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X STANDARD - TELUGU
(Reader and Supplementary Reader)

JO@~x`#O J=#+O
JO@~x`#O <~O
JO@~x`#O O

`q<_ ~ QO^ O
Tamilnadu Textbook Corporation

Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition - 2004
Chair Person

Mrs. M.KAMESWARI
HOD of Telugu, Queen Marys College, Chennai-4.
Reviewer

Dr. M.CHANDRAVALI
HOD of Telugu, Presidency College, Chennai-5.

Dr. C.V.USHARANI
Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai-4.
Authors
Mrs. G.K.ANNAPOORNA
K.SREE RAMACHANDRA MURTHY
P.G. Asst. in Telugu
Grade I Telugu Pandit
Bentick Hr. Sec. School for Girls,
M.P.U. Hr. Sec. School,
Vepery, Chennai-7.
Chennai-79.

Dr. PADMALOCHANA DEVI


P.G. Asst. in Telugu (Rtd.)
Venugopala Vidyalayam
Mandaveli, Chennai-28.

D.MALATHY
P.G. Asst. in Telugu
Vidyodaya Girls Hr. Sec. School,
T.Nagar, Chennai-17.

Price : Rs.
This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School
Education on behalf of the Govt. of Tamil Nadu

This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M. paper

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