljzLtpkd;&[m tif*kdvmr@awmfukd MPLA u odrf;xm;wmvnf;
    rcHEkdifbl;? erfbD;,m;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf qGmykd SWAPO wyfzGJ@awG
    ajymufusm;wkdufaewm[mvnf; ol@yvifukd +cdrf;ajcmufvmaeovkd
    jzpfaew,f? MPLA a&m SWAPO yg ESpfzJ@G pvkH;u uGefjrLepfawG jzpf
    aew,f? 'DESpfzGJ@pvkH;[m ol@ukd,fxJ vmpkdufaewJh ql;}uD; 2 acsmif;vkd@
    89

    olcHpm;ae&w,f? 'DESpfzGJ@pvkH;ukd &Sif;ypfcsifw,f? tif*kdvmawmifykdif;


    rSm tajccHaewJh 'DESpfzGJ@pvkH;ukd &Sif;+yD; tif*kdvmawmifykdif;ukd =um;cH
    a'ovkyfxm;csifw,f? 'grS ol@&ifcGifykduf taemufawmif tmz&du
    (erD;bD;,m;) xJ uGefjrLepfawG 0ifrvmEkdifrSmukd;? twkdqkH;ajym&&if
    awmiftmz&du vljzLtpkd;&u ol@vufatmufcH erD;bD;,m;ukd uGef
    jrLepfawG 0ifvmrSmpkd;vkd@ tif*kdvmrSm uGefjrLepfacsr_ef;a&; oGm;vkyf
    wm? tif*kdvmjynfwGif;ppfxJ olu ckef+yD; 0ifvkdufwm?
    awmiftmz&du vljzLtpkd;& ,lqxm;ovkd tif*kd
    vmeJ@ erD;bD;,m;u uGefjrLepfawG[m txD;usef waumifuuf r
    [kwfbl;? awmiftmz&du wyfawG/,leDwmtzGJ@u wyfawGeJ@ t}udwf
    te,fwkdufae&wJh MPLA tzGJ@[m tultnD&zkd@ uGefjrLepfusL;bm;
    EkdifiHokd@ csOf;uyfw,f? tapm}uD;uwnf;u EkdifiHwumh0g'tay: ,kH
    =unfcsufjyif;xefwJh usL;bm;tpkd;&uvnf; csufcsif; tultnDay;
    w,f? 1975 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvrSmyJ MPLA tzGJ@[m ppfbufqdkif&m oif
    wef;ausmif;awG/ vufeufawG/ o,f,lykd@aqmifa&; ud&d,mawG/ a&'D
    ,kda=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;ypPnf;awG/ ,leDazmif;awGeJ@ wkdufckdufa&;okH;
    vufeuf ypPnf;ud&d,mawG tultnD&w,f? tJ'DESpfukefykdif;rSm
    Quifangondo wkdufyGJt+yD; FAPLA wyfzGJ@ukd az;rulnDzkd@ tif*kdvm
    ajrukd usL;bm;wyfawG pwif ajccsw,f? 1976 rwfvrSm 36000
    tiftm;&SdwJh usL;bm;wyfawGukd 'Da'ookd@ ykd@ay;w,f? usL;bm;wyf
    awGu 'DvkdulnDwmawGtjyif qkdAD,ufuvnf; MPLA wyfukd ulnD
    w,f? ykdif;avmhawGtygt0if ppfenf;ynmawGeJ@ ppfokH;t}uD;pm;vuf
    eufqkdif&m bufrSm tultnDay;w,f? 'gomruao;bl;/ MPLA&J@
    acgif;aqmifr_rSm qkdAD,ufAkdvfcsKyfawGeJ@ jznfhulay;ao;w,fvkd@vnf;
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    jynfaxmifpkeJ@ awmiftmz&duxHrS tultnDawG trsm;}uD;&wm
    jzpfw,f? tar&duefu aiGeJ@vufeuf ulw,f? awmiftmz&du vljzL
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    ESpfEkdifiHjzpfwJh tar&duefeJ@ qkdAD,ufwkd@u rwlwJhbufuae tyift
    qkdif ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKxm;wmrkd@ ppfat;wkdufyGJ&J@ ezl;pnf;
    atmufrSm tif*kdvmjynfwGif;ppf ZmwfuGufukd uae&wm jzpfw,f
    vkd@ ajym&wm jzpfygw,f?
    tqkH;tjzwfuswJh Cuito Cuanavale wkdufyGJukd em;
    vnfzkd@qkd&if tJ'Drwkdifcifu wkdufyJaG wGeJ@ qufpyfajym&r,f? txuf
    rSm ajymcJhovkd uGefjrLepfwyfawGukd tjrpfjzKwfcsifvkd@ tar&duef&J@
    90

    ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKr_atmufrSm awmiftmz&duwyfawGeJ@ ,leD


    wmwyfzGJ@wkd@u uGefjrLepfawGodrf;xm;wJh +rKd@awmfqDukd OD;wnfwJh ppf
    qifa&; vkyfw,f? 'Dawmh qkdAD,uf&J@ tultnDay;r_eJ@ MPLA u
    1987 ckESpfrSm ,leDwmtzGJ@awG ajcukyf,lxm;wJh rmAif*ga'ou +rKd@
    awGukd xkd;ppfqifwJh ppftcif;tusif;ukd jyefvkyfw,f? 'Da'ou +rKd@
    awG[m t&ifu ay:wl*DawG tajcpkdufcJh+yD; aemufykdif;us ,leDwmt
    zGJ@u tajccHxm;w,f? 'Da'oawGukd wkdufr,fqkd&if Cuito Cuanavale
    +rKd@ukd tajccH+yD; tJ'Duae oGm;wkdufr,fvkd@ qkdAD,ufAkdvfcsKyfawGeJ@
    FAPLA wyfzGJ@wkd@u qkH;jzwfvkdufw,f?
    =o*kwfvtwGif;rSm FAPLAwyfzGJ@u Cuito Cuana
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    vufeuf}uD;wyfjzpfwJh wyfr[m 47 eJ@ ,E&m;wyfjzpfwJh wyfr[m
    59 wkd@ygw,f? wcsKd@owif;awGt& wyfr[m 16 vnf; ygw,fvkd@
    qkdw,f? olwkd@ukd }uD;rm;wJh ava=umif;tultnDvnf; ay;cJhw,f?
    txl;ojzifh ajrjyifwkdufyGJeJ@ aygif;pyftokH;csum MiG 23 awGukd
    tokH;jyKcJh w,fvkd@vnf; qkdw,f?
    1987 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvusawmh awmiftmz&d
    u tpkd;&bufu 'Dxkd;ppfukd wkH@jyefw,f? ,leDwm tzGJ@eJ@aygif;+yD; ppf
    qifa&;jyefvkyfw,f? rkd'lvm ppfqifa&;vkd@ ac:w,f? 'Dppfqifa&;t&
    awmiftmz&dueJ@ ,leDwmwkd@bufu tompD;&w,fvkd@ ajym=uw,f?
    'Daemuf wqifhwuf+yD; [Gwfyg;ppfqifa&;qkdwmukd xyfvkyfvmjyef
    w,f? 'Dvkd olwkd@bufu tqufrjywf ppfqifa&;awG vkyfvmvkd@
    FAPLA tzGJ@[m aoe*FAsL[mt& tcsuftcsmuswJh Cuito Cuana vale +rKd@ukd jyefqkwfoGm;+yD; tJ'D+rKd@uae cHw,f? 'D+rKd@rSm avwyftajc
    pkdufpcef;vnf; &Sdaeawmh 'D+rKd@om usoGm;&if FAPLA tzkd@ rvG,fbl;
    vkd@ ppfa&;tuJcwfawGu okH;oyfw,f? 'D+rKd@[m tuscHvkd@ rjzpfwJh
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    umwyfeJ@ tajrmufvufeufawGvnf; r&Sdawmh ajcr_ef;cH&r,fh tE
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    awmif;cHw,f? uufpxkduvnf; csufcsif;wkH@jyefw,f? olwkd@ukd u,f
    wifzkd@ ppfypPnf;awGeJ@ wyftiftm; 15000 xyfykd@ay;w,f? (tif
    *kdvmppfyGJrSm usL;bm;wyf pkpkaygif; 50000 txd a&mufoGm;w,f
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    91

    +rKd@ukd &[wf,mOfawGeJ@ a&mufoGm;+yD; ysufpD;oGm;wJh


    vufeufawGukd jyifay;w,fvkd@ qkdw,f? 'Dtcg a&S@wkd;vmaewJh
    awmiftmz&duwyfawG[m Cuito Cuanavale +rKd@&J@ta&S@buf 22 uD
    vkdrDwmtuGm Tumpo jrpfab;rSm &yfwef@oGm;w,f? a&S@rwkd;Ekdifawmh
    bl;? a&S@rSm FAPLA wyfawG csxm;wJh rkdif;uGif;awGuvnf; wtm;
    xlxyfaew,f? 'Dawmh awmiftmz&du wyfawG[m ajrtaetxm;
    t& ta&;}uD;wJh csrfbif*gukef;jrifhay: wuf+yD; ae&m,lxm;vkduf=u
    w,f?
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    jrpfwkd@&J@ta&S@bufrSm tjzwfawmuf cHae&qJyJ? bmvkd@vJqkdawmh
    awmiftmz&duwyfawG tajrmuf}uD;awGeJ@ wHwm;eJ@av,mOfuGif;
    awGukd vSrf;ypfaew,f? ,leDwmwyfzGJ@awGuvnf; Menongue u
    vmwJhvrf;ukd pkd;rkd;xm;+yD; rkdif;awGaxmifxm;w,f? csKHckdwkdufzkd@ jyif
    xm;w,f? 'ghtjyif ava=umif;uae wkdufckdufwmvnf; vkyfaew,f?
    'Dawmh uufpxkdu ol@&J@ 0g&ifhykdif;avmhawGeJ@ AkH;}uJwkdufav,mOf
    awGukd twWvEWdwf ork'N&mukd jzwf+yD; Menongue avwyftajccHp
    cef;txd a&mufatmif ydk@ay;w,f? 'DZifbmv 5 &ufae@rSm usL;bm;
    enf;ynm&SifawG/ t}uHay;awGeJ@ t&m&SdawG 160 rS 200 avmuf t
    xdeJ@ txl;wyfzJ@G awGukd t0kdif;cHxm;&wJh FAPLA wyfawGxH a&muf
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    FAPLA u tif*kdvmwyfawGuvnf; vmwkduf&if
    umuG,fzkd@ rkdif;awG jyifxm;w,f? uwkyfusif;awG trsm;}uD; aqmuf
    w,f? ajratmufvlaecef;awG vkyfxm;w,f?
    jrpful;wHwm;ukd awmiftmz&duwyfawGu tpPa&;
    vkyf acwfrDAkH;}uJav,mOfeJ@ ZEM0g&Dv 9 &ufae@rSm zsufqD;ypfvkduf
    w,f?'Dawmh usL;bm;awGu opfom;awGeJ@ ,m,DwHwm; jyefaqmuf
    w,f?
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    wyfawGukd awmiftmz&duwyfawGu pwkdufw,f? t"du ta&;}uD;
    wmu Cuito Cuanavale +rKd@yJ? tiftm;}uD;wJh usL;bm;eJ@ FAPLA
    wyfawG[m Cuito Cuanavale +rKd@ukd umuG,fzkd@tvm vrf;rSmyJ &Sd
    ao;w,f? rkd;&moDjzpfvkd@ c&D;rwGifbl;? ,leDwmtzGJ@ vkyfxm;wJh rkdif;
    uGif;awGeJ@ csKHckdwkdufr,fh tE&m,fuvnf; &Sdaew,f?
    aemufqkH;rSm tqkH;tjzwfayr,fh ta&;}uD;wJh Cuito
    Cuanavale wkdufyGJ pawmhw,f? 1988 rwfv 23 &ufae@rSm (,leDwm
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    92
    Cuito Cuanavale

    awGeJ@ FAPLA pcef;awGukd wkdufwmyg? 'Dvkdvnf; wkduf+yD;a&m awmif


    tmz&du wyfawG wckvkH;eD;yg; jyefqkwfoGm;w,f? tajrmuf}uD;awG
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    avqdyfukd vSrf;xkaew,f? xkwmrS veJ@csD+yD; xkaewm?
    csKyfvkduf&if +rKd@ukd usL;bm;awGeJ@ FAPLA wkd@u
    qufvuf csKyfukdifxm;w,f?
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    ajymw,f? awmiftmz&dubufuvnf; taotaysmufrsm;atmif
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    tpkd;&uvnf; uGefjrLepfawGukd tjrpfrjzKwfEkdifbl;? uGefjrLepfawGukd
    +rKd@awmf Luanda uae &Sif;ypfzkd@rajymeJ@/ Cuito Cuanavale +rKd@u
    aeawmif z,f&Sm;rypfEkdifbl;? FAPLA uvnf; awmiftmz&dueJ@ ,leD
    wmwyfawGukd vkH;0rEkdifao;bl;? ppfwk&if OyrmeJ@ ajym&&if ESpfzufp
    vkH;[m tyfuGuf taetxm;rSm a&mufaew,f?
    'Dvkdtaetxm;rSm FAPLA u Calueque ae&m t
    eD;rSm 'kwd,ppfrsufESmwck xyfzGifhzkd@ jyifvkdufw,f? usL;bm;wyf tif
    tm; 40000 ygw,f? FAPLA &J@ wyftiftm;uvnf; ykd+yD; rsm;
    jym;vmw,f? aocsmoGm;+yD? b,folrS rEkdifao;wJh taetxm;uae
    Ekdifcsifw,fqkd&if 'ghxuf wkd;csJ@wkduf&awmhr,f? a&ukefa&cef; wkduf=u
    rvm;?
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    pwm ca&mhum u =um;0ifjzefajzol +idrf;csrf;a&;wrefawmftcef;u
    ygw,f? 'g[m wkdufyJGuae awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&; pm;yGJ0kdif;qD a&mufvm
    cJhwJh vufawG@orkdif;tjzpfrSefyJ? wkdufyJt
    G qifhqifh/ tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;/
    orkdif;a=umif; tvSnfhtajymif;awGukd a&&Snfjzwfoef;+yD; xda&mufwJh
    tiftm;eJ@ wkdufEkdifrS tm%m&awGukd awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;pm;yGJ0kdif;qD
    wGef;ykd@Ekdifw,fqkdwm ay:vGifcsifvkd@ Cuito Cuanavale wkdufyGJ}uD; t
    a=umif; 'Davmuf rdwfqufay;ae&wm jzpfw,f? ppfa&;t& =unfh&if
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    93

    'DrSm t"duxm;wmuawmh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;pm;yGJ0kdif;qD pGef@v$wf


    &wJh wkdufyGJ}uD;awGeJ@ usm;ukwfusm;cJ ta&mufoGm;&w,fqkdwmukd
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    awG/ rm;a'ghvdk vlpm;awG renf;vSbl;vkd@ oHk;oyf=uygw,f?
    ukd;um;?

    ? Bernard Madoff; Wall Strrt`s Wizard of OZ by Tom

    Leonard.

    107

    acwfeJ@tnD
    EkdifiHwumhtpDtpOfopf
    xlaxmifa&;

    &Jabmfodef;0if;
    EkdifiHwumh tpDtpOfopfqkdwm v_yf&Sm;ae+yD; taumiftxnfrJh
    ayr,fh tckdiftrmuswJh udpPw&yfjzpfw,f? atmufazmfjyygta=umif;
    &if;awGa=umifhyJ?
    1? 'g[m tqufrjywf pl;prf;avhvmae&wJh urBmhvuQ%m
    aqmifwJh udpPw&yfjzpfw,f? yg0ifywfoufaewJh jy\emawG[m
    us,fjyef@+yD; _yfaxG;w,f? buftoD;oD;rSm wlnDwJhtjrifawG &Sdovdk
    rwluGJjym;wJh tjrifawGvnf; &Sdw,f?
    2? rsufarSmufurBm}uD;[m t}uD;tus,f jyKjyifajymif;vJr_
    awGtwGif;rSm usaew,f? jy\em topfawGuvnf; trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk
    ay:aew,f? EkdifiHwumhtpDtpOfopfeJ@ ywfoufwJh odjrifr_awG[m
    tqufrjywf ajymif;vJeuf_dif;aew,f?
    3? 'g[m aoe*FAsL[m t"dy`m,faqmifwJh jy\emwck jzpf
    w,f? aoe*FAsL[mqkdwm urBmhtajctae}uD;wckvHk;eJ@ t&mudpP
    awG&J@ tESpfom&ukd qkyfukdifxm;r_jzpfw,f? ay:vpDtm;vHk;eJ@ enf;
    y&d,m,ftm;vHk;&J@ tpcsDcsufjzpfw,f? urBmh tajctae}uD;wckvHk;eJ@
    ywfouf+yD; qkyfukdifxm;r_awGrSm rwlwJhtjrif trsdK;rsdK; &Sdwwfw,f?
    'ga=umifh tm;vHk;[m rwlwJh pl;prf;avhvmr_awGukd jyKvkyf=uzkd@ vkdtyf
    w,f? EkdifiHwumtvkduf tjyeftvSef ajymqkdaqG;aEG;r_eJ@ tjyeft
    vSef zvS,fr_awGvnf; aqmif&GufEkdif&ef vkdygw,f?
    4? 'g[m okawoeynm&yfvnf; jzpf/ vufawG@aqmif&Guf
    taumiftxnfazmf&wJh udpP&yfwckvnf;jzpfw,f? okawoejyKr_ukd
    EkdifiHjcm;qufqHa&;eJ@ vufawG@taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufr_wkd@eJ@
    aygif;pyfvkyfaqmif+yD; tjyeftvSef wkd;wufoGm;ap&ef wGef;aqmf&
    r,f?
    108

    EdkifiHwumh tpDtpOfopf&J@ twGif;oabmeJ@ teuft"dy`m,f


    [m rjywfwkd;yGm;aew,f
    t&mcyfodrf;[m v_yf&Sm;aew,f? woGifoGifpD;qif;aewJh jrpf
    a&eJ@wlw,f? u|efawmfwkd@&J@ odjrifem;vnf;r_awGeJ@ tjrifawG[m
    vnf; tqufrjywfajymif;vJ opfvGif+yD;&if; opfvGifaew,f? EkdifiHw
    umh tpDtpOfopf[mvnf; 'DvkdygyJ? ol@&J@ twGif;oabmawGeJ@ t
    euft"dy`m,fawG[m acwf}uD;zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufaewmeJ@tr# tqufr
    jywf wkd;csJ@+yD; tm;opfoGif;avmif;ay;ae&r,f?
    20 &mpk 60 ckESpfrsm;uwnf;u pD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfopfeJ@
    urBmppf}uD;+yD;aemuf jzpfwnfvmwJh zGH@+zdK;+yD;EkdifiH}uD;awGu a&S@aqmif
    wJh pD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfa[mif;ukd zsufypfa&;jy\emukd wwd,urBm
    EkdifiHrsm;u OD;qHk;wifjyvkdfufw,f? 20 &mpk 70 - 80 ckESpfrsm; a&muf
    awmh aygvfvefwm ukd,fpm;jyKwJh Oa&my qkd&S,fvpfawGu awmif
    ajrmuft=um; aqG;aEG;a&;ukd wufwufuu tqkdjyKcJh=uw,f? pD;
    yGm;a&;tpDtpOfopf[m tJ'DtqkdjyKcsufxJrSm ta&;}uD;wJh vkyfief;
    tpDtpOfw&yftjzpf yg0ifcJhw,f? ,cktcg urBmhpD;yGm;a&; *vkdb,f
    vkdufaZ;&Sif;&J@ a&S;OD;vkdtyfcsufatmufrSm topfay:xGef;vmwJh pD;
    yGm;a&;yHkomefrsm; tvsiftjref zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufaewJh tajctae
    atmufrSm pD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfopf&J@ twGif;oabmtopfawGudk ay;
    tyfvmygvdrfhr,f? Oyrm - o[mZmw&Sd&Sd zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;/ win
    - win ay:vpDt& yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;?
    EkdifiHwumh EkdifiHa&;tpDtpOfopfeJ@ ywfoufvkd@ 20 &mpk 80
    ckESpfrsm;twGif;u wkwfjynfu OD;qHk;wifjycJhw,f? t"du twGif;o
    abmawGu - ukvor*~ ydnmOfpmwrf;yg rlawGeJ@ +idrf;csrf;pGm twl
    ,OfwGJaexkdifa&;rl 5 csuftwkdif; vkdufema&;ukd a&S@aqmifwifjy+yD;
    EkdifiHwum qufqHa&;rSm 'Drkdua&pD&Sda&;/ Adkvfusv$rf;rkd;r_eJ@ tm%m
    EkdifiHa&;ukd qef@usifa&;/ +idrf;csrf;pGm aqG;aEG;ndE_fif;wJhenf;eJ@ EkdifiHw
    umeJ@ a'oqkdif&m tcsif;yGm;r_awGukd ajz&Sif;a&;/ wjcm;EdkdifiHukd t
    =urf;zufenf;oHk;+yD; vufeufeJ@ +cdrf;ajcmufr_ukd qef@usifoGm;a&;wkd@ukd
    a&S@aqmifwifjycJw
    h ,f? tJ'Daemuf ekdifiHwum tiftm;pkawGtwGif;
    tcsdK;tpm;t& t}uD;tus,f tajymif;tvJawG jzpfoGm;cJhw,f? ,ck
    awmh EkdifiHwumh EkdifiHa&;tpDtpOfopfrSm o[Zmw&Sd&Sd twl
    wuGaexkdifa&; twGif;oabmopfawG oGif;ay;vkdufEkdifyg&J@vm;? w
    qifhwuf pl;prf;avhvm&ef vkdygao;w,f?
    rlvu EkdifiHwumh tpDtpOfopfrSm EkdifiHa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; t
    wGif;oabm 2 &yfom yg0ifcJhw,f? ,ckaum ykdrdkrsm;jym;vSwJh twGif;
    109

    oabmawG ygvmEkdifyg&J@vm;? Oyrm - ,Ofaus;r_eJ@ vHk+cHKa&;e,f y,f


    ukdomru vl@tzGJ@tpnf; zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;e,fy,fukd wkd;csJ@xm;+yD;
    tao;pdwf twGif;oabmawGukd aqG;aEG;&ef vkdygao;w,f?
    EkdifiHwum tpDtpOfopf &nfrSef;csuf/ rleJ@ enf;vrf;rsm;
    u|efawmfwkd@ b,fvkd EkdifiHwumh tpDtpOfopfw&yfukd xl
    axmif=urvJ? &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifu b,fvdkvJ? 'gukd b,folrS wd
    wdusus tajzay;zkd@ rwwfEkdif=uygbl;? ta=umif;uawmh EkdifiHwumh
    tpDtpOfopfw&yf xlaxmifa&;[m jzpfpOfw&yfjzpfovkd xm0pOf
    +yD;jynfhpHk/ tqHk;owfoGm;r_r&SdwJh jzpfpOfw&yf jzpfaevkd@ygyJ? jynfhpHk
    aumif;rGefvS+yD; csdK@,Gif;csufr&SdwJh jrifhjrwfwJh &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifwck
    ukd b,folrS csrSwf rqHk;jzwfEkdifygbl;? u|efawmfwkd@[m vufawG@ t
    ajctaerS tpcsD+yD; vufawG@usus aqmif&Gufjcif;rS tpcsDoifhyg
    w,f? EkdifiHwum tpDtpOfopf xlaxmifjcif;[m jrifhjrwf+yD; [muGuf
    r&SdwJh &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifwck xkwfazmf wifjyjcif;rsdK;vnf; r[kwfyg
    bl;? EkdifiHwum qufqHr_eJ@ EkdifiHwumqufqHr_ukd vufawG@taumif
    txnfazmfaqmifr_twGif; vufawG@usus aqmif&Guf&r_rsdK; jzpfyg
    w,f? u|efawmfwkd@ urBm}uD;[m ydyuQawGeJ@ jynfhESufaeygw,f? r
    qDavsmfwJh w&m;r#wr_r&SdwJh tjcif;t&m trsdKrsdK;awGvnf; wnf&Sdae
    w,f? EkdifiHwumh tpDtpOfopf wnfaqmufr_jzpfpOfqkdwm[m urBmh
    EkdifiHtoD;oD; tjyeftvSef rSDwG,fqufpyf+yD; o[Zmw&Sd&Sd zGH@+zdK;wdk;
    wufoGm;a&;jzpfpOf jzpfygw,f?
    EkdifiHwumh tpDtpOfopf xlaqmufr_jzpfpOftwGif; u|efawmf
    wkd@ twlwuG vkdufem=u&r,fh rlawG &Sdzdk@vkdtyfygw,f? 'DESpfwcsdK@ t
    wGif; yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rS pkyHkvmwJh &v'fawGukd twlwuG
    vkdufem&ef rlawGtjzpf rSwf,loifhygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh w&m;r#w
    ormorwfusa&;/ w&m;enf;vrf;us [efcsufnDa&;/ wef;wl tjyef
    tvSef tusdK;&Sda&;/ win - win ay:vpDokd@ a&muf&Sda&; qkdwmawG
    tjyif tjyeftvSef rSDjirf;ukd;um;a&;/ wlnDcsufukd&Sm uGJvGJcsufukd z,f
    csefa&;/ tjyeftvSef av;pm;a&;/ o[Zmw&Sd&Sd zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;wkd@
    jzpfygw,f?
    EkdifiHwumh tpDtpOfopf xlaqmufa&;enf;vrf;[mvnf;
    tvGef ta&;}uD;ygw,f? tck avmavmq,fq,f ESpfrsm;twGif; w
    kwfynm&SifawG[m 'Djy\emrsdK;awGukd aqG;aEG;=uwm tvGefrsm;yg
    w,f? wcsdK@ 'Dvkdwifjywmvnf; &Sdygw,f? vufiif;wnf&SdaewJh EkdifiH
    wumhtpDtpOfukdomru EkdifiHwumhobm0jzpfpOf tygt0if aysmf
    110

    &$ifr_qkdif&m pnf;urf;Oya'awG[m taemufwkdif;zGH@+zdK;+yD; EkdifiHawGu


    a&S@aqmifcJhwmjzpf+yD; w&m;enf;vrf;ruswJh/ ormorwfruswb
    Jh uf
    awG (txl;ojzifh zGH@+zdK;qJEkdifiHawGtwGuf ajym&&if) wnf&Sdaew,f?
    'Dawmh urBmhpD;yGm;a&; *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;/ EkdifiHwumh tpDtpOfrSm
    A[k0ifkd;jzpfxGef;a&;eJ@ A[k,Ofaus;r_jzpfxGef;a&;wkd@&J@awmif;qkdr_rsm;
    eJ@ vHk;0 rqDavsmfEkdifygbl;? 'gayrJh 'DtpDtpOf[m urBmeJ@ a'ovHk
    +cHKa&;/ urBmhpD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_wkd@eJ@ ywfouf+yD; wpHkw&m ta&;
    ygwJh tcef;awmh &Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|efawmfwkd@[m tck&SdaewJh Ekdif
    iHwumhtpDtpOfeJ@ ywfoufwJh oabmxm;[m +zdKzsufypf+yD; wpif
    jyef axmifa&;rsdK; r[kwfbl;? vufiif;tpDtpOftwGif; wufwuf u
    u yg0if+yD; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ukd wGef;aqmfoGm;zkd@ jzpfw,f? 'Dvkd jyK
    jyifajymif;vJa&;[mvnf; tcka&wGif;wl; tcka&=unfaomuf&a&;
    rsdK; r[kwfbJ tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd a&S@okd@ wufvSrf;oGm;a&; jzpfoifhw,f?
    wufwufuu yg0if&if; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ukd &Sm}uHa&;jzpfoifhw,f?
    vufawG@ ydyuQtrsdK;rsdK;ukd tav#mah y; aphpyfajz&Sif;r_twGif; jyKjyif
    ajymif;vJa&;ukd &Sm}uHoGm;a&;jzpfw,f?
    EkdifiHwumh tpDtpOfopfukd aqG;aEG;=uwJhtwGif;rSm oabm
    w&m;tjrifwckeJ@ ywfouf+yD; aqG;aEG;=uwmvnf; &Sdygw,f? tJ'gu
    awmh urBm}uD;wckvHk;ukd pDrHcef@cJaG &;ygyJ? urBm}uD;wckvHk;ukd
    pDrHcef@cJaG &;ukd aygvfvefwm pwJholawGu wifjypOfu pdwfaumif;ap
    wemaumif;w&yfjzpf+yD; tjyKoabmaqmifwJh tcef;vnf;&Sdygw,f?
    'gyrJh aemufykdif; taemufwkdif;u ynm&SifawGu 'gukd wvGJwacsmf
    vkyfypfvkduf=uw,f? urBm}uD;wckvHk;ukd pDrHcef@cJaG &;&J@oabm&m;
    tajccHuawmh wurBmvHk; wefzdk;w&m;tjrif wlnDa&; vl@tcGifh
    ta&;[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdifr_xuf jrifhw,f tpkd;&[m EkdifiH
    awmf&J@ tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdiftaeeJ@ jyKrlaqmif&GufcsufawG&J@ rdKif
    jzpfwJh pGrf;aqmifEkdifr_ tiftm;csnfheJ@apa&;wkd@ jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh urBm
    }uD;[m trsdK;rsdK; tzHkzHk &Sdaew,f? A[k,Ofaus;r_eJ@ wefzkd;w&m;tjrif
    trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk &Sdaew,f? 'ga=umifh wurBmvHk; wefzdk;w&m;tjrif
    wlnDa&;[m tvGefcufcJygw,f? 'ghtjyif urBmhEkdifiHa&; ZD0vuQ
    %m[mvnf; trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk &Sdaewmukdvnf; axmufjyoifhygw,f?
    EkdifiHwumh tpDtpOfopfukd aqG;aEG;ajymqkd=u&mrSm EkdifiHw
    um obm0jzpfpOfeJ@ aysmf&$ifr_qkdif&m pnf;urf;Oya'awGeJ@ ywf
    oufvkd@vnf; aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? wkwfjynf&J@ EkdifiHwum yl;aygif;
    aqmif&Gufr_ tajccH[m vufiif;wnf&SdaewJh EkdifiHwumh obm0jzpf
    pOfeJ@aysmf&$ifr_qkdif&m pnf;urf;Oya'wdk@twGif;rSm aqmif&Gufaejcif;
    111

    jzpfw,f? EkdifiHwumh obm0jzpfpOftwGif;rSm zGH@+zdK;+yD;EkdifiHeJ@ zGH@+zdK;qJ


    EkdifiHawGt=um; wef;wlr_ r&SdwJh/ csdefcGifv#m nDr#r_r&SdwJh tjcif;t&m
    awG wnf&Sdaeao;w,f? u|efawmfwkd@ ar#mfvifhwJh aysmf&$ifr_qkdif&m
    pnf;urf;Oya'qkdwm[m vl@tusdK;pD;yGm;ukd rxdcdkufwJh/ tm;aumif;
    olu tm;enf;olukd zdESdyfapmfum;wmrvkyfwJh/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;+yD; w
    ajy;nD&Sdr_ukd tqufrjywf &SmazGomG ;zkd@jzpfw,f? txl;ojzifh tjyef
    tvSef tusdK;pD;yGm;ukd axmufxm;zdk@ jzpfw,f?
    EkdifiHwumh tpDtpOftwGif; tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;&J@ qufqHr_
    EkdifiHwumhtpDtpOfopf wnfaqmufa&;rSm rdKif 3 &yf
    &Sdw,f? tiftm;}uD;EkdifiH}uD;rsm; qufqHa&;/ zGH@+zdK;+yD;EkdifiHrsm;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;
    qJEkdifiHrsm; qufqHa&;/ EkdifiHwumobm0jzpfpOfeJ@ EkdifiHwumh yl;
    aygif;aqmif&Gufr_wkd@ jzpfw,f?
    avmavmq,fq,fESpfrsm;twGif; EkdifiHwumtajctae[m
    _yfaxG;+yD; tajymif;tvJawGrsm;vkd@ wdwdusus }udKwifwGufqzkd@ cuf
    ygw,f? 'g[m ta=umif;&if;trsdK;rsdK;&J@ tusdK;qufa=umifhygyJ? 'D t
    a=umif;&if; trsdK;rsdK;awGxJrSm Oyrm - tm%mEkdifiHa&;eJ@ t=urf;
    zuf+cdrf;ajcmufa&; 0g'wkd@vnf; yg0ifw,f? 'gayrJh 'D ta=umif;&if;
    awGteuf wckuawmh tck taemufwkdif;tiftm;}uD; EkdifiHwcsdK@&J@
    t"du EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ@ topfay:xGef;vmwJh pD;yGm;a&;pepf&J@ w
    [kefxkd; wkd;wufvmr_ukd }udKwifar#mfrSef;xm;r_eJ@ aoe*FAsL[m t
    awG;tac: r&Sdjcif;ygyJ? u|efawmfwkd@[m Aavmif;AvJ AkwfA&uf jzpf
    r_eJ@ }uHK}udKufae&wJh tcsdeftwGif;rSm rDx&GefeJ@ aygvfvefwm pol
    wkd@vkd aoe*FAsL[morm;awG xyfrawG@&/ rjrif&awmhygbl;? rJ&a&;
    twGufeJ@ tacsmif0g'acwfpm;+yD; rsufar$;wqHk;om =unfhwJh ay:vpD
    [m olwyg;wkdif;jynf&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm; tjrKawukd xdckdufzkd@vnf;
    0efav;=uawmhrSm r[kwfbl;?
    tiftm;}uD;EkdifiH}uD;awG&J@ qufqHr_[m tifrwef ta&;}uD;
    ygw,f? ajyjypfaumif;rGef+yD; zGH@+zdK; wkd;wuf}uH@ckdifwJh tiftm;}uD; Ekdif
    iHrsm;&J@ aoe*FAsL[m qufqHa&;[m tiftm;}uD; EkdifiHtoD;oD;&J@ wl
    nDwJh ar#mfrSef;csuf jzpfw,f? tiftm;}uD; EkdifiHrsm;t=um; qufqHa&;
    aumif;rGefatmif vkyfzkd@twGuf 'DESpfwcsdK@twGif; ESpf&Snfvrsm;u
    jzpfwnfvmwJh tawG@t}uHKeJ@ oifcef;pmawG/ EkdifiHwumh jy\em
    awGtaeeJ@ ynm&SifawG tckvdk wifjyxm;=uygw,f? aqG;aEG;pOfpm;
    =unfhEkdifzkd@ wifjyvkdufygw,f?
    112

    (u) A[k0efkd;jzpfxGef;wkd;wufa&;eJ@ csdefcGifv#mnDr#a&; ao


    e*FAsL[m? rsufarSmuf urBmhtiftm;pkawG[m tcsdK;tpm;tm;jzifh t
    vGef}uD;rm;wJh tajymif;tvJawG jzpfcJhw,f? EkdifiHwumh tpDtpOfrSm
    A[k0ifkd;jzpfxGef;a&;[m eufeuf_dif;_dif; jzpfxGef;wkd;wufaew,f? ppf
    at;umv+yD;wJhaemuf 'kwdt}udrf ukvm;zefxkd;r_jzpfay:cJhygw,f?
    'gu tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;&J@ qufqHr_twGif; rqDavsmfr_awG wkd;yGm;
    vmapcJhw,f? ydyuQeJ@ yGwfwkdufr_trsdK;rsdK;ukd jzpfay:apcJhw,f? 'g
    a=umifh tiftm;tcsdK;tpm; ajymif;vJoGm;r_u tiftm;E_dif;,SOfr_ csdef
    cGifv#mnDr#wJh tajctaew&yf jzpfwnfvmygw,f? tjyeftvSef
    csdefcGifv#m uef@owfr_awG wkd;yGm;vmapygw,f? urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@
    zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&; t"dua&pD;a=umif;ukd tusdK;&Sdapw,f?
    csdefcGifv#mnDr#a&; aoe*FAsL[mrSm Oa&mywkduf EkdifiHjcm;
    qufqHa&;&J@ tpOftvmjzpfw,f?? Oa&my csdefcGifv#mnDr#a&; aoe*F
    AsL[mrSm Oa&myorkdif;eJ@ rsufarSmuf tajctaet& tqifhae&meJ@
    tcef;uukd owfrSwfwmjzpfw,f? tar&duefeJ@ Oa&my aoe*FAsL
    [m tawG;tac:eJ@ aoe*FAsL[m &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdif rwlr_ukd jy
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    113

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    114

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    ukd,fpm;jyKa&;? us,fjyef@wJh jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH;&J@ t&if;cHtusKd;
    pD;yGm;ukd ukd,fpm;jyKa&;? (C) ody`Henf;us zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufa&; pwJh rl
    pdwf"mwf w&m;wkd@eJ@ csOf;uyfwwf=uygw,f?
    1959 ckESpfwkef;u armfpDwkef;[m rmhufpf0g'tay:
    rSefuefwJhoabmxm;rsKd; xm;&Sdzkd@twGuf xyfrHn$ef=um; aqmf =ozl;
    ygw,f? armfu rmhufpf0g'ukd avm(u)usLusKH; ('kd@bkd;ab;) vkd@
    ac:a0:wJhtxd Oyrm ay;cJhygw,f? rmhufpf0g'&J@ bkd;a[mif;ab;
    a[mif; pmtkyfawGukd zwf&r,f? tbkd;tab;wkd@&J@ tajccHrleJ@ w&m;
    awG xdef;odrf;&r,f? 'g[m yxr jzpfw,f? b,fwkdif;b,fjynfu uGef
    jrLepfygwDyJjzpfjzpf/ b,fwkdif;b,fjynfu awG;ac:r_qkdif&m tbd"rRm
    e,fy,fuyJ jzpfjzpf oabmw&m;topfukd wnfaqmufEkdif&r,f?
    usrf;topfawGukd a&;om;Ekdif&r,f? ukd,fhoabmw&m;q&mtopf
    &Sdvmatmif vkyfEkdif&r,f? tajctaetopf/ kyfvufawG@ b0t
    opf&J@ jzpfwnfwkd;wufr_eJ@tnD toifh&Sdatmif }uKd;yrf;&r,f? tbkd;
    tab;ukdcsnf; tm;ukd;aevkd@ rjzpfbl; vkd@ qkdcJhygw,f?
    wHcg;zGifhay:vpDeJ@ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ukd OD;aqmifwJh
    wdef@a&Smufzifuvnf; 'kd@&J@ (avm (u) usL usKH;) ukd ypfy,fvkd@
    r&bl;? ypfy,fvkd@ rjzpfbl;? wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; 'kd@[m t&mudpPt
    opf/ tajymtqkdtopfawGukd ajymjy qkdjy&OD;r,f? vkd@ ol@&Jabmf
    awGukd awmif;qkdcJhjyefw,f?
    wkwf[ef wkwfqefwJh rmhufpf0g' jzpfzkd@qkdwm t
    &ifOD;qkH; wkwftaoG;/ wkwfta&mifygwJh rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;&J@
    ykHyef;oGifjyifawG ay:vGifaezkd@ vkdtyfygw,f? wu,fu rmhufpf0g'[m
    Oa&myrSm p+yD; jrpfzsm;cHay:aygufcJhwmyg? ol@usrf;&if; tapmifapmif
    wkd@[m tuQ&mpmvkH;rStp bmompum;txd/ twGif;oabmrStp
    ykH&dyf ykHoGif ykHomeftxd Oa&mytrsKd;om;/ Oa&mywkdufom;wkd@&J@
    trSwfwHqdyf cwfESdyfxm;wmcsnf;ygyJ? 'Dvkd ta=umif; &if;awGa=umifh
    Oa&my[ef/ Oa&myqefwJh rmhufpf0g'ukd wkwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/
    119

    wkwftvkyform;vlwef;pm;eJ@ wkwfjynfolvlxku vufcHvmzkd@qkd


    &if ol@0g'oabmw&m;ukd ta&S@tm&Su wkwfjynfawmfvSefa&;/
    wkwfjynfwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief; ta&;awmf
    ykH}uD;rSm ukd,fykdiftodeJ@ ukdifpGJusifhokH;zkd@qkd&ifol@oabmw&m;awGukd
    ukd,fha&ajrvufawG@eJ@ aygif;pyfzkd@qkd&if rkcsyJ rmhufpf0g'&J@ Oa&my
    trsKd;om;ykHomefukd wkwftrsKd;om; ykHomeftjzpfokd@ vdrRmyg;
    eyfpGm/ toufygyg vSnfh,lul;ajymif;EkdifrS jzpfygvdrfhr,f? rmhufpf0g'&J@
    tESpfeJ@ tajccHrlawGukdvnf; wkwfavoH/ wkwftm;rmeftjzpfokd@
    vSnfh,lul;ajymif;Ekdif&vdrfhr,f? wkwfjynfolvlxk}uD;u pdrf;wJh/ a0;
    wJh/ vSrf;wJht&mukd rjrifbJ =um;csif/ em;0if/ xdawG@}uKdqkdcsifwJh ykHo
    mef jzpfapzkd@ tpOfwpkduf tm;xkwf&ygvdrfhr,f?
    armfpDwkef;&J@ ppfusrf;/ tbd"rRmav;apmif/ [leef
    v,form;ykefuefr_ tpD&ifcHpm? ,iftef; pmaytEkynm a[majym
    csuf pwmwkd@[m ol@trsKd;om;/ ol@vlxk/ ol@ygwD0ifeJ@ wyfrawmfom;
    awGtwGuf em;vnfvG,fapwJh/ aygif;pyfay;wJh ta&;tom;rsm; jzpf
    ygw,f? wkwfwkd@&J@ a&S;a[mif;kd;&m ykHjyif/ 0wK/ usrf;*efjzpfwJh okH;
    jynfaxmif/ aqG[l/ qGefZl;/ &dusif; wkd@xJu Oyrm tukd;tum;awG
    ukd awG@Ekdifygw,f? urBmqefwJhrmhufpf0g'[m tckdiftrmjzpfwJh/ a'o
    jzpfwJh/ trsKd;om;jzpfwJh [ef/ qefzkd@ ta&;}uD;ygw,f? pD;0ifaysmf0ifum
    aygif;ul;nDnGwfEkdifzkd@ vkdtyfygw,f?
    tckvkd tvSnfht,l tajymif;tul; jzpfpOf}uD;ukd
    jzwfoef;ausmfeif;wJh twGif;rSmyJ wkwfjynfuGef jrLepfygwD[m
    armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:eJ@ wkwfxl;jcm;r_vuQ%maqmifwJh qkd&S,f
    vpf0g' oabmw&m; ESpfck jzpfwJh wkwf[ef wkwfqefwJh rmhufpf0g
    ' toD;tyGifhukd qkyfukdif&&SdcJhygw,f? tJ'D oabmw&m;ESpfck&J@ vrf;
    n$efr_atmufrSmyJ wkwfjynf&J@ vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;/ wkwfjynf
    &J@ EkdifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;eJ@ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief; ta&;awmf
    ykH[m }uD;rm;wJhatmifjrifr_eJ@ wkd;wufr_qD tqufrjywf wufvSrf;cJh
    ygw,f? 'Dae@'DacwfrSm wkwfwkd@ okH;pGJajymqkdaewJh wkwf[ef w
    kwfqefwJh rmhufpf0g'[m usOf;usOf;ajrmif;ajrmif; ajymqkdaewm r
    [kwfygbl;? vG,fvG,fayghaygh wifjyaewmvnf; r[kwfygbl;? [kd;vGefcJh
    wJh tESpf 160 rStp 'Dae@'Dumvtxd tnGef@tcufa0a0/ tm;cGeft
    jynfht0eJ@ &SdaewJh rmhufpf0g'ukd wu,fqkyfukdifusifhokH;a&; eJ@
    qufvufjzpfay:wkd;wufa&; jzpfygw,f?

    120

    (2) ol@orkdif;eJ@ ol@,Ofaus;r_ ywf0ef;usif


    qGef,ufqif OD;aqmifwJh 1912 pif;[kdifawmfvSef
    a&;u ya'o&mZf refcsL;aemufqkH;rif;quf&J@ nHzsif;wJh tkyfpkd;r_ukd
    tqkH;owfapcJhayr,fh orRwEkdifiHeJ@ pepfw&yf[m wu,f ckdifckdifrmrm
    rwnfaqmuf rusifhokH;Ekdifao;ygbl;? bk&ifpepfta[mif;ukd jyefvnf
    toufoGif;vkdwJh ppfbk&ifa[mif;awG&J@ ckcHumuG,fr_/ vdrfnmzsm;
    a,mif;r_awGvnf; &Sdaeygw,f? ppfbk&iftoD;oD;wkd@&J@ zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_
    a=umifh tykdif;ykdif;jzpfaewJh wkwfjynf[m rD;yifv,fxJrSm urf;rjrif
    vrf;rjrif jzpfcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvkd _yfaxG;=urf;wrf;wJh acwfumv tajc
    taersKd;rSm wkd;wufwJh wkwfynmwwfwpk[m wkdif;jynfu,fwif
    a&;twGuf vrf;opfukd &SmazGzkd@ pwifcJh=uygw,f? csifwl_/ vDwmh
    ausmif;/ [lq,f/ vl&$ef; polwkd@[m tawG;opf tjrifopfukd pwifcJh
    =uwJh a&S;OD;yk*~KdvfawGygyJ?
    rmhufpf0g'[m tawG;opf tjrifopftjzpfeJ@ 'Drkdu
    a&pDody`Hynm qkdwJh pmay,Ofaus;r_opf v_yf&Sm;r_ a&S@-aemuf um
    vawGrSm ukdvkdeDwykdif;/ ya'o&mZfwykdif; wkwfjynfxJ 0ifa&mufcJh
    ygw,f? wkwfkd;&m tpOftvm ,Ofaus;r_a[mif;eJ@ awG@xdyGwfwkduf
    &if;u aygif;qkHrdcJh=uw,f? wpwp rmhufpf0g'[m wkwfwkd@&J@ awG;ac:
    r_e,fy,frSm ta&;ygwJhae&m &vmwJh tawG;tac: a&pD;a=umif; wck
    jzpfvmygw,f? tqkH;rSm wkwfjynf uGefjrLepfygwD&J@ vrf;n$eftawG;
    tac:/ oabmw&m;vufeuftjzpf todtrSwf tjyKcHcJh&ygw,f? w
    kwftpOftvm ,Ofaus;r_a[mif;eJ@ aygif;pyfEkdifwJh t&if;cHta=umif;
    rSmvnf; rmhufpf0g'&J@ awmfvSefa&;vuQ%m/ a0zefa&;vuQ%meJ@
    vufawG@vuQ%mrsm; &SdwJhtwGufa=umifhyg? 'ghtjyif 19 &mpk acwfOD;
    wkwfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;a[mif;&J@ azmufxGufajymif;vJa&;twGuf kyfb
    0vkdtyfr_eJ@ awmif;qkdr_awGa=umifhvnf; rmhufpf0g'[m wkd;ayguf0if
    qHhEkdifcJhwmyg?
    rmhufpf0g'[m t&if;&SifpepfeJ@ aphpyfvkd@r&wJh qef@
    usifbuf&J@ txGufypPnf; jzpfygw,f? taemufwkdif;t&if;&Sifwkd@u
    aqmufwnfvkdufwJh urBm}uD;acwfrDwkd;wufr_rSae wurBmvkH; wkd;csJ@
    Akdvfus tEkdifusifha&; orkdif;acwfrSm arG;zGm;ay:xGef;vmwJh t,l0g'
    opf/ oabmw&m;opfyg? 'Dt,l0g'topf[m awmfvSefwJh oabm
    w&m; oufouf r[kwfygbl;? awmfvSefwJhv_yf&Sm;r_eJ@ tjyKtrlvnf;
    jzpfygw,f? wu,fawmh t*FvdyftrSL;jyKwJh taemuf tiftm;}uD;
    ukdvkdeDe,fcsJ@orm;wkd@eJ@jzpfwJh (1840) bdef;ppfyGJu oD;oef@/ ydwfavSmif
    121

    xm;wJh wkwfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvkH; vkH;vkH; vsm;vsm;yJ urBmhorkdif;/


    urBmht0ef;t0kdif;abmifxJ a&muf&SdoGm;apcJhw,fvkd@ qkd&ygr,f? w
    kwfjynf[m tJ'DtcsdefrSpvkd@ ukdvkdeDwykdif; ya'o&mZfwykdif; wkdif;jynf
    tqifhukd usqif;cJhygw,f? &Sd&if;pGJ ya'o&mZfxkwfvkyfa&; tawG;t
    jrif[m taemufwkdif;om;wkd@&J@ u|rf;usif+yD;tqifhjrifhwJh xkwfvkyfa&;
    tawG;tjrifxuf aemufusedrfhusaewma=umifh rdrdukd,frdrd jyKjyif
    ajymif;opfEkdifzkd@/ &ifabmifwef;Ekdifzkd@/ wkwfrsKd;cspfrsm;[m }uKd;pm;}uH
    q=uygw,f? 'gayrJh wkd@&J@ vlwef;pm;tuef@towf/ =unfhjrifr_t
    uef@towfawGa=umifh olwkd@&J@wkdif;jynf kyfb0eJ@ vkdufavsmnDnGwfr_
    jzpfr,fh tawG;tac:opf/ ,Ofaus;r_opfawGukd r&SmazG/ raqmuf
    wnfEkdifcJhygbl;?
    taemufwkdif;om;wkd@&J@ tif}uD;tm;}uD;/ &GufavSo
    abFm}uD;/ tajrmuf}uD;rsm;u olwkd@&J@ "eOpPm e,fajrawGukd t"rR 0if
    a&mufvk,l odrf;ykdufvkdufwJhtcg wkwfwkd@[m urBm}uD;eJ@ rdrd&J@ uGm
    [r_ukd ykdrkdod&Sdvmum vef@Ekd;vm&ygawmhw,f? vlrsKd;wrsKd;/ wkdif;jynf
    wjynf[m acwfaemufusae&if/ tiftm;csnfheJ@ae&if/ rGJae&if/ usJuGJ
    ae&if olwyg;&J@ usL;ausmf&efpwm/ t"rRjyKwm/ txifao; tjrif
    ao;wm cH&r,fqkdwJh b0ay;todukd &&Sdav;eufapcJhw,f?
    wkwfjynfukd rmhufpf0g' ysH@ESH@0ifa&mufvmEkdifwJht
    wGuf ESpfaygif;axmifcsD&SdwJh wkwfkd;&mtpOftvm ,Ofaus;r_tarG
    tESpfukd urBm=unfheJ@ pOf;pm;awG;ac:Ekdifzkd@ vufeufopfwck &&SdcJh
    ygw,f? 19 &mpk acwfOD; acwfv,fykdif;rSm pwifcJhwJh wkwfvl@tzGJ@
    tpnf;&J@ awmfvSefa&;eJ@ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;ukdvnf; pOf;pm;okH;
    oyfEkdifzkd@ tm;ay;v_H@aqmfwm cH&ygw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm rmhufpf0g'[m
    wjcm;aom taemufwkdif;u t,l0g'/ tawG;tac:rsm;eJ@ rwluJjG ym;
    wmukd awG@jrifvmap+yD; ol@&J@vlwef;pm;tajccHeJ@ EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csuf/
    a&S;&_OD;wnfcsufwkd@uvnf; rwluGJjym; qef;opfaewmukd em;vnfo
    abmaygufvm=uygw,f? rmhufpf0g'&J@ wu,fhpdwf&if;qEN[m wkwf
    jynfolwkd@&J@ pdwf&if;qENeJ@ eD;uyfeD;pyfaew,fvkd@ ,kH=unfvufcH vkduf
    wJhtcg 'Drmhufpf0g'[m 'kd@wkdif;jynfukd u,fwifEkdifr,fh/ 'kd@jynfolawG
    ukd u,fwifEkdifr,fh 0g' oabmw&m;yJvkd@ a&S@wef;a&muf wkwfvl
    rsKd;rsm;u ukdifpJu
    G sifhokH;=uygawmhw,f?
    armfpDwkef; ajymcJhovkdygyJ? wkwfvlrskd;awG[m rmhufpf0g'
    ukd avhvmod&SdwJhtcsdefutp/ pdwf"mwft& vufOD;r_rJhaewJh tae
    txm;rS vufOD;r_ &Sdvm&w,f?trSefygyJ? rmhufpf0g'tay: rSefuefwJh
    oabmxm;eJ@ vuf cHr_/ odjrifr_om r&SdcJhbl;qkd&if rmhufpf0g'eJ@ wkwf
    122

    tpOftvm ,Ofaus;r_[m xdyfwkdufjzpfp&myJ &Sdygw,f? eD;pyf/ aygif;


    pyf/ nDnGwfoGm;Ekdifzkd@ rvG,fulygbl;?
    tm;vkH;od=uwJhtwkdif; wkwfkd;&mtpOftvm ,Of
    aus;r_ukd oaE<wnf/ arG;zGm;/ }uD;jyif;&ifhoefwJh orkdif;aemufcH/ e,fed
    rdwf/ oGifjyifvuQ%m/ ta=umif;t&m/ bmomaA'/ vlyk*~KdvfrsKd;EG,f
    pwJh buftoD;oD;wkd@[m rmhufpf0g'&J@ jzpfwnfr_rsm;wkd@eJ@ }uD;}uD;rm;
    rm; uGJuGJjym;jym; jcm;em;ygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Dt&m ESpfck[m bm
    a=umifh eD;pyf qufpyfEkdifygovJ? bma=umifh vSnfhajymif;ul;quf aygif;
    pyf&mrSm &EkdifcJhygovJ? buf(5) bufuae csOf;uyfwifjycsifygw,f?
    (1) tbd"rRm_axmifh tjrifbufuajym&if a&S;uswJh wkwf&J@ kd;pif;
    wJh kyf0g'tpOftvmeJ@ rmhufpf0g'&J@ tEkydavmrkyf0g' rSm qif
    wlr_ &Sd=uw,f? (2) enf;em ed\,_axmifhtjrifbufu ajym&if
    wkwf&J@ tpOftvmjzpfwJh ta[mif;tnpfukd jyif/ taumif;topf
    ukd xGif/ nD+yD; rwlwJh/ wl+yD;uGJjym;wJh tjrifenf;em eJ@ rmhufpf0g'&J@
    qef@usifbufwkd@. nDnGwfjcif;w&m; jzpfwJh tEkydavmr tjrifenf;
    em [m qifwlr_&Sd=uw,f? (3) vlr_a&;&nfrSef;r_ _axmifh tjrifbuf
    u ajym&&if wkwfkd;&m tpOftvmjzpfwJh wmhxkH(aygif;pnf;r_}uD;/
    nDnGwfr_}uD;) qkdwJh tawG;tac:eJ@ rmhufpf0g'&J@bkH oabmw&m;
    tawG;tac:[m qifwlr_ &Sd=uw,f? (4) wefzkd;w&m;_axmifh t
    jrifbufu ajym&&if wkwftpOftvmjzpfwJh wkdif;oljynfom; t
    ajccHa&; tawG;tjrifeJ@ rmhufpf0g'&J@ r&Sdqif;&Jom;rsm;ta&;
    vl@ta&;qkdif&m tawG;tjrifrSm qifwleD;pyfaeygw,f? (5) vl@tzGJ@
    tpnf; taqmufttkH_axmifh tjrifbufuajym&&if wkwftpOf
    tvm&J@ tdrfaxmifpk vlr_taqmufttkHusifh0wfpHeJ@ rmhufp0g'u
    av;pm;/ tav;ay;xm;wJh vlqefwJh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;/ vl[m
    vl@tzGJ@tpnf;qufqHa&;&J@ tcsKyf qkdwJh tawG;tjrifwkd@[m wpkHw
    &m qifwl eD;pyfaeygw,f?
    txufazmfjyyg qifwleD;pyfr_rsm;[m OcGHa[mif;rS
    azmufxGuf kef;xGufcsifwJh/ wkd;wufwJh wkwf acwfynmwwfawGukd
    rmhufpf0g'tay: ykdrkdwdrf;nGwf pdwf0ifpm;apcJhygw,f? wkwfvl@tzGJ@
    tpnf;a[mif;eJ@ aygif;pyfvSnfhajymif;Ekdifzkd@ a&G;cs,fp&m ta=umif;rsm;
    vnf; jzpfvmapygw,f? 'gayrJh rmhufpf0g'ukd ,kH=unfukdifpGJ=uwJh
    a&S;OD;rmhufpf0g'Dwkd@&J@ oabmxm;tjrifopf[m orkd;usorm;eJ@ t
    a[mif;zufxm;wJh tiftm;pk/ rsKd;EG,fpkwkd@&J@ tjyif;txef wkdufckduf
    aESmifh,SufwmawGukdvnf; trsKd;rsK;d &ifqkdifjzwfoef;&ygw,f? wkwf
    pmay,Ofaus;r_v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;rS ay:xGufvmwJh tapmykdif; rmhufpf0g'
    123

    orm;wcsKd@[m kkd;&mtpOftvm ta[mif;rSefor#ukd qef@usifypfy,f


    wJh oabmrsKd; &SdcJhygw,f? ta[mif;rSefor#eJ@ vkH;0 vrf;cGJjzwf
    awmufvkd=uwJh wdrf;apmif;r_awG jzpfcJhygw,f? rmhufpf0g'eJ@ rdrdkd;&m
    tpOftvm ,Ofaus;r_t=um;rSm qufpyfvkd@&EkdifwJh/ qufpyfzkd@ vkd
    tyfwJh ta&;}uD;r_/ tcGifhtcgrsm;ukd arhavsmhcJh=ukHru vufawG@t
    okH;cswJh bufrSmvnf; aumif;atmif rvkyfaqmifEkdifcJhygbl;?
    20 &mpk/ 30 ckESpf/ ESpfOD;umvykdif;usrSyJ armfpDwkef;
    trSL;jyKwJh rmhufpf0g'orm;wkd@[m aygif;pyfjcif;&J@ wefzkd;t"dy`m,f
    ukd pwifodjrifvm=uygw,f? uGefjzL;&SyfrS qGef,ufqiftxd jzpfxGef;
    wnf&SdcJhwmawG u|efawmfwkd@ avhvm+yD; ed*kH;csKyfoifhw,f vkd@ armfu
    owday; ajymqkdcJhygw,f? aemufykdif;rSm cGJjcrf;r_rjyKbJ tm;vkH;wkduf
    zsufwJh tawG;tjrif/ tjyKtrlrsm;ukd olwkd@ jyKjyif/ qifjcif/ vSnfh
    ajymif;vm=uygw,f? wjznf;jznf; wpufrS wrsufESmjzpfum/ wkwf
    jynfrSm wkwf&J@ ,Ofaus;r_ajrqDajrom;xJrSm rmhufpf0g'ukd tjrpf
    wG,f/ tyifayguf/ }uD;xGm;oefrmapcJhygw,f? 'Dvkdaygif;pyfr_}uD;&J@ t
    usKd;aus;Zl;a=umifh 20 &mpk/ 21 &mpk wkwftawG;tac: tbd"rRmeJ@
    t,l0g'a&;rsm;tay:rSmwifru aexkdifr_b0 ykHpHrsm;txdyg =oZm
    *,uf oufa&mufapygawmhw,f?
    3 jynfwGif;ta=umif;tcsufeJ@
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    124

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    125

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    126

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    127

    qkdifcJh&ygw,f? tJ'Djy\em}uD; 2 ckukd ajz&Sif;+yD;ajrmufEkdifzkd@ wkwf


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    128

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    (3) The Inherent Mechanism of Marxist Sinicization
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    133

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