CC LOI VN N NG BIN

B/L TO NAMED PERSON

Vn n ch danh (B/L to named person) l B/L trong c ghi r tn v a ch ngi nhn
hng, do hng ch c th giao c cho ngi c tn trong B/L. Loi vn n ny khng th
chuyn nhng c bng cch k hu.
B/L TO ORDER
Vn n theo lnh (B/L to order) l vn n trn khng ghi r h tn , a ch ca ngi
nhn hng m ghi ch :"Theo lnh" (to order) hoc c ghi tn ngi nhn hng ng thi ghi
thm ch "Hoc theo lnh" (or order) .Trn vn n theo lnh c th ghi r theo lnh ca ngi
gi hng, ca ngi nhn , ca ngn hng .Nu khng ghi r theo lnh ca ai th hiu l theo lnh
ca ngi gi hng. Vn n theo lnh c c im c th chuyn nhng c cho ngi khc
bng cch k hu (Endorsement) .Nu l vn n theo lnh ca ngi gi hng, th ngi gi
hng phi k hu ngi nhn hng mi nhn c hng.C th k hu trng ( in Blank), k hu
cho mt ngi c th hay theo lnh ca mt ngi no . Nu khng k hu, ch ngi gi hng
mi nhn c hng. Vn n k pht theo lnh ca mt ngn hng trong trng hp ngn hng
mun khng ch hng ho ca ngi nhp khu(ngi nhp khu vay tin ca ngn hng mua
hng). nhn c hng phi c k hu chuyn nhng ca ngn hng vo vn n.
Vn n theo lnh c s dng rng ri trong bun bn quc t bi v n l mt chng t c
th lu thng c.
BEARER B/L
Vn n xut trnh (Bearer B/L) hay vn n v danh, l vn n trong khng ghi r tn
ngi nhn hng, cng khng ghi r theo lnh ca ai. Ngi chuyn ch s giao hng cho ngi
cm vn n xut trnh cho h. Vn n ny thng c chuyn nhng bng cch trao tay.
BILL OF LADING FOR CONBINED TRANSPORT
SHIPMENT OR PORT TO PORT SHIPMENT
Chng t va dng cho vn ti lin hp va dng cho vn ti ng bin (Bill of Lading
for Conbined transport Shipment or port to port Shipment)
y l loi chng t do cc hng tu pht hnh m rng kinh doanh sang cc phng thc
vn ti khc nu khch hng cn.


BOLERO
Bill of Lading Electronic Registry Organization
Ni dung ca Vn n Bolero (B.B/L): c ni dung c bn ging nh vn n truyn thng do
ngi chuyn ch cp cho ngi gi hng. B.B/L c th b ghi ch sch hay khng sch (clean
or unclean), hng xp ln tu hay nhn xp ph hp vi tp qun hng hi quc t. B.B/L
c th bao gm cc iu khon v iu kin chung ca ngi chuyn ch. im khc bit so vi
vn n truyn thng l B.B/L khng c phn ghi tn ngi chuyn ch, ngi gi hng, nhng
ngi c chuyn nhng khc, ng thi ngi chuyn ch khng trc tip k vo B.B/L m
k bng ch k k thut s vo bc thng ip trong c cha B.B/L khi ngi chuyn ch
gi n trung tm x l B.B/L. Trong thng mi truyn thng, nh chng ta bit thng
thng ngi gi hng s nhn c bn vn n bng giy do ngi chuyn ch pht hnh sau
khi hng ho c xp ln tu hoc hng ho c nhn ch. thu tin theo phng thc
th tn dng (L/C), ngi gi hng s k hu vn n cho ngn hng nc ca ngi xut khu
(ngn hng thng bo, ngn hng xut trnh). Ngn hng ny thng thng l do ngn hng
pht hnh tn dng th (ngn hng ca ngi nhp khu) ch nh. Sau khi kim tra vn n,
ngn hng nc ngi xut khu s k hu cho ngn hng pht hnh ng thi vi vic nhn
tin hng, v ngn hng pht hnh cui cng s chuyn vn n cho ngi mua. V vn n l
mt chng t c th chuyn nhng c nn ngn hng c th gi chng t ny nh mt s
bo m cho cc khon tn dng cp cho nh nhp khu. Khi hng ho ti cng n, ngi mua
xut trnh vn n gc cho ngi chuyn ch nhn hng.Mc tiu ca vic thay th h thng
vn hnh vn n vn t lu i vo quy c ny l phi gi c nhng chc nng truyn
thng ca vn n m thay th hnh thc tn ti trn giy t ca n. Mt s chc nng ca vn
n truyn thng c th d dng c thay th bi vn n in t v ch n gin l s thay
i hnh thc trao i thng tin t giy t sang d liu in t. Tuy nhin, thc hin c
chc nng l chng t s hu hng ho, vn n in t phi c xy dng trn mt c s k
thut kh thi v ng tin cy.
Bolero l vit tt ca Bill of Lading Electronic Registry Organization. D n Bolero c s
ng h ca U ban Chu u v c thc hin trn c s s hp tc gia Society for Worldwide
Interbank Finance Transaction (SWIFT) v Thorough Transport Mutual Insurance Association
Ltd. (TT club). tng ca cc bn khi tin hnh d n ny l nu mt t chc chuyn thc hin
vic thanh ton cc giao dch thng mi quc t v mt t chc c chc nng gim thiu ri ro
cho cc nh chuyn ch trong cc giao dch ny m hp tc vi nhau xy dng v vn hnh
mt h thng in t th h thng d c th trng chp nhn hn l mt h thng do nhng
ngi chng c cht lin quan no n thng mi quc t to lp nn. H thng Bolero c
chnh thc a vo hot ng t ngy 27 thng 9 nm 1999. Bolero bao gm hai cng ty ring
bit, do i tng khc nhau s hu nhng c mi quan h ht sc mt thit vi nhau trong vic
duy tr hot ng ca c h thng. Bolero Association Limited (BAL) do cc thnh vin ca n
s hu. BAL c thnh lp nm 1995 v bao gm tt c cc thnh vin ca Bolero.net cng
nh cc t chc ngnh ngh (cross-industry bodies) ng h mc tiu to ra mt nn thng mi
in t thay th cho nn thng mi da trn giy t t trc ti nay. Bolero International
Limited l mt cng ty lin doanh gia SWIFT v TT Club v l ngi cung cp cc dch v ca
h thng Bolero.net.
CHARTER PARTY B/L
Vn n theo hp ng thu tu (Charter Party B/L) : l vn n c pht hnh trong
trng hp hng ho c chuyn ch theo mt hp ng thu tu chuyn v trn c ghi cu
" Ph thuc vo hp ng thu tu" hoc cu "S dng vi hp ng thu tu" (to used with
Charter Party). V d vn n CONGEBILL c pht hnh s dng km hp ng thu tu
mu GENCON, c ghi cu: All Terms and condition as Overleaf are herewith Incorporate" (tt
c iu kin , iu khon mt sau c gn lin theo y).
CLEAN B/L
Clea bill of lading
Vn n hon ho (Clean B/L) l vn n khng c ghi ch khim khuyt ca hng ha hay bao
b.Hay ni mt cch khc , trn vn n khng c nhng ghi ch , nhng nhn xt xu hoc
nhng bo lu v tnh trng bn ngoi ca hng ho Nhng iu ghi chung chung nh : "ngi
gi hng xp v m , nim phong v kp ch", "khng bit v s lng , phm cht , ni dung
bn trong", "bao b dng li , thng c"khng lm mt tnh hon ho ca vn n. Mt vn
n v ngi chuyn ch hay i din ca h khng ghi ch g th cng coi l vn n hon ho.
Ly c mt vn n hon ho c y ngha rt quan trng trong thng mi quc t.Ngi mua
cng nh ngn hng u yu cu phi c vn n hon ho, vn n hon ho l bng chng
hin nhin ca vic xp hng tt. Mun ly c vn n hon ho th khi xp hng ln tu phi
m bo hng khng b h hng v , bao b khng b rch , khng b t, ngha l phi c mt
bin lai Thuyn ph (Mate's Receipt) sch. Trong trng hp bin lai Thuyn ph khng sch ,
ngi gi hng c th xut trnh th bo m ( Letter of Indemnity) cam kt chu mi hu qu
xy ra yu cu Thuyn trng cp vn n hon ho. Tuy nhin th m bo khng c gi
tr php l , khng c cc to n tha nhn, nn cc Thuyn trng khn ngoan thng khng
chp nhn
CONGEN BILL
Vn n cp theo hp ng thu tu (congen bill)
Conline bill cha y mi quy nh iu chnh quan h gia ngi nhn hng v ngi
chuyn ch nh phm vi trch nhim, min trch, thi hiu t tng, ni gii quyt tranh chp v
lut p dng, mc gii hn bi thng, cc quy nh v chuyn ti, gii quyt tn tht chung,
nhng trng hp bt kh khng...Thng thng vn n ny c y 3 chc nng nh iu
81 Lut Hng Hi Vit Nam Quy nh
CONGENBILL l tn vit tt ca V k pht theo hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn
(HVCTC) theo mu Gencon. Trn V c dng ch s dng cng vi HVCTC, c T
chc Hng hi quc t v Ban-tch thng qua. V vit rng mi iu khon, mi min trch cho
ngi vn chuyn ghi trong HVCTC, bao gm c iu khon v lut p dng v trng ti, phi
c p dng cho V ny v mi iu khon ca HVCTC l mt phn khng tch ri ca V.
Nguyn vn bng ting Anh nh sau: BILL OF LADING. To be used with charter-parties. Code
name: CONGENBILL, edition 1994. Adopted by the Baltic and International Maritime
Council (BIMCO). All terms and conditions, liberties and exceptions of the Charter Party, dated
as overleaf, including the Law and Arbitration Clause, are herewith incorporated.
Thng thng, loi V ny ch c chc nng l giy bin nhn (receipt) ca ngi vn chuyn,
xc nhn nhn ln tu vn chuyn n cng tr hng mt s lng hng vi chi tit nh
nu trn V v l bng chng ca hp ng (evidence of contract) giao kt (hoc mc nhin
c coi l giao kt) vi bn c lin quan. So vi V thng thng, ni dung ca V ny ngn
gn, nh ni trn, lun dng cng vi HVCTC v ton b HVCTC l mt phn ca V
nn ngi mua hng theo iu kin CF hoc CFR phi mc nhin chp nhn ton b iu khon
ca HVCTC.
Loi V ny c s dng kh ph bin. Khi mua hng theo iu kin CF, CFR th ngi bn
hng k HVCTC vi ngi vn chuyn; ngi mua hng t khi c bit n hp ng ny.
Ngi bn hng c th chp nhn nhng iu kin khng thun li m ngi vn chuyn a ra,
nh iu khon v min trch cho ngi vn chuyn, ni v lut p dng gii quyt tranh
chp Trng hp ngi mua hng mun khiu ni ngi vn chuyn v h hng, mt mt
hng ha th gp rt nhiu kh khn v nhng iu khon bt li cho ngi bn hng (ngi thu
vn chuyn) trong HVCTC nay c chuyn sang cho ngi mua. Nhiu khi ngi mua hng
khng c (hoc c khng y ) HVCTC hoc khi c c hp ng ny th thi hiu khi
kin hoc gn ht. Ngi mua cn lu l ri ro v s hu v hng ha chuyn t ngi
bn sang ngi mua khi hng qua lan can tu ti cng bc hng theo iu kin thng mi quc
t (INCOTERMS). V ni v lut p dng gii quyt tranh chp, gi s ngi mua hng
khiu ni nhng theo HVCTC ni gii quyt v lut p dng li mt nc xa xi, i li tn
km, chi ph lut s cao (v d: nc Anh) th ngay c khi thng kin, ngi mua cng
khng thng v mt kinh t v chi c phn hi nhiu (ta ch chp nhn mt mc hp l
mi chi ph pht sinh, k c ph lut s). y l cha k c khi phi ch di c mi n
lt hu ta. Vi ngi mua hng, ngoi vic cn phi c gng t c nh V sch v
hng bc (clean and shipped on board), cn lu n V thuc loi no. Thc t cho thy,
mt s nh nhp khu (ngi mua hng) ta khng lm n V loi no, khi c vic
mi m ra xem th n li phi theo HVCTC (nh nu trn). V vy cn phi yu cu
ngi bn thu xp V thuc loi khng phi l V k pht theo HVCTC. Ngi vn chuyn
thng c mu V ring (thng gi l owners bill of lading, bill of lading, liner bill of
lading, hoc CONLINEBILL (liner bill of lading c T chc Hng hi quc t v Ban-
tch thng qua). Rt nn c k hng dn s dng trc khi dng. Mc ch ca vic ny
(dng V khng phi loi CONGENBILL) l khi hu s ngi mua hng c th khiu ni
ngi vn chuyn m khng cn tham chiu n HVCTC (v n c lp vi HVCTC). Nu
buc phi chp loi vn n CONGENBILL (v khng th mun g c ny) th nn
tha thun nhng ni dung chnh ca HVCTC vi ngi bn hng khng b bt ng (nh
iu khon v min trch, gii quyt tranh chp, lut p dng). V tui tu, tr (di 15 tui)
th khe nhng li t (gi cc cao). Tuy nhin, ty tng loi hng, tuyn ng, thi
tit, thi gian giao hng m cn tui tu ph hp. Tn hng ng kim ca tu (classification
society) cng quan trng, v n cho bit kh r cht lng ca tu (ng kim hng c ting
thng t v kh c thng cm khi tu khng cht lng lu hnh) v nhiu khi, tin
bi thng ca hng bo him hng ha khng cn ngha khi khng c hng kp thi v. C
gng ti a yu cu ngi bn trong HVCTC tha thun tranh chp c gii quyt gn Vit
Nam (Singapore, Hongkong) hay Vit Nam l tt nht, v p dng lut Vit Nam th
tuyt! (tuy nhin, hin nay khng d t c iu ny d rng, mt s trng hp, Vit Nam
l nc th ba trong quan h v HVCTC gia ngi bn hng vi ngi vn chuyn).
CONLINE BILL
Vn n loi thng thng (conline bill)
Conline bill cha y mi quy nh iu chnh quan h gia ngi nhn hng v ngi
chuyn ch nh phm vi trch nhim, min trch, thi hiu t tng, ni gii quyt tranh chp v
lut p dng, mc gii hn bi thng, cc quy nh v chuyn ti, gii quyt tn tht chung,
nhng trng hp bt kh khng...Thng thng vn n ny c y 3 chc nng nh iu
81 Lut Hng Hi Vit Nam Quy nh
DIRECT B/L
Vn n i thng (Direct B/L) cp cho hng ha c chuyn ch bng mt con tu i t cng
xp n cng ch, ngha l tu ch i t cng n cng
FB/L
FIATA Negotiable Multimodal transpot Bill Lading
Vn n FIATA (FIATA Negotiable Multimodal transpot Bill Lading - FB/L)
y l loi vn n i sut do Lin on quc t cc hip hi giao nhn son tho cho cc hi
vin ca Lin on s dng trong kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc.
Vn n FIATA hin nay ang c s dng rng ri. FB/L l chng t c th lu thng v
c cc ngn hng chp nhn thanh ton. FB/L c th dng trong vn ti ng bin.
FIATA COMBINED B/L
Vn n hn hp (Combined B/L) l loi vn n ch hng bng nhiu loi phng tin vn ti
khc nhau, trong c vn ti bng ng bin. Loi vn n ny c phng Thng mi
Quc t tha nhn trong khun kh Hip hi nhng ngi vn ti FIATA nn c gi l
FIATA combined B/L.
HOUSE BILL OF LADING
house bill of lading: vn n nh hay vn n th cp do ngi chuyn ch khng chnh thc
(contracting carrier) hay cn gi l ngi giao nhn pht hnh trn c s vn n ch
LOCAL B/L
Vn n a ht (Local B/L) l B/L do cc tu tham gia chuyn ch cp, loi B/L ny ch c
chc nng l bin lai nhn hng ha m thi.
MASTER BILL OF LADING
master bill of lading: vn n ch hay vn n ng bin l vn n do ngi chuyn ch
chnh thc (effective carrier) pht hnh
MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT B/L
Vn n a phng thc (vn ti lin hp ) : Vn n vn ti a phng thc (Multimodal
Transport B/L) hay vn n vn ti lin hp (Combined Transport B/L) l vn n c s dng
trong trng hp hng ho c chuyn ch t ni i n ni n bng hai hay nhiu phng
thc vn ti khc nhau. Vn n ny c c im:
+ Trn vn n thng ghi r ni nhn hng ch v ni giao hng, ngi cp B/L ny phi l
ngi chuyn ch .
+Ghi r vic c php chuyn ti, cc phng thc vn ti tham gia v ni chuyn ti.
+Ngi cp vn n ny phi chu trch nhim v hng ho t ni nhn hng ch ( c th
nm su trong ni a ) n ni giao hng (c th nm su trong ni a ca nc n)

OCEAN BILL OF LADING
L chng t do ngi chuyn ch (ch tu, thuyn trng) cp cho ngi gihng nhm xc
nhn vic hng ha c tip nhn vn chuyn. Tuy mi hng tu u c mu vn n
ring, nhng v ni dung chng c nhng im chung. mt trc ca B/L c ghi r tn ngi
gi, ngi nhn (hoc"theo lnh" ...), tn tu, cng bc hng, cng d hng, tn hng, k m
hiu, s lng kin, trng lng, gi c, tng tr gi, cch tr cc (cc tr trc hay tr ti
cng n), tnh hnh xp hng, s bn gc lp, ngy thng cp vn n .v.v.. Mt sau ghi cc
iu kin chuyn ch. Khi chuyn ch hng va c hp ng va c vn n th quan h gia
ngi vn ti v ngi nhn hng do vn n iu chnh, cn quan h gia ngi gi hng v
ngi vn ti do hp ng thu tu iu chnh.Vn n ng bin tuy v danh ngha do nh
ngi vn ti cp,nhng trong thc t cng tc,ngi gi hng phi chun b sn trn c s mu
chng t do hng tu cp.Thuyn trng ch cn c vo bin lai thuyn ph k vo vn n
ng bin v ph ch nu thy cn.
Vn n ng bin c lp thnh mt s bn gc. Trn cc bn gc, ngi ta in hoc ng
du cc ch "Original". Ngoi b vn n gc, cn c mt s bn sao,trn ghi ch "Copy".
Ch c bn gc ca B/L mi c chc nng nu trn, cn cc bn sao khng c gi tr php l nh
bn gc, chng ch dng trong cc trng hp: thng bo giao hng, kim tra
* Tc dng ca vn n: Vn n ng bin c nhng tc dng ch yu sau y:
- Th nht, vn n l c s php l iu chnh mi quan h gia ngi xp hng, nhn hng v
ngi chuyn ch.
- Th hai, vn n l cn c khai hi quan v lm th tc xut nhp khu hng ho.
- Th ba, vn n l cn c nhn hng v xc nh s lng hng ho ngi bn gi cho
ngi mua v da vo ghi s, thng k, theo di xem ngi bn (ngi chuyn ch)
hoc khng hon thnh trch nhim ca mnh nh quy nh trong hp ng mua bn ngoi
thng (vn n).
- Th t, vn n cng cc chng t khc ca hng ho lp thnh b chng t thanh ton tin
hng.
- Th nm, vn n l chng t quan trng trong b chng t khiu ni ngi bo him, hay
nhng ngi khc c lin quan.
- Th su, vn n cn c s dng lm chng t cm c, mua bn, chuyn nhng hng
ho ghi trn vn n .
*Ba chc nng c bn
- L mt bin lai ca ngi chuyn ch xc nhn l h nhn hng ch. Vn n l bng
chng hin nhin ca vic ngi chuyn ch nhn hng ch.Vn n l bng chng chng
minh cho s lng , khi lng,tnh trng ca bn hng ho uc giao.Ti cng n ,ngi
chuyn ch cng phi giao cho ngi nhn theo ng trng lng ,khi lung ,tnh trng ca
hng ho nh lc nhn cng i ,khi ngi nhn xut trnh vn n ph hp.
- L mt bng chng v nhng iu khon ca mt hp ng vn ti ng bin (Contract of
Carriage) .Mc d bn thn vn n ng bin khng phi l mt hp ng vn ti , v n ch
c ch k ca mt bn nhng vn n c gi tr nh mt hp ng vn ti ng bin. N khng
nhng iu chnh mi quan h gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi nhn hng hoc ngi cm vn
n. Ni dung ca vn n khng ch c th hin bng nhng iu khon trn m cn b
chi phi bi cc cng c quc t v vn n v vn ti ng bin.
- L mt chng t s hu hng ha (Document of Title), quy nh hng ha s giao cho ai cng
ch, do cho php mua bn hng ha bng cch chuyn nhng B/L. Ai c vn n trong tay
,ngi c quyn s hu hng ho ghi trn . Do c tnh cht s hu nn vn n l chng t
lu thng c (Negotiable). Ngi ta c th mua bn , chuyn nhng hng ho ghi trn vn
n bng cch mua bn, chuyn nhng vn n.
RECEIVED FOR SHIPMENT B/L
Vn n nhn hng xp (Received for shipment B/L) l vn n c cp trc khi hng
ha c xp ln tu. Trn B/L khng ghi r ngy, thng c xp xung tu. Sau khi xp hng
xung tu, ngi gi hng c th i ly vn n xp hng. Loi vn n ny c th b ngn
hng t chi thanh ton tr khi th tn dng (L/C) quy nh cho php .Khi hng thc s xp
ln tu, c th ng du hoc ghi thm ch " xp" (Shipped on board) bin thnh vn n
xp hng.
SAID TO CONTAIN
Said to contain (c ni l gm c...)
Thut ng c dng trong vn n ch thuyn trng/ ngi chuyn ch khng bit tnh
cht, khi lng hng cha trong bao b, hm, thng, hp...v ch ghi trong vn n theo khai
bo ca ngi gi hng v do khng chu trch nhim v xc ca s liu.
SAID TO WEIGHT
Said to weight...(Trng lng khai bo...)
Cn c theo quy tc Hague 1924 v vn chuyn hng ha, ngi chuyn ch c ngha v k pht
vn n cho ngi gi hng, trn vn n phi ghi r s lng / trng lng hng ha xp ln
tu .Nhng quy tc Hague cng cho php ngi chuyn ch ghi vo vn n S lng/trng
lng hng thc xp ln tu theo khai bo ca ch hng m tu cha th kt lun l chnh xc
nhng tu li khng c iu kin kim tra. Bng cch ghi ch nh vy, ch tu trnh c
trch nhim v s chnh xc ca cc s liu ghi, nu xy ra thiu ht hng v ngi nhn
khiu ni i bi thng. Hp ng mu ch ng cc Centrocon li quy nh: (ch tu)...
khng bit trng lng, th tch phm cht v gi tr hng ( xp ln tu) Weight, measure,
quality and value unknown. Theo quy nh ny, ngi chuyn ch cng c hng phm vi
min trch nhim rng hn. iu ny bt li cho ngi thu tu. Trong nhiu tranh chp v i
bi thng s lng v trng lng hng ho, i b phn to n v trng ti quc t c ch ti
vn hng khi lng ng bao, ng kin... v nht tr buc ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch
nhim v s lng bao, kin,... thiu ht, v s liu ny c kim nhn c th lc xp ln tu.
SEAWAY BILL
Giy gi hng ng bin
Waybill l mt bin lai v l bng chng ca hp ng vn chuyn nhng khng phi l chng
t s hu - ging nh Straight Bill theo lut Hoa K ngoi tr l, n khng phi l Bill of
Lading, nn n khng phi tun th cc iu lut v vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin lin
quan (Hague hoc Hague Visby Rules ch p dng vi Bills of Lading v do vy cng p dng
vi Straight Bill nhng khng p dng vi Waybill). Trong nhng nm qua, cc Carriers c
thuyt phc ngi xut khu s dng Waybills nh l s thay th cho Bill of Lading vi mt s
u im.
Waybills c nhiu thun li khi c coi nh l chng t s hu khng yu cu xut trnh nh
kiu cheque for goods, d dng cho theo di thanh ton v giao hng trong cc giao dch quc
t hoc d dng cho chuyn nhng khi hng ha ang trn ng c th bn hoc chuyn
giao li ch. iu ny c c l do l hng thuc cng ty m thanh ton theo kiu ghi s hoc
c tha thun thanh ton thay th khc. Nhng thun li bao gm s khng cn thit chuyn
giao chng t ti cng ch nhn hng, khi giao hng cho Consignee ch nh (Order
Waybills l khng th) c thu li bng chng nhn din (thng mt Delivery Order c tn
Consignee). Ni tm li Waybill thun li cho giao dch khng giy t.
Tuy nhin, cho ti gn y ngi ta cho rng khng th s dng Waybills xt v mt an ton
trong thanh ton/giao hng hoc hot ng kinh doanh khc khi hng ang trn ng v iu
ny thng yu cu Bill of Lading, m, l mt chng t s hu, phi lun l chng t giy. Do
vy, trong khi vic s dng Waybills gia tng, nhng tc gim dn. R rng l, nu c cch
no s dng Waybills trong Tn dng chng t, khi vn p ng c cc yu cu ca cc
bn tham gia, th vic s dng chng mi c th c thc y.
C cc thun li sau cho cc bn khi s dng Sea Waybills thay cho Bills of Lading:
1. Khng cn chuyn chng t s hu n cng ch kim sot vic giao hng, nh i vi
Bill of Lading.
2. Khng yu cu Letter of Indemnity giao hng khng cn Bill of Lading.
3. Trn nhiu tuyn thng mi Carriers thu ph pht hnh Bills of Lading nhng khng thu i
vi Waybills, do vy thm c hi gim chi ph.
4. Gim kh nng gy li do mt cp hoc h hng chng t.
5. Mt Waybill c th l chng t hoc th in t. Do vy n l bin php l tng b qua
khong cch gia thng mi chng t giy v in t theo cch tit kim chi ph.
6. Nu mt Waybill (vi Control Clause) c s dng cho vn chuyn hng ha m Thng
nhn mun mua bn trc khi tu n cng ch, th c th thc hin c bng cch s dng
Carrier's Delivery Order, chng t m Thng nhn c th ly c t Carrier ti cng ch
nhanh hn l Bill of Lading thng qua h thng tn dng chng t v n nh l mt chng t s
hu nh Bill of Lading.
Tuy nhin, theo yu cu mang tnh a phng v Bills of Lading, do s trao i quyn kim
sot/th tc hi quan yu cu chng t ny i km, nn khng th s dng Waybills trn mi
tuyn thng mi. Nhng quc gia chu nh hng iu ny thuc khu vc Middle East/South
Asia.
S dng seaway bill c th khc phc c nhng tn ti pht sinh ca B/L
1. Khi s dng seaway bill ngi nhn hng c th nhn c hng ngay khi tu n cng d
hng m khng nht thit phi xut trnh vn n ng bin gc v seaway bill khng phi l
chng t s hu hng ha. Hng ha s c ngi chuyn ch giao cho ngi nhn hng trn
c s nhng iu kin ca ngi chuyn ch hoc mt t chc qun l hng ha ti cng n
2. Seaway bill khng phi l chng t s hu hng ha, do ngi ta khng nht thit phi gi
ngay bn gc cho ngi nhn hng cng n m c th gi bn sao qua h thng truyn s liu
t ng. Nh vy ng thi vi vic xp hng ln tu, ngi xut khu c th gi ngay lp tc
seaway bill cho ngi nhn hng trong vi pht. Ngi nhn hng cng nh ngi chuyn ch
khng phi lo lng khi giao nhn m khng c chng t
3. Khi s dng seaway bill, vic in cc iu khon bng ch rt nh mt sau c thay th
bng vic dn chiu n cc iu kin, quy nh lin quan n vn chuyn mt trc bng mt
iu khon ngn gn. Mt khc ngi chuyn ch ch cn pht hnh 1 bn gc seaway bill trong
khi phi pht hnh ti thiu 1 b 3 bn gc nu s dng B/L
4. Seaway bill cho php giao hng cho mt ngi duy nht khi h chng minh h l ngi nhn
hng hp php. iu ny gip cho cc bn hu quan hn ch rt nhiu ri ro trong vic giao
nhn hng, khng nhng th, v seaway bill khng phi l chng t s hu hng ha nn khi b
mt hay tht lc th cng khng gy ra hu qu nghim trng no
Tuy nhin Seaway bill khng phi l khng c nhng hn ch nh seaway bill cn tr mua bn
quc t (v seaway bill rt phc tp v kh khn khi ngi chuyn ch v ngi nhn hng l
nhng ngi xa l, mang quc tch khc nhau), lut php mt s nc v cng c quc t cha
tha nhn seaway bill nh mt chng t giao nhn hng Vit Nam, vic p dng seaway
bill vn cn mi m, mc d c c s php l p dng seaway bill. Mc C-iu 80 B lut
hng hi vit nam Ngi vn chuyn v ngi giao nhn hng c th tha thun vic thay th
B/L bng giy gi hng hoc chng t vn chuyn hng ha tng ng v tha thun v ni
dung, gi tr ca cc chng t ny theo tp qun hng hi quc t
SHIPPED ON BOARD B/L
Vn n xp hng (Shipped on board B/L) ngha l vn n c cp khi hng ha
nm trn tu. y l loi vn n c dng ph bin v ngi mua khi yu cu xut trnh b
chng t thanh ton tin hng thng yu cu xut trnh vn n xp hng ,tc l hng ho
thc s c xp ln tu . Vic xp hng ln tu ( On Board) c th hin trn vn n nh
sau:
+ Nu trn vn n ( gc di bn phi) c ch in sn "Nhn xp" (Received for Shipment
hoc Taken in Charge), th khi Thuyn trng k vn n ,phi ghi thm ch " xp hng ln
tu , ngy thng nm " chng minh cho vic xp hng, th hin bng ting Anh l "Laden
on Board 5 October 1997" hoc "Shipped on Board 5 October 1997" v ngy l ngy giao
hng.
+Nu trn vn n c ghi sn ch "Shipped on Board", th khng cn ghi thm g chng minh
cho vic xp ,m ngy k vn n chnh l ngy xp hng ln tu cng l ngy giao hng.
STALE B/L
Vn n n chm (Stale B/L) : Trong trng hp hng ho c chuyn ch trn tu chuyn ,
khi nhn hng , ngi vn ti cp cho ch hng mt vn n theo hp ng thu tu. Thng
thng trong mt vn n ny khng bao gm mc " C s php l ca vn n " v cc iu
khon v trch nhim v min trch nhim ca ngi vn ti. V nhng vn ny, ngi ta vn
chiu n hp ng thu tu v n cng c Bruxelles. Vn n theo hp ng thu tu mun
c tc dng y phi c hp ng thu tu km theo (v trn vn n phi dn chng n cc
iu khon ca hp ng km theo).
SURRENDERED B/L
Trong vn ti ng bin, Surrendered B/L dng trong trng hp giao hng khng cn xut
trnh B/L gc ti cng n. Thng thng, hng ha s c giao khi ch hng xut trnh mt
B/L gc (k hu, nu c) v thanh ton cc chi ph lin quan cho hng tu ti im n. V mt
s l do nh thi gian hnh trnh vn chuyn ngn nn vic chun b chng t khng kp hoc do
tha thun cui cng gia ngi mua v ngi bn v vic nhn hng thun li ti cng n
khng cn xut trnh B/L gc, ch hng c th yu cu cc hng tu giao hng ti cng n
khng cn B/L sau khi xut trnh b B/L gc ti bt k vn phng no ca hng tu ngoi
cng n (thng l cng xp hng) v thanh ton mi chi ph lin quan. Vn phng ca hng tu
ti ni nhn B/L gc s gi din vn xc nhn vic thc hin ny cng vi chi tit l hng cho
vn phng ca hng tu ti cng n. Nh vy B/L gc c surrendered. Trong trng hp
B/L gc cha c pht hnh, ch hng s ghi ch Surrender B/L khi gi chi tit lm B/L
cho hng tu ti cng i v vic thng bo t hng tu cho vn phng ti cng n cng ging
nh nu. Trng hp surrender bill of lading khng yu cu c ch k v con du ca hng
tu
SWITCH B/L
Vn n c th thay i (Switch B/L) l vn n cho php thay i mt s chi tit trn B/L nh
cng xp hng,cng d hng, s lng hng, ngi gi,ngy k
Switch Bill thng c dng cho cc gi hng thuc dng Cross trade hoc
Triangle.Cross Trade lin quan n khng ch ngi mua v ngi bn v v c ba hoc
nhiu hn cc bn lin quan tham gia vo hot ng mua bn, i l (B) hoc ngi trung gian
c th khng mun ngi bn (A) v ngi mua (C) bit nhau bo v li ch ca mnh. V th
chng ta c switch B/L.
Gi s: Ngi bn (A) Trung Quc ; i l (B) Singapore ; Ngi mua (C) M
Mt v d v Switch B/L Hng c th c vn chuyn trc tip t Trung Quc sang m hoc
qua Singapore (hoc qua mt nc khc).
Vn n chng 1: Ch hng: nh sn xut; Ngi nhn hng: i l (B) ; Ngi c thng bo:
i l (B); Cng cht hng: Trung Quc ; Cng d hng: Singapore ; im n cui: Singapore ;
M t hng khng thay i
Vn n chng 2: Ch hng: i l (B) ; Ngi nhn hng: ngi mua (C) ; Ngi c thng
bo: ngi mua (C) ; Cng cht hng: Singapore ; Cng d hng: USA ; im n cui: USA ;
M t hng khng thay i
y l vn n Switch n gin nht. C nhiu vn n phc tp hn ph thuc vo yu cu ca
cc bn lin quan. Tuy nhin xut x hng phi c lm r l Trung Quc, KHNG phi
Singapore.
Nhng li ch do switch B/L mang li:
1. Trnh l thng tin v ngi bn hng : Hng s c vn chuyn trc tip bng container
ng bin t quc gia m nh sn xut n a im giao hng ti Chu u nhng trnh cho
Ngi mua hng cui cng ti Chu u bit v ngun gc hng ho v phng vic ngi mua
hng cui cng s lin lc vi nh sn xut mua hng trc tip th Nh bun trung gian yu
cu hng tu i b vn n khc cho mnh v trong c thay i mt s thng tin nh cng
xp hng, tn shipper,....
2. Thun tin cho vic thanh ton : Nh bun trung gian thanh ton cho Ngi bn hng v
Ngi mua cui cng thanh ton cho Nh bun trung gian v vy phi c t nht 2 b vn n
mi thanh ton c (c bit l vic thanh ton s dng phng thc L/C) nhng trong thc
tin th hng tu ch c th chp nhn pht hnh ng thi mt lc 1 b vn n duy nht m
thi. V vy, phi dng bin php switch B/L c ngha l sau khi Nh bun trung gian thanh
ton tin hng cho Ngi bn hng th Nh bun ny s c c b vn n trong tay v giao
np b vn n ny cho hng tu ri yu cu hng tu i sang (switch) b vn n khc vi tn
Shipper v tn Consignee khc dng n thanh ton vi Ngi mua hng Chu u.
3. Gim thu v cc qui nh khc : Trong nhiu trng hp do cc chnh sch v thu v cc qui
nh khc ca cc quc gia, Ngi mua hng v Ngi bn hng phi tm cch "lch lut" bng
bin php switch B/L. V nh hng ca quc gia A khi bn vo quc gia C s b nh thu vi
thu xut cao nhng hng ca quc gia B bn cho quc gia C th li c u i v thu quan
nn nhiu khi Ngi bn v Ngi mua hng thng s dng cch ny gim thu. y l
cch switch B/L khng chnh thc nhng c th li l phng php m nhiu ngi mun s
dng nht.
TELEX RELEASE
in giao hng
Sau khi surendered vn n ri th ngi pht hnh phi thng bo cho cng ty ca hoc hoc
i l ti u tr hng rng b vn n c s .... ngy thng ,.. c surendered ri v yu cu
cng ty, i l ca h giao hng cho khch hng m khng yu cu trnh vn n gc. Ngy
trc mi khi cha c fax hay e-mail ngi ta thng thng bo cho nhau bng telex giao
hng (release) khi vn n c surendered v tiu ca ni dung bc in ny c gi l "
Telex release - in giao hng". n nay ngi ta thng bo cho nhau ch yu bng e-mail v c
th l fax nhng do cu "telex release " dng quen ri nn mi thng tin c lin quan n vic
giao hng mi ngi vn quen dng l " telex release " ch khng gi l " e-mail release " hay "
fax release ".
Mt mu in giao hng cc bn tham kho
FROM : EM SHIPPING SDN BHD
LEVEL 9, MENARA LIEN HOE, NO 8 PERSIARAN
TROPICANA, TROPICANA GOLF &
COUNTRY RESORT, 47410 PETALING JAYA, SELANGOR
DARUL EHSAN, MALAYSIA.
TO : HUB MARINE VIETNAM CO.,LTD 6TH FLOOR , NGU PHUC BUILDING , NO. 7 -
LOT 3B,LE HONG PHONG STREET , HAIPHONG ,VIETNAM
ATTN : IMPORT DEPARTMENT
RE : CONTAINER RELEASE
Vessel : HUB STELLAR
Voyage : No.HS074N
ETA : 07-02-2010
BL No : PKGHPH10020760
Date of Surrender : 10-02-2010
Shipper : AXIS CARRIERS SDN BHD
Consignee : R.L.G (VIETNAM) CO., LTD
Freight Term : FREIGHT PREPAID
Remark : FULL SET OF ORIGINAL BL HAS BEEN SURRENDERED AT PKG.
Total Units : 2 X 40FR
Container No : HSBU2800041, HSBU2800083
UPON SETTLEMENT OF ALL CHARGES WHICH IS DUE AT YOUR DISCHARGE PORT,
PLEASE RELEASE DELIVERY ORDER
(D/O) TO THE CONSIGNEE WITHOUT PRESENTATION OF ORIGINAL BL AS IT HAD
BEEN SURRENDERED IN PORT KLANG, MALAYSIA

THIRD PARTY B/L
Vn n bn th ba (Third Party B/L): l vn n m trn ghi ngi hng li L/C khng
phi l ngi gi hng (Shipper) m l ngi khc. Vn n ny s dng trong trng hp khi
mt nh my hay x nghip xut khu u thc qua mt n v xut nhp khu. Nu L/C c quy
nh chp nhn c vn n bn th ba th c ngha l vn n v chng t gi hng khc c
php ghi tn ngi gi hng khng phi l ngi hng li L/C,ch khng lin quan n ngi
k pht chng t.
THROUGH B/L
Vn n i sut (Through B/L) l B/L dng trong trng hp chuyn ch hng ha gia cc
cng bng hai hoc nhiu tu thuc hai hay nhiu ch khc nhau. Ngi cp vn n i sut phi
chu trch nhim v hng ha trn chng ng t cng xp n cng d cui cng
UNCLEAN B/L
Unclean bill of lading
Vn n khng hon ho (Unclean B/L) ngc vi vn n hon ho l loi vn n trn
ngi chuyn ch c ghi ch xu v tnh trng hng ha hay bao b. V d : Vn n b Thuyn
trng ghi ch : K m hiu khng r , mt s bao b b rch , thng chyVn n khng hon
ho khng c ngn hng chp nhn thanh ton tin hng.