Elementary Differential and Integral Calculus

FORMULA SHEET
Exponents
x
a
x
b
= x
a+b
, a
x
b
x
= (ab)
x
, (x
a
)
b
= x
ab
, x
0
= 1.
Logarithms
ln xy = ln x +ln y, ln x
a
= aln x, ln 1 = 0, e
lnx
= x, ln e
y
= y,
a
x
= e
xlna
.
Trigonometry
cos 0 = sin

2
= 1, sin 0 = cos

2
= 0,
cos
2
+sin
2
= 1, cos() = cos , sin() = sin ,
cos(A+B) = cos Acos B sin Asin B, cos 2 = cos
2
sin
2
,
sin(A+B) = sin Acos B +cos Asin B, sin 2 = 2 sin cos ,
tan =
sin
cos
, sec =
1
cos
, 1 +tan
2
= sec
2
.
Inverse Functions
y = sin
1
x means x = sin y and

2
y

2
.
y = cos
1
x means x = cos y and 0 y .
y = tan
1
x means x = tan y and

2
< y <

2
.
y = x
1/n
means x = y
n
. y = ln x means x = e
y
.
Alternative Notation
arcsin x = sin
1
x, arccos x = cos
1
x, arctan x = tan
1
x, log
e
x = ln x.
Note: sin
1
x = (sin x)
1
, cos
1
x = (cos x)
1
, tan
1
x = (tan x)
1
.
However: sin
2
x = (sin x)
2
, cos
2
x = (cos x)
2
, tan
2
x = (tan x)
2
.
Lines
The line y = mx +c has slope m.
The line through (x
1
, y
1
) with slope m has equation y y
1
= m(x x
1
).
The line through (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
) has slope m =
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
and equation
y y
1
x x
1
=
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
.
The line y = mx +c is perpendicular to the line y = m

x +c

if mm

= 1.
Circles
The distance between (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
) is

(x
1
x
2
)
2
+(y
1
y
2
)
2
.
The circle with centre (a, b) and radius r is given by (x a)
2
+(y b)
2
= r
2
.
Triangles
In a triangle ABC:
(Sine Rule)
a
sin A
=
b
sin B
=
c
sin C
; (Cosine Rule) a
2
= b
2
+c
2
2bc cos A.
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Pascals Triangle
(x +y)
2
= x
2
+2xy +y
2
, (x +y)
3
= x
3
+3x
2
y +3xy
2
+y
3
and so on.
The coefcients in (x +y)
n
form the nth row of Pascals triangle:
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
and so on.
Quadratics
If ax
2
+bx +c = 0, with a = 0, then x =
b

b
2
4ac
2a
.
Calculus
If y = u +v then
dy
dx
=
du
dx
+
dv
dx
. If y = uv then
dy
dx
=
du
dx
v +u
dv
dx
.
If y =
u
v
then
dy
dx
=
{
du
dx
v u
dv
dx
}
/
v
2
.

(u +v) dx =

udx +

v dx.

u
dv
dx
dx = uv

du
dx
v dx.
If y is a function of u where u is a function of x, then
dy
dx
=
dy
du
du
dx
and

y
du
dx
dx =

ydu.
Standard Derivatives and Integrals
If y = x
a
then
dy
dx
= ax
a1
; and

x
a
dx =
x
a+1
a +1
+ constant (a = 1).
If y = sin x then
dy
dx
= cos x; and

sin x dx = cos x + constant.

If y = cos x then
dy
dx
= sin x; and

cos x dx = sin x + constant.

If y = tan x then
dy
dx
= sec
2
x; and

tan x dx = ln | sec x| + constant.

If y = e
x
then
dy
dx
= e
x
; and

e
x
dx = e
x
+ constant.
If y = ln x then
dy
dx
=
1
x
; and

1
x
dx = ln |x| + constant.
If y = sin
1
x then
dy
dx
=
1

1 x
2
; and

1 x
2
dx = sin
1
x + constant.
If y = cos
1
x then
dy
dx
=
1

1 x
2
.
If y = tan
1
x then
dy
dx
=
1
1 +x
2
; and

1
1 +x
2
dx = tan
1
x + constant.
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