1

L THUYT V THUC N
I. Khi nim v thuc n:
-Thuc n l hp cht ho hp hay hn hp gm cc phn t khng bn. Khi b kch thch c phn ng
n, sinh nhit cao (1500 - 4500 C/1kg), sinh kh ln (600 -1000 lit kh/1kg). Sinh ra nng lng mnh
v to p lc mnh (1van - 10 van Atmotphe). Gy ph hu cc vt th xung quanh.
II.Yu cu
-Tuy hi tha nhng l ci rt quan trong khi nh thuc n. Trc khi nhn lnh ph hu mc tiu th
ngi lnh c chun b tm l tt, v bo m n ng k chin thut m ch huy yu cu (ng tc
chp ni kp n, gi buc phi cht, git kp ng k thut...)
III.Cc loi thuc n thng dung:
1.Bc acetylua Ag
2
C
2

-Loi ny d iu ch nht m li n to. Khi cho C
2
H
2
vo DD AgNO
3
s thu kt ta, do hnh thnh Bc
acetylua Ag
2
C
2
, v trong CTCT c lin kt 3, loi ny cc k km bn, khi chu tc ng ca 1 tc nhn
nh va chm, nhit... n s phn hy, lin kt khng bn b b gy, sinh nhit ln, lm cho lp khng kh
xung quanh gin n tc thi, gy ting n. Khc vi cc loi khc ch, sn phm n khng h c kh,
ch cho ra Ag v C.
-iu ch:
Chun b dd AgNO
3
, iu ch 1 t C
2
H
2
(ci ny khi phi hng dn), sau lp b dng c cho
C
2
H
2
sc vo dd AgNO
3
, sau 1 lc, s thy kt ta, cho n khi no thy khng kt ta na th thi.
-Lu : khng c dng que nghin nh kt ta, n c th n ngay c di nc. Sau khi thu c
kt ta, ta lc ly, sau un cch thy cho tht kh, khi kh, loi ny cc nhy, nn tuyt i khng
lm g mnh tay. Mt mu nh bng con kin n thi cng lm git mnh. Loi ny c th kch n
bng la, m, hoc tia la in, p cng n, ... Nn nh nu th th ly 1 mu tht nh thi, khi th
nghim phi xa phn cn li, khng th s b n dy chuyn.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.Thy ngn fulminate Hg(ONC)
2

-Tc n 3000 - 4500m/s ty thuc vo t khi, thng dng trong kp n, ht la, ... nhng gi t ai
dng v khng an ton. nhy kh cao, va chm, nhit, ma st, tia la in .... u c th lm n pht
n. Khi n, s to ra 1 lp thy ngn mng bm ln b mt.
-Chun b:
+Hg 2 gam, Hg ta dng y l sn phm iu ch t nhm v dd HgCl
2
m c, nhm ly t mc o,
khi cho nhm vo dd, n s si bt v gii phng Hg, hg s bm vo b mt ming nhm, dng pipet ht
ra.
+20 ml HNO
3
68% ( loi ny mua T Hin Thnh, hng Cn 10 000/ kg). Ly khong 30ml Ru etylic,
loi 98 - 99,5
-iu ch:
u tin ta cho Hg vo HNO
3
dc 1 hn hp Hg nitrat v HNO
3

Hg + 3 OHNO
2
=> HgNO
3
+ OHNO
2
+ NO
2

-Ch : +Phn ng ny cho NO
2
, nn cn thn. Sau ta cho hn hp ny vo t lnh lm lnh xung
khong 0-5
o
C
+Phn ru ta un nng (70
o
C), sau cho vo hn hp acid - nitrat lm lnh, nh l cho ru vo
acid, khng lm ngc li.
+Sau khong 20 -30 giy, phn ng s xy ra mnh lit, sau khi phn ng xong, lc ly kt ta v ra
bng dd NaHCO
3
. un cch thy lm kh kt ta.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.RDX (Royal Demolition eXplosive)
-Cn gi l cyclonite hay hexogen - cyclotrimethylenetrinitramin, l mt loi cht n cc mnh thng
c s dng trong qun i, mnh hn TNT vi tc n 8500m/s, so vi 6900m/s ca TNT, loi ny
kh an ton v d bo qun, l thnh phn chnh ca cc loi cht n hn hp nh C-1,C-2, C-3, C-4,
semtex, ...
-RDX cn dc dng lm cht n mi kch n bom ht nhn.
-Xin gii thiu 2 cch iu ch ph bin, cch th nht: dng hexamin v HNO
3
, cch th 2: dng acetic
anhidric, ammoninitrat v parafomadehyd, cch th 2 ny khng nn th v rt c hi, trong qu trnh
iu ch hi acid acetic bay nng nc lm bn cay mt v khng th c, kh kim sot c phn ng,
Lu Ly Loc
2
v li cch ny ch ch thc hin tt khi lm mi ln 1 t th hiu sut mi cao, thc t th ch c th lm
theo cch th 2 v khng c hexamin.
RDX - C
3
H
6
N
6
O
6
, cu to vng gm 3 nguyn t C xen k 3 nguyn t N, 3 gc NO
2
cm trn 3 N
-Ha cht: acetone, acetic anhridric, amoni nitrat, axit nitric, paraformadehyd
-Ha c: cc thy tinh, ng thy tinh, ng ong, nhit k
*Cch 1:
-Cho 335 mL axt nitric 98% (ci ny hi kh kim, n gi l fuming nitric acid )vo cc 500-mL , lm
lnh axt xung di 15 C bng cch t cc vo khay . Khay l mt dng c rt cn thit khi iu
ch cht n, hiu nm na l 1 ci bt trong cha nc v mui). Cho t t 75 g methenamine
(hexamin) vo cc axt (cho tng t mt) va cho va khuy u. trong khi cho methenamine. Phi lun
gi nhit t 20 - 30 C. khi ton b hexamin ha tan ht, t t un nng cc axt ti 55 C v
vn khuy u, gi nhit t 50 - 55 C trong 5 pht, khng ngng khuy. sau , h nhit xung
20 C v yn trong 15 pht. By gi hy cho vo cc axt khong gn 1 lt nc lnh (5-10 C),
s thy tinh th RDX xut hin, hy yn trong vi gi thu c nhiu tinh th nht.
-By gi, chng ta phi trung ha lng axt cn d. Lc v gn b bt phn dung dch trong cc, nh
gi li cc tinh th. Sau cho vo cc 1 lt dd natri bicacbonat 5%. S thy si bt d di, v vy hy
t t. dg vi hoc giy lc lc ly tinh th RDX, tip tc ra li tinh th bng nc lnh, ri li ra bng
dd natri bicacbonnat 1 ln na. v cui cng li ra bng nc. Gi th em chng i phi kh l dng
c. Nh l phi c kp n, t khng th n khng n u.
*Cch 2:
-Cho 260 mL acetic anhidric vo cc 1 lt v cho vo 105 g amoni nitrat nghin nhuyn, khuy u.
un nng dung dch ny ti 70 C ri ngng un. Tht t t cho vo 38 g parafomadehid, sau khong
mt pht, phn ng bt u (hy eo khu trang v c kh c sinh ra). V vy hy cho tht t t nu
khng mun cht. Sau khi cho ht parafomadehid, vo cc 500 ml nc lnh lm kt tinh RDX.
Lc dung dch ly RDX, sau ra cc tinh th bng nc nng. Phi kh v s dng. c sn
phm tinh khit hn, dng aceton ha tan RDX , sau li cho nc lnh vo v lc li 1 ln na.
-Theo kinh nghim th cch dng acetic anhydric l cc k c hi v c cc nhc im sau:
+Ch lm mi ln 1 t, c ngha l t l vn nh vy, nhng lng ha cht th gim i t 5-6 ln
+Ch t hiu sut tng i kh khi lm mi ln 1 lng nh, nu lm nhiu trong 1 ln nguy c tht bi
l rt cao
+Trong qu trnh iu ch, hi acid acetic bay ra s lm cho bn cay mt v kh th, kh kim sot nhit
phn ng.
Ch : loi ny l cht n mnh nn c th n, ta phi dng 1 kp n, t th n ch chy sng thi, kp
n c th lm t HG fulminate trn.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.Nito triodua.
-y l 1 hp cht km bn, n d dng b phn hy... iu ch th cc k d.
Chun b dung dch amoniac, mt t tinh th Iod (I
2
), phi l tinh th, khng xi dung dch
Ta ch cn cho I
2
vo dd NH
3
vo khuy du, s thy sut hin kt ta den, khuy cho n khi thu c
nhiu kt ta nht, sau yn khong 15 pht, dng 1 t giy lc v lc kt ta ra, phi kh.
2NI
3
=> N
2
+ 3I
2
=> BOOM
Lu : loi ny "siu nhy", lng g chm vo cng n, nn ch di chuyn n khi cn m m thi, n m
kh ri th rt kh mang di ch khc. Ch chm nh l n.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.Tannerite
-Mt loi cht n thuc dng binary, l nhng loi cht n mnh m thnh phn l mt hn hp cc cht,
ch khi trn li vi nhau, n mi tr thnh cht n vd ANFO (Amoninitrat & diesel), ch y khng
phi cc loi nh thuc sng hay thuc pho, n n ch khng chy, v d nhin cn kp n kch n.
-ng dng ch yu ca tannerite l dng trong cc mc tiu n trng tp bn, c im ca TE l c
th b kch n bi sng xung kch gy ra khi b mt vin n sng trng bn vo, khi b bn trng, n s
n, khi TE pht n, n sinh ra mt ct khi hi nc, gip cc x th bit c mnh bn trng mc tiu
hay khng, ngoi ra n cn c dng nh 1 loi cht n mnh thng thng.
-Thnh phn ca TE gm:
+Cht oxi ha (oxiddizer), l hn hp gm amoninitrat, NH
4
NO
3
75% v amoni perclorat NH
4
ClO
4
25%
+Cht nhy ho: lm tng mnh v tng nhy n: Gm bt nhm 95% v ZrH
2
5%
3
- iu ch, ch vic trn 9 phn cht oxi ho vi 1 phn cht nhy ho theo khi lng.
Lu : ch trn ngay trc khi s dng.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6.UN
-Mt loi cht n kh mnh, tuy khng mnh bng cc loi nh TNT nhng n c 1 u im l d iu
ch vi s lng ln nn c khng b a chung.
2 nguyn liu chnh l Ure (NH
2
)
2
CO v HNO
3
, Ur mua ca hng phn ha hc, rt r. HNO
3
nn
dng loi trn 50%
-Cch lm nh sau:
Ha tan Ur vo nc cho n khi bo ha, sau nh t t HNO
3
vo, s thy kt ta trng, l UN,
sau khi cho ht HNO
3
vo, yn trong vng vi ting trong t lnh thu c nhiu kt ta nht, sau
lc ra, ra bng nc v un cch thy cho kh.
Lu : Loi ny khng bn, gp nhit nng m s b phn hu, v vy, ta ch nn lc v lm kh trc
khi s dng. y l mt loi cht n thuc dng secondary nn kh kch n, ta phi dng kp S 8, v cho
vo ng st kch n.
C th iu ch UN t nc tiu nu ta khng c Ure.
tng nhy v mnh, ta trn 4 phn UN vi 1 phn bt nhm loi mn.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.Nitrglyxrin
-L mt cht lng khng mu, nht, to thnh t phn ng nitrat ha glyxrin, rt d n. c s dng
trong cng nghip xy dng v ph hy, hoc dng lm cht to do cho mt s cht rn. N cng c
dng trong ngnh dc, lm thuc dn mch, h huyt p.
-iu ch:
+Cch 1: Nitrglyxrin c th c iu ch bng nitrt ha glycerin. Theo cch ny, trn Axt sulfuric
v Axt nitric hon ton c vi glycerin theo t l 50%, 40%, 10%. u tin trn hai axt trc, ri lm
lnh n 10C, t hn hp trong c nc ang tan ri trn glycerin t t vo. Khng c hn hp
phn ng nng qu v n n, cng khng c lnh qu nu khng phn ng dng. Khi phn ng
xong, nitrglyxrin mu vng nht ni ln, t t vo chu nc ln, nitrglyxrin chm xung y
chu. Tch n ra v trung ha dn bng mui kim, nh natri cacbonat.
+Cch 2: trn n vi axt sunfuarch trc, hn hp nng ln v dc lm lnh trc, n y th c th
nhanh axt nitrch vo. Tuy nhin, vn phi cn thn khng dung dch bn ra. Cng c th trn thm
glycerin tht chm vo. Sau khi phn ng nitrt ha glycerin din ra, nitrglyxrin ni ln trn, phng
php ny iu ch c cht sch. i c th n mt ngy hay t hn, nhng ko di thi gian ngm c
th lm axt phn hy hoc kch n nitrglyxrin, tuy sau ny ch xy ra cc m ln. Nu c mu sa th
ch c th l nc, t im ln trn. Phng php ny dng t thi Alfred Nobel, nhng khng phi
ca ng.
-Lu cn thn:
Khi dng nguyn cht, nitroglycerin l mt cht nhy n, va p vy l c th lm n pht n. iu ny
lm vic vn chuyn v s dng rt nguy him. dng long, nitroglycerin l mt cht n rt hu dng,
snh vi nhng cht n qun s mnh nh RDX, PETN (khng th nhi cht vo u n v nhy n). N
n tt hn thuc n do C4.
- an ton:
t nitrglyxrin vo trng thi n nh bng cch trn thm 10-30% ethanol, acetone, hoc
dinitrotoluene, n nh nh cc cht n mnh hin i. Vic lm gin nhy yu cu cc cht phi rt sch,
nu khng cht n kh im ha, kh khn khi ng dng thc t.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8.Nitro cellulose (xenlulo trinitrat)
-L 1 este to thnh t phn ng gia cellulose v HNO
3
, loi ny chy nhanh v khng c khi, thch
hp lm thuc sng.
Tng t cc phn ng khc, ta cn dng H
2
SO
4
c tng hiu sut (H
2
SO
4
ht nc mnh)
Chun b:HNO
3
68%, H
2
SO
4
>90%, bng gn, Natri cacboncacbonat hoc bt n mua ngoi ch, khng
c cng khng sao.
-Trc tin chun b 1 hn hp t l 1:1 theo th tch 2 loi acid, cho vo cc thy tinh, y dng 40ml
dung dch 2 acid. khi trn 2 acid vo vi nhau, nhit ta ra kh nhiu, phi cho hn hp ny ngui li
trc khi lm bc tip theo, nh l phi y np. Sau chun b 1 nhm bng gn, khong 5g, ta cho
4
vo hn hp acid trn, nh l dng a thy tinh khuy u v tn nh ming bng acid c
ngm,(tt nht l ta cho thm 15ml H
2
SO
4
vo hiu sut cao hn), tn nh vy trong khong 10 pht,
sau , li y np cc thy tinh v i trong 2 hay 3 ting g phn ng este ha din ra hon ton.
By gi ta vt ming bng ra, ra li bng dung dch mui cacbonat v bng nc ngui nhiu ln
trung ha lng acid dnh trn ming bng ca chng ta, nh l sau cng phi ra k bng nc. Nm
thy khng chua l c. Cui cng ta vt kh ming bng dng tay x ti n ra v dng my sy tc,sy
tht kh, nh l phi tht kh, khng kh chy rt yu, tn khong hn 2 ting lm vic ny. Vy l ta
c nitro cellulose
-Lu :
+Acid phi c
+Lng H
2
SO
4
thng phi nhiu nhiu hn HNO
3
, nh th s thu nhiu NC hn.
+Phi ch lu phn ng este din ra hon ton.
+Phi phi hoc sy tht kh.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9.Methyl nitrate:
-c im, y l loi thuc n lng cc mnh, mnh hn c nitroglixerin vi tc n l 8000m/s, mt
trong nhng loi c "brisance" ln nht by gi (tm dch l kh nng to sc p, iu ch d, r tin).
Kch n kh d, d l loi kp yu cng c th gy n hon ton. Loi ny ch cn 300ml n s nhn r
sng xung kch bay ra.
-Nguyn liu: HNO
3
68%, CH
3
OH, H
2
SO
4
98%, NaHCO
3
(thuc au d dy Nabica mua hiu thuc,
rt r)
-iu ch: Cho 24 phn H
2
SO
4
vo 16,5 phn HNO
3
theo th tch, ri cho hh vo khay , ch khong
na ting lm lnh hn hp, thy khi acid bay t ra hn l c. Sau ly 13,5 phn CH
3
OH vo
cc, ly ng ht cho tht t t CH
3
OH vo hn hp acid, va cho tay phi dng a thy tinh khuy hn
hp acid to xoy nc. Nu cho qu nhanh th s c kh NO
2
rt c bay ra ==> hng m thuc n.
Sau khi cho ht CH
3
OH vo, tip tc khuy hn hp trong 45s. Lc ny hn hp s phn thnh 2 lp,
dng ng ht ht lp cht lng trn cng (thuc n) ra mt ci cc khc. Sau 1 t NaHCO
3
vo
thuc n trung ha acid ln trong .
Lu : CH
3
NO
3
rt c, rt d bay hi, hi cng rt c. Khi lm phi rt cn thn, c bit l khng
hi bay vo mt. C th trn vi Nitro Cellulose lm thuc n do, nhng loi ny d bay hi nn phi
bo qun k, hoc bc nillon xung quanh. Loi ny mnh hn c C4.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10.Cng thc thuc n en
I. KClO
3
+ C + S (thuc n en 1)
-Trn vi t l khi lng 75%(KClO
3
):15%(Than - C):10%(Lu hunh - S).
-T l mung cafe 6 mung KClO
3
, 1.2 mung lu hunh, 2 mung than.
-Tt c nghin mn ring ri trn u. Sau khi trn ri ln mt phng kim chai thy tinh ln nh trn u,
mc ch nhng ht KClO
3
b vn cc s c trn u hn.
+ c tnh: Rt nhy, tc chy rt nhanh, Nng lng ln.
+ ng dng: Lm pho n, u n n cho rocket..v..v..
II. KNO
3
+ KClO
3
+ C + S (thuc n en 2)
-T l khi lng tng ng l 50%:25%:15%:10%.
-Km nhy hn loi trn 1 cht tuy nhin dng vn tt.
III. KNO
3
+ C + S (thuc n en 3)
-Trn vi t l khi lng 75%(KNO
3
):15%(Than - C):10%(Lu hunh - S).
-T l mung cafe 6 mung KNO
3
, 1.2 mung lu hunh, 2 mung than.
-Km nhy hn c 2 loi trn. Tc c c ci thin cht t sau khi trn 1 ngy (cng lu tc
chy cng tng). Ti thy loi ny c ni nhiu nht trn Internet tuy nhin li thy n yu. Lm n th
khng t c ti u cho lm. Dng cho thuc phng ca tn la l ph hp.
=>y l tt c cc cng thc thuc n m mik su tm c,ton nhng hh v c,d lm v cn
bng t l ri.cc bc tham kho nh.
1)KMnO
4
+Al(5:2)
2)KNO
3
+Al(7:3)
3)KClO
3
+Al+S(5:4:1)=>ci ny c nhiu t l khc nhau(12:8:3)
4)KClO
4
+AL+S(5:4:1)
5
5)KClO
3
+C+S+Al(6,5:1,5:1:1)
6)KMnO
4
+Al+S(3:2:1)
7)KClO
3
/KNO
3
+S+C(75:10:15)
8)KNO
3
+Mg/Al+S+C(50:30:10:10)
9)KClO
3
+ng(1:1);
10)Mg+Al(1:1)
11)KNO
3
+ng(2:1)
12)KClO
3
+P(3:1)
13)KClO
3
+S(3,2:1)
14)KClO
3
+Al(7:3)
trong (1)(3)(4)(6)(14) l flast bom, xi (3) lm pho sng c mu tm rt p
11.Thuc phng:c sp xp theo th t yu dn:
STT Nguyn liu
T l (theo khi
lng)
Hn hp c tnh
1 KClO
3
+ ng n 2:1
Bt nghin mn,
trn u
Nng lng ln, chy nhanh, rt mnh.
Lm tn la rt uy lc nhng cn gia
cng v rocket vng chc. V d n.

2 KNO
3
+ S + C 75% : 10% : 15%
Bt nghin mn,
trn u
y l thuc n en, tuy nhin loi ny
khng nhy, chy chm nn lm thuc
phng c. Lm tn la cng rt uy lc.

3 KNO
3
+ ng n 2:1
Bm vo y
xem video nu
thuc phng loi
ny
Lc nu rt nguy him. Lm tn la th
nng v hi yu, khng uy lc, thuc d
chy nc. Nhng t l bay tt hn, t khi
b n.

4 KClO
3
+ C + ng 6:2:1
Bt nghin mn,
trn u
Yu hn loi cng thc #1. Phc v
cho cc loi rocket nh lm bng ng
giy hoc ng nha d thnh cng hn.

5 KClO
3
+ C 2:1
Bt nghin mn,
trn u
Yu hn loi cng thc #4. An ton v
d thnh cng. Khuyn nn dng loi ny



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11.Thuc sng khng khi:
-Cc ha cht cn thit: Xenluloz:(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
[bng gn],Axit sunphuric:H
2
SO
4
, Axit nitric:HNO
3

.
-iu ch: Cho ba cht trn trn li khuy u l ok (nh nhit phng khng qu 10
o
C), khong 30
pht lc ly kt ta phi kh l dng c (cn thn nh!)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12.thuc n TNT (trinitrotoluen): C
6
H
2
(NO
2
)
3
CH
3

C
6
H
5
CH
3
+ HNO
3
+ H
2
SO
4


= C
6
H
2
(NO
2
)
3
CH
3
+ .......+.....
-y l loi thuc n thng dng nht (thng ni a l Thuc N Thng). C uy lc n ln vi
nhy n v chu c va p cao nn thng dng trong nh ph cc cng s, m ng, ngi lnh c
th mang theo khi lng ln trong tc chin...
Tn gi l Trinitro Toluoen (CH
3
C
6
H
2
(NO
2
)
3
). C mu vng nht, vng nu, gp nh sng chuyn sang
mu ht r. C v ng.
- Phn ng n:
An ton khi va p, c xt, n sng bnh thng xuyn qua khng chy n.
Gy n bng kp s 8 tr ln.
-Phn ng tip xc:
+Khng ht m, khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong dung mi hu c nh cn (mun hu loi ny th
c cho n ung Vodka he he), benzen, Ete...
+Khng tc dng vi kim loi nhng tc dng vi baz to thnh cht nhy n (ch v khi ch cht)
+Chy trong khng kh to thnh khi en, chy vi s lng nhiu ni kn c th n.

6
-Phn ng nhit:
+Nng chy : 81
o
C
+Nhit chy: 310
o
C
+Nhit n: vo tm 3473
o
C
+Tc n 7000m/s
+Sn phm kh 685lit/ kg
+Nhit n 1000Kcal/kg.
-Cc phng php iu ch
*PHNG PHP I:
+Ha cht cn chun b:
1. 150 gram HNO
3
99%
2. 572 gram oleum 30%
3. 34 grams toluene C
6
H
5
CH
3

4. 108 gram of H
2
SO
4
70%
5. 1500 ml dung dch Na
2
CO
3
5%
+TNT c th iu ch t oleum (fuming sulfuric acid) v axit nitric 99%. Sau khi
phn ng din ra, TNT c lc ra, ra bng nc v lm kh. TNT sau khi phi
kh c lm tinh khit hn bng cch trn vi H
2
SO
4
70%. Lc li TNT , ra
bng mui cacbonat v phi kh 1 ln na.
+Cnh bo: axit nitric 99% rt c hi ( gii phng oxit nit) v c tnh n mn
rt cao, oleum cng tng t. Hy s dng bao tay v khu trang bo h khi lm
vic vi 2 loi ha cht ny !
+Phng php:
- Cho 50 ml HNO
3
99% vo bnh, sau tip tc cho vo 280 g oleum 30%.
- t bnh axit vo khay v lm lnh hn hp xung - 5
o
C .
- Sau khi hn hp trn c lm lnh, cho t t 34g toluen vo ( nn dng
phu chit vic cho toluen thun tin hn, khng nn dng ng nh git s rt tn cng sc). Qu trnh
cho ht lng toluen din ra trong khong 1 ting ri, bn nh iu chnh tc , v nhit phi lun
gi mc -5
o
C.
- Khi cho ht lng toluen, tip tc khuy hn hp thm 30 pht na ( dng my khuy cho khe nh),
nhng nh l nhit phi lun c gi mc -5
o
C.
- Sau 30 pht khuy hn hp, ta ly bnh ra khi khay v ra ngoi cho hn hp tr v nhit
phng.
- Li lm lnh hn hp xung 0
o
C, ta tip tc cho t t 572 g oleum 30% vo, qu trnh ny din ra trong
khong 1 gi v nhit c gi 0
o
C.
- Khi cho ht oleum vo, ta tip tc t t cho thm 100g HNO
3
99% vo hn hp ( qu trnh ny mt
khong 1 gi) v nhit vn l 0
o
C.
- Sau khi ton b lng HNO
3
c cho vo, ta ly bnh ra, v li bnh tr v nhit phng. un hn
hp 70
o
C trong 1 gi v un tip 30 pht 80
o
C, 30 pht na 90
o
C, tng cng l un 2 gi. ( ta nn
un cch thy hoc tt nht l dng my ). Khi un xong, ta hn hp ngui li, ri cho vo khay
lm lnh xung 0
o
C trong 1 gi, lc ly TNT kt tinh.
- Phn dung dch cn li lm lnh xung - 10
o
C trong 1 gi , phn TNT cn li s kt tinh, ta li lc ly
phn TNT ny.
-Ra tt c lng TNT lc c vi 500 ml nc v phi kh.
-Cui cng, ta ly 1 ci cc v cho vo 108 g H
2
SO
4
70%, cho lng TNT phi kh vo dung dch
ny v khuy u trong 1 gi, sau lc li phn TNT v ra bng 1500ml dd NaHCO
3
5%, 500 ml nc
lnh v phi kh!
+Mnh thy cch ny phc tp, i hi nhiu thi gian, ch ph hp vi nhng bn c y dng c.
Nht l phn gi nhit thp v c nh, cn c vic khuy lin tc, thm ha cht.. chng ta kh c th
lm 1 cch th cng. bn nn trang b cho mnh 1 my khuy t trng c chc nng lm nng, 1 phu
chit nh dung dch, nh th s tt hn !




7
*Phng php II:
-Ha cht:
920 gam toluen
2700 gam HNO
3
99%
8000 gam metylen clorua
1600 gam H
2
SO
4
70%
8404 gam H
2
SO
4
98%
6000 ml NaHCO
3
5%
- Cho 920 gam toluen, 8404 gam H
2
SO
4
98% , 8000g metylen clorua vo bnh .
- Chng ta s dng bnh dung tch ln, gn km theo my khuy v h thng bnh ngng hon lu ( l
dng c gip ta un nng cht lng m ko lm cht lng bay
hi khi bnh - reflux)
-Lu :
+V y l iu ch vi s lng ln nn cn tnh ton trc xem chng ta cn nhng dng c g v dung
tch bao nhiu nh. Vi cc phng php trn th vic dng my khuy l khng th trnh ri... tay th
thua thi! Khi un nng, dung dch bay hi ln n c bnh, ti y n c lm lnh v li ngng t
chy vo bnh, h thng ny lm lnh bng nc ! C 1 u ra v 1 u vo cho nc chy.
+Cho bnh ny vo khay v khuy u vi tc cao ( do c gn cc thit b km theo nn ta ch c
th dng my khuy m thi). Khi hn hp c lm lnh xung 0
o
C, cho t t 2700 gam HNO
3
99%,
qu trnh co acid ny din ra trong 2 gi, khuy lin tc v lun gi nhit 0
o
C
+Sau khi cho xong axit, ly bnh ra v cho nhit bnh tr li bnh thng, tip tc un nng hn hp
70
o
C trong 2 gi v nh khuy u, tip tc tng ln 80
o
C v un trong 2 gi na, v vn khuy lin tc
nh
+Sau 4 gi un vt v, ta ly bnh ra v ngui, cho vo bnh 4 lt nc lnh v khuy u trong 20
pht. Lc ly TNT kt tinh, gn ly phn etylen
clorua bn trn hn h, em phn etylen ny chng ct 40 C cho ti khi
etylen clorua bay hi ht, ta s thy mt phn TNT na cn li, ly phn TNT
ny v chung vi phn TNT lc ny va lc .
+Ra ton b phn TNT vi 1 lt nc, sau phi kh.
+Ta li ly 1 cc thy tinh ln, cho vo 1600g H
2
SO
4
70%, cho phn TNT phi kh vo, khuy u
trong 2 gi nhit phng, lc li TNT 1 ln na. Cui cng ra li vi 6 lt dd NaHCO
3
5%, 4 lt nc
lnh v phi kh.
*Phng php III:
-Ha cht:
1. 920 gam toluene
2. 3820 gam 70% nitric acid
3. 8404 gam of 98% sulfuric acid
4. 1600 gam of 70% sulfuric acid
5. 1500 millilit dd 5% Natri bicacbonat
-iu ch:
+ Cho 3820 gam HNO
3
70% vo cc thy tinh, sau t t cho vo 8404 gam
H
2
SO
4
98%, qu trnh cho H
2
SO
4
phi din ra trong 2 gi.
+ em cc thy tinh cha hn hp axit cho vo khay v lm lnh xung 10 - 15
o
C (Gi y l cc A)
+ Ly 1910 ml hn hp acid cc (A) cho vo 1 ci cc khc- gi l cc (B), v vn lm lnh n 10 -
15
o
C
+ Cho t t vo cc (B) 920 gam toluen, qu trnh ny yu cu thi gian l 4 gi ng h. Khuy lin tc
v nhit khng i ! SAu khi cho ht lng toluen, tip tc khuy trong 2 gi vn nhit .
+ Cho phn acid cn li cc A vo hn hp va khuy xong cc B, un nng hn hp ny n 70
o
C ,
c un nhit ny trong 2 gi, khuy nhanh v lin tc. li un thm 2 gi na 80
o
C..( tng cng l
un 4 gi)
+ Sau 4 gi un th dng v cho hn hp ngui li bng nhit phng, Khi hn hp nguim ta
hn hp ny vo 5 lt nc lnh, lc ly TNT kt tinh.Tip tc ra TNT bng 2 lt nc, sau em i
lm kh.
+ Chun b 1 cc cha 1600g H
2
SO
4
70%, cho TNT phi kh vo v khuy trong 2 gi, lc li TNT v
8
ra TNT bng 1,5 lit dung dch NaHCO
3
5%, ra ln cui bng 2 lt nc lnh v cui cng em phi
kh !
+Cch ny c u im l ta khng cn dng HNO
3
99%. Nhng cc cng on vn phi
c lm bng my !
*PHNG PHP IV
Ha cht:
1. 920 g toluene
2. 2700 g 99% HNO
3

3. 3000 g xng khng ch
4. 1600 g H
2
SO
4
70%
5. 1500 ml NaHCO
3
5%
Procedure:
- Cho 920g toluene, 2700g HNO
3
99%, 3000g xng khng ch vo bnh, bnh ny c lp chung vi h
thng un hon lu v my khuy t.
-un hon lu hn hp 80
o
C trong khong 3 gi, lu khng nhit vt qu 85
o
C
- Phn ng c th din ra nhanh hoc lu hn 3 gi, hy n lp HNO
3
bn di hn hp, phn ng
s hon tt nu bn thy lp HNO
3
ny bin mt.
- Khi phn ng hon tt, bn dng un v dung dch ngui li, trong qu trnh lm ngui ny, TNT bt
u kt tinh. Bn khng c lc ly TNT, m hy cho vo 3 lit nc nng v khuy hn hp trong 2
gi. Lc ny ta mi lc ly TNT ra. phn dung dch cn li, bn cht ly phn cht lng trn cng, cho ra
mt ci a rng dung dch bay hi , phn TNT cn li s dn dn kt tinh.
- Khi 80% lng dung dch bay hi ht, lc ly TNT.
- Ra ton b lng TNT bng 2 lt nc, lm kh 50
o
C.
- Cho vo cc 1,6 lit H
2
SO
4
70%, tip tc cho vo lng TNT thu c v khuy trong 2 gi v lc li
TNT.
- Cui cng ra lng TNT bng 1,5 lit dd NaHCO
3
5%, 1 lit nc lnh v lm kh ln cui!
- Trong phng php ny cn lu , phn ng un hon lu, ta lp thm 1 li chn v cho ln trn cc
tinh th Na
2
SO
4
khan , li chn gip cc tinh th ny khng ri vo bnh!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. iu ch TATP:
-Trn u 50 ml axeton vo 30 ml dd H
2
O
2
30%, t cc th nghim vo nc , gi nhit khong
5
o
C. Sau nh tng git 3ml dd H
2
SO
4
75% mt cch t t, phi m bo nhit ko qu 10
o
C trong
sut qu trnh khng ch v an ton m cn m bo cht lng sn phm trnh sinh ra cc tp cht ko
c mch vng. Bn phi khuy u dd trong 5 pht, sau c gi cc th nghim trong nc t 1 n
3 gi, hoc lu hn cng tt, bn s thy tinh th trng kt ta, lc ly ri ra bng nc lnh sau phi
kh.TATP l cht bt dng tinh th mu trng ch ko nn ngin, trn TATP kh v n rt d n.
-Nu bn cn tinh khit hn, c th dng cn ho tan TATP, lc sch ri c cn.
Nu bn ko c H
2
O
2
30% c th dng nc oxi gi(H
2
O
2
3%). Trn 150 ml nc oxi gi vo 25 ml
axeton(ci ni ngoi ca hng bn y), ngm cc th ngim trong nc 10-20 pht, cho thm 20ml dd
HCl 30%, nh l phi tht t t trnh nhit tng, tt nht nn c nhit k chuyn dng.Sau c
trong nc khong 20 pht, i khong 12-24 gi sau lc ly kt ta,phi kh.
-Ghi ch: bnh thng, hydro peoxit trong hiu thuc ty bn c gi l oxy gi, c nng thp (3%),
bn mua trong tim ha cht thng bn l 30%, dung dch c gi l perhydrol. hydro peoxit c
tinh khit l mt cht lng khng mu, v kim loi, snh nh nc ng, si 152,1 C v ha rn -
0,89 C, c tnh OXH rt mnh, giy hay g tip xc vi Hidropeoxit 65% l bc chy ngay, cho nn
bn hy cn thn nh, nng ca Hydropeoxit trn 10% s lm rp da v rt au n
nu bn mun bit hydropeoxit bao nhiu % th bn hy nhn xem khi lng ring (D) trn nhn, nu n
gh 1,1122 l H
2
O
2
30%, nu ghi l 1,1966 l 50%.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14. Thuc n C4:
L loi hn hp gm 85% bt Hexogen vi 15% xng Crep. Vi cht Crep s gim nhy n v lm
Hexogen thnh dng do. Nht l gim khi lng thuc n.
C mu trng c, do, khng ht m , khng tan trong nc v khng tc dng vi kim loi.
chu va p v c xt thp hn TNT. C th nn theo mi hnh ph hp trong s dng.
Lnh trinh st hay c cng thng xi loi ny.
9
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IV..Ngi n :
-Rt n gin ta ch cn dng 1 dy in n c nhiu si , gp i dy in, t ngay ch gp 1
khong , lt v nha cch in v tch ra 1 hoc 2 si , ct b nhng si cn li,qun si dy cn li
ln rut bt bi to thnh 1 l xo khi t n trong khi thuc n n s kch cho khi thuc n chy n khi
c 1 dng in chy qua on dy dn ln lm chy t on l xo
-Dng giy bo hoc ng nha bao bc kn khi thuc n v on l xo
nu dng ng nha th dng u bt bt kn 2 u bng keo
-V qu Boom khng lm bng st c th c th dng 2 ng nha c ng knh khc nhau.t ng
nh vo trong ng ln v b tng,inh thp gia chng to thnh v Boom
-Ngun in cung cp cho ngi n c th l pin , cqui, t in
-B hn gi : nu bit cht t v in t th s d dng hn,ch cn mc 2 u dy ca chung in trong
ng h vi 1 transistor cng sut chng hn 2N3055,hoc mua 1 b hn gi.
-Dng in thoi di ng kch n th ch cn ni ngi n vi 2 u dy ca chung bo khi gi in thoi
ti s di ng th dng in cung cp cho chung bo s kch n ngi n
B hn gi c hc ca cc loi qut in , ng h c hc.
* Mt s loi ngi n khc:
1. N xo
+Dng pht la t chy dy chy chm hoc gy n kp (nh kiu gy n trc tip). Pht la nhy
nhng d ht m nn bo qun cho tt.
Cu to (M t theo tr nh): Thn n xo l 1 ng bng kim loi, bng nha, gip p... c l thot khi
thnh ng. Bn trong c thuc pht la, y kim loi xon v 1 u day ny ni vi dy git (bng si gai
hay g cng c c min l git khng t)
+Khi git dy, dy KLoi xon c xt vo thuc pht la v t gy chy cho dy chy chm hoc gy
n kp. V dy kim loi xon v c nn khi ta dy th s sinh lc xoy kh ln tc dng c hc vo
thuc pht la (hnh dung l ngy xa chi pho thng gi thuc pho vo giy bc n si v nm
xung t).
2. Dy chy chm
+c dng dn la gy n kp hoc t chy thuc en. Tc chy l 1cm/s (nn khi nh ta tnh
cho cn thn ri cn t chy)
+Cu to: Bn ngoi v thng lm bng nha mng hoc giy p qun vi c sn chng m. Bn trong
l li thuc en p lng v si tim (dy si bng - tng kh nng chy). C ng knh khong 5.5mm
3. Kp n
-Loi ny c hai loi: Kp thng v kp in
-Ch l kp cm ng rt nhy. Trnh va p, c xt, chn ng mnh, vt nng ln, chc vo mt
ngng.....
-Theo cu to vt liu thng c kp ng v kp nhm hay kp giy
+ Kp ng: Cha thuc gy n Fuyminat thu ngn (kp st thy ngn).
+ Kp nhm: Cha thuc gy n Azuatua (kp st ch)
-Cn c vo kch thc to nh ta phn ra kp 10 s t 1 n 10. S kp cng ln th nhiu thuc gy n
nhiu v gy n mnh
a. Kip thng
-V th nh trn. Bn trong phn di c thuc n mnh, thuc gy n, vnh mt ngng mng bng
KLoi gi cho thuc n khng ri ra ngoi. Gia vnh mt ngng c l nh tia la dy chy chm
pht vo thuc gy n v lm n kp. Trn mt ngng c ming la ho hc mng, phn trn ca kp rng
lp dy chy chm hoc dy n.
b. Kp in
-Li dng dng in chy qua 1 dy dy kim loi (dy tc) v lm dy dn nng ln lm chy thuc pht
la v cch hot ng nh trn. C 2 loi kp in: n ngay (thng dng) v kp n chm
-Cu to kp gm:
+ Dy cung kp: dng dt v c lp cch in
+ Ming cch in: t phn u ng kp.
+ Dy tc: to thnh mch kn vi vi dy cung kp
+ Thuc pht la: b tr xung quanh dy tc t

10
*Kp n in s 8
- Vt liu v kp: Nhm
- ng knh ngoi (max): 7,1 mm
- Chiu di kp: 47,5 mm
- Chiu di dy dn in: 2 m
- in tr:
+ Nhm 1: (2 n 3) m
+ Nhm 2: (3 n 5) m
- Dng in an ton: 0,05 A
- Dng in pht ho: 1,0 A
- Cng n: s 8
*Kp n vi sai an ton.
- Vt liu v kp: ng .
- ng knh ngoi (max): 7,3 mm
- Chiu di dy dn in: 2 m; 4,5m
- in tr (dy dn in 2 m): (2 n 3,2) m
- Dng in an ton: 0,18 A
- Dng in pht ho: 1,2 A
- Cng n: s 8
- T l bt chy ca kp n trong mi trng 91% kh m tan, khng ln hn: 1,3 %
- Ch tiu v thi gian chm n danh nh ca kp theo bng sau:
S kp 1 2 3 4 5 6
Thi gian (ms) 25 50 75 100 125 150
c. Dy n
-Dng truyn n c lng n nhiu cng 1 lc. Ngoi ra cn dng ph 1 s mc tiu nh, ph bi
mn...
-Tc n truyn n khong 6.500m/s. C th ngm nc khong 10h vn c th n vi iu kin bt kn 2
u Ph g mt qu, phn tip theo s l cch to vt gy n, u kp in v cch nh thuc n


b. Thuc n Melit
y l thuc n c uy lc n ln (mnh hn TNT 5-10%). nhy n cao nht l mui kim loi (ng
no thi chn hay dng mui Sunfat ng th cn thn nh )
Tn gi cu tao: Trinitro Fenol - C
6
H
2
(NO2)
3
-OH
L loi thuc n hn hp, kt tinh mu vng ti. Nm c v rt ng.
Phn ng n:
Nhy n hn TNT nn va chm, c xt, n bn c th gy n. Cng gy n bng kp s 8 tr ln.
Phn ng tip xc:
Khng ht m, khng tan trong nc.
Chy trong khng kh t khi, chy ch kn cng gy n. Nu ln vi sn, du, kim loi (tr thic)
lu ngy c th ch thnh cht nhy n.
Phn ng nhit: (tnh
o
C)
Nng chy: 122
o
C
Chy: 300
o
C
Nhit N: 3540
o
C
Tc n: 1070 Kcal/kg
Kh thot: 690 l/kg
ch l hn hp KNO3 v du ho my ng ng dn dng nh c thi, n ko mnh nhng to nhit
cng kha kh, ngi ta hay cho vo chai thu tinh, bc thick th dng KNO3 trn ng , c bt nhm
th cho thm vo.