CC NGUYN L IU TC

1.B iu tc ly tm:
Mt ng dng kinh in ca lc ty tm trong c kh l b iu tc ly tm.
Khi tc quay ca ng c tng, cc qu nng (miu t trong hnh v) chu
lc ly tm ln hn, vng xa ra hn v khp li ng ng nhin liu ca
ng c (hoc, mt cch tng qut, gim ngun nng lng cho ng c);
iu ny dn n tc ng c gim li. Khi tc ng c xung thp,
lc ly tm ln cc qu nng gim, cc qu nng b trng lc ko xung v
m rng ng ng nhin liu; iu ny lm tc ng c tng tr li. y
l mt v d ca hon ngc m, gip iu tit v gi tc quay ca ng
c n nh. Lc ly tm cng c dng trong b ly hp t ng ca mt s
xe my hay t. Khi tc quay ca ng c t n ngng thch hp, lc
ly tm ln cc qu nng trong b ly hp s ln n khp cht cc tip xc
v chuyn b ly hp sang trng thi truyn lc khin xe chuyn bnh. Khi
tc ng c di ngng, lc ly tm khng ln v b ly hp ngt lc
truyn, gip xe ng ti ch nhng ng c vn n my.




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2.S khi v chc nng cc b phn ca b iu tc c kh hot ng
theo nguyn tc lch (hu sai v v sai)
- s nguyn l.
- nguyn tc t ng n nh.
- cc iu chnh m bo cht lng.
B iu tc c kh thng l b iu tc con quay ly tm c c tnh n =
f(M
c
) hu sai khi cc t my pht hot ng song song v b iu tc con
quay ly tm c c tnh v sai khi t my pht ch hot ng c lp, khng
hot ng song song.
a)B iu tc ly tm c c tnh hu sai:
S nguyn l b iu tc ly tm c c tnh hu sai.

o tc ca ng c diezel ngi ta dng con quay ly tm vi qu vng
A. Tc quay cng ln qu vng cng vng xa. to tc quay cho
trc n
0
, t 1 l xo t ln con chy 1 v to 1 lc E cn bng vi lc A
r
ca
con chy do lc ly tm qu vng to nn. iu chnh lc nn ban u ca
l xo E ta iu chnh bng lc t ngoi t ln l xo (bng c, bng lc kh,
thy lc ). Khi iu chnh nh vy ta iu chnh gi tr tc cho trc
n
0
. Khi tc quay ca ng c cng ln lc A
r
> E, con chy 1 dch
chuyn 1 on z cho n lc no A
r
= E. ng thi van trc 3 ca khuych
i thy lc chuyn dch ln pha trn 1 khong l, thng du c p lc ln t
ln piston ca ng c tr ng v dch chuyn 1 khong L gim nhin
liu lm gim tc . Nh cnh tay n BC ni vi piston ca ng c tr
ng (lm nhim v phn hi cng m) van trt ca khuych i thy lc
li chuyn dch xung pha di ng ca van khng cho du c p lc cao
vo ng c tr ng thm, piston ca ng c tr ng dng li.
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Trng hp tc ng c gim hin tng xy ra ngc li.
c tnh n = f(M
c
) c biu din nh sau:

ng 1 tng ng khi ng c hot ng khng c b iu tc, ng 2
tng ng khi ng c hot ng c b iu tc hu sai. Sai s cng ln khi
ti cng ln. C th thay i dc bng cch thay i t s cnh tay n
a/b (thay i h s phn hi cng m).
b)B iu tc ly tm c c tnh v sai:
Cu to ca b iu tc ly tm c c tnh v sai c m t nh hnh sau:

b iu tc ny piston ca ng c tr ng c ni vi piston ca b
gim chn. B gim chn l phn hi m mm, ch hot ng ch ng,
khng hot ng ch tnh. Gi s tc ng c tng con chy di tc
dng ca lc ly tm ca qu vng dch chuyn ln mt khong z, ko theo
dch chuyn van trt khuych i thy lc mt khong l thng du c p
lc cao tc ng ln piston ca ng c tr ng y li xung di gim
nhin liu, gim tc .
Nh piston ca ng c tr ng c ni vi piston ca b gim chn nn
lc ban u khi piston ca ng c tr ng chuyn ng xung pha di
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ko theo ton b gim chn cng chuyn ng xung, h thng van trt
cng chuyn dch xung. Nhng tc dng ca lc cng l xo 3 du c
thot qua van kim 5, v ca b gim chn chuyn dch tr v trng thi ban
u v khi tc ca ng c tr v gi tr c cnh tay n ACB tr v
trng thi ban u ca van khuych i thy lc ng, piston ng c tr
ng dng. Qua phn tch trn ta thy b iu tc ly tm c b gim chn
va c tnh cht v sai va c tinh cht hu sai. Do ch tnh h
thng khng c sai s, ch ng h thng rt n nh. c tnh n =
f(M
c
) c m t nh sau:














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3.B iu tc Turbin thu lc
Trong t nhin c nhiu ngun nng lng phc v cho sn xut v sinh
hot, chim t trng ln nht trong cc ngun nng lng phi k n
thu in. iu khin nh my thu in nhm t c cng sut ti u l
vn ht sc quan trng.
H thng Tuabin thu lc:

Nc t h cha thng lu c dn vo h thng ng ng p lc v
bung xon, ti y nc c gia tc ti vn tc rt ln. Qua h thng cnh
hng, nc c dn vo tuabin thu lc lm quay tuabin ng thi lm
quay my pht in (thng thng trc ca tuabin c ni thng vi trc
my pht). T u cc my pht, dng in c tng p qua my bin p
lc v dn ln trm phn phi ho vo li in quc gia.
Tuabin thu lc l mt b phn quan trng nht trong nh my thu in,
bng s thay i tc n quyt nh cng sut pht ca t my. L mt
thit b c c cu phc tp, trng lng v kch c ln, tuabin i hi phi
c bn cao, vn hnh n nh trong thi gian di (tui th vn hnh 40
nm, thi gian i tu 6 nm, trung bnh vn hnh 3000 gi/nm ).
Tuabin thu lc ph bin ( loi Kaplan trc ng nh: Ho Bnh, Tr An,
Yaly, Thc B . . . ) bao gm 2 phn chnh : Roto tuabin (gm bnh xe cng
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tc-BXCT c ni vi trc tuabin thng qua khp ni truyn ng momen
xon, trc, hng v chn trc) v Stato tuabin (gm vnh y tuabin
trc di cnh hng, cc vnh lm kn, vnh stato tuabin, b cnh
hng dng ) v b ng x, bung xon.
Tu theo mc nc thng lu v khi ti trn li in thay i i hi
lng in pht ra ca nh my phi thay i ph hp. Vn t ra l phi
iu chnh ng b gia m h thng cnh hng nc nhm iu chnh
lu lng nc vo tuabin v iu chnh gc nghing ca BXCT, to cho
tuabin tc n nh.
iu chnh m cnh hng ngi ta s dng cc servomotor (thng
thng 2 servomotor) v h thng xilanh thu lc. Truyn ng ca
servomotor s qua h thng xilanh gn vi vng iu chnh, gia cnh
hng v vng iu chnh c cc khp truyn ng.
Ngy nay, vi s pht trin vt bc ca k thut s, b iu tc tuabin
c t ng ho hon ton c kh nng thu thp cc thng s qu trnh mt
cch lin tc, t ng iu chnh n nh qu trnh vn hnh.
B iu tc tuabin bao gm phn iu tc k thut s v phn iu tc thu
lc.
a)Phn iu tc k thut s:

S khi h thng iu tc tuabin
Mi tuabin c cung cp mt h thng iu tc t ng ring bit c kh
nng iu khin tc , cng sut pht, lu lng nc vo tuabin cho php
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t my vn hnh n nh, hon ho ch vn hnh song song vi nhau v
vi h thng in.
B iu tc k thut s c lp trong cc t iu khin ti t my, cc
thng s c gim st qua h thng SCADA phng iu khin trung tm.
B iu tc c cu hnh d phng kp c v phn cng v phn mm, mt h
giao tip tc cao c thit lp gia hai card x l m bo qu trnh
chuyn mch khng tr trong mi ch vn hnh. Nguyn l iu chnh l
thut ton PID c nhnh hi tip.
iu khin v tr: s dng thut ton iu chnh PID, tn hiu vo l v tr
thc ca cnh hng v vng trt ca cc servomotor. Khi vn hnh ch
qu ti, s gii hn tc ca cnh hng v BXCT c t ln hng
u nhm trnh tuabin lch khi v tr ti u. im t v tr ca BXCT c
tnh ton da theo im t v tr cnh hng v gi tr ct nc.
iu khin gii hn m: m gii hn c th c iu chnh trong
khong -5 n 105%.
iu khin vn tc: s dng thut ton iu chnh PID c phn hi, gi tr
t ca b iu khin vn tc c th c iu chnh trong khong 90 n
110%. Di tn s cht c tc dng trong sut qu trnh vn hnh song song
v c th iu chnh c. B iu chnh PID s xc nh im t cho
servomotor iu khin cnh hng bng cch tnh ton s sai lch gia gi
tr t v tc thc t. Hm truyn ca b iu khin khi b qua hin
tng tr vi sai:

Kp: H s t l
Tn : Thi gian tch phn.
Td : Thi gian vi phn.
bp: dc ca c tnh tc
Khi bp 0:
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iu khin m cnh hng: gi tr t c th c iu chnh trong
khong -5 n 105%, ch vn hnh ca b iu khin ny ch c th c
la chn khi t my vn hnh ch song song, trong cc ch khc
im t ca m s l m thc ca cnh hng.
iu khin lu lng: gi tr t c th c iu chnh trong khong -5
n 105%. Lu lng thc t c tnh ton t ct nc, vn tc tuabin, v
tr ca cnh hng v BXCT. B iu khin s dng thut ton PI, xc nh
gi tr t cho v tr ca servomotor cnh hng bng cch tnh ton s khc
nhau gia gi tr t v lu lng thc t. Hm truyn ca b iu khin c
dng:

iu khin mc nc: gi tr im t c xc nh trc, n ch c th
c xc nh li thng qua cc thit b u cui, bng vn hnh hay giao
din thng tin. B iu khin s dng thut ton PI.
Mt s thng s ca phn iu tc k thut s:
- Chun giao din: RS232, RS485, Ethernet.
- Di tc cht : 0.02%
- Di tn s o c ng vi tc : 1.2 10000Hz.
- Thi gian cht : 0.2s
- n nh tc : 0.3%
- n nh cng sut : 0.4%
- H s t l Kp: 0 500.
-Thi gian tch phn Tn : 0.05 5000s.
- Thi gian vi phn Td : 0 10s.
- dc ca c tnh tc bp: 0 10%.
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- Thi gian m cnh hng c th iu chnh : 10 1000s.
Cc tnh nng t ng ho ca phn iu tc k thut s:
- iu chnh v tr cc cnh hng ng b vi iu chnh nghing ca
BXCT.
- Gim st v kim tra tc , lu lng.
- iu chnh vic chn nhanh mc ti.
- Vn hnh a nhim theo thi gian thc.
- Giao din Ethernet chun vi h thng SCADA.
- Giao din HMI ti phng iu khin v t iu khin ti ch.
- Ghi v thng bo cc s kin trong qu trnh vn hnh.
- Bo v in mt chiu cc Module I/O, kim tra cao tn h thng.
b)Phn iu tc thu lc:
Phn iu tc thu lc bao gm: b cha du, van trt iu khin chnh,
my bm trc vt, b lc, cc sensor o mc v nhit .
B tc ng in thu lc bin i cc tn hiu t b iu khin k thut s
thnh cc i lng c tng ng. B khuch i thu lc gm c van ng
v van phn phi chnh ni h thng ng du p lc vi servomotor ca
cnh hng v h thng cp du p lc. H thng du c p lc 4.0 - 6.3
Mpa ( 40 63 bar ).
H thng kh nn cung cp cho bnh tch p, cn bng p lc h thng.
Vi h thng van, thi gian tc ng c gii hn tng ng vi i hi
ca s thay i tc . Ngoi ra cn c mt van trt in t c lp
dng khn cp tuabin bng cch tc ng servomotor ng khn cp cc
cnh hng m b qua cc tn hiu t b iu khin.
Cc thit b o:
- u o lu lng theo phng php Witer-Kennedy.
- o p sut vi sai ti bung xon
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- Cng tc gii hn v cnh bo s ng b gia cc cnh hng.
- o v tr vnh iu chnh hay m cnh hng.
- o p sut xilanh v nhit du p lc.
- o lch trc ca Tuabin.
Ngoi ra cn c cc h thng o khc m bo h thng hot ng an ton,
n nh nh: rung, m, nhit mi trng . . .
































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4.Thit k, tch hp h thng iu khin ng b

- Khi qut v h thng iu khin cc nh my thu in va v nh: H
thng iu khin nh my thu in thng thng c th tch ra thnh 04
phn c bn, mt l cc trm iu khin t my pht (LCU), hai l h thng
gim st, iu khin v thu thp d liu (SCADA), ba l h thng iu khin
thit b trm (SYU) v bn l h thng iu khin cc thit b c kh thu
cng, cc thit b ph tr (SIAO).

a)H thng iu khin t my (LCU-Local Control Unit)

Mi h thng LCU trong cc nh my thu in ph trch ton b phn iu
khin v gim st mi s hot ng ca t my trong phm vi ca n, nh
iu khin v gim st iu tc, iu khin kch t, iu khin v o lng
cc thit b thuc t my S v d th hin cu trc ca mt b LCU
Tu thuc vo quy m v yu cu c th ca tng d n thu in m ta c
th chn cc cu hnh thit b iu khin khc nhau, c th bt i hoc thm
vo mt vi cu trc phn cng no . Cng nh c th thay i cc thit b
phn cng nh PLC, thay i kiu giao thc truyn thng cho ph hp...Tuy
nhin chc cc chc nng gim st v iu khin c bn vn phi m bo.
Nh vy ta thy rng p ng c cc chc nng iu khin ca b
LCU c nhiu gii php, nhiu loi thit b iu khin p ng c. i
vi nhng t my rt ln, yu cu cht lng iu khin rt cao ta c th
dng cc h PLC mnh nh S7-400 ca Siemens, PU325H tr ln ca
TOSHIBA, hay cc dng Q25H ca MITSUBISHI, .... i vi cc h thng
nh ta c th s dng cc thit b iu khin c cu hnh nh hn, thm ch
ch cn dng mt PLC c nh nh dng S7-200 ca Siemens cng c th
p ng c yu cu. Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh vi x
l, cc thit b iu khin cng ht sc a dng, nh s xut hin ca cc th
h iu khin PC ca hng NI hay cc thit b tch hp cho php kt ni,
thit lp cu hnh v kh nng p ng nhanh theo thi gian thc nh DSP
(Digital Signal Processing), cc vi mch tch hp FPGA (Field
Programmable Gate Array), CPLD (Combination of Programmable Logic
Design) ... lm giu thm nhng la chn v gii php cho xy dng
thnh cng cc h LCU.

b)H thng gim st, iu khin v thu thp d liu (SCADA-
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

Tu vo cng sut v quy m ca mi nh my thu in m c nh my s
dng h thng SCADA, c nh my khng s dng.
Bng s thng k, kho st h thng iu khin ca cc nh my thu in
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trong nc hin nay th hu ht nhng nh my thu in c cng sut t
my t 1,5 MW tr ln xy dng sau nm 2000 c s dng h thng
SCADA cho qun l gim st v iu khin. Mt cu trc ca h SCADA
n gin cho iu khin nh my thu in c cng sut t my n 20 MW,
cc LCU c ni truyn thng vi nhau qua ng bus cng nghip, qua
b chuyn i RS232 ni vi my tnh qun l, gim st v iu khin.
My tnh iu khin ng vai tr va l mt my server, va thc hin chc
nng giao din (HIM), va m bo chc nng truyn thng. i vi nhng
h thng ln hn ta c th tch cc chc nng ring ny cho tng my vi
quy m chuyn dng hn v ta cng c th s dng nhiu my hoc nhiu
mn hnh giao din (OP) cho nhiu trm vn hnh.
Ta c nhn xt rng h thng SCADA cho gim st iu khin v thu thp
d liu trong nh my thu in v c bn cng nh cc h SCADA p dng
cho cc nh my cng nghip khc. Tr mt vi mun phn cng, phn
mm mang tnh c th cho iu khin thu in ra, cc phn cn li ca h
thng ta c th tch hp thit b ca nhiu hng sn xut khc nhau. i vi
cc h thng nh ta c th dng cc my PC cng nghip trang b phn mm
WinCC ca Siemens hay Pro DMS 600 ca hng ABB, Labview ca hng
NI ... u c th m ng c. Cc h thng ln ta c th dng CS7,
PCS7 ca Siemens, MX2000 ca Mitsubishi, SAT 250 SCALA ca
VATech,... Trn c s cc phn cng v phn mm lp trnh c s ca cc
nh cung cp, nghin cu cc c trng k thut thit b v thut ton iu
khin nh my thu in, chng ta hon ton ch ng c vic cung cp
h thng gim st, iu khin SCADA cho cc nh my thu in.

c)H thng iu khin thit b trm (SYU-Switch Yard Unit )

H thng iu khin thit b trm cho nh my thu in bao gm vic iu
khin, gim st h thng cc my ct, cu dao trung p, cao p, tnh trng
my bin p v bo v lin ng h thng. V nguyn tc n khng c s
khc bit vi nhng h thng iu cc thit b trm trong cc nh my cng
nghip ni chung. Cc thut ton iu khin v thit b iu khin khng c
g c bit, do v cu trc n cng tng t nh mt b LCU, nhng n
khng c cc mun iu khin c trng nh iu khin turbin, iu khin
kch t, iu khin v bo v my pht.
Vic thc hin thit k, ch to h thng SYU cng c nhiu phng n,
nhiu gii php. i vi nhng nh my c cng sut t my nh ( 6 MW)
trong mt s nh my ngi ta tch hp lun h thng ny vo cng vi h
thng LCU cho iu khin ring mi t my v trao i cc tn hiu lin
ng gia cc h LCU, nhm mc tiu gim sut u t cho h thng. Vi
mc tiu phn nh chc nng r rng v d dng qun l, trao i tn hiu
lin ng th vic thit k ring h thng SYU l hp l, c bit l i vi
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nhng nh my thu in c nhiu t my.
Nh vy vic m bo lm ch cng ngh thit k, ch to h thng iu
khin thit b trm cho cc nh my thu in l hon ton thc hin c
nu nh cc h thng ti ta nghin cu lm ch c.

d)H thng iu khin cc thit b c kh thu cng, cc thit b ph tr
(SIAO-Spillway_Intake_Gate And Others)

H thng thit b c kh thu cng (CKTC) trong cc nh my thu in l
mt h thng quan trng, n lun bao gm cc ca nhn nc, cc ca x
trn, ngoi ra c th bao gm cc ca x su hay cc ca van iu ho trong
mt vi d n c th. H thng nng h cc ca van ngy nay u s dng l
h xilanh thu lc.
Vic lm ch thit k, ch to cung cp h thng thit b ng b cho h
thng CKTC v cc h thng thit b ph tr c thc hin thnh cng
ti nhiu d n thu in nh Bun-Kup, A-Vng, Ssan4, Pli-Krng,...
bi Lin danh nh thu MIE-NARIME-VINAINCON. Xt v quy m h
thng gim st, iu khin SCADA cho h thng CKTC trong cc d n
thu in ln nh nu trn cng tng ng, thm ch cn ln hn h
thng iu khin nh my thu in c cng sut t my n 20 MW.

- C s KHCN cho thit k, ch to h thng iu khin nh my thu in
Qua phn khi qut nu trn ta thy rng nhng c s v thit b v cng
ngh ch to h thng iu khin ni chung v h thng gim st iu khin
nh my thu in ni ring c khng nh. T s phong ph, a dng
v cc chng loi thit b iu khin, phn mm iu khin n nhng thnh
cng trong ch to h thng iu khin CKTC ca cc n v trong nc
l nhng c s vng chc m bo v mt thit b cng ngh chng ta
tin ti nhng thnh cng cho cc h thng iu khin thit b ng b.
C s cho vic tnh ton, thit k h thng iu khin cho nh my thu in
c nhng im ng quan tm, mang tnh c th cng ngh l phn tnh
ton thit k phn cng cng nh phn mm cho turbin thu lc, m i
tng chnh l b iu tc; thit b iu khin kch t my pht ng b v
thit b ho ng b.

B iu tc:
B iu tc cho cc turbin thu lc ngy nay a phn l dng loi iu tc
in-thu lc, theo ti liu ca Gran andersson th m hnh iu khin b
iu tc in- thu lc.
Cc t my pht in c ba ch hot ng c bn, mt l khi my pht
ni vi li in c cng sut v cng ln, hai l khi my pht lm vic c
lp v ba l khi my pht lm vic trong ch song song. Trong mi ch
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lm vic theo yu cu ca ngi vn hnh b iu tc s la chn mt
chng trnh lm vic tng ng vi ch vn hnh .
Trong ch lm vic th nht b iu chnh s ch iu chnh cng sut m
khng cn iu chnh tn s.
Ch vn hnh th hai b iu chnh ch iu chnh tn s m khng cn
iu chnh cng sut.
Trong ch lm vic th ba th b iu chnh cn phi tnh ton cc gi tr
sai lch P1, P2 v f t cng sut iu chnh tng g0 = g1+g2 iu
chnh tn s v cng sut ca cc my pht cho ph hp.
Thit b kch t my pht ng b:
H thng kch t my pht ng b c s dng ngy nay c th chia ra
lm 03 kiu l kch t DC, kch t AC v kch t tnh
Cu trc b iu khin kch t AC theo tiu chun IEEE, trong c thm
hng s KC c trng cho b chnh lu v FEX c trng cho dng ti.
Ngy nay ngi ta thng s dng h thng kch thch tnh cho cc nh my
thu in do nhng tnh nng mm do, n gin trong iu khin, cho php
iu chnh dng kch thch ln v c th dng ngun c lp.
Thit b ho ng b:
Thit b ho ng b lm vic trn nguyn tc o lng in p song song
vi tn s ly mu c 10 Kz, t tnh ton ra s sai lch v in p, tn s
ca ngun ho v a ra tn hiu iu khin in p (AVR), iu khin tc
turbin (GV).
S khi chc nng v s hot ng ca thit b ho, trong h thng
chia lm ba khi chc nng c bn. Khi o lng (Measuring), xc nh
c sai lch in p , trt tn s s, gc lch v tc trt tn s .
Khi xc nh cc iu kin ng b (Monitoring of paralleling conditions),
kim tra cc iu kin sai lch cho php v in p, tn s. Khi pht lnh
iu khin (Command generation), s iu khin my ct ho khi cc iu
kin ng b c tho mn.

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