(What are radioisotopes)

()





92
275

(radioactive isotope)

(radioisotope)

1800

200



(neutron

activation)
(nuclear reactor)


(neutron rich)

(cyclotron)

(proton rich)

(radioactive decay)

(radiopharmaceuticals)

 (NUCLEAR MEDICINE)

(26%)

1.9%

1 10

(radiopharmaceuticals)



10%


1950

-131

dual CT/PET

(DIAGNOSIS)

(radioactive tracers)

(gamma camera)

 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

(cyclotron)

(positron-emitting radionuclide)

PET camera

PET



(oncology)

-18 (fluorine-18)

PET CT scans


gamma camera 30%

(cold spot) (hot spot)

(mean effective dose) 4.6 mSv

 (RADIOTHERAPY)

-60 (cobalt-60)

(linear accelerators)


)
(

(Internal radiotherapy)

-131 (Iodine-131)

-192 (Iridium-192)

brachytherapy

(leukaemia)

strontium-89

samarium 153

rhenium-186
Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT)

(carrier)

leukaemia , cystic glioma melanoma

(Boron Neutron
Capture Therapy) boron-10
(malignant brain tumour)

(nuclear reactor)

20-60 Gy

(BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS)

in vitro

(
)

radioimmuno assays

(DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS)

(radiopharmacists)

technetium-99m

80%

(technetium)
40,000

Technetium-99m isomeric

gamma camera

tracer
technetium

Technetium generators

molybdenum-99
66 technetium-99
generator

PET imaging

rubidium-82
generator
strontium-82


25
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI) thallium-201 chloride technetium-99m
(coronary artery disease)

PET imaging

Fluoro-deoxy glucose (FDG)

F-18
2 tracer FDG

(cyclotron F-18
PET CT/PET
produced isotopes)

cyclotron 2

 (THERAPEUTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS)

brachytherapy

lutetium-177
Yb-177 Lu-177
ytterbium-176
Yttrium-90 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
(arthritis)
Iodine-131
Iodine-131 phosphorus-32
hyperthyroidism

() Phosphorus-32 Polycythemia
vera

boron-10








actinium-225
targeted alpha therapy (TAT)

 Bi-213











immunoglobulin (monoclonal antibodies)

(ISOTOPES USED IN MEDICINE)

Reactor Radioisotopes
(
)

'parent' generator
Molybdenum-99 (66 ):
technetium-99m

Technetium-99m (6 ):

()
( )

Bismuth-213 (46 ): TAT

Chromium-51 (28 ):

(gastro

intestinal)

Cobalt-60 (5.3 ):




Copper-64 (13 ):


Wilson's and Menke's

Dysprosium-165 (2 ): (synovectomy)

Erbium-169 (9.4 ):
synovial joints

Holmium-166 (26 ):

Iodine-125 (60 ): (brachytherapy)

radioimmuno-assays

Iodine-131 (8 ):

Iridium-192 (74 ):

internal radiotherapy



Iron-59 (46 ):
Lutetium-177 (6.7 ): Lu-177

Lu-177

Palladium-103 (17 ):
brachytherapy

Phosphorus-32 (14 ):
polycythemia vera
()

Potassium-42 (12 ):

coronary

Rhenium-186 (3.8 ):

Rhenium-188 (17 ):

coronary arteries
angioplasty balloon
Samarium-153 (47 ): Sm-153

seleno-methionine
Selenium-75 (120 ):
(digestive enzymes)

electrolytes
Sodium-24 (15 ):

Strontium-89 (50 d):

Xenon-133 (5 ):
cerebrospinal fluid
Ytterbium-169 (32 ):
Ytterbium-177 (1.9 ): Lu-177

Yttrium-90 (64 ):

silicate colloid
brachytherapy
synovial joints

ruthenium

brachytherapy

(Cyclotron Radioisotopes)

Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, Oxygen-15, Fluorine-18:

(positron)
PET

(epileptic)
neuropharmacology
(psychiatry) (dementia)

cardiology F-18 FDG

PET
Cobalt-57 (272 ):

in-vitro

Gallium-67 (78 ):

Indium-111 (2.8 ):

Iodine-123 (13 ):

Krypton-81m (13 ) Rubidium-81 (4.6 ): Kr

81m

(asthmatic)

PET agent

Rubidium-82 (65 ):
myocardial perfusion
generator Rb-82
Strontium-92 (25 ):

(coronary
Thallium-201 (73 ):

artery)
low-grade
lymphomas


www.vcharkarn.com/include/vcafe/showkratoo.php?Cid=29&Pid=36656
Radioisotopes in Medicine
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/info.htm
February 2006

: ,
(: isotope)

2 -235
-238

 ? (What are isotopes?)

(atomic number)

(radioisotope) (radionuclide)

2

-238 92
(
) 238 ( 92
146 )

-235

-238 3

92

235 92 143
-235

-235

-127 53 127 (53
74 )



53

4 131
(53 78 )

(tracer)
-131

? (How can different isotopes of an

element be produced?)

-235

0.7 %

-235




(
-238)

(centrifuge)



(merry-goround)

1942

(gaseous diffusion)

-235

-238

(Oak Ridge)


(hexafluoride)

-235 -238

(cyclotron)

(fission)


3

(chain reaction)

(melt down)

http://hss.energy.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/intro_9_4.html

: 1 2555