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Delta sekvenca:
Jedinina sekvenca:
Rampa:
U [n] =
Periodiki signal:
g[n] = A U [n]
sa
osnovnim
(x[n]
= x[n + N ]) ako i
2m
, m Q, N N.
0 =
N
periodom
samo
ako
Parni signal:
f (k)[n k]
Impulsni odziv:
Konvolucija:
P =
+
X
f [n] h[n] =
f [n] h[n] =
n
X
f (k)h[n k] =
h(k)f [n k]
kauzalna:
+
X
kauzalna:
n
X
T
2
f (t)f (t)dt
T2
f [n] i h[n]
k=0
n
X
0 < E < +, P = 0
r(t) = t u(t)
1 + t 2 t < 0
t
Trougaoni signal: q( ) = 1 2 t 0 t 2
0
|t| > 2
(
1 |t| 2
t
Pravougaoni signal: p( ) =
0 |t| > 2
(
+ t = 0
Delta funckija: (t) =
,
(t)dt = 1
0
t 6= 0
f [n] h[n] =
h(k)f [n k]
0 < P < +, E = +
k=0
f (t)f (t)dt
T2
Jedinina rampa:
kauzalne:
f (k)h[n k] =
T
2
k=
Ako su i
x(t) = Beat
f [n] h[n] =
n
X
h(k)f [n k] =
f (k)h[n k]
h[n]
k=0
1
T + T
P = lim
k=
Ako je
T2
(
1 t0
Jedinina funkcija: u(t) =
0 t<0
t>0
1
Signum funkcija: sgn(t) = 0 t = 0
1 t < 0
f [n] [n r] = f [n r]
t (, )
k=0
Signal energije:
f (k)h[n k]
f [n]
1
T
Signal snage:
h[n] = L {[n]}
k=
za svako
+
X
t (, )
fp (t) =
T +
k=
Ako je
period
1
(f (t) + f (t))
2
1
Neparni dio signala: fn (t) = (f (t) f (t))
2
T2
Energija signala: E = lim
f (t)f (t)dt
za svako
f (t) = f (t)
f [n] =
f (t) = f (t)
Neparni signal:
je
+
X
f (t) = f (t + T0 ),
t (, ), gdje je T0
za svako
x[n] = A cos(0 n + )
Periodina
f [n] = z n :
g[n] = z H(z)
r[n] = nU [n]
Sinusna sekvenca:
h(k)z k
1 n0
0 n<0
+
X
k=
(
1 n=0
[n] =
0 n=
6 0
(
H(z) =
f (t)(t) = f (0)(t)
f (t)(t T ) = f (T )(t T )
+
f (t)(t)dt = f (0)
f (t) =
f (t)(t T )dt = f (T )
Ci fi (t) + e(t)
i=0
n1
X
Kriterij aproksimacije
Princip ortogonalosti(
f ( )(t )d
f (t) =
fi (t)fj (t)dt =
h(t) = L {(n)}
+
f ( )h(t )d
f (t) h(t) =
f (t)fi (t)dt
fi (t)fj (t)dt
f (t) (t T ) = f (t T )
kauzalna:
f (t) i h(t)
kauzalne:
h( )f (t )d =
=
0
W = [1],W
p+1
=
Wp
Wp
Wp
W p
f (t)dt, i = 0, 2p 1
C0
C1
.
.
.
1
T
Wp
p0
p1
.
.
.
p2p 1
C2p 1
n+ 12
n
2p
2p t < 2p
1
har(2p + n, t) = 2p n+p2 < t n+1
2
2p
n
0
0 t < 2p n+1
2p < t 1
dh(t)
=
f (t) h(t) =
f ( )d
dt
t
t
df (t)
df ( )
=
h( )d =
h( ) d =
dt
d
t
dh( )
=
f ( )
d
d
n = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 2p 1
p = 1, 2, . . .
Haarova
matrica za osam funkcija
Frekventna funkcija
LTI sistema:
h( )ej d
H(j) =
Koecijenti
aproksimacije
i+1
2p T
i
2p
df (t)
dh(t)
d
(f (t) h(t)) =
h(t) = f (t)
dt
dt
dt
t
Ako su f (t) i h(t) kauzalne:
(f ( ) h( )) d =
0
t
t
=
f ( )d h(t) = f (t)
h( )d
t
e(t)fi (t)dt = 0
a
pi =
f ( )h(t )d
0
f (t) h(t) =
f (t)fi (t)dt
Walshova matrica
Ako su
i 6= j
,
i=j
0
i
f (t) h(t) =
+
t
=
h( )f (t )d =
f ( )h(t )d
kauzalna:
e(t)e (t)dt
a
1
i
Ci =
h(t)
J=
Koecijenti aproksimacije
f (t) h(t) =
+
t
=
f ( )h(t )d =
h( )f (t )d
f (t)
Ako je
i 6= j b
,
e(t)fi (t)dt = 0
i=j a
0
i
Kriterij aproksimacije
Ako je
e2 (t)dt
1
i
Ci =
Impulsni odziv:
Koecijenti aproksimacije
J=
1
1
2
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
2
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
2
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
2
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
2
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
2
k=1
k=1
1X 2
1X 2
1
ak + b2k , P = A20 +
Ak
P = a20 +
4
2
2
Ck e
, za
a t b,
d n
(t ) = n tn1 , n R
dt
1
d
(loga (t)) =
, a > 0, a 6= 1
dt
t ln(a)
d t
a = ln (a) at , a > 0, a 6= 1
dt
1
d
(arccos (t)) =
dt
1 t2
1
d
(tan(t)) =
dt
cos2 (t)
k=
2
gdje je b a = T0 (> 0) i 0 =
T0
a+T0
1
f (t)ejk0 t dt, a R
Ck =
T0 a
X
dn f
(n)
(n)
=
Ck ejk0 t , Ck = (jk0 )n Ck
dtn
k=
Frekventni spektar: Ck
Imaginarni spektar: Im(Ck ), Realni spektar: Re(Ck )
5.2
Fazni spektar: arg (Ck ), Amplitudni spektar: |Ck |
2
Re(Ck ) =
T0
(at + b) dt =
T0
2
at dt =
2
Im(Ck ) =
T0
T0
2
sin(t)dt = cos(t) + C
tan(t)dt = ln |cos(t)| + C
a0 X
+
[ak cos(k0 t) + bk sin(k0 t)]
2
k=1
T20
2
f (t) cos(k0 t)dt,
ak =
T T20
T20
2
f (t) sin(k0 t)dt
bk =
T T20
a2k
b2k
x
dt
= arcsin
+ C, a > 0
a
a2 x2
x
dt
= arccos
+ C, a > 0
a
a2 x2
x
dt
1
=
arctan
+ C, a > 0
a2 + x2
a
a
1
teat dt = 2 eat (at 1) + C, a 6= 0
a
2
t
2t
2
t2 eat dt = eat
2 + 3 + C, a 6= 0
a
a
a
k=1
A2k
f (t) =
a0
A0 =
2
at
+ C, a > 0, a 6= 0
ln(a)
f (t) = A0 +
(at + b)
+ C, n R \ {1}
a (n + 1)
cos(t)dt = sin(t) + C
+
X
n+1
d
1
(arctan (t)) =
dt
1 + t2
d
1
(arcsin (t)) =
dt
1 t2
d
(sin(t)) = cos(t)
dt
d
(cos(t)) = sin(t)
dt
bk
0 = 0 k = arctan
ak
4.4 Prolaz periodikog signala kroz LTI 5.3 Neki trigonometrijski identiteti
sistem
1
g(t) =
[cos( ) + cos ( + )]
2
1
sin sin = [cos ( ) cos ( + )]
2
1
sin cos = [sin ( ) + sin ( + )]
2
+
+
cos
cos + cos = 2 cos
2
2
+
k e
jk0 t
k = Ck H(jk0 )
k=
kejt0
0
|| c
|| > c
+
X
k=
|Ck | = |C0 | + 2
+
X
|Ck |
k=1
f (t)
F ( j)
a1f1 ( t ) + a2 f2 ( t )
a1 F ( j) + a2 F ( j)
2.
Skaliranje po
amplitudi
kf ( t )
kF ( j)
3.
Vremensko
skaliranje
f ( kt )
1
F j
k k
4. Vremenski pomak
f ( t t0 )
F ( j) e jt 0
5. Simetrija
Modulacija
6. (frekventni
pomak)
F ( jt )
2f ( )
f ( t ) e j0 t
F ( j m j0 )
f ( t )realna
F ( j) = F ( j)
f ( t )imaginarna
F ( j) = F ( j)
F ( j) = F ( j)
f ( t )realna i parna
7. Konjugovanje
R ( )
F ( j) = F ( j)
f ( t )realna i neparna
df ( t )
8. Izvod originala
dt
F ( j )
j
dnF ( j)
dn
+ F ( 0 ) ( )
f1 ( t ) f2 ( t )
F1 ( j) F2 ( j)
f1 ( t ) f2 ( t )
1
F1 ( j) F2 ( j)
2
12 ( t )
F1 ( j) F2 ( j)
11 ( t )
F ( j) = S11
2
1
F ( j) d
2
( j) nF ( j)
d
f ( t ) dt =
j F ( j ) ,
dF ( j)
f ( ) d
11 Konvolucija
. originala
Proizvod originala
12
(frekventna
.
konvolucija)
13 Korelaciona
. funkcija
14 Autokorelaciona
. funkcija
+
dt n
10 Integriranje
. originala
E=
dn f ( t )
( jt ) f ( t )
n
( jt ) f ( t )
9. Izvod lika
Teorema o energiji:
I ( )
2
1
E =
F ( j) d
f (t) =
1
F ( j) e jt d
2
Frekventni domen F ( j)
F ( j ) =
f (t)e
jt
dt
1.
e at u ( t )
1 ( a + j )
a>0
2.
e u ( t )
1 ( a j )
a>0
3.
4.
t e at u ( t )
1 ( a + j )
5.
t n e at u ( t )
n! ( a + j)
6.
(t)
at
2a a2 + 2
a t
7. 1;
a>0
a>0
n +1
a>0
2 ( ) ;
2k ( )
8.
t
t
p = rect
Sa
9.
c
Sa ( c t )
p
2c
10.
kc
Sac ( t t 0 )
k e jt 0 rect
2c
11.
c 2 c t
Sa
2
2
2c
2
Sa
2
4
= rect
2c
13.
t
q
sgnt
14.
u( t )
( ) + 1 ( j)
15.
1 ( t )
j sgn
16.
+ j0 t
17.
cos 0 t
( 0 ) + ( + 0 )
18.
sin 0 t
( 0 ) ( + 0 )
j
j
19.
cos 0 t u ( t )
( 0 ) + ( + 0 ) + 2 j
2
0
20.
sin 0 t u ( t )
2j
0
( 0 ) ( + 0 ) + 2
2
0
21.
e at cos 0 t u ( t )
( a + j)2 +20
22.
e at sin 0 t u ( t )
( a + j)2 +20
12.
2 ( j)
2 ( 0 )
k =+
23.
C e
k
k =
+ jk0 t
a + j
a>0
a>0
k =+
2C ( k )
k
k =
T (t ) =
24.
k =+
k =
26.
T ( j ) =
1
e jk0 t
T k=
f (t) = f (t)
1
t
2 e
( k )
0
2 2
2
fT ( t ) =
F( jk0 )
k =+
k =
R ( ) = I ( ) sgn ( )
k =+
F ( j) = j sgn ( ) F ( j)
jkT
k =
Hilbertova transformacija
T ( j ) = 0
t2
2
k =+
k =
k =+
T (t ) =
25.
(t kT )
I ( ) = R ( ) sgn ( )
e jk0 t ; Ck =
F0 ( jk0 )
T
Analitika funkcija
0 2c
f0 2fc
ili
ili T
Z ( j) = 2F ( j) U ( )
Zvjezdasta funkcija
f ( t ) = f ( t ) T ( t ) = f ( t )
k =+
k =+
k =+
f ( kT ) ( t kT ) = T f ( t ) e
k =
1 N1
x% ( k ) =
X ( m ) WN km
N m=0
jk0 t
k =
k =+
k =+
X ( m) =
1
F ( j ) =
F ( j jk0 ) =
f ( kT ) e jkT
T k =
k =
+0
f ( kT ) Sa ( t kT )
x% ( 2k ) W
mk
N2
(N 2 ) 1
x% ( 2k + 1) W
mk
N2
N
N
X ( m ) = A m + WNm B m
2
2
N N
m = , + 1,KK,N 1
2 2
k =+ 2
f ( kT )
c k =
k =+
k =
k =
X ( 2r ) =
f ( t kT ) = f ( t ) ( t kT ) = f ( t ) ( t )
k =+
jkT
= 0
k =+
(N 2 ) 1
N
x% ( k ) + x% k + 2 W
r k
N2
k =0
k =
m = 0,1,KK, ( N 2 ) 1
k =0
N=
(N 2 ) 1
B ( m ) = WNm
k =+
FT ( j) = F ( j)
mk
N
k =0
fT ( t ) =
k =0
2
j
e N
A ( m) =
k =
E=
x% ( k )W
X ( m ) = A ( m ) + WNm B ( m ) ;
F ( j) e jmT d
f (t) =
N 1
T0 1
=
T1 0
FFT sa decimiranjem po vremenu
WN =
1
f ( mT ) =
20
( t kT )
k =
f (t ) =
1
=
c 2fc
F ( jk0 ) ( k0 )
k =
X ( 2r + 1) =
(N 2 ) 1
N
x% ( k ) x% k + 2 W
k =0
r = 0,1,KK,N 2 1
k
N
WNrk 2
Ck =
Di =
m = 1, 2,KK,N 2
f ( n) z
f ( n) z
f [ n] =
r1 < z <
Re sF ( z ) z
Re sF ( z ) zn1 =
(pol z = pk visestr. m)
f ( n) z
n 1
n1
F(z) =
n=0
i =1
z = pk
Re sF ( z ) z
f [n] =
r1 < z < r2
F(z) =
Di z
(z p )
1
dm i
m F(z)
z pk )
m i (
z z =p
( m i ) ! dz
k
n=
( z pk )
8. Z-transformacija
F(z) =
F(z)
1
dm1
m
lim m1 ( z pk ) F ( z ) z n1
(m 1)! z z1 dz
0 z < r2
n=
Osobine z-transformacije
Vremenski
domen
f [ n]
Z-transformacija
i oblast konvergencije
F(z)
r1 < z < r2 ili R
Linearnost
a1F1 ( z ) + a2F2 ( z )
R = R1 I R 2
Refleksija
f [ n]
F z 1
1
r2
Mnoenje
konst. A
Af [n]
AF ( z )
r1 < z < r2
f [ n m] U [ n m]
z mF ( z )
f [n 1] U [n 1]
z 1F ( z )
f [ n m ] U [ n]
z mF ( z ) + z m
f [n 1] U [n]
z 1F ( z ) + f ( 1)
f [ n 2 ] U [ n]
z 2F ( z ) + z 1f ( 1) + f ( 2 )
f [ n 3 ] U [ n]
z 3F ( z ) + z 2 f ( 1) + z 1f ( 2 ) + f ( 3 )
f [ n + r ] U [ n]
zr F ( z ) zr
f [n + 1] U [n]
zF ( z ) zf ( 0 )
f [ n + 2 ] U [ n]
z 2F ( z ) z 2 f ( 0 ) zf (1)
f [ n + 3 ] U [ n]
z 3F ( z ) z 3 f ( 0 ) z 2 f (1) zf ( 2 )
f ( 0)
Osobina
Pomak
udesno
Pomak
ulijevo
Poetna
vrijednost
( )
< z < r1
f ( r ) z
r =1
r 1
f (k ) z
k =0
lim F ( z )
Krajnja
vrijednost
lim ( z 1) F ( z )
lim f ( N )
z 1
F1 ( z ) F2 ( z )
Mnoenje
sa n
f [ n]
z
F
r1 < z < r2
Mnoenje
sa n
nf [n] U[n]
R = R1 I R 2
d
F(z)
dz
r1 < z < r2
Z-transformacioni parovi
Vremenski
domen
f [n]
Z-transformacija
F(z)
Oblast
konvergencije
1.
[ n]
Svako z
2.
[ n m]
z m
m > 0 , z osim z = 0
m < 0 , z osim z =
3.
U [ n]
4.
U [ n m]
5.
A U [n]
6.
A n U [ n]
7.
U [ n 1]
8.
A n U [ n 1]
9.
A n U [n]
z
z 1
z m+1
z 1
Az
z 1
Az
z
z
z 1
Az
z
Az
10.
A n n U [n]
11.
A sin 0n U [n]
12.
A cos 0n U [n]
13.
A n sin 0n U [n]
14.
A n co s 0n U [n]
z >1
z zavisi od m
z >1
z>
z <1
z <
2
z >1
z>
( z 1)
Az
(z )
Az sin 0
z 2z cos 0 + 1
z(z cos 0 )
2
z 2z cos 0 + 1
Az sin 0
2
z 2z cos 0 + 2
2
Az ( z co s 0 )
z 2z cos 0 + 2
z >1
z >1
z>
z>