4:

4:

4.1. ....................................... 2
4.2. / ................................................... 2
4.3. .................................................... 3
4.4. ....................................... 4
4.5. .............................................. 7
4.6. ......................................................... 7
4.7. ................................................................ 8
4.8. ...................................................................... 11
4.9. ........................................ 14
4.10. ...................................................................... 16
4.11. ...................................................................... 16
4.12. ..................................................... 20
4.13. ................................................................... 26
4.14. ................................. 28
4.15. ................................................................................ 31
4.16. .............................................................................. 32

&

 4:

4.1.

.
,
- . ,

. (, ,
), ,
.

.
:
1) , ,
,
2)

, ,
.

4.2. /

,
(Value
Analysis / Value Engineering, VA/VE).
. ,
, , ,
.
(VE)
, , . ,
(VA).
&

 4:

.
( )

. ,

,

.
,
. :

,
.

,
.

,
.

,
.

4.3.

,
, :

&

 4:

marketing .

( ).

( ,
).

,

,
.

, ,
.

,
.

4.4.

(
) .
.
, ,


.

&

 4:

:
1) .

:
) , ,
.

.
) ,
. ,
,
,
.
2) . ,
, .
, :
) ,

.
)
1. . ,

.
3) . ,

.
4) ,
.
5) .


.
&

 4:

6) .
, .
,

.
7) .

.
8) . ,
, .

&

 4:

4.5.

. ,
:

, .

.
,
.
( ,
, ) .

( , , ,
, ).
.

(follow up).

4.6.

,
.

.

&

 4:

.
. ,
, , .
,
. ,
,
.
,
.

. ,
. ,

.

.

( ).
,

,
. ,
.

4.7.

. ( life cycle ),

: , ,
( 4.1)
&

 4:

4.1
, ,
.
.
,
.
.
, ,

. ,
.

, ,
.
. ,

. .

.
. , .

&

 4:

, ,
,
.
, .

, ,
.
, , 1-2

,
, . ,
.

.
,
, cd-player
mp3-player.

,
.

&

10

 4:

4.2

4.8.

.
,
.
, , .
,
, , .

,

(learning experience curve)

cn=c1*n-b

cn n
c1 1
n

&

11

 4:

n
(/ )

4.3

.

. , ,
.
, ,
.
, .

,

.
,

&

12

 4:

. ,
.

&

13

 4:

4.9.

( ). ,
,
, ,
. ,

. ,
.
:

. ,
,
.

.
, .
, ,
.

. ,
.
,

&

14

 4:

, :
1) CAD/CAM
CAD ( )
( Computer Aided Design ), CAM
( )
(Computer Aided Manufacturing ).

. CAM
.
2) NC
NC ( numerical controlled )

.

. ,

.
3) FMS
FMS ( Flexible Manufacturing Systems )
,
, .

.
. ,

.
4) .
(
) ,
( )

&

15

 4:

4.10.

, .
,
. ,
,
.
, .


(
).
(work study) :
)

(method study)

B)

(work measurement)

, , ,

.

4.11.

.
:

&

16

 4:

, .

1)

,
, ,
. S (
: specification, simplification, standardization). ,
: ( ),
.
,

. ,
,
, . ,
,
,
.

2)

,
.
.
.
( )
.
&

17

 4:

,
-.
,
.
, , .

3)

.

,
.
.
, , ,
.

, .

:
, ,
.
-,
.

:

( , ,
, )

( , ,
, )

&

18

 4:

( , ,
, )

( , ,
, )

( , ,
, )

4)

,
.
.
,
. ,
,
, (
), .

, (NPV).
,
. ,
.

5)

, ,
.

&

19

 4:

.
, .
, ,
, .

6)

,

,

.


.

4.12.

.
1)
, ,
,
.
,
.

&

20

 4:

.

,
.
.
: ,
.
,
. ,

, Gozinto (goes into).
.

()

4.5 Gozinto

&

21

 4:

ASME.

,
:
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.

.

.

. ,

.

,
. .
2)

ASME.
&

22

 4:

(
, , ) ,
.

3)
( : , . )
,

.
.
, 80 90 .
.

. .
, .

4.6
.

&

23

 4:

4.7

&

24

 4:

,
.
.

4.8

&

25

 4:

4.9
,
. , .

4.13.

,

. : ,

,
.

&

26

 4:

,
.
,

.
1)
.
, :
1.

TB =

t
i =1

2. ,

.

&

27

 4:

TK = rTB
r
3. ,
.

T = T (1 + )

.

4.14.

,
. ,
.
,
.
.
:

1)


.
.
&

28

 4:

,
.
, .
,

. ,
.

. , , ,
,
. , ,

.
,
, ,

.
2)

,
.
. ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
.

.
&

29

 4:

.

, ,
.
.

:
1.
2.

3.

4. ( ,
)
5.
6.
7.

3)


.
:
1.
.
2.
.

&

30

 4:

3.
,
.

4.15.

1. ;
;
2. ;
3. ;
.
4.

;
5. ,
;
6. ;
7. ;
;
8. ;
9. ;
.
10.

;

&

31

 4:

4.16.

.
320 , 280 .
5000 .
125%
10%.

T =

280 min
= 0.056 min
5000

T = 1, 250, 056 = 0, 7 min

:

T = 0, 7(1 + 0,10) = 0, 77 min

0,77 .

&

32