I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Namitha: Hi Namrata, What brings you
here?
(£æ…-ß˝’ -†-v´’-û√, àçöÀ É™« ´î√a¢˛)
ÉC °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤– O’ conversation™ ¢√úøçúÕ
Namratha: I want a book from you, and
advice from your father
(Ø√èπ◊ F ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* ã °æ¤Ææhéπç 鬢√L.
O’ Ø√†o-í¬J Ææ©£æ… é¬¢√L)
Namitha: What book?
Namratha: The book, 'How to face
Interviews'. I am attending an
interview the day after.
(How to face Interviews ÅØË
°æ¤Ææhéπç 鬢√L Ø√èπ◊. á©’xçúÕ ØËØÓ
Interview attend Å¢√yL)
Namitha: And what do you want my dad's
advice?
(´÷ Ø√†o-í¬J Ææ©£æ… áçü¿’èπ◊?)
Namratha: I have got interview calls for
admission in MBA in two col-
leges- Potti Sreeramulu
College, and Prakasam School
of Management. I want to know
from your dad which is the bet-
ter
(MBA ™ îË®Ω-ú≈-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ È®çúø’ col-
leges †’ç* interview letters
´î√a®·. àC ´’ç*üÓ O’ Ø√†o
-í¬-J-E -Å-úÕT ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E).
Namitha: Congrats. All the best. But my
dad is out on business. He's
(=He has) gone out to call on a
friend.
(´÷ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’ °æE-O’ü¿ •ßª’-öèπ◊
¢Á∞«}®Ω’, Çߪ’† friend †’ éπ©-´
-ú≈-EéÀ).
(call on= äéπ ´uéÀhE éπ©-´ôç– The PM
called on the President yesterday).
Namratha: When will he be back?
(á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’?)
Namitha: In an hour perhaps.
(•£æ›¨¡ ã í∫çôèπ◊)
Namratha: I have work at home. Will he be
at home this evening?
(Ø√éÀçöx °æ†’çC. ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Çߪ’†
Éçöx Öçö«®√?)
Namitha: He has a meeting to attend.
(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ meeting ÖçC).
Namratha: Then I will see him tomorrow
morning
(Å®·ûË ØËØ√-ߪ’Eo Í®°æ¤ -Ö-ü¿-ߪ’ç éπ©’≤ƒh).
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ underlined words îª÷¨»®Ω’
éπü∆? ¢√öÀ™x éÌEoç-öÀ-´·çü¿’ 'a' or 'an'
ÖØ√o®·. -´’-JéÌEo-çöÀ´·çü¿’ ™‰´¤-éπü∆.
v°æ¨¡o: Weak verbs, Strong verbs Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?
OöÀE ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç ûª°æp-E-Ææ®√? Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©†’
Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.
ï¢√•’: '-ed', '-d', '-t' îË®Ωaúøç
– 鬴u, ņ÷≠æo, £æ«†t-éÌçúø
´©x past tense, past participle
à®ΩpúË verbs†’ weak verbs
Åçö«ç. OöÀØË Regular verbs
ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç.
eg: Present - Past - Past
Participle
1. talk - talked - talked
2. love - loved - loved
3. smell - smelt - smelt
ûÁL-ÆœçC éπü∆ °j verbs™«çöÀ verbs ÅEoç-öÀE
Åçõ‰ '-ed', '-d' or '-t' îË®Ωaúøç ü∆y®√ past tense,
past participle form Å®·ûË ÅN weak/ regular
verbs.
Strong verbs†’ irregular verbs ÅE èπÿú≈
Åçö«®Ω’. ÉN past tense, past participle, weak
verbs ™«í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈, verb form™ØË ´÷®Ω’pûÓ à®Ωp-
úø-û√®·.
eg: Present - Past - Past Participle
1. Sing - sang - sung
2. Know - knew - known
3. do - did - done
É™«çöÀ verbs strong verbs.
a/an Ö†oN a/an ™‰EN
a book advice
an interview business
a friend work
an hour
a meeting
Ééπ\úø a/an ¢√úÕ† ´÷ô©’– book, interview,
friends, hour, meeting- OöÀE countables
Åçö«ç. Åçõ‰ ´’†ç äéπöÀ, È®çúø’, ´‚úø’, 10, 20
ÅE ™„éπ\-°-ôd-í∫-L-T-†N.
book - one book, three books etc.
friend - one friend, two friends etc.
hour - one hour, three hours etc.
meeting - one meeting, two meetings,
etc. °j´Fo countables.
Ééπ uncountables. Åçõ‰ ™„éπ\-°-ôd-™‰-EN.
eg: Water - one water, two waters - ņç
A, An ®√-¢√-Lqç-üË!
éπü∆. Å™«Íí, sugar, rice, milk, etc. É´Fo
´’†ç numbers ™ îÁ°æpç. 鬕öÀd ÉN
uncountables.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 35
éÀç-C-¢√-öÀ-E î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ follow Å´çúÕ.
1) English™ countables èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’
rals Öçö«®·.
(äéπöÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Å®·ûË – singular,
äéπöÀ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Å®·ûË plural)
Singular Plural
book books
pen pens
man men
child children
sheep (íÌvÈ®) sheep (íÌvÈ®©’)
2) uncountables –™„éπ\-°-ôd-™‰-EN. OöÀéÀ plural
Öçúøü¿’.
(milks, golds, silvers ņç éπü∆. Åçõ‰ milk,
gold, silver ÉN uncountables 鬕öÀd OöÀéÀ
plural Öçúøü¿’.
3) Very very important: English™ counta-
ble singular áéπ\úø ¢√úÕØ√ ü∆E-´·çü¿’ éπ*a-
ûªçí¬ 'a' é¬F 'an' é¬F ®√¢√L.
a) A cow (cow - countable singular) gives
milk (Ç´¤ §ƒ©’ ÉÆæ’hçC)
b) An umbrella (umbrella- countable sin-
gular) is in that corner ( Ç ´‚© ã
íÌúø’í∫’ ÖçC)
c) A watch (watch - countable singular)
shows the time
(Watch Time †’ îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC)
îª÷¨»®√, áéπ\úø Countable singular
´*aØ√ ü∆E-´·çü¿’ ûª°æpéπ 'a' 'an' ®√´-©-
ÆœçüË. ®√éπ-§ÚûË ûª°æ¤p.
d) A doctor treats patients
(ú≈éπd®˝ ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îË≤ƒhúø’ Treat -
¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’úøç Treatment - ¢Ájü¿uç)
A / an Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'äéπ— ÅE éπü∆ Å®Ωnç.
Å®·ûË English ™ A / an ¢√úÕ† îÓô™«x ûÁ©’-í∫’™
¢√úøç éπü∆. English ™ A cow gives milk Åçõ‰ØË
éπÈ®é˙d.
ü∆ØËo ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç, 'Ç´¤-§ƒ-L-Ææ’hçC— Åçö«ç
é¬F, 'äéπ Ç´¤ §ƒL-Ææ’hçC— ņç éπü∆. Å™« Åçõ‰
N’í∫û√ Ç´¤-L-´y-´Ø√?
'íÌúø’í∫’ ´®Ω{ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC— Åçö«ç
é¬F, äéπ íÌúø’í∫’ ´®Ω{ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC ņç
éπü∆. ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Countable
Singulars èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ a / an omit îËÆæ’hçö«ç. ÉC
ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.
´’S} í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. English ™ Countable
Singulars èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ a / an ¢√úøû√ç. ¢√ú≈L.
¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË ûª°æ¤p
4) 'A' á°æ¤púø’? 'An' á°æ¤púø’?
Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Lesson ™ N´-Jç-*-†-ô’xí¬ Å, Ç
É, Ñ, Ö, Ü, á, à, â, ä, ã, å ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç
ÅßË’u English ´÷ô-©-´·çü¿’ 'An' ¢√úøû√ç.
N’í∫û√ ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’
'a' ¢√úøû√ç. Éçé¬ Ant (Ééπ\úø 'a' Ææ÷*çîË ¨¡•lç
´·çü¿’ èπÿú≈ 'an')
a) An Ant, An abode (Å);
an arm, an egg(á);
An Indian (Éç);
An ox, an idea (â) etc.
an honour (Ç);
an hour (Å) etc
b) a Tree, a Book etc
University - (ߪ‚) –
plu-
鬕öÀd a University M. SURESAN
European - (ߪ‚)
鬕öÀd a European
ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç: A ¢√ú≈™«, An ¢√ú≈™« ÅØËC
Countable Singular ´·çü¿’ ´îËa ´÷ô†’ •öÀd
èπÿú≈ Öçô’çC.
eg: a question - an important question
a story - an uninteresting story
an idea - a useless idea
a boy - an honest boy
5) Uncountables ´·çü¿’ A/an á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úøç.
a Water, a milk ņç éπü∆!
´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌE English ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’
í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’:
a) countables èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ singular, plural
Öçö«®·
b) countable singular ´·çü¿’ A/ an ®√¢√-
LqçüË
c) Uncountables èπ◊ Plural Öçúøü¿’
d) Uncountable èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ A/ an ®√ü¿’.
Åçõ‰ ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† important
points:
äéπ ´÷ô Uncountable Å®·ûË, ü∆EéÀ plural
Öçúøü¿’, ü∆E-´·çü¿’ A/ an ®√ü¿’.
(Dictionary ™ ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’†o ´÷ô °æéπ\† (C) é¬F,
(U) é¬F Öçô’çC. (C) Åçõ‰ countable, (U)
Åçõ‰ uncountable. ü∆Eo•öÀd ´’†ç E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-
¢√L. Ç ´÷ô´·çü¿’ 'A/ an' ´Ææ’hçü∆, ®√ü∆ ÅE)
éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ English™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
eg:
Ram: Fan àç îËÆæ’hçC?
(What does a fan do?)
Ramana: í¬L-E-Ææ’hçC.
(It gives air)
Ram: Å®·ûË Ééπ\-úÌéπ fan °ôdçúÕ.
(Please fix a fan here).
1. Suman: ØËØÓ ´’ç* doctor †’ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-
éÌç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
Suresh: Ééπ\-úÌéπ ´’ç* doctor Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.
Suman: ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\´ fees BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«ú≈?
(fees ™«çöÀN BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç = charge)
Suresh: Å´¤†’ áèπ◊\¢Ë BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.
Suman: áçûª BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’?
Suresh: ´çü¿-®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ.
Suman: î√©’. ؈’ ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o. Ø√èπ◊
doctor Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 19 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005
2. Anil: O’ Éçöx TV Öçü∆?
Amar: ÅüËç v°æ¨¡o? Ñ ®ÓV™x TV ™‰E
É©xçô÷ Öçü∆?
(Ñ ®ÓV™x – nowadays)
Anil: v°æï-©ç-ü¿-Jéà TV Öçô’ç-ü¿ç-ö«¢√?
(... you mean ¢√úøçúÕ)
Amar: Ø√ ÖüËl¨¡ç ÅC-é¬ü¿’. ´’üµ¿u-ûª-®Ω-í∫A
¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JéÀ TV Öçô’çC.
3. Kumar: Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω™  àüÁjØ√ school
Öçü∆?
Karim: Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ schools ÖØ√o®·.
Kumar: ´÷ Ŷ«s®· éÓÆæç ã ´’ç* school
鬢√L.
Karim: È®çúø’ schools èπÿú≈ ´’ç*¢Ë.
Kumar: O’®Ω’ -à school suggest
(Ææ÷*ç-îªúøç) îË≤ƒh®Ω’?
Answers:
1. Suman: I want to see a good doctor.
Suresh: I know a good doctor (around)
here.
(here ÅE ņúøç éπÈ®Íéd. Around here Åçõ‰ Ééπ\-
úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω™ – ÉC conversational. Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™x
¢√úøçúÕ.)
Suman: Does he charge high?/ Does he
charge a high fee?/ Does he
charge high fees?/ Are his fees
high?/ Is his fee high?/ Is he
expensive?
Suresh: Yes. He does.
(He charges high)
Suman: How much does he charge?
Suresh: A hundred rupees the first time.
(hundred, thousand, lakh, crore, million,
etc - É´Fo èπÿú≈ countable singulars. 鬕öÀd
OöÀ-´·çü¿’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ 'a' ®√¢√L.
132 = A hundred and thirty two.
1500= A thousand and five hundred. Å®·ûË
bank notes ™ ´÷vûªç 'A' •ü¿’©’ one ®√≤ƒhç)
Suman: OK. That's enough. I am all right. I
don't need a doctor now/ any
more.
2) Anil: Have you a TV at home?
Amar: What a question! Is there a home
without a TV nowadays?
Anil: Do you mean that all people have
TVs?
(Do you mean, - ÉC ¢√úøôç practice
îËߪ’çúÕ. Å®Ωnç– F ÖüËl-¨¡´÷?/ Å®Ωn´÷? ÅE.
What do you mean? - F Å®Ωnç, F ÖüËl¨¡ç
àN’öÀ?)
Amar: I do not mean that. All middle
class people have TVs.
3) Kumar: Is there a school near/ around
here?
Karim: There are two schools.
Kumar: I want a good school for my
son?
Karim: Both the schools are equally
good.
Kumar: Which school do you suggest?