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1. ก
ก
2. ก
3. "
ก#, &กก'("
)* Finite
Element and Finite Difference Method, ก<<ก
===>?
4. *A
กก = กBC #&
#
DE
5. กGก(กก H
ก<ก
กAกH ก= กH
6. ก <= >
<>ก(
ก
.
1 ก
!"#
$%&' 4 &)%*+,- 1)
ก)
"+
/#0
1.1.1 !"#%+,-ก0
%
: %,-9
ก+
:
%&';<=">:?"&@$-
ก%>"Aก (slot) 0
@>:+
%+
(Electric field strength) %ก partial
discharge $
ก
%+
>
=-?กA=:-90
ก:
->* ?%>"กA@R:$:
9S
:
:
% 30-35kV
ก
.
)
ก"
66kV, 110kV, 132kV, 150kV,
220kV, 380kV, 500kV, 800kV.
ก
.
φ =
$%>"Aก
I1 Φ I2 N1 = 90
=":
& -%=:
N2 = 90
=":
& ---ก
U1 E1 E2 U2
U1/ U2 = & -%=:
/--ก
E1/ E2 = %>0
:
& -%=:
/--ก
N1 N2 I1/ I2 = ก)
:
& -%=:
/--ก
dφ
e (t) = - N
dt
due to input voltage is sine wave, thus φ is in sine too
dφ ˆ
φ (t) = φˆ sin ωt ⇒ = φ ω cos ωt
dt
e (t) = - Nφˆ ω cos ωt
ก
.
ก
.
#/&)
+
1) %&'?
LV
2)
ก" (weight and short circuit force)
HV Wdg. 3) )
+
:-
Wdg. Core
HEAT(W) T
THERMAL
LV
SOURCE
Wdg.
Core
ก
.
>:-&"
-
Use in producing high voltage for testing insulator & high voltage equipment
which will be used in HV transmission
@R:>
+"ก_)=-"ก/:
*
)
ก
#$
f & 9&<>
+
%&-)%&gh-
"ก/:
ESDD = equipment salt deposit density = ? mg/cm2
Partial discharge @?#$
f
ก
.
11
ก
ก0
>+"ก_)=->:-&"
-
1) & -%=:
")9$
--ก
2) ก)
& -%=:
")ก)
9$
--ก
3) ก0
"
ก0
>=->:-&"
4) Short circuit voltage >,- impedance voltage
5) %%ก+
6) +
/
7) +
:
")ก
?
ก
.
1) =
=->:-&"
- > +$
withstand voltage =-
-
@ก9)Sก_
partial discharge, break down, puncture #:-
ก=S]&
-ก
Normally Vtr > Vtest 10-20%
& -%=:
กA@R:#
)&ก# +
%]9
ก sine $%ก 5%
2) ก)
ก0
>=->:-&"
- : =S]-$ก
9)
-
Insulator, bushing, CT, PT, CB 0.1-0.5A
Transformer, cap 0.5-1A
Cable > 1A
3) =
ก0
"=->:-&"
-
ก
?]>"
@:
%&'"ก_)=-+
9
?)]>"
=->:-&"
-9S%&'+)&
u%#- >:-&"
-+9)ก)
"
9
-%,-@>:
%ก#%>Aก
%ก breakdown, sparkover v"v:R%9 #$/:
ก%ก&-
90
@>:%ก)%=S]:
ก
.
13
TEST
U1 UT
OBJECT
ก'
*A? <
MEASUREMENT
SET
2
S t = U t ⋅ I = U t ⋅ (U t / X c ) = U t ⋅ ω C
2
= 2 π fCU t [VA]
ก
.
+$
+)&
u%#-&)
=-
-
Insulator 10w.100 pf
Bushing 150w.400 pf
CT 200w.600 pf
Cable (per meter) 150w.300 pf
Power transformer 1 MVA 1,000 pf
100 MVA 10,000 pf
Voltage divider 50w.500 pf
#$-9
(per meter) 5w.15 pf
@ก$
+$
capacitance
=
ก0
"=->:-&" = =->:-&"
- x ก)
-
ก
.
15
4) ก0
"")
"9 (short circuit power & short circuit voltage)
esc =S]ก leakage flux 0
@>:+$
#0
f:
ก%
)@R:#:
R1 L1 R2 L2
R L
U1 RM XM U2 U1 U2
U 2 + jωLI 2 = U 1 (I 2 = jωCU 2 )
jI2XL 2
I2 U1 U 2 = U 1 - jωL ( jωCU 2 ) = U 1 + ω L CU 2
U I2R U1
U2 =
U2 1-ω 2 L C
N1
1-ω 2 L C < 1, ?]<
<<ก >
D
U 1 ≠ U 2
N2
ก
.
esc eR eX
∆U I2XL ∆U n I 2n X L
*?H I 2 ` R << X L , =
H U 2n = =
U 2n U 2n esc esc
I2 XL S2
= ⋅ esc = ⋅ esc
I 2n X L S2n
ก
.
17
5) ก0
"
& -@>:ก>:-&"
-
U2
I1
IC
I1 IC Ic2 Iµ
Iµ U2 C
U1
Ic2 IL
ก
.
19
6) +
:
>:-&"
-
ก
?>: U < 100kV
%+
)> %R$ epoxy
/:
ก$
] +,-="#$")=#]#$ 50-100 kV @R:ก
?
ก)
_R]0
ก%>"Aก") ="9$-$@]0
>:-&"9-$@
/">)>,-/?
=:-=-/%>"Aก =:-%
=-/%>"Aก
- )
+
:- - #:- bushing
- %>
)ก
-ก0
"
f
#/?@R:ก %ก+
", epoxy $#:-@R: bushing #$)
+
:-:$
+$-
ก
.
U1
ก
.
21
1) ก%>"Aก 5
2) LV Wdg. 4
3
3) HV Wdg. 2
4) ]0
%&'?>: 1
5) &"
=]
8
6
7) /">)
8) /? 3 4
2
1
ก
.
1 4b
3a 4a U
3b
1) Core
2) LV Wdg.
3) HV Wdg.
4) Tertiary Wdg.
5) ="
:
$%>"Aก
0
> Cascade connection
ก
.
23
=:-
5 "&
ก
?%,-9
ก V /%>"Aก = V/2
Core
=:-%
4b
3b /%>"Aก#:-#]-$?
U
3a
4a
ก
.
U2
3 1) LV or Exciting Wdg.
2) HV Wdg.
1 2
3) Coupling Wdg.
ก
.
25
TR3
TR2
P
P
TR1 3
P
2P 3U
2U
=:- 1
2
1. &)>ก
? 3P
P
U
2. %+",-:
)ก
3. #$-%&' 3 %
: =:-%
4. /:
#:-ก
ก)
/#$-=
ก: 1. "9
= 3εsc
ก
.
X
0 0 X
L
U/2
U/2
X -U/2 X
L
-U/2
ก
ก)9
9)$ linear @ก=- transient %R$ 9
ก travelling wave (
!$
) or chopped
wave #:-9
@ก
--ก9
="
ก
.
27
1.2) ก
:
+
/
<=กd
bushing j]?< A<="=กjH<]k<C" Cl?d=กjH<กEA'&
ก "< ก puncture Hกd
Cl?d]<Hกd=กjH<
Hdกd *Aก flashover
G=
"d*?
AกA&"<
Tesla
RL SPHERE GAP
U0 C2
C1 U1 U2 INSULATOR
AC OR DC
20-30kV
1) C1 dก< A>A
= U0
2) ก spark *? gap j*? C1 กE=
"
, L1 กE=j
"
"H&Eก
1
3) L1 Hjก=
C1 Aก oscillation "d*? f1 =
2π L1C1 1
4) ก
oscillation LV A&*?'&ก
Dlk HV "*"d*? f2 =
2π L 2 C 2
ก
.
:
9
ก 1) %+,-ก0
%
/# (electrostatic generator) d1
2) Rectifier
"ก_)=-ก)
#ก0
>:=], +$
%?",
A B B
+$
, ripple factor
1.3.1) Electrostatic generator
C = Q/V = εA/d
/#)>$
!$#%กA&)9
1 2
29
%+,-ก0
%
/# Van de Graaff
A = electrode
$
0
%
-
%&'#0
@>:%ก+$
ก&)9
electron -
)/$
%"
C
B =
C = -%"+#%กA&)9
B
A =:-90
ก
DC
20kV 1) +
%+
#
=-
Et /:
> 10kV/cm %ก breakdown &
ก)9
$
0
%
-
2) +
%A=-
ก
.
%+,-ก0
%
/# Trommel
HV
DC
ก
.
31
1.3.2) Rectifier
- Half wave rectifier H#*?ก
D i 1 2π
I dc = ∫ i (ωt) d(ωt)
2π 0 d
π
1 Uˆ sinωt
UT UL RL =
2π ∫ R D + R L d(ωt)
0
Uˆ 1
= ⋅ [- cos ωt ]π0
R D + R L 2π
UT Uˆ
I dc =
i UL(t) π (R D + R L )
Uˆ
0
π 2π ωt
ˆI =
(R D + R L )
ก
.
33
ˆI 2 ωt sin 2ωt π
= −
UT UL(t) π 2 4 0
i 1 ˆI
= ˆI =
0
2 2
π 2π ωt 1 π2
r = ⋅ − 1 = 48%
2 4
ก
.
ก
.
35
ก
.
ก
.
37
- /:
@
$ capacitor filter
C1 D2
a' b' c' i
UC
D1 C2 UL
UT RL
2UTP
U UL(t) ก(* noload C 2
"H < discharge
Uˆ D1 = Uˆ D2 = 2Uˆ T
UP
UD1P UD2P
0
π 2π ωt
ก
.
- Greinacher-Cascade 3 R] U = 6U T
%&"=]
ก"=] diode #$
f@9
Greinacher cascade >"
R] ∆U > δU
∆U = U_ max − U_ = U_(4n 3 + 3n 2 - n) (6fRC)
2δU = U DCmax − U DCmin
U_ ⋅ (n + 2) ⋅ n
δU =
2fRC
2nUTP
U
UDCmax
U_ 2δU
UDCmin
ก
.
39
C1 , C 2 , C 3 ก<ก
0
D′1 , C′2 , C′3 'ก
H=ก π 2π ωt
a'
D 1 , D 2 , D 3 'ก
H=
ก
.
1.4 ก
:
-"
Lightning impluse ก AกH
Switching impluse ก Aกก'D< SW or CB ก clear fault, connect/disconnect
C-bank
'" <=<>ก( H`กH<'
H H<
ก&H*k
& ]<
"H
UT
1.0
0.9
t
TS
TR
ก
.
41
UT
1.0
ก
.
U 0 =
< A>ก
Ug
U0
CS Re Cb U(t) C s = กE= A><"j u กE =j
(a) C b = & กE =A>
R L = A'ก ก
< A> &A
RL SPHERE GAP Rd
Id
&]<E (2 - 3 seconds)
Ie
R d = &H
U0
R e = H<A>
S = spark gap ('&*?&"]< trigger j]?<& C s
Ug CS Re Cb U(t)
43
1 2
jD<]?<ก'
<"j W = Cs U 0 [J]
2
U Cs
A b "*){jกH a , η= ≤ e(-t/T1)
U 0 Cs + C b
a,b
U(t)
b e(-t/T2)
T1/T2
A a A b
T1 (R d + R e ) ⋅ ( C s + C b ) R e ⋅ (C s + C b )
T2 R d ⋅C s ⋅R e ⋅C b [ (R d + R e )( C s + C b )] R d ⋅C s ⋅C b ( C s + C b )
η R e ⋅C s [(R d + R e )( C s + C b )] Cs (Cs + C b )
ก
.
45
F
Re'
U0 t =n ⋅ U0
Cs t = Cs / n CS'
Rd t = n ⋅ Rd
RL'
R d'
Cb
U(t)
Re t = n ⋅ Re F Re'
CS'
R d'
RL'
F
Re'
RLD
CS'
U0'
ก
.