Tieu Luan Co Ban Ve Cac He Thong San Xuat Nang Luong Dien

I HC QUC GIA TP H CH MINH
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

CHNG TRNH K S CHT LNG CAO VIT PHP
TS. Phm nh Anh Khi (Ging vin hng dn)
Tp th lp Vit Php 2011 Chuyn ngnh H Thng Nng Lng v Vin Thng
TIU LUN
C BN V CC H THNG
SN XUT NNG LNG IN
TPHCM - 2014
Li ni u
Hin nay in nng l mu ca nn cng nghip, ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic vn hnh
ca cc nh my, x nghip. in nng cn tc ng trc tip ti rt nhiu lnh vc khc trong
i sng hng ngy v cc qu trnh sn xut. Chnh v l do , vic sn xut, truyn ti v m
bo vic cung cp in mt cch lin tc l nhim v v cng quan trng v bc thit ca x hi,
m trc tip thc hin nhng nhim v ny l cc k s v cc cng nhn k thut trong ngnh
in.
Thng qua mn hc Sn xut nng lng in, sinh vin c cung cp nhng kin thc cn
thit v bao qut nht v h thng in v cc nh hng pht trin ca n. Hn na, bng cch
c gio trnh v tm ti nghin cu, t chc thuyt trnh, vit tiu lun, sinh vin hiu thm cch
thc hot ng ca mt s loi nh my in, truyn ti, cc tnh ton kinh t ca n. T c
th tip tc nghin cu su vo cc vn nh vn hnh cc nh my, cc trm bin p, cc trm
phn phi in, cc h thng iu quc gia m bo vic vn hnh in din ra bnh
thng, nm c cc bi ton v k thut v kinh t gim thiu vic hao ph trong sn xut v
c c s liu cn thit m bo cung cp , khng tha khng thiu.
Chng ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh nht n TS. Phm nh Anh Khi - ngi trc tip
ging dy v hng dn chng ti tn tnh v ni dung cng nh cch thc trnh by bi tiu
lun.
Trong qu trnh bin son, sai st l iu kh trnh khi, chng ti mong nhn c s gp n
t mi ngi ngy cng hon thin v cp nht kp thi ti liu ny.
a ch lin lc: Lp Vit Php 2011 Chuyn ngnh Nng lng v Vin Thng, Chng trnh
o to k s cht lng cao Vit Php, i hc Bch Khoa i hc Quc gia TP HCM, 268
L Thng Kit, Qun 10.
T:
V Anh Tun, 0973 374 133

L Hong Anh, 0166 538 9917
Nhm bin son
1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam ..............................................1-1

1.1 Gii thiu ch ............................................................................................................1-1
1.2.1 Tng quan v ngun in ...................................................................................1-1
1.2.2 Tng quan v li in trong h thng in ......................................................1-4
1.2.3 Tng quan v ph ti in ..................................................................................1-8
1.3 Cc xu hng pht trin v sn xut in v cc vn lin quan ..............................1-10
1.3.1 H thng in thng minh (Smart Grid) ..........................................................1-10
1.3.2 Truyn ti in mt chiu cao p (High Voltage Direct Current - HVDC): ....1-13
1.3.3 Xu hng s dng nng lng ti to Vit Nam [10] ..................................1-14
1.3.4 Cc xu hng tm kim nng lng sch trn th gii [11] .............................1-17
1.3.5 An ninh nng lng [12] ..................................................................................1-19
1.3.6 Vai tr quy hoch xy dng trong s dng tit kim nng lng [13] ............1-24
Ngun tham kho ..................................................................................................................1-27
Ph lc: Hi v tr li............................................................................................................1-28
Danh sch thnh vin nhm:

1. Nguyn Hunh Vng
41104351
2. Phan Vn Hong V
81104384
3. Phm Vn Tn
21103653
1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam
1-1

1.1
Gii thiu ch
phn u tin ca bi tiu lun, chng ti xin gii thiu v tng quan v cc vn lin quan
n cc nh hng pht trin h thng in Vit Nam v vn an ninh v tit kim nng
lng hin nay.
1.2
Tng quan v h thng in v thc trng Vit Nam
1.2.1
1.2.1.1
Tng quan v ngun in

c im xy dng nh my in
Xy dng cc nh my in gn lin vi v tr cc ngun nng lng s cp theo v tr a l.
Hnh 1.1: Phn b cc nh my in [1]
1-2
1.2.1.2
T trng cc loi hnh sn xut in nng
Hnh 1.2: T trng cc loi hnh sn sut in nng [1]

1.2.1.3
C cu u t
Vi mc ch gp phn a dng ha hnh thc u t vo cc cng trnh in, t gip pht

trin ngun in, gia tng s lng cc nh my in, thc y hnh thnh th trng in cnh
tranh, B Cng Thng quyt nh thnh lp Tng cng ty Pht in 1, Tng cng ty Pht
in 2 v Tng cng ty Pht in 3.
Hnh 1.3: C cu u t vo th trng in Vit Nam[1]
1.2.1.4
1-3
Tm nhn v tng lai v chin lc thc hin
c th p ng c nhu cu in nng, Chnh ph Vit Nam ra mc tiu c th v sn

xut v nhp khu cho ngnh in. Trong Tng s VII cho giai on 2010-2020 tm nhn
2030 cc mc tiu bao gm:
1) Sn xut v nhp khu tng cng 194-210 t kWh n nm 2015, 330-362 t kWh nm 2020,
v 695-834 t kWh nm 2030;
2) u tin sn xut in t ngun nng lng ti to bng cch tng t l in nng sn xut t
ngun nng lng ny t mc 3.5% nm 2010 ln 4.5% tng in nng sn xut vo nm 2020
v 6% vo nm 2030;
3) Gim h s n hi in/GDP t bnh qun 2.0 hin nay xung cn bng 1.5 nm 2015 v 1.0
nm 2020;
4) y nhanh chng trnh in kh ho nng thn min ni m bo n nm 2020 hu ht s
h dn nng thn c in;
Cc chin lc c p dng t cc mc tiu ni trn cng c ra bao gm:
1) a dng ho cc ngun sn xut in ni a bao gm cc ngun in truyn thng (nh than
v gas) v cc ngun mi (nh Nng lng ti to v in nguyn t);
2) Pht trin cn i cng sut ngun trn tng min: Bc, Trung v Nam, m bo tin cy
cung cp in trn tng h thng in min nhm gim tn tht truyn ti, chia s cng sut
ngun d tr v khai thc hiu qu cc nh my thu in trong cc ma;
3) Pht trin ngun in mi i i vi i mi cng ngh cc nh my ang vn hnh;
4) a dng ho cc hnh thc u t pht trin ngun in nhm tng cng cnh tranh nng cao
hiu qu kinh t;
C cu cc ngun in cho giai on 2010-2020 tm nhn 2030 c ra trong Tng s
VII v c tm tt bng bn di. Ngun in quan trng nht vn l than v nhit in.
in nguyn t v nng lng ti to chim t trng tng i cao vo giai on 2010-2020 v
s dn tr nn tng i quan trng trong giai on 2020-2030. Thu in vn duy tr th phn
khng i trong giai on 2010-2020 v 2020-2030 v thu in gn nh c khai thc ht
trn ton quc.
1-4
Bng 1.1: C cu ngun in theo cng sut v sn lng cho giai on 2010-2020 tm nhn
2030 [2]
1.2.2
1.2.2.1
Tng quan v li in trong h thng in

Hin trng h thng li in Vit Nam
H thng truyn ti in bao gm cc cp in p 500 kV, 220 kV v 110 kV. H thng truyn
ti in 500 kV vi tng chiu di 4670 km t Bc ti Nam to iu kin truyn ti trao i in
nng gia cc min Bc, Trung v Nam. Mch 1 ca ng dy 500 kV c a vo vn hnh
thng 9 nm 1994, mch 2 c a vo vn hnh vo cui nm 2005.
Nm 2012 li truyn ti 500 kV Bc Nam vn hnh tng i n nh v lun truyn ti cng
sut cao t Bc vo Nam, tn tht trn HT 500 kV t 2,76% gim 1,04% so vi nm 2011
(3,80%). Nhiu cng trnh ng dy v trm chnh thc a vo vn hnh gp phn ng k
trong vic m bo cung cp in, ci thin cht lng in p, gim tn tht, chng qu ti v
nng cao n nh vn hnh ca h thng.
V HT 500 kV ng mi: 05 my bin p vi tng dung lng 2734 MVA gm: MBA
AT5 Tn nh (450 MVA), AT1 Hip Ha (900 MVA), AT2 Mn (450 MVA), T5,T6 NM
Sn La (2x467 MVA); thay mi v nng cp 03 my bin p vi dung lng tng 1500 MVA
gm: AT1 Tn nh (600 MVA), AT1 k Nng (600 MVA), MBA T2 Ph M 3 (300 MVA);
ng mi 02 D 500 kV vi tng chiu di 524,4 km (mch kp Sn La - Hip Ha); nng cp
1-5
04 t b dc ln 2000 A (TBD 502 k Nng, TBD 504 Nng, TBD 505 Nng, TBD 505
Pleiku).
1.2.2.2
S phn phi in ng dy 500 kV
Hnh 1.3: S phn phi in ng dy 500 kV [3]
1-6
1.2.2.3
S phn phi in vo ma kh v ma ma
Ma kh
Hnh 1.5: Tro lu truyn ti in vo ma kh [3]
1-7
Ma ma
Hnh 1.6: Tro lu truyn ti in vo ma ma [3]

Trong nm 2012, do min Nam cha kp b sung cng trnh mi trong khi ph ti tng cao nn
truyn ti cng sut trn ng dy truyn ti 500 kV Bc- Nam l rt cng thng, xu hng
truyn ti cng sut ch yu t HT min Bc, min Trung vo min Nam. Sn lng in nhn
t HT 500 kV ca cc HT min: HT Bc nhn 11,55 t kWh chim 24,5% tng sn lng
min, in nhn ca HT Trung l 2,35 t kWh chim 19,9 % tng sn lng min, in nhn
ca HT Nam l 19,49 t kWh chim 32,8 % tng sn lng min. Cc on ng dy thng
xuyn truyn ti cao l D 500kV H Tnh - Nho Quan, Nng - H Tnh, Ph Lm - k
Nng, PleiKu - Di Linh - Tn nh. Truyn ti trn ng dy 500 kV rt cng thng, cc MBA
trn HT 500kV thng xuyn mang ti cao v xut hin qu ti: MBA AT1, AT2 Thng Tn;
AT2 Nho Quan; AT1, AT2 Ph Lm; AT1, AT2 Tn nh, Nh B, k Nng (khi pht cao cc
thy in Nam min Trung).
H thng phn phi in mc d trong iu kin tng i tt vn cn c tn tht in nng cao.
ng dy b qu ti, my bin p vn hnh vi hiu sut cha cao, cp in c cht lng km
1-8
l nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy ra tn tht cao. EVN c mt s bin php quan trng gii
quyt nhng vn ny v hin nay gim ng k nhng tn tht trn li truyn ti v phn
phi. EVN c k hoch tip tc gim t l tn tht h thng xung di 8.8% vo nm 2013 v
cc nm tip theo.
1.2.2.4
Tm nhn v tng lai
c th m bo nhu cu v in ca quc gia trong tng lai, Vit Nam c k hoch pht
trin li quc gia ng thi cng vi pht trin cc nh my in nhm t c hiu qu tng
hp ca u t, p ng c k hoch cung cp in cho cc tnh, nng cao tin cy ca h
thng cung cp in v khai thc hiu qu cc ngun in pht trin, h tr chng trnh in
kh ho nng thn v thit thc chun b cho s pht trin h thng in trong tng lai.
Theo Tng s VII, cho giai on 2010 - 2020 tm nhn 2030 cc trm v ng dy truyn ti
in s c b sung ng k vo h thng (xem Bng 2 di y)
Bng 1.2: S lng ng dy v trm in c b sung vo li in quc gia cho giai on

2010 2030 [2]
1.2.3
1.2.3.1
Tng quan v ph ti in
Thng tin chung
Vit Nam nm trong khu vc nhit i gi ma, kh hu c chia thnh 2 ma r rt l ma h

(t thng 4 n thng 9) v ma ng (thi gian cn li). Do nh hng ca c im kh hu
cng nh tnh hnh pht trin ca nn kinh t trong giai on hin nay, biu ph ti HT Vit
Nam chia thnh 2 dng in hnh: ma h v ma ng.
th ph ti h thng in Quc gia bin ng ln qua cc gi trong ngy (c bit l th
ma ng) v xut hin nhiu cao im trong ngy. th ph ti ma h bng phng hn th
ph ti ma ng, tuy nhin cao im ti ca ma ng thng n sm hn so vi ma h.
Vic p dng v a vo hot ng h thng cng t 3 gi, cng tc qun l ph ti c ch
trng, t trng in cho Cng nghip v xy dng tng cao nn ci thin c biu ph ti
ngy. Tuy nhin dng th ph ti HT Quc gia vn cha n nh, h s Pmin/Pmax nm
2012 l 0,52 (nm 2011 l 0,54) vn thp nn gy kh khn trong vn hnh an ton v kinh t
HT.
1-9
Trong nm 2012, in nng sn xut v nhp khu ton h thng in Quc Gia t 120,257 t
kWh (bao gm c sn lng in bn cho Campuchia), sn lng in tiu th ton quc l
119,033 t kWh, tng 10,61 % so vi nm 2011. Mc tng trng ny l tng i thp trong
vng 10 nm qua (tc tng trung bnh t nm 2001 n 2011 l 13,22%).
V nhu cu ph ti: sn lng ngy cao nht t 376,68 triu kWh (ngy 04/5, bao gm c bn
cho Campuchia), tng 9,22% so vi cng k 2011 (Amax2011 = 344,09 triu kWh), cng sut
cao nht t c l 18603 MW (ngy 22/11), tng 12,81% so vi nm 2011.
1.2.3.2
C cu tiu th in
Bng 1.3: Tiu th in theo ngnh trong khong thi gian 2006 2010 [2]
Tc tng ca tiu th in vt xa tc tng trng GDP trong cng k. V d trong thi
gian 1995 - 2005 tc tng tiu th in hng nm l hn 14.9% trong khi tc tng trng
GDP ch l 7.2%. Tc tng tiu th in cao nht thuc v ngnh cng nghip (16.1%) v sau
l h gia nh (14%).
Trong tng lai, theo Tng s pht trin in quc gia (Tng s VII), nhu cu in ca
Vit Nam tip tc tng t 14-16%/nm trong thi k 2011 - 2015 v sau gim dn xung
11.15%/nm trong thi k 2016 - 2020 v 7.4-8.4%/nm cho giai on 2021 - 2030.
1-10
1.2.3.3
Tc tng trng ph ti trong cc nm
Bng 1.4: Tc tng trng ph ti trong giai on 2002 2012 [4]

1.3
Cc xu hng pht trin v sn xut in v cc vn lin quan
1.3.1
1.3.1.1
H thng in thng minh (Smart Grid)

Gii thiu [5]
H thng in l h thng ln, thi gian thc, chu nh hng ca cc yu t kh hu thi tit,
kinh t x hi v l ngun ng lc cho s pht trin ca nhn loi.
Do s pht trin mnh m ca k thut o lng, iu khin thng minh v h thng truyn
thng hin i da trn nn tng k thut s tch hp tt c cc lnh vc hot ng trong h thng
in to nn H thng in thng minh (Smart Grid) vi cc tnh nng ni tri nhm mc tiu:
+ Nng cao tin cy, an ton v m bo cung cp in.
+ Hiu qu cao trong sn xut, truyn ti, phn phi, tit kim in.
+ S dng rng ri cc ngun nng lng ti to.
+ Gim thiu cc tc ng nh hng ti mi trng.
1.3.1.2
Lch s hnh thnh h thng in thng minh [5,6]
Nhu cu s dng in ca con ngi:

+ Yu cu s dng in tng lin tc, trong khi cc ngun nng lng s cp truyn thng b
dn cn kit.
+ Nhiu tnh hung xung t xut hin, i hi in nng tng t bin: ngy l tt, kh hu
thi tit..., khin nhiu h thng truyn ti v phn phi lm vic gn gii hn cc i, pht
sinh nguy c r li.
1-11
T khi u cho n nhng nm 70 ca th k 20, trong h thng in, cng ngh in c hon
ton chim u th.
T nhng nm 80, vi s pht trin mnh m ca cc b vi x l, xu hng s ho trong o
lng, iu khin v bo v h thng in dn thng th.
T nm 2000, h thng truyn thng k thut s da trn truyn dn bng cp quang, truyn
thng qua mng Internet v h thng nh v ton cu GPS thm nhp vo h thng in.
Hon thnh nm 2005, d n Telegestore ca Italia l li in thng minh ra i sm nht, v
cng l ln nht hin nay. H thng ny c u t 2,1 t Euro nhng li c hiu qu rt cao
gip tit kim ti 500 triu Euro mt nm cho ngnh nng lng nc ny.
Telegestore khi u cho ng dng v pht trin ca mng li in thng minh trn quy m
ton cu.
1.3.1.3
H thng in thng minh l g? [5]
V nguyn tc, h thng in thng minh l:

+ S nng cp v cp nht h thng in hin c.
+ S dng cng ngh o lng, iu khin v bo v k thut s.
+ Kt hp cng vi h thng truyn thng hin i.
Chc nng: tng cng kt ni, nng cao trnh t ng ho v iu phi cc nh cung cp,
cc h tiu th v li in nhm thc hin nhim v truyn ti v phn phi in trn phm
vi rng cng nh cc b. H thng in thng minh phi c kh nng t duy tr hot ng
trc cc thay i bt thng.
Cc u im c bn ca h thng in thng minh:
+ D dng kt ni v m bo vn hnh cho tt c cc ngun in khc nhau lm cho
ton b h thng vn hnh hiu qu hn.
+ H dng in ch ng tham gia vo vic vn hnh ti u h thng, lm cho th
trng in pht trin.
+ Cung cp cho cc h dng in y thng tin v cc la chn ngun cung cp.
+ Gim thch thc v mi trng ca h thng in mt cch ng k.
+ Nng cao tin cy, cht lng v an ton ca h thng cung cp in.
1-12
Hnh 1.7: M hnh h thng in thng minh [7]

1.3.1.4
Cng ngh ca h thng in thng minh [5]
V truyn thng: t ng ho hon hon cc trm, t ng ho phn tn, h thng gim st v

thu thp d liu SCADA, h thng qun l ph ti, mng khng dy, truyn thng qua ng
dy ti in, mng cp quang... Cc h thng thng tin ny cho php iu khin thi gian thc,
thng tin v d liu nhm ti u ho h thng in, s dng h thng hiu qu v an ton.
Cm bin v o lng: c vai tr ct li trong vic nh gi tnh trng lm vic ca h thng.
Cc cng ngh gm c dng c thng minh da trn b vi x l, rle bo v k thut s, thit b
c d liu, h thng hin th bng gi trc tuyn...
Cc cm bin thng minh tc cao PMU phn b trong mng c th c s dng ch th
cht lng in v mt s p ng mt cch t ng.
Cc linh kin tin tin nh cc b in t cng sut, b lu tr in v cc linh kin chn on
lm thay i cc kh nng v c tnh ca h thng: h thng in xoay chiu linh hot,
truyn ti in mt chiu cao p, h thng ngun phn tn, cp siu dn...
iu khin nng cao: T ng ho h thng in c kh nng d on nhanh chng v chnh xc
cc gii php cho li in. Ba cng ngh iu khin nng cao c s dng l tc t thng
minh phn tn, cc cng c phn tch (thut ton phn mm v my tnh tc cao), cc ng
dng (SCADA, t ng ho trm, p ng ti) v tr tu nhn to.
1.3.1.5
1-13
Tnh hnh s dng h thng in thng minh nc ta [6]
T nm 2003, EVN a vo s dng cc trm bin p t ng. Mi u, cng ty s dng cc

sn phm ca nc ngoi vi gi thnh kh cao. Sau , c nhng sn phm do Cng ty ATS
(trong nc) sn xut vi gi thnh ch bng mt na.
Cc h thng gim st v iu khin trm tch hp vi phn mm @Station (sn phm c xp
hng 4 sao ti Sao Khu 2010) c a vo vn hnh trong hng chc trm 500 kV v 220
kV ti Vit Nam.
Tuy nhin, y mi ch l nhng bc u ca mt h thng mng li in thng minh quy m
v cn nhiu nghin cu, u t hn na.
1.3.2
1.3.2.1
Truyn ti in mt chiu cao p (High Voltage Direct Current - HVDC):

Gii thiu [8]
Truyn ti in cao p mt chiu (HVDC) c nhiu thun li hn truyn ti in xoay chiu

xoay trong mt s trng hp c bit.
p dng thng mi u tin ca truyn ti in mt chiu l ng dy ni lin gia t lin
ca Thy in v qun o Gotland nm 1954, k t truyn ti in mt chiu pht trin
khng ngng.
H thng HVDC u tin ng dng van thyristor thc hin nm 1972 gia cc h thng
NewBrunkswick v Quebec ca Canada, van thyristor tr thnh phn t chnh ca cc trm bin
i in mt chiu.
Cc trng hp c th p dng h thng VHDC:
+ Cp ngm di nc c chiu di ln hn 30 km.
+ Kt ni khng ng b gia hai h thng xoay chiu.
+ Truyn ti in mt chiu l mt phng n cnh tranh c vi truyn ti in xoay chiu
i vi khong cch hn 600 km khi truyn ti mt lng cng sut ln vi khong cch
xa bng ng dy trn khng.
+ S kt ni gia hai h thng in xoay chiu c cng tn s qua ng dy.
+ Truyn ti cng sut t mt trm ln t xa n trung tm ph ti cch vi trm km.
+ Lin kt gia cc h thng ln nhm trao i lin tc cng sut vi cc h thng ln cn
bt chp c s bin i v in p hoc tn s.
1.3.2.2
Cu hnh h thng in cao p mt chiu (HVDC)
Cc kt ni DC c chia lm 3 loi chnh [8]:

+ Kt ni n cc: dng mt dy dn, thng dng cc tnh m. ng v c th dng t
hoc nc.
+ Kt ni lng cc: Kt ni ny gm hai dy mt dng v mt m, mi u u c b bin
i in p vi in p nh mc bng nhau, mc ni tip v pha in mt chiu. im
ni gia hai b bin i c ni t.
1-14
+ Kt ni ng cc: Kt ni ny gm hai hay nhiu dy c cng cc tnh, thng chn cc

tnh m v c t nhiu thng tin do vng quang gy ra hn. ng tr v thng qua t.
1.3.2.3
Thun li v khng thun li khi xy dng h thng in cao p mt chiu

(HVDC)
+ Thun li [8]:
- Ti c lng cng sut ln i xa, truyn ti t tn hao hn so vi in xoay chiu
- H thng n nh hn
- Xy dng ng dy n gin hn, c vi khong tit kim hn hn so vi in xoay
chiu nh v vt liu cch in, din tch xy dng ng dy
- Cc vn lin quan n kt ni v iu khin h thng n gin hn
+ Khng thun li [8]:
- Chi ph cao do xy dng cc trm bin i phc tp v cc kh c t tin
- B bin i tiu th cng sut phn khng ng k
- Cng sut phn khng ca ph ti phi c cung cp ti ch do ng dy DC khng
truyn ti cng sut phn khng
- Pht sinh ha tn, i hi mch lc
- Vic thiu my ct DC c th gy tr ngi vn hnh ca mng in
- Khng c my bin p kiu DC thay i in p theo cch n gin
1.3.2.4
Tnh hnh v kh nng xy dng h thng in cao p 1 chiu Vit Nam
Vit Nam hin nay cha c h thng in cao p mt chiu, tuy nhin trong tng lai c th s
c.
Nhng d n truyn ti in cao p mt chiu tim nng [9]:
+ Truyn ti in khu vc Nam Trung B - ng Nam B
+ Truyn ti in lin kt Vit Nam - Trung Quc
1.3.3
Xu hng s dng nng lng ti to Vit Nam [10]
Vit Nam c tim nng pht trin cc ngun Nng lng ti to sn c ca mnh. Nhng
ngun Nng lng ti to c th khai thc v s dng trong thc t c nhn din n nay
gm: thy in nh, nng lng gi, nng lng sinh khi, nng lng kh sinh hc (KSH),
nhin liu sinh hc, nng lng t ngun rc thi sinh hot, nng lng mt tri, v nng
lng a nhit.
1.3.3.1
1-15
Thy in nh
Hnh 1.8: Nh my thy in nh

c nh gi l dng nng lng ti to kh thi nht v mt kinh t - ti chnh. Cn c vo cc
bo co nh gi gn y nht th hin nay c trn 1.000 a im c xc nh c tim nng
pht trin thy in nh, qui m t 100kW ti 30MW vi tng cng sut t trn 7.000MW, cc
v tr ny tp trung ch yu vng ni pha Bc, Nam Trung B v Ty Nguyn.
Vn t ra khi thc hin n v thy in nh:
+ Xy dng: l qu trnh u thu v tin hnh xy dng Vit Nam cn nhiu tiu cc,
khin cho cht lng ca cc thy in xy ln khng cao, an ton thp v hiu sut in
nng khng t nh yu cu.
+ Vn hnh: mt nh my thy in no khi vn hnh th u c chi ph cho nhn lc v duy
tu bo dng cho my mc trong khi gi bn in hin nay th cc nh my thy in
cng sut nh phi bn cho EVN ri EVN mi bn in li cho dn, v th cc nh my
in nh khng th ch ng v thng xuyn b p gi, khin cho ngun thu ca cc nh
my in ny qu thp, khng duy tr hoc duy tr mt cch yu t.
1-16
1.3.3.2
Nng lng gi
Hnh 1.9: Khai thc nng lng gi

c nh gi l quc gia c tim nng pht trin nng lng gi nhng hin ti s liu v tim
nng khai thc nng lng gi ca Vit Nam cha c lng ha y bi cn thiu iu tra
v o c. S liu nh gi v tim nng nng lng gi c s dao ng kh ln, t 1.800 MW
n trn 9.000 MW, thm ch trn 100.000 MW. Theo cc bo co th tim nng nng lng gi
ca Vit Nam tp trung nhiu nht ti vng duyn hi min Trung, min Nam, Ty Nguyn v
cc o.
1.3.3.3
Nng lng sinh khi (Biomass)
L mt nc nng nghip, Vit Nam c tim nng rt ln v ngun nng lng sinh khi. Cc
loi sinh khi chnh l: g nng lng, ph thi - ph phm t cy trng, cht thi chn nui, rc
thi th v cc cht thi hu c khc. Kh nng khai thc bn vng ngun sinh khi cho sn
xut nng lng Vit Nam t khong 150 triu tn mi nm. Mt s dng sinh khi c th
khai thc c ngay v mt k thut cho sn xut in hoc p dng cng ngh ng pht nng
lng (sn xut c in v nhit) l: tru ng bng Sng Cu long, b ma d tha cc
nh my ng, rc thi sinh hot cc th ln, cht thi chn nui t cc trang tri gia sc,
h gia nh v cht thi hu c khc t ch bin nng-lm-hi sn
1.3.3.4
1-17
Nng lng mt tri
Hnh 1.10: Khai thc nng lng mt tri

Vit Nam c tim nng v ngun nng lng mt tri, c th khai thc cho cc s dng nh:
+ un nc nng
+ Pht in
+ Cc ng dng khc nh sy, nu n...
Vi tng s gi nng cao ln n trn 2.500 gi/nm, tng lng bc x trung bnh hng nm
vo khong 230-250 kcal/cm2 theo hng tng dn v pha Nam l c s tt cho pht trin cc
cng ngh nng lng mt tri.
1.3.3.5
Nng lng a nhit
Mc d ngun a nhit cha c iu tra v tnh ton k. Tuy nhin, vi s liu iu tra v
nh gi gn y nht cho thy tim nng in a nhit Vit Nam c th khai thc n trn
300MW. Khu vc c kh nng khai thc hiu qu l min Trung.Hin ti, s dng nng lng
ti to Vit Nam mi ch yu l nng lng sinh khi dng th cho un nu h gia nh.
Nm 2010, mc tiu th t khong gn 13 triu tn quy du.Ngoi vic s dng nng lng
sinh khi cho nhu cu nhit, th cn c mt lng Nng lng ti to khc ang c khai thc
cho sn xut in nng. Theo s liu mi nht n nm 2010, tng in nng sn xut t cc
dng Nng lng ti to cung cp ln li in quc gia t gn 2.000 triu kWh, chim
khong 2% tng sn lng in pht ln li ton h thng.
1.3.4
1.3.4.1
Cc xu hng tm kim nng lng sch trn th gii [11]

Nh my in ni trn mt nc
Hng Startup Sway ang th nghim nh my in ni kiu mi: turbin khng t trn nn b
tng m c th neo vng nc su rt xa b v khai thc nng lng gi ngoi bin khi
vi cng ngh hon ton mi. Theo tnh ton ca chuyn gia nng lng bin Jochen Bard thuc
1-18
Vin Fraunhofer ca c th vng bin ca chu u c tim nng xy dng cc nh my in

gi nhng vng c su ti 200m to ra sn lng in ln ti 8000 Terawatt/gi. Lng
in ny nhiu gp i lng in m EU s dng trong nm 2010. Hin nay ngi ta th
nghim cp ngm dn in di hng trm km vo t lin ti cc cng vin gi ngoi khi
(Windpark- Offshore).
Hng Startup Ocean Power Technologies ca Hoa K cn c nh tn dng nng lng sng
thnh nng lng in thng qua cc my pht in c t trn phao vng bin su khong
50m. Nh my th nghim u tin hot ng ngoi khi Schottland v cng t cng sut 150
kW. Cc nh nghin cu hy vng khi lp t hng trm h thng nh th gn k nhau cng c
th to ra mt sn lng in tng ng mt nh my in chy than c trung bnh hin nay.
Vin nghin cu Scienza Industria Tecnologia ca Italia th nghim mt loi cng ngh khc trn h
thuc vng Toscana: lp t hng lot module nng lng Mt tri (Solarmodule) trn mt phao ni theo
nm chnh chch vi bu tri. Nh my in ni ny xoay xung quanh Mt tri v c lm mt nh h
thng dn phun nc. Cng ngh ny c th gip cng sut in tng hai phn ba so vi nh my in
Mt tri trn mt t.
1.3.4.2
i l mt tri
Doanh nghip Start-Up Solar Roadways ang mun lp thm cc m un nng lng Mt tri
trn ng v bin cc i l giao thng tr thnh nh my pht in tng lai. Cc m un ny
hnh vung, mi chiu 3 m v c che bng mt tm knh cng lc, xe ti c th chy qua m
khng gy s c. Nhng m un ny nm lin k vi nhau trn c tuyn ng. Theo tnh ton
ca cc chuyn gia ti Start-Up Solar Roadways, nu nh trn cc tuyn ng ca Hoa K u
ng dng cng ngh ny th sn lng in c to ra t cc tuyn ng gp ba ln lng in
m ngi dn Hoa K s dng hng nm. Tuy chi ph lp t mt tm ln ti 10.000 USD nhng
h vn tin rng ch sau 20 nm s hon vn. Ngoi ra, Start-Up Solar Roadways cn lp t h
thng n LED chiu sng cc bin bo giao thng. Ngay trong nm nay doanh nghip ny
c bc i u tin - xy dng ti bang Idaho nh my pht in u tin trn mt bi xe.
1.3.4.3
T bo nhin liu vi sinh
T bo nhin liu vi sinh vt c th gii quyt vn hin nay ca c quy l hiu sut thp v nhanh ht
in. Hng Toshiba a ra th trng t bo nhin liu c kch thc nh mt bn tay v c th np
in vo bnh c quy trn ng i. Methanol c to thnh t rc thi hay ph phm nng nghip. Vin
Fraunhof ch to mt t bo nhin liu to bng khuy o, khng lu na n c th ly hydro t mt
phn ng ha hc ca kim loi v nc.
1.3.4.4
T bo quang in hu c
Martin Pfeiffer, gim c k thut hng Solar-Startups Heliatek Dresden (c) a ra mt

ming nha ht sc c bit c th, c to thnh t cc t bo quang in hu c c kh nng
bin nh sng thnh in. Tuy loi t bo ny ch c kh nng bin nhiu nht 10,7 % nng
lng Mt tri m n thu c thnh nng lng in, trong khi loi t bo silizium thng
thng c th tn dng ti 20%. Nhng loi nha tng hp ny ch c trng lng 500 gram/m2,
ch bng 1/15 so vi t bo silizium v gi bn 1 Watt l 50 Cent trong khi gi bn
siliziummodulle l 73 Cent.
1-19
T bo quang in hu c c kh nng to nhit c t nh sng nhn to, nn trong tng lai c

th kt hp vi cc bnh c quy c nh thay th cho pin lp trong thit b iu khin t ng,
thit b bo khi v cc thit b rt nh khc. Khi tch hp trong dy hnh lang cc ta nh th
t bo cht do ny s bin cc ta nh thnh nhng nh my in mini.
1.3.4.5
Du to
Hng Startups Sapphire Energy ca M ang nhn ging v nui trng trn din rng mt loi
lc to c kh nng sn xut mt cht c th thay th du t. Cht du ny s c tch lc khi
nc v tinh luyn thnh du cng nghip. Khc vi du m khi b t chy s sn sinh ra mt
lng ln kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh CO2 v lm cho kh hu nng ln loi du to mi ny
li khng c tc ng ph . Loi to ny c th sinh si, ny n trong iu kin nui trng
nhn to, nh sng tri v kh CO2 l ngun phn bn ca chng. Hng Sapphire c k hoch
nhn rng din tch nui trng to t tng bc thay th ngun ti nguyn quan trng nht
hin nay l du m ang ngy cng khan him v t . Tp on t VW ca c bt u
th nghim loi nhin liu mi ny.
1.3.5
An ninh nng lng [12]
1.3.5.1
Khi nim
Khi nim nng lng

+ Thut ng nng lng c nh ngha l nhng ti nguyn thin nhin c th cung cp nguyn
liu lm cc vt th hot ng, vn ng my mc v thao tc sn xut. T in Ting Vit nh
ngha l i lng vt l cho kh nng sinh ra cng ca mt vt. i t in Bch khoa ton th
Ting Anh nh ngha nng lng nh sau: l thut ng bao gm nhit nng, thy nng v nh
sng, con ngi c kh nng chuyn ha thch hp cung cp nhu cu nng lng cho chnh
mnh [9, tr.24]. T in Hn ng hin i nh ngha nng lng l nhng vt cht c th sn
sinh ra nng lng nh: nhit nng, thy nng.
+ Cho n nay, khi nim nng lng c ph cp hu ht khp cc quc gia, cp

ton cu. Ngi ta cn c vo nhng loi hnh (kh ha lng, xng du, in lc), qu
trnh hnh thnh (nng lng c sn, nng lng n t thin th, nng lng do tc dng
ca tri t), trnh v cch s dng (nng lng truyn thng, nng lng mi),
phng php khai thc (khai thc t t nhin, chuyn ha, gia cng), kh nng ti sinh
(nng lng ti sinh v khng ti sinh) v cn c vo mc nh hng n mi trng
(nng lng sch, nng lng khng sch) nh ngha nng lng.
+ Tuy nhin, khi nim nng lng c hiu chung nht l cc ngun ti nguyn, nhin liu
cung cp, phc v cho i sng, sn xut v cc nhu cu thit yu ca con ngi. Nng
lng l mt trong nhng iu kin ti kin quyt ca s sng cn v pht trin ca mi
con ngi v ton nhn loi. iu kin tin quyt cho s tn ti v pht trin ca bt k nn
vn minh no u l nng lng. Trong cc loi nng lng, du m, than v kh ha
lng l ba loi hnh nng lng quan trng nht, c nh hng n mi i sng ca con
ngi.
Khi nim an ninh nng lng
+ An ninh nng lng l mt lnh vc quan trng gn vi vn an ninh v an ninh quc gia.
An ninh nng lng l mt t xut hin trong h thng t ng hin i t thp nin 50 ca
1-20
th k XX. Ni hm ca an ninh nng lng thay i theo pht trin ca kinh t x hi,
nhng thay i gia con ngi v thin nhin m c nhng iu chnh nht nh.
+ An ninh nng lng l mt khi nim rng v m. N bt u c cp n k t thp
nin 70 ca th k trc, c bit l giai on xy ra cuc khng hong du la nm 19731974. Thi k ny, an ninh nng lng c hiu theo ngha hp, ng ngha vi an ninh
du la, tc l m bo kh nng t cung cp du mc cao nht, ng thi gim mc
nhp khu du v kim sot c nhng nguy c i km vic nhp khu. Ngy nay, nhng
thay i trong th trng du v cc nng lng khc cng s xut hin nhiu nguy c nh:
tai nn, ch ngha khng b, u t km vo c s h tng v th trng hn ch... khin
khi nim ny khng cn ph hp. Tuy nhin, khi nim an ninh nng lng khng n
thun l cc ngun cung cp nng lng (ch yu l du la) c m bo nh nhng
thp k trc y, m cn c hiu mt cch ton din, bao qut hn l phi m bo
cng tc bo v mi trng, gi c hp l v kh nng ng ph vi cc tnh hung khn
cp pht sinh t cc nhn t kinh t, chnh tr bn trong v bn ngoi quc gia.
+ n nay, khi nim an ninh nng lng tri qua nhiu tranh lun v cch tip cn khc
nhau, tuy nhin thut ng ny hin nay c thng nht l s m bo y nng
lng di nhiu dng khc nhau, sch v r. C th ni trong bi cnh ton cu ho ngy
nay, an ninh v an ninh nng lng cng ang ni ln nh nhng vn ton cu ht sc
bc thit.
1.3.5.2
Cu trc th trng in th gii
K t sau cuc khng hong nng lng 1970 n nay, c bit trong hn thp nin u th k
XXI, cu trc th trng nng lng th gii c nhiu bin ng ln. Lch s gi c nng lng
trn th trng th gii tng lin tc. Cuc khng hong nm 70 th k trc, vi gi du tng t
10-11USD/thng ln 37USD/thng, nm 2005 mc 70USD/thng, nm 2006 gn 80
USD/thng, nm 2007 dao ng di mc 100 USD/thng, nhng n thng 7/2008, gi du ln
u tin t k lc lch s vi mc gi 150 USD/thng. Theo B Nng lng M, nhu cu du
la th gii n nm 2025 tng ln 35%, theo IEA, n nm 2030 l 60% v nhu cu du la th
gii s tng n 116 triu thng/ngy so vi 86 triu thng/ngy nh hin nay. Than v kh
t cng tnh trng tng t.
Tuy nhin, trong tng lai, tr lng mt s ngun nng lng c xu hng gim. Theo vn
phng T chc kim sot nng lng Anh (EWG), di lng t hin cn khong 1.255 t thng
du, cho con ngi s dng trong 42 nm. Vi tc khai thc nh hin nay, th gii ch
sn xut c 39 triu thng/ngy vo nm 2030, so vi 81 triu thng/ngy nh hin nay v
trong vng 50-60 nm na, ngun du la di lng t s hon ton cn kit. Cn theo IEA,
n nm 2030, th gii ch c cung cp cha n 1/3 nhu cu du la, tr lng than v kh
t t nhin ch cn khong 909 t tn v s cn kit trong 155 nm na.
Vy nguyn nhn no dn n cu trc th trng nng lng thay i? Chng ta l gii ba gc
v kha cnh kinh t, kha cnh v an ninh v kha cnh bt ng quan im ca cc ch th
v gii php x l khng hong nng lng, nht l du m.
i vi kha cnh kinh t, do nhu cu v s dng nng lng v u t cc nc pht trin v
ang pht trin, nht l nhng trung tm tiu th mi xut hin nh Trung Quc, n , qu
trnh cng nghip ha cc nc ang pht trin trong khi hn ch ngun nng lng thay th,
dn s tng nhanh, lm cho nhu cu du la th gii tng nhanh chng.
1-21
M l nc tiu th du ln nht th gii (24,6% th gii), kh t (16% th gii); Lng du

tiu th ti Trung Quc trong 40 nm qua tng 25 ln, chim 8,55% th gii, nc ny c mc
tng trng tiu th cao nht, nm 2004 tng 31%; Cc nc Ty u tiu th 22% du th gii,
trong , c nhp khu kh t ln th hai th gii (14%); ASEAN cng ang thiu nng lng
trm trng trong qu trnh y mnh cng nghip ha
i vi kha cnh an ninh, hu ht cc khu vc chin lc v nng lng, nht l du la (nh
Trung ng, Trung , M Latinh, chu Phi, Bin ng) l mc tiu tranh ginh ca cc
cng quc v xu hng bt n ca n. S kin M pht ng nhng cuc chin tranh nhng
nm gn y Trung ng, mu thun Nga-M ti Trung , Nga - chu u v s bnh trng
ca Trung Quc Bin ng v cc nc chu Phi cng vi nhng bt n nh: xung t,
mu thun sc tc, tn gio nhiu nc v khu vc cng thng nh hng n ngun cung
du m th gii, cng l nhng nhn t lm tng gi du th gii.
Cui cng l quan im v cung cp du m ca cc ch th. l nhng bt n, bt ng quan
im gia cc quc gia, cc t chc quc t xut khu du m v nhng nc s dng du m
nh M, OPEC trong vic bt hp tc trong kim ch gi du tng, pht l ngh cng ng
quc t v tng sn lng khai thc, c tnh duy tr gi du thu li.
1.3.5.3
Nng lng ch yu cc khu vc v s cnh tranh
Tnh hnh nng lng mt s khu vc trn th gii

n nay, s phn b khng u tr lng nng lng ca mt s quc gia trn th gii lm cho
vn an ninh nng lng tr nn phc tp. Theo thng k, ba khu vc c tr lng du m
nhiu nht th gii l Trung ng, Bc Phi, Trung v Bc M, chim 82,3% tr lng du m
th gii, trong khu vc Trung ng chim 64%, chu M (14%), chu Phi (7%), Nga
(4,8%), chu -Thi Bnh Dng (4,27%). C th, theo nh gi ca T chc Du m v Kh
t th gii (2009):
+ i vi Trung ng, y l khu vc c tr lng du m v kh t ln nht th gii, tr
lng du m chim hn 50% tng tr lng du m th gii vi 727,314 t thng du v
gn tr lng kh t th gii, vi 2.591,653 Tcf, trong , Saudi Arabia (266,710 t
thng), Iran (136,150 t thng), Iraq (155 t thng), Kuwait (104 t thng), UAE (97,8 t
thng). y l nhng nc c tr lng du m ln nht khung vc Trung ng v xp
theo th t th gii ln lt l 1, 3, 4, 5 v 7. V tr lng kh t, Iran (991,6 Tcf), Qatar
(890 Tcf), Saudi Arabia (258Tcf) v ln lc xp 2, 3, 4 th gii.
+ i vi chu Phi, y l khu vc c tr lng du m ng th 4 th gii vi 117,064 t
thng, chim 10% tng tr lng du m th gii, cn tr lng kh t xp th 3 th gii
(sau Trung ng) v Trung , vi 494,078 Tcf. Trong , tr lng du m ca Libya
chim 3,4%, Nigeria chim 3% tng tr lng du th gii v c xp v tr 9, 10 th
gii; Cn kh t, Nigeria ng th 7, vi 184,2 Tcf v Algeria ng th 9 vi 159 Tcf. V
kh nng sn xut v tiu th, c th ni Trung ng l khu vc sn xut du m ln nht
th gii, hn 70% tng sn lng ca OPEC v 30% tng sn lng th gii, cn chu Phi
ln lt chim 30% v 13%.
+ i vi Nga, d tr kh t vo khong 47,2 - 47,5 nghn t m3, hn 70% tr lng thm
d tp trung vng Ural - Ty Xiberia, d tr v du la chim 13% ton th gii, tr lng
thm d c tnh khong 15,5 - 15,7 t tn, ng sau Saudi Arabia v 4/5 tr lng d bo
tp trung vng Xiberi.
1-22
+ i Trung , y l khu vc hng u th gii v tr lng du kh v gaz t nhin, tp

trung ch yu Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan v Uzbekistan, trong , Kazakhstan c tr
lng du m ng th 7 th gii, vi kh nng khai thc hin nay l 4 t tn, tr lng kh
t c th khai thc l 3.000 m3.
+ M Latinh, theo T chc Nng lng M Latinh (OLADE), tr lng du la ca khu
vc ny hin c xc nh l gn 1,7 ngn t thng, chim 20% tng tr lng du la
ton cu. M Latinh cn l khu vc c tr lng du la ln th 2 th gii sau khu vc
Trung ng (chim 55% tr lng du la ton cu). Hin nay, t nht 345 t thng du
la M Latinh sn sng khai thc. Cc nc c tr lng ln v du la ca khu
vc l Venezuela, Brazil, Mehico, Ecuardo
+ i vi Bin ng, theo nh gi ca B Nng lng M, lng d tr du c kim
chng Bin ng l 7 t thng, vi kh nng sn xut 2,5 triu thng/ngy. Theo nh
gi ca Trung Quc, tr lng du kh Bin ng khong 213 t thng, trong , tr
lng du ti qun o Trng Sa c th ln ti 105 t thng. Vi tr lng ny v sn
lng khai thc c th t khong 18,5 triu tn/nm, duy tr c trong vng 15 - 20 nm
ti.
Nhn chung, tr lng du m, kh t ch tp trung mt s quc gia, khu vc, c bit l cc
nc vng Vnh, Trung , Bc Phi, vng sng Niger V tr a l u i cho cc khu vc c
hi khai thc v sn xut y tim nng khng nhng p ng nhu cu tiu th nng lng trong
nc ang ngy cng cao m cn gip cc nc xut khu. Song lm th no pht huy ti a
li th ny thc s vn cn l mt vn t ra i vi chnh cc quc gia ni trn v i vi c
th gii.
Cnh tranh chin lc gia cc nc ln
Nh trn phn tch, ngun ti nguyn nng lng hu ht tp trung cc khu vc Trung , chu
Phi, M Latinh, Trung ng v vic xut hin cc cng quc tiu th nng lng mi (nh
M, EU, Trung Quc, Nht, n ) vi nhu cu tiu th ngy cng tng trong khi ngun cung
ang cn kit tc ng mnh m ti c cu quyn lc ca th gii, vn an ninh nng lng
ngy cng tr nn cp bch.
Theo d bo, n nm 2030 nhu cu nng lng s tng ln 60% so vi nm 2005, vi tc
pht trin kinh t trung bnh 3,5-4% trn ton cu v dn s th gii tng ln 8,3 t ngi. Trong
cc nc pht trin, nhu cu v nng lng s tng t 3 n 3,5 ln so vi OEDC, trong ,
Trung Quc, n chim hn 50%, theo c tnh ti 2020 M cn thm 50% kh v 1/3 lng
du hin nay, hin nc M, du m chim khong 40% nhu cu nng lng trong nc.
Ti Hi ngh thng nh EU (22/5/2013), d kin n nm 2035, EU phi nhp 80% lng kh
t, nhp khu du 90%, than 70%. n s sm tr thnh nc tiu th nng lng ln th
4 th gii sau Hoa K, Trung Quc, Nht Bn, vi 33% nhu cu nng lng v 65% lng du
nhp khu.
Cc d bo u cho rng, ngun cung du m ca th gii ch gia tng thm trong khong na
thp k na trc khi t nh im ri bt u gim, cn ngun cung kh t s tip tc tng
thm 1-2 thp k ri cng gim. iu ny lm cho cuc cnh tranh ginh git cc ngun ti
nguyn nh: du m, kh t, than v uranium ngy cng quyt lit trn ton cu, quyn lc ca
ci ang chuyn dn t nhng nc thiu nng lng (Trung Quc, M, Nht, EU) sang cc
1-23
nc d tha nng lng (Nga, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela) v tiu th nng lng ca cc quc
gia ang pht trin trong tng lng tiu th nng lng s tng ln v cc quc gia pht trin s
gim i. R rng vn an ninh nng lng buc cc quc gia phi iu chnh chin lc i
ngoi ca mnh, i tm kim nhng ngun cung cp nng lng n nh. Cng vi tng cng
quan h ngoi giao chnh tr, kinh t thng mi vi cc khu vc, cc nc nhiu d tr nng
lng, cc cng quc lun p dng cc bin php qun s nhm gia tng v th trong cuc
chin v nng lng nh: hnh ng ca M, Trung Quc, Nga, EU Trung ng, Bc Phi,
Trung , Bin ng nhng nm gn y.
Tt c nhng vn trn y lm cho trin vng pht trin nng lng ton cu lin quan ti
vic nng cao tnh minh bch, d bo c v tnh n nh ca th trng ton cu. Ci thin mi
trng u t v lnh vc nng lng, nng cao hiu qu s dng v tit kim nng lng, a
dng ha cc dng nng lng, bo m an ninh nng lng cng nh an ninh vn chuyn nng
lng, h tng nng lng, gim bt thiu ht nng lng qui m ln, gii quyt cc vn bin
i kh hu v pht trin bn vng.
i tm gii php cho cuc khng hong nng lng
Trong bi cnh cc ngun nng lng ngy cng khan him dn, e da trc tip n s n nh,
i sng kinh t-x hi ca tt c con ngi, mi quc gia trn hnh tinh. Ba gii php sau y
c cng ng th gii thng dng.
+ Th nht, tit kim ti a vic s dng nng lng.
+ Th hai, tm kim cc ngun nng lng thay th v gii php;
+ Th ba, ch mt s nc p dng, l dng cc bin php an ninh, qun s, kinh t nm
li cc ngun nguyn liu nng lng chin lc.
Tuy nhin, cc ngun nng lng thay th vn cn nhiu bt cp, cha ph hp v cha ph
bin. n nay, th gii v ang tp trung pht trin nng lng ht nhn, nng lng ti sinh
v nng lng sinh hc, c 32 quc gia v vng lnh th (dn s gn 4 t ngi) c my in
ht nhn, v cc nh my in ht nhn cung cp 16,4% sn lng ton cu, tuy nhin, kh khn
l nng lng ht nhn thng i km vi nguy c r r phng x, cc nc li dng sn xut v
kh ht nhn, hn ch v ti chnh trn th gii hin c 45 quc gia s dng nng lng ti
sinh, 60 nc c chng trnh quc gia pht trin nng lng ti sinh, 19 nc khuyn khch s
dng nng lng mt tri v si m, nhng nhc im ca n ph thuc vo thi tit, cng
trnh thy in d gy bin i a cht, khan him ngun nc, bn cnh , pht trin nng
lng sinh hc nh sn xut etanol, du diezen
i vi Vit Nam, vn nng lng v an ninh nng lng tc ng rt ln n nc ta, ng
thi cng t ra yu cu cp thit. Vit Nam a ra Chin lc Pht trin nng lng quc
gia n nm 2020, tm nhn 2050 (19/12/2007)], mc d vn thc hin cn nhiu hn ch do
ph thuc vo nhiu nhn t, nhng nhn chung vi chin lc k trn, tng lai Vit Nam c
nhiu c hi m rng hp tc trong lnh vc nng lng, khai thc, s dng v sn xut nng
lng vi cc quc gia, t chc khu vc v trn th gii.
Nhn tng quan, gii php u tin hng u hin nay l tit kim nng lng. Tuy nhin, gii php ny
cho n nay vn khng th lm gim c nhu cu s dng nng lng ngy mt tng ca th gii. c
bit ti nhng nc cng nghip ha, p ng nhu cu pht trin, ngi ta vn phi s dng nu khng
tm ra loi nng lng khc thay th du, than v kh t.
1-24
1.3.5.4
Kt lun
Nng lng v an ninh nng lng t lu tr thnh nhn t tc ng trc tip n s pht
trin kinh t, x hi hu ht cc quc gia trn th gii. S phn b, mt cn bng trong kt cu
nng lng th gii dn n s mt cn bng trong khai thc, s dng nng lng cc quc
gia. Hin ti, du m, than v kh t vn l ngun nng lng ch yu, tc ng n mi
sinh hot, i sng nhn loi. Tuy nhin, cc ngun ti nguyn ny c nguy c cn kit trong 50
nm ti. V vy, vn nan gii v trong mt vi thp nin ti l kh nng pht hin v a vo
s dng cc ngun nng lng mi ca th gii. Theo nh gi ca nhiu chuyn gia, vn ch
mc d n tin kh thi. Do vy, sc p v thiu ht nng lng li tip tc gia tng, d c nhiu
quan im lc quan, nhng vn an ninh nng lng i vi nhn loi vn l vn bc xc
ging nh th k trc, nu khng mun ni l cn cng thng t nht trong khong 3/4 u th
k XXI.
Bn cnh , vn nng lng v an ninh nng lng tip tc khng cn l vn chuyn mn
k thut thun ty m l vn chnh tr x hi, vn quan h quc t. Cc cuc xung t th k
XX u gn cht vi vn nng lng v an ninh nng lng, tnh trng ny cng r nt v
cng thng hn trong quan h quc t thp nin u th k XXI.
Cuc khng hong nng lng vn tip tc c d bo, thm ch mang tnh phc tp hn.
Trong bi cnh , Vit Nam cng cn phi xy dng mt chin lc hiu qu v an ninh nng
lng cho quc gia n 100 nm ti.
1.3.6
1.3.6.1
Vai tr quy hoch xy dng trong s dng tit kim nng lng [13]
Tng quan
Nhng nm gn y, ti mt s khu vc trn th gii thng xy ra cc cuc xung t c nguyn

nhn bt ngun t vic tranh chp v nng lng v cm t An ninh nng lng cng c
cp n nhiu. Nhn thc c vn ny, cc Quc gia t xy dng cho mnh mt chng
trnh pht trin nng lng m trng tm l hng n ngun nng lng sch, c tnh bn vng
( nh xy dng thnh lut s dng nng lng tit kim, hiu qu). Trong xu hng ny, hn
lc no ht, chng ta, nhng ngi lnh tin phong, nhng nh nh hng cho s pht trin x
hi hng trm nm sau, phi thc c trch nhim ca mnh trc x hi, trc vn thi s
m tt c cc quc gia quan tm: S dng nng lng tit kim, hiu qu.
Thc t cc cng trnh nghin cu cho thy chi ph nng lng gn lin vi cc yu t: mt
dn s, h thng giao thng, h thng cp v thot nc, h thng cy xanh mt nc, h thng
chiu sng cng cng v cch phn b dn c cng nh cc cng trnh cng nghip v cng s.
Nhng nghin cu ca gio s Davit Banister - Trng i hc Oxford (Anh) cho thy:
+ Vai tr ca cu trc th tm chin lc c nh hng rt ln trong vic tit kim nng
lng s dng.
+ Cc yu t s dng t v h thng giao thng, khong cch b tr cc khu lm vic gn
khu s gim ng k nng lng phi tiu th.
+ Mt dn c cng ng vai tr trng yu trong vic tit kim nng lng. Mt dn c
cao th vic tiu th nng lng s gim.
1-25
+ Gii quyt tt vn chiu sng cng cng trong th cng nm trong mt nguyn tc
khi quy hoch nhm tit kim nng lng s dng.

Vit Nam cng nh nhiu quc gia khc ang ng trc s mt cn i nghim trng gia cung
v cu v nng lng, trc tc pht trin kinh t - x hi v th ha ang din ra nhanh
chng. Trong khi vn ang tn ti cch tiu dng lng ph v km hiu qu v nng lng trong
mi mt ca i sng x hi. Trong chin lc v chng trnh hnh ng tit kim v bo tn
nng lng quc gia, tit kim nng lng tiu th trong khu vc xy dng cc to nh, cc cng
trnh xy dng v trong quy hoch chim mt v tr quan trng. Cc gii php, nguyn tc quy
hoch no cho th Vit Nam p ng c vn ny? H thng th phi c pht trin
v phn b hp l trn a bn c nc, to ra s pht trin cn i gia cc vng lnh th v
phi m bo pht trin bn vng.
Hi ng Cng trnh xanh Vit Nam thuc Qu cc th xanh ca Hoa k phi hp vi
Trng i hc Kin trc H Ni ang trin khai xy dng d n Qui hoch cc th xanh ti
Vit Nam, nhm thch ng trc nhng thch thc ca bin i kh hu ang din ra ngy mt
trm trng. Theo kinh nghim ca mt s nc trn th gii, nu cng vic thit k quy hoch,
thi cng v vn hnh cng trnh tt chng ta c th tit kim c t nht 15%, thm ch cao nht
l 30% nhu cu tiu dng v in nng trong khu vc cc to nh. y l mt con s khng nh
ng gp ng k cho vic pht trin bn vng th.
tit kim nng lng mt cch hiu qu ti cc th ln ca Vit Nam, cc chuyn gia Php
cho rng nn xy dng m hnh th tp trung, vi mt dn s dy, trnh dn tri. ng
S.Salat, Vin trng Vin cc th bn vng trong bi tham lun ca mnh c ni: Mt
dn s th c quan h cht ch vi vn tiu th nng lng, tiu th ngun lc sinh thi.
Nu kt cu th ti vit Nam c xy dng theo m hnh tp trung, th s tit kim c nng
lng ng k. kin ny vp phi mt s phn i t pha cc chuyn gia Vit Nam, cho rng
nu tp trung dn s qu dy thnh th s lm gia tng vn nhim mi trng. Tuy nhin,
chuyn gia Php cho rng vn chnh l khu thit k: m hnh kt cu dn s tp trung phi
i lin vi thit k hiu qu, c cy xanh v nc, va tit kim nng lng va bo v mi
trng. ng ni thm rng Vit Nam nn t chc li h thng ng thy, c bit min Nam.
Min Nam Vit Nam c h thng knh rch kh dy c, trong khi tc ng kh thi ng sng
t hn nhiu so vi ng b, nn pht trin h thng ng sng va gip tit kim nng lng,
va gim thiu nhim mi trng.
ng J.Lopez, chuyn gia ICE ni: La chn xy dng mt m hnh thnh ph l cho nhiu th
k, ch khng phi cho 100 nm na. Cc chuyn gia Php cng cho rng quy hoch tit kim
nng lng ti Vit Nam cn quan tm hn na n vn chiu sng cng cng v tnh n
nhng yu t a l. ng Michel Rateau, Gim c pht trin Citelum ni rng chiu sng th
chim 52% lng tiu th ca mt thnh ph. V vy cn phi c quy hoch chiu sng hiu qu
v hp l tit kim nng lng. Cc chuyn gia Php cho rng quy hoch chiu sng cng
cng Vit Nam hin vn ang b b qun, to s lng ph khng ng c. Chuyn gia ca
CiTelum a ra 3 gii php trong tit kim nng lng chiu sng: ci tin cht lng thit b
chiu sng, iu khin h thng chiu sng t xa v s dng nng lng ti to. Theo cc chuyn
gia, vic thiu quy hoch ng b gia chiu sng cng cng v cc cng trnh h tng th
khc cng dn n tnh trng xy dng chng cho, ln xn, khng p ng c cc yu cu
chung v k thut, ng thi gy mt m quan th.
1-26
1.3.6.2
Mt s iu cn lu trong t chc quy hoch Vit Nam
Mt s iu cn lu trong t chc quy hoch:

+ Chn hng nh v cng trnh: thng th theo hng Nam v ng Nam ly gi mt
ma h, nh nng mt tri vo ma ng, trnh nng nng hng Ty v gi ma ng
Bc. Trong iu kin khng th chn c hng tt th tm cc gii php quy hoch thit
k xy dng hn ch cc bt li v iu kin kh hu.
+ T chc phn b khu lm vic v khu khng cch xa nhau m bo vic i li thun
tin.
+ T chc h thng cy xanh mt nc mt cch hp l.
+ S dng cc vt liu truyn thng, cc gii php v kin trc, kt cu v t chc mt bng,
cng ngh s dng kt hp vi thng thong t nhin tit kim nng lng.
+ Thit k h thng chiu sng cng cng th hp l.
Hnh 1.11: Quy hoch nh hp l s dng tit kim nng lng

Ngy nay, ngun nng lng, vic khai thc v s dng l vn thch thc ton cu. Cc nh
chuyn mn trong qun l v quy hoch xy dng cn c bit quan tm n vn tit kim
nng lng khi xy dng mt d n quy hoch. iu c ngha sng cn vi chng ta hin
nay v cho cc th h tng lai.
1-27
Ngun tham kho

[1] http://www.nldc.evn.vn/News/1/85/Tong-quan-ve-nguon-dien-trong-he-thong-dien-Quocgia.aspx
[2] http://www.renewableenergy.org.vn/index.php?page=tong-quan-ve-nganh-dien-tai-viet-nam
[3] http://www.nldc.evn.vn/News/1/86/Tong-quan-ve-luoi-dien-trong-he-thong-dien-Quocgia.aspx
[4] http://www.nldc.evn.vn/News/1/87/Tong-quan-ve-phu-tai-dien-trong-he-thong-dien-Quocgia.aspx
[5] http://automation.net.vn/Cong-nghe-Ung-dung/He-thong-dien-thong-minh-Smart-Grid.html
[6] http://tietkiemnangluong.com.vn/home/pho-bien-kien-thuc/smart-grid-giai-phap-quan-lynang-luong-cho-tuong-lai-4001-12776.html
[7] http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/smart-grids-and-the-new-age-of-energy
[8] http://www.epu.edu.vn/XTH/Default.aspx?BT=13126
[9] Bo co tng kt ti cp b (B Cng thng Tp on in lc Vit Nam) - M s I-150
[10] http://ievn.com.vn/tin-tuc/Tong-quan-ve-hien-trang-va-xu-huong-cua-thi-truong-nangluong-tai-tao-cua-Viet-Nam-5-999.aspx
[11] http://pcphuyen.cpc.vn/?show=news&catid=10&contentid=1499
[12] http://nangluongvietnam.vn/news/vn/an-ninh-nang-luong-va-moi-truong/an-ninh-nangluong-mot-so-khu-vuc-tren-the-gioi-trong-chien-luoc-toan-cau.html
[13] http://ashui.com/mag/chuyenmuc/quy-hoach-do-thi/423-su-dung-nang-luong-tiet-kiemhieu-qua-vai-tro-cua-quy-hoach-xay-dung.html
[14] http://vneconomy.vn/thi-truong/vi-sao-viet-nam-van-phai-mua-dien-tu-trung-quoc20140711095827812.htm
[15] http://kinhdoanh.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/vi-mo/evn-ban-dien-cho-campuchia-2697539.html
[16] http://nangluongvietnam.vn/news/vn/khoa-hoc-va-cong-nghe/dieu-khien-cac-nguon-phantan-trong-luoi-dien-thong-minh.html
[17] http://vi.swewe.net/word_show.htm/?318106_1&HVDC
[18] http://www.cpc.vn/cpc/home/Ttuc_Detail.aspx?pm=ttuc&sj=KHKT&id=2380#.VDWdaGd
_uJc
[19] http://www.evn.com.vn/Home/Detail/tabid/84/ItemId/4528/View/2/CateId/48/language/viVN/Default.aspx
1-28
Ph lc: Hi v tr li
Hi: (Nhm 3, nhm 8) Ti sao Vit Nam phi mua in t Trung Quc m ng thi cng bn
in cho Campuchia?
Tr li [14, 15]: m bo cung cp in n nh v m bo cht lng in nng cho cc
tnh Ty Bc, EVN vn phi duy tr mua in Trung Quc vi mt sn lng ti thiu.
Chng ta mua in t Trung Quc trong giai on nc chng ta ang pht trin mnh, cn mt
lng in cn thit s dng trong giai on 2004-2008. Ngoi ra hp ng k kt mua in
vi Trung Quc ko di n nm 2015. Trong khi chng ta bt u bn in cho Campuchia
t nm 2009.
Hi: (Nhm 9) Ti sao th ph ti theo cc gi trong ngy mu h li bng phng hn ma
ng?
Tr li [4]: Theo mnh th trong ma h chng ta s dng nhiu thit b in v n tri di ra c
trong ngy, trong khi th vo ma ng th cc thit b in thng ch c s dng nhiu
nht vo nhng gi cao im chng hn, V vy m ti sao th ph ti ma h li bng phng
hn ma ng.
Hi: (Nhm 10) Cp quang ng vai tr g trong h thng Smart Grid?
Tr li [16]: Nh vo cp quang m h thng c th kt ni vi h thng in thoi v Internet,
t thu thp thng tin gip cho h thng vn hnh mt cch ti u. Mt v d c th l
thng qua h thng cp quang in thoi v Internet, ngi tiu dng c th la chn nhiu
ngun cung cp in, kim tra c cht lng in nng, lng in tiu th v ha n tin
in trc tuyn, thm ch iu khin cc thit b dng in t xa.
Hi: (Nhm 5) Ti sao truyn ti HVDC li t tn hao hn truyn ti AC? p truyn ti HVDC
l khong bao nhiu?
Tr li [17, 18]: Khi s dng dng DC th s khng xut hin in cm, in dung ging nh
AC gy ra s mt mt cng sut phn khng. ng thi s dng ng dy DC th s tn t
ng dy, t s c t s mt mt cng sut do ta nhit trn dy dn. Mc p HVDC tiu
chun l 500 kV (c s dng chu ).
Hi: (Nhm 4) Thy in nh c u im l chi ph thp, nhn lc thp, t gy tn hi mi
trng, ti sao khng xy nhiu?
Tr li [10]: Nh trnh by trong bi thuyt trnh th thy in nh c nhiu u im, tim
nng ln nhng Vit Nam cha c pht trin ng mc l v 2 nguyn nhn sau:
Xy dng: l qu trnh u thu v tin hnh xy dng Vit Nam cn nhiu tiu cc,
khin cho cht lng ca cc thy in xy ln khng cao, an ton thp v hiu sut in
nng khng t nh yu cu.
Vn hnh: mt nh my thy in no khi vn hnh th u c chi ph cho nhn lc v
duy tu bo dng cho my mc trong khi gi bn in hin nay th cc nh my
thy in cng sut nh phi bn cho EVN ri EVN mi bn in li cho dn, v th cc
1-29
nh my in nh khng th ch ng v thng xuyn b p gi, khin cho ngun thu

ca cc nh my in ny qu thp, khng duy tr hoc duy tr mt cch yu t.
Chnh v iu ny cho nn nh nc ta cn c nhng bin php tch cc vo ngnh xy dng v
ngnh in m hnh thy in nh c th pht huy c ti a tim nng ca n mang li
phc v i sng v sn xut cho ngi dn.
Hi: (Nhm 2) Nng lng mt tri c s dng ch yu Vit Nam thng qua dng no?
Tr li [10]: Hin nay Vit Nam s dng ch yu nng lng mt tri vo vic un nng nc
phc v sinh hot, nu n cn vic sn xut thnh in s dng th cn nhiu hn ch vi
rt t nh my in mt tri v cng sut cng rt nh, cha tng xng vi tim nng v ngun
nng lng ny Vit Nam.
Hi: (Nhm 11) Xy nhiu thy in trn cng mt lu lng sng c gy nn vn g khng?
Tr li: Vn th lun xy ra, nhng ty vo thit k cng nh iu kin khc nhau m mc
nh hng cng khc nhau. Nhng nu qu nhiu thy in cng xy trn 1 lu vc sng th s
gy thay i mnh dng chy, h sinh thi, ng thc vt s b nh hng nghim trng, e da
cn bng sinh thi ca khu vc.
Hi: (Nhm 7) Ti sao nng lng gi tim nng ln nhng cha c pht trin nhiu?
Tr li: y li l mt vn c hu l v mt cng ngh, chng ta cha tip thu c cng
ngh, mt khc d rng nng lng gi tim nng ln, nhng trong thi gian trc mt th kh
nng pht trin n ca Vit Nam cn rt thp, i hi s tip thu cng ngh, ng thi c s u
t ng b trong h thng pht huy c tim nng v gi, v cc turbine gi c c th khc
so vi cc nh my in khc l ta khng iu khin c sc gi, v cc turbine gi dng nam
chm vnh cu ch khng dng dng kch t duy tr t tnh ca stator.
Hi: (Nhm 6) phn tng quan v h thng in nhm c nhc n h s n hi in. Vy h
s n hi in l g? Cho v d.
Tr li [19]: H s n hi in l mt con s phn nh hiu qu s dng in. Nu h s n
hi ca nn kinh t cao ng ngha vi vic s dng in lng ph v km hiu qu; thit b lc
hu, hiu sut thp, tiu tn nhiu nng lng; lng ph in trong sn xut cng nghip, sinh
hot; thc tit kim cha cao. V h s n hi thp th hin iu ngc li.
Nm 2011, h s n hi in/GDP l 1,75, gim ng k so vi nm 2010 l 2,03. Tuy nhin,
nu so vi cc nc khc th vn tng i cao.
2 Phn b ti u cng sut gia cc nh my nhit in............................................................2-1

2.1 Gii thiu bi ton ..........................................................................................................2-1
2.1.1 M u ...............................................................................................................2-1
2.1.2 Pht biu bi ton ...............................................................................................2-1
2.2 C s l thuyt ...............................................................................................................2-1
2.2.1 Phng php Lagrange ......................................................................................2-1
2.2.2 Xc nh c tnh chi ph sn xut v cng sut ................................................2-3
2.3 Nguyn l phn b ti u cng sut...............................................................................2-4
2.3.1 Dng ton hc ca bi ton ................................................................................2-4
2.3.2 Nguyn l phn b ti u cng sut ...................................................................2-4
2.4 Phng php phn b ti u cng sut ..........................................................................2-6
2.4.1 Sut tng tiu hao nhin liu ............................................................................2-6
2.4.2 Phng php phn b ti u cng sut ..............................................................2-8
Ngun tham kho................................................................................................................... .... 2-13
Hi v tr li.............................................................................................................................. .2-13
1. Phm Ngc Vng
51104358
2. L Anh V
41104292
3. Trn Quyt Tin
41103614
2 Phn b ti u cng sut gia cc nh my nhit in
2-1

2.1
Gii thiu bi ton
2.1.1
M u
Cn phi xc nh s phn b ti u cng sut gia cc nh my in trong h thng in (nh

my nhit in, nh my in) p ng mt gi tr ph ti tng cho trc nhm nng cao tnh
vn hnh kinh t ca h thng in.
y l bi ton a ch tiu:
- Chi ph nhin liu tng trong ton h thng l nh nht
- m bo tin cy hp l
- Cht lng in nng m bo
Hin nay cha c m hnh ton hc cht ch cho bi ton a chi tiu ny nn chng ta ch gii
quyt cc bi ton ring bit sau kt hp li. V vy bi ton phn b ti u cng sut gia
cc nh my in thng ch xt t mc tiu quan trong l chi ph nhin liu tng trong ton h
thng l nh nht
2.1.2
Pht biu bi ton
C n nh my nhit in cung cp cho ph ti tng

c nh. Bit nhng s liu v c tnh
tiu hao nhin liu tng nh my. Cn phi xc nh cng sut pht ti u ca mi nh my P
vi mi
sao cho chi ph nhin liu tng trong h thng t cc tiu vi rng buc v
iu kin cn bng cng sut.
2.2
C s l thuyt
2.2.1
2.2.1.1
Phng php Lagrange

Pht biu bi ton
Xc nh cc n s
sao cho hm mc tiu F t cc tr
(
V tha mn m iu kin rng buc,
g1 x1 , x2 ,..., xn 0
g 2 x1 , x2 ,..., xn 0
...
g x , x ,..., x 0
n
m 1 2
Trong trng hp hm mc tiu F l gii tch, kh vi, h iu kin rng buc gm ton ng
thc v s nghim khng ln ta c th dng phng php trc tip gii bnh thng. Khi hm
mc tiu v h iu kin rng buc tuyn tnh v xi 0 ta c th dng thut ton quy hoch
tuyn tnh gii nh phng php phng php hnh hc, n hnh, vn ti, ...
2-2
2.2.1.2
Phng php nhn t Lagrange
Thnh lp hm Lagrange:
m
L x1 , x2 ,..., xn F x1 , x2 ,..., xn 1 i gi x1 , x2 ,..., xn
l nhng h s khng xc nh.
Trong
Nghim ti u ca hm mc tiu F cng chnh l nghim ti u ca hm Lagrange v ngc li.
V vy ta cn tm li gii ti u cho hm (
).
Xc nh (
) v
tha mn h phng trnh im dng:
L X F X
g X
m
1 i i
0
x j
x j
x j
Vi j=1..n
T h phng trnh ny ta tm c x j v j . xc nh hm L(X) t cc tiu hay cc i ta
xt thm o hm cp 2 ca hm L(X) ti cc im dng tm c trn.
d2L < 0, hm L(X) t cc i
d2L > 0, hm L(X) t cc tiu
V d 2.1:
Tm x1 , x2 sao cho hm F x1 , x2 x12 x22 min vi iu kin rng buc:
x x
g x1 , x2 1 2 1 0
2 3
Thit lp hm Lagrange
x x
L x1 , x2 x12 x22 1 2 1
2 3
Xt h phng trnh im dng
2 x1 2 0
18
x1
13
2 x2 0
3
x 12
2
x1 x2
13
0
2 3
Ly o hm bc 2 ti im dng
2 L( x1 , x2 )
20
x12
2
L( x1 , x2 ) 2 0
x22
Kt lun: Hm mc tiu F t cc tiu ti im dng

Fmin
36
13
x1 , x2
18 12
,
13 13
2.2.2
2-3
Xc nh c tnh chi ph sn xut v cng sut
2.2.2.1
t vn
Thc t cho thy c tnh gia chi ph sn xut v cng sut ca nh my nhit in c dng
ng cong Parabol:
Z aP2 bP c
Trong : Z l chi ph trong mt gi lm vic (triu ng/h)
P l cng sut ca t my pht (MW)
a, b, c l cc h s t cc s liu thng k theo phng php bnh phng cc tiu
2.2.2.2
Phng php bnh phng cc tiu
Gi s ta c tp s liu v chi ph Z ph thuc vo cng sut P:

Zi
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Pi
P1
P2
P3
P4
Zn
Pn
Ta thit lp h phng trnh:

a Pi 4 b Pi 3 c Pi 2 Z i Pi 2
3
2
a Pi b Pi c Pi Z i Pi
a Pi b Pi nc Z i
Gii h phng trnh bc nht 3 n trn ta xc nh c cc h s a, b, c.

V d 2.2:
Cc s liu thng k v chi ph ca mt nh my in cho trong bng sau. Hy xc nh hm chi
ph ca nh my, bit hm c dng parabol: Z aP2 bP c
P (MW)
20
30
40
60
80
100
Z (triu ng/h)
8,530
12,760
17,020
26,600
40,920
55,200
tin tnh ton ta lp bng sau:
Pi
Zi
Pi2
Pi3 103
Pi4.103
Pizi .103
Pi2zi.103
20
8530
400
160
170,6
3412
30
12760
900
27
810
382,8
11484
40
17020
1600
64
2560
680,8
27232
60
26600
3600
216
12960
1596
95760
80
40920
6400
512
40960
3273,6
261888
100
55200
10000
1000
100000
5520
552000
330
161030
22900
1827
157450
11623,8
951776
Bng 2.1: Lp s liu tnh ton theo cc hm.
2-4
Theo s liu bng 2.1 ta thit lp h phng trnh ( phng trnh khng b cng knh, ta chia
ca 2 v cho 103) :
a 2,93.103
157450a 1827b 22,9c 951, 776
1827 a 22,9b 0,33c 11, 6238 b 0, 233

22,9a 0,33b 0, 006c 0,16103
c 2,895
Vy hm c tnh chi phi ca nh my in c dng:
Z 2,93.103 P 2 0, 233P 2,859
2.3
Nguyn l phn b ti u cng sut
2.3.1
Dng ton hc ca bi ton
Xc nh b nghim ti u P* P1* , P2* ,..., Pn* sao cho hm mc tiu v chi ph nhin liu tng
n
t cc tiu:
Z F P1 , P2 ,..., Pn Z j P min
j 1
Tha mn iu kin g P P1 P2 ... Pn P Ppt Pj P Ppt 0

j 1
vi Pj 0, j 1..n
2.3.2
Nguyn l phn b ti u cng sut
Thnh lp hm Lagrange L P Z P g P
Xt h phng trnh im dng:
g P
L P Z P
P
1
1
1
L P Z P
g P
P2
P2
P2
....
L P Z P
g P
Pn
Pn
Pn
Ta c:
Z j
Z P Z1 Z 2
Z
... n
j
Pj
Pj Pj
Pj Pj
Z k
0, k j do chi ph nguyn liu nh my th k khng ph thuc vo cng sut
Pj
pht ra ca nh my th j.
Z j
j
Ta t
l sut tng tiu hao nhin liu ca nh my th j.
Pj
2.3.2.1
Trng hp tn hao l hng s
Khi P const ta c
g P
Pj
1, j 1..n
2-5
Do t h phng trnh im dng ta suy ra c:

Z P Z P
Z P
...
1 2 ... n
P1
P2
Pn
y l nguyn l phn b ti u cng sut gia cc nh my nhit in trong h thng in.
Vi c tnh sut tiu hao nhin liu ca cc t my pht l hm khng gim khi tng cng
sut pht (thc t nh vy) ta c th thy:
2 L P
0
Pj2
Nh vy hm mc tiu t cc tiu ti cc im dng tm c h phng trnh trn.
2.3.2.2
Trng hp tn hao khng l hng s
Xt tn tht cng sut ph thuc vo cng sut pht Pj:

Khi h phng trnh im dng tng ng vi:
L P Z P
g P
P
1 1
0
P1
P1
P1
P1
L P Z P
g P
P
2 1
0
P2
P2
P2
P2
....
L P Z P
g P
P
n 1
0
Pn
Pn
Pn
Pn
Nguyn l phn b cng sut ti u l:

1
j
P
1
Pj
P
1
P1
P
1
P2
...
1
P
Pn
gi l sut tng tiu hao nhin liu khi c xt n tn tht P.
V d 2.3: H thng gm hai nh my in c cc c tnh:

Z1 = 2,2 P12 +312P1+4050 nghn ng/h
Z2 = 1,7 P22 +350P2+5150 nghn ng/h
Ph ti Ppt = 270 MW. Hy phn b cng sut gia 2 nh my trn ti thiu chi ph nhin
liu.
Gii
Trc ht ta xc nh sut gia tng chi ph ca cc t my:
Z
Z
1 1 2.2,2.P1 312 , 2 2 2.1,7.P2 350
P2
P1
2-6
t 1 2 cng vi iu kin cn bng cng sut ph ti ta c h phng trnh:
4,4.P1 +312 = 3,4.P2 + 350
P1 P2 270
Gii h phng trnh trn ta tm c:
P1 = 122,564 MW v P2 = 147,436 MW
Phng php phn b ti u cng sut
2.4
2.4.1
Sut tng tiu hao nhin liu
Vic phn phi ti u cng sut gia cc nh my nhit in c tun theo nguyn l cn bng
v sut tng tiu hao nhin liu . Sut tng th hin
nhp tiu tn nhin liu khi tng cng sut P pht
ra. V vy theo nguyn l phn phi t cc tiu
nhin liu tiu hao trong ton h thng, nh my c
ln ( tc l lm vic khng kinh t) s phi pht t
cng sut v nh my c nh s nhn pht nhiu
cng sut. Nguyn l ny th hin tnh cng bng
trong phn phi ti u.
2.4.1.1
Sut tng tiu hao nhin liu v sut

tiu hao nhin liu
Cn lm r v khi nim ca sut tng tiu hao nhin

liu v sut tiu hao nhin liu . ng vi mi nh
my c th xy dng c ng c tnh tiu hao
nhin liu Z ph thuc cng sut P l ng cong nh
hnh 2.1a. Ta c cng thc tng qut :
Sut tiu hao nhin liu trn mt n v cng
[kg nh.liu/kWh]
sut :
Sut
Hnh 2.1a: c tuyn tiu hao nhin liu

Z ph thuc cng sut P [2].
tng
tiu
hao
nhin
liu:
[kg nh.liu/kWh]
Gi s t my ang lm vic ti im A:
A Z A / PA v A dZ A / dPA
Theo nh hnh 2.1a th
(x l
ng thng tip tuyn ca th ti A).
Nh vy th vn t ra l v c ngha g?
T gc O ca h trc ta ta k tip tuyn vi th
ti B nh hnh 2.1b. Lc ny im B gi l
im lm vic kinh t, ti im lm vic ny cng sut
pht l
ng vi chi ph nhin liu l
.
Khi
th theo c tnh ta thy sut tng tiu hao
nhin liu tng nhanh, cng tiu hao nhin liu.
Hnh 2.1b: c tuyn tiu hao nhin liu

Z ph thuc cng sut P [2].
2-7
V vy theo quan im kinh t tit kim nhin liu ch vn hnh vi

.
Ti im lm vic kinh t ta c: dZ / dP Z / P .
Ngha l khi sut tiu hao nhin liu bng vi sut tng tiu hao nhin liu.
V d 2.4: Xem bng sau
Ph ti h thng
P[MW]
Tiu hao nhin liu

Z[tn/gi]
2500
2600
5000
5100
Bng 2.2: Thng s h thng
1050
1070
2000
2070
Sut tiu hao

[kg/kWh]
Sut tng tiu hao

[kg/kWh]
0,420
0,412
0,400
0,406
0,200
0,700
Theo bng trn, thi im P= 2500 MW, cc gi tr sut tiu hao v sut tng tiu hao
Z 1050
0, 42kg / kWh
P 2500
Z Z 1070 1050
0, 2kg / kWh
P P 2600 2500
Tng t cho trng hp P = 5000 MW:

Z 2000

0, 4kg / kWh
P 5000
Z Z 2070 2000
0, 700kg / kWh
P P 5100 5000
2.4.1.2
c tnh sut tng tiu hao nhin liu ca t l-tuabin-my pht
Hnh 2.2: S my pht [1].

y l s hot ng ca mt my pht vi u vo l lng nhin liu B, t chy trong l
hi s ta ra nhit lng Q lm quay tuabin to ra cng sut pht P. Ta c sut tng tiu hao
nhin liu ca c my pht
B B Q
.
L . T
P Q P
Trong : -
B
gi l sut tng tiu hao nhin liu ca l hi [Kg nh.lieu/Kcal]
Q
2-8
Q
P
gi l sut tng tiu hao nhin liu ca tuabin [Kcal/kWh]
d hiu chng ta c xt cho tng qu trnh ring bit , u tin l ca l hi , sau l ca

tuabin v khi kt hp chng li th ta c biu thc ca my pht.
ng c tnh sut tng tiu hao nhin liu ca l hi
thng c dng ng cong (hnh
2.3a) ty thuc cc loi l hi khc nhau.
Hnh 2.3: Cc ng c tnh [1].

ng c tnh tiu hao nhit lng Q ca tuabin trong nhiu trng hp c dng gn tuyn tnh
(hnh 2.3b). ng c tnh c ch b gy khc ng vi gi tr
, iu tng ng vi trong
thc t khi van qu ti m , nhit lng tng nhanh v tnh kinh t gim t ngt.
ng c tnh sut tiu hao nhit lng ca tuabin
l gi tr o hm ca ng Q theo P.
T cc ng
v
ta xy dng c ng c tnh sut tng tiu hao nhin liu ca t
my nh hnh 2.3c.
Ngoi ra xy dng c tnh sut tng tiu hao nhin liu ca t my hoc nh my in c th
thc hin bng cch thng k cc tp s liu B v P trong cc ch vn hnh khc nhau v nh
cc phng php gia cng ton hc, chng hn phng php bnh phng cc tiu xy dng
c quan h gii tch B=B(P). T xc nh c c tnh sut tng tiu hao nhin liu.
2.4.2
Phng php phn b ti u cng sut
Xt trng hp tn tht cng sut l hng s. Ta cn phn phi cng sut Ppt cho n nh my.
Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
Bc 1: Vi mi nh my, ta xy dng ng c tuyn sut tng tiu hao nhin liu
theo cng sut pht j j Pj bng dng gii tch hoc bng s cho trong bng.
Bc 2: Da trn cc ng cong i ta xy dng ng cong (P) ca ton h thng n
nh my bng cch gi nguyn tr s trn trc tung v cng n gi tr cng sut trn trc
honh.
Bc 3: Da trn ph ti tng cng Ppt v tn tht cng sut P (khong 0,07 0,12Ppt
[1]) xc nh gi tr = i
Bc 4: Da trn i xc nh gi tr ti u cng sut ca cc nh my P*i
2-9
Mt s lu :
Khi gi nguyn liu nh my th i no , khc gi nguyn liu tiu chun th ta cn
hiu chnh:
a
i, i . i
a0
Vi ai l gi nhin liu nh my th i
a0 l gi nhin liu chun
C th xy ra trng hp tm ra nh hn ng vi cng sut cc tiu Pmin hoc ln hn
ng vi cng sut cc i Pmax th khi ch cho nh my nhn cng sut Pmin hoc
Pmax.
Trong thc t vn hnh nh my, khi ph ti tng ln ta s nh my c nh nhn
thm cng sut trc, sau m bo i bng nhau vi mi nh my.
V d 2.5: Ly bi ton V d 2.3 nhng chng ta s s dng phng php va nu gii bi

ton ny.
Bc 1: Trc ht ta xc nh sut gia tng chi ph ca cc t my:
Z
Z
1 1 4, 4.P1 312 , 2 2 3, 4.P2 350
P2
P1
Xy dng c tuyn : (Phn mm Graph)
Hnh 2.4a: Thc hin bc 1 bng phn mm Graph.
2-10
Bc 2: Xy dng c tuyn (P) ca 2 t my bng cch gi tr s trn trc tung v

cng 2 gi tr cng sut trn trc honh.
Hnh 2.4b: Thc hin bc 2 bng phn mm Graph.
Bc 3: Xc nh gi tr ng vi gi tr cng sut ph ti Ppt =270MW.

Theo nh th hnh 2.4c th =851,282.
Hnh 2.4c: Thc hin bc 3 bng phn mm Graph.
2-11
2-12
Bc4: Xc nh cng sut ti u ca tng t my ng vi =851,282

Ta c c 2 gi tr P1 122,564MW v P2 147, 436MW .
Hnh 2.4d: Thc hin bc 4 bng phn mm Graph.
2-13
Ngun tham kho :

[1] Chng 2: Tnh ton phn b ti u cng sut trong h thng in bng phng php
Lagrange Mn hc: Vn hnh h thng in Nhm nh my in, b mn H thng in,
i hc Bch Khoa Nng.
[2] Ti liu bo_co_nhm_2.docx c upload ti website strymphonis.weebly.com.
Ph lc: Hi v tr li
Hi: (Nhm 4) 2 phng php gii 1 bi trong v d 2.3 v v d 2.5 th phng php no
gii quyt bi ton nhanh hn ?
Tr li: Theo nh kt qu t 2 v d gii th chng choc hung mt p n th nhng mi
phng php li ng dng trong nhng trng hp ring ca n.
Phng php gii bi ton bng tnh ton n thun s thch hp nu cho gi tr bng s liu
hoc bi ton n gin d dng gii quyt .
Phng php s dng th s ph hp cho bi ton ln vi cc hm chi ph nh sn.
V vy ta khng th kt lun phng php no s gii nhanh hn m cn phi ph thuc trng
hp c th.
Hi: (Nhm 5) Nhm trnh by cch phn b ti u cng sut gia cc nh my nhit in
vy cn gia cc nh my thy in th sao , c ng dng c khng ?
Tr li: Theo nh nhm tm hiu th bi ton ti u cng sut c th p dng cho cc nh my
thy in , nhng ta khng xt n mc tiu hao nhin liu m thay vo l lu lng nc
tiu hao.
3 Nh my nhit in s dng nhin liu ha thch ................................................................. 3-1

3.1 Tng quan ...................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1.1 Tnh hnh s dng cc ngun nhin liu trn th gii........................................ 3-1
3.1.2 Tnh hnh s dng Vit Nam .......................................................................... 3-4
3.2 Cc ngun nhin liu ha thch ..................................................................................... 3-8
3.2.1 Than ................................................................................................................... 3-8
3.2.2 Du ..................................................................................................................... 3-9
3.2.3 Kh t nhin ....................................................................................................... 3-9
3.3 Nguyn l hot ng ca nh my nhit in s dng nhin liu ha thch ............... 3-10
3.3.1 Tng quan v nguyn l hot ng ca nh my nhit in hi nc ............ 3-10
3.3.2 Cc thnh phn cn bn ca nh my nhit in hi nc .............................. 3-11
3.3.3 Nh my nhit in turbine kh (Gas turbine power plant).............................. 3-13
3.4 Phn tch chu trnh hot ng nh my nhit hi nc ............................................... 3-14
3.4.1 Hiu sut tng th nh my nhit hi nc ..................................................... 3-14
3.4.2 Chu trnh nhit ................................................................................................. 3-15
3.4.3 Phn tch chu trnh nhit Rankie ...................................................................... 3-17
3.4.4 Cc qu trnh b sung cho chu trnh nhit Rankie ........................................... 3-20
3.4.5 Mt s thng k v nh my nhit hi nc .................................................... 3-22
3.4.6 V d tnh ton ................................................................................................. 3-24
3.5 Nhng vn lin quan n nh my nhit in s dng nhin liu ha thch .......... 3-25
3.5.1 Nhng tiu ch xy dng nh my nhit dng nhin liu ha thch ................ 3-25
3.5.2 u im v nhc im ................................................................................... 3-27
3.5.3 Cc tc ng n mi trng ca nh my nhit in nhin liu ha thch.... 3-30
Ngun tham kho ....................................................................................................................... 3-32
Ph lc: Hi v tr li ................................................................................................................ 3-33
1. V Anh Tun
41104033
2. Dng Nguyn Hong Sn
41102905
3. Nguyn Nht Nam
41102145
4. Trn Thanh Kha
51101541
Bng thut ng
Cc t vit tt
IEO
OECD
EWG
IEA
EIP
TTP
SR
HR
Cc k hiu
International Energy Outlook

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Energy Working Group
International Energy Agency
Environment Integrity Project
Thermal power plants
Steam rate
Heat rate
W
Q
Cng c hc (kJ)
Nhit lng (kJ)
Hiu sut (%)
Hiu sut on nhit turbine (%)
Hiu sut on nhit bm (%)
n nhit (J/kg)
Entropy (J/K)
p sut (bar)
Nhit trung bnh ca nhit lng thm vo (oC)
T l sn xut hi (%)
T l t chy nhin liu (%)
Nhit dung ca nhin liu
h
s
p
Tm1
3 Nh my nhit in s dng nhin liu ha thch
3-1

3.1
Tng quan
Nhu cu s dng in ngy cng cao trong x hi hin nay, con ngi lun t ra nhng vn
trong lnh vc sn xut v phn phi in nng. Mc tng quan s trnh by tnh hnh s dng
cc ngun nhin liu trong sn xut in nng trn ton th cng nh Vit Nam.
3.1.1
Tnh hnh s dng cc ngun nhin liu trn th gii
Nhu cu s dng nng lng in trn ton th gii ngy cng tng cao do qu trnh pht trin
ca x hi, khoa hc v k thut. Nhng vn v tr lng cng nh vic khai thc v s dng
cc ngun nhin liu c xem l v cng quan trng i vi con ngi bi v cc ngun nhin
liu khng th ti to nh than , du ang dn cn kit theo nm thng trong khi nhu cu s
dng in ngy cng tng cao v thm na l cc vn v nh hng mi trng do cc qu
trnh sn xut in. Do , tt c cc quc gia trn ton th gii u ang hng ti mc tiu
gim pht thi, tm kim cc ngun nhin liu thay th, c kh nng ti to.
3.1.1.1 Ngun nng lng trn th gii
T l phn trm ca cc loi nhin liu s dng
cho qu trnh sn xut in dn thay i qua
tng thi k. Biu trong hnh 3.1.1 th hin
lch s, tng lai c d on ca cc ngun
nng lng trn th gii. Trong , nhng nm
1900, than chim t trng cao nht khong
45%, sau gim dn cn khong 20% vo
nm 2013 do cc vn v tr lng v mi
trng. Thay vo cc loi du v kh t
nhin ang chim t l cao khong 43% . Trong
tng lai, nhin liu ha thch c d bo s
dn b thay th bi cc ngun nhin liu sch
cho mi trng, c tr lng cao hay v hn
nh nng lng ht nhn v nng lng ti to.
D on vo nm 2100, t l phn trm s dng
Hnh 3.1.1: Lch s tng lai c d on cc loi nhin liu ny trong sn xut in vo
ca cc ngun nng lng trn th
khong chim khong 47% trn ton th gii.
gii nay [1]
Bn cnh , ngun nng lng c tr lng
cao nh nng lng sinh khi cng ang dn c ng dng bi tnh tit kim, bo v mi
trng, tuy nhin ngun nng lng ny phi ph thuc nhiu vo ngun cung cp.
3.1.1.2 Tnh hnh sn xut nng lng in trn th gii
Nm 2010, theo mt bo co ca t chc Trin vng nng lng quc t (International Energy
Outlook (IEO)), tng nhu cu in nng ca ton th gii s tng 87%, t 18,8 nghn t kWh
nm 2007 ln 25,0 nghn t kWh vo nm 2020 v 35,3 nghn t kWh vo nm 2035. Mc d
suy thoi kinh t lm gim tc gia tng ca nhu cu s dng in vo nm 2008 v nm
2009 nhng s pht trin s y nhanh tc tr li mc trc khng hong vo nm 2015.
3-2
Thc t, nhng quc gia trong T chc Hp tc v Pht trin Kinh t (Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)) ni c th trng in nng v m hnh tiu
th pht trin n nh th s gia tng nhu cu s dng in li din ra chm hn so vi nhng
quc gia khng thuc khi OECD, ni nhu cu s dng in nng rt ln vn cha c p ng
. Theo bo co , tng lng nhu cu s dng in ca cc quc gia khng thuc khi OECD
tng trung bnh khong 3,3% mi nm, so vi mc 1,1% cc quc qua thuc khi OECD.
Theo biu hnh 3.1.2 t nm 2007 n
nm 2035, mc s dng nng lng ti
to trn th gii sn xut in tng
trung bnh khong 3,0% mi nm v phn
trm s dng nng lng ti to trong sn
xut nng lng in th gii s tng t
18% vo nm 2007 n 23% vo nm
2035. Bn cnh , sn xut in bng
than d bo s tng hng nm vo khong
2,3% v than s vn l ngun nhin liu
c mc tng trng nhanh th 2 trong
vic sn xut in. Tuy nhin, vic s
dng than c th s thay i mt cch
Hnh 3.1.2: D bo mc sn xut nng lng ng k do cc lut v vic gim thiu v
in trn th gii theo nhin liu t nm
gii hn cc cht pht thi gy hiu ng
2007-2030 [2]
nh knh. S pht trin ca kh t nhin v
nng lng ht nhn trong sn xut inpht ra mt lng tng i t cc cht pht thi gy hin tng nh knh i vi kh t nhin v
khng c i vi nng lng ht nhn- s tng tng ng khong 2,1% v 2,0% mi nm.
Hu ht in nng ca th gii c sn xut bi cc nh my nhit in (Thermal power plants
(TPP)) s dng cc nhin liu truyn thng nh than , du, kh t.
Theo d bo vo nm 2035, sn xut in bng than chim khong 42% tng lng cung cp
in ca th gii. Vic gi xng du v kh t nhin mc cao khin cho vic s dng than
trong sn xut in vn hp dn hn v mt kinh t.
3.1.1.3 Sn xut nng lng in bng ngun nhin liu than , du v kh trn th gii
Nng lng in t cc nhin liu ha thch nh than , du m v kh ha lng l ba loi hnh
quan trong nht c nh hng ln n i sng ca mi ngi v qu trnh sn xut in nng.
Trn bo mng nangluongvietnam.vn, ngy 26/06/2014, trong bi Th trng nng lng Vit
Nam [18], ng Nguyn Ch Quang, Ph trng ban Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Chin lc Pht
trin Tp on Cng nghip Than- Khong sn Vit Nam, cho bit tnh hnh v cu trc th
trng than trn th gii. Sau y l trch dn t bi bo:
...Thc t ang cho thy tr lng cc ngun nng lng chnh c xu hng gim. Theo vn
phng T chc kim sot nng lng Anh (EWG) v IEA a ra nh gi d bo khong
41,4 nm na th gii s cn kit ngun du m, 60,3 nm na s cn kit ngun kh t nhin v
117 nm na s cn kit ngun than. Nm 2015, th gii s c khong 550 thnh ph c quy m
3-3
hn 1 triu ngi. Nm 2030, s c thm khong 2 t ngi (chim 60% dn s th gii) sinh
sng ti cc thnh ph ln. Cng vi vic tng dn s, cc thnh ph ln s tiu tn 75% ngun
nng lng, ng thi sn sinh 70% lng pht thi nh knh, ch yu l kh CO2. Th gii s
phi cn 10,5 nghn t euro u t cho ngnh nng lng. Trong bi cnh , nhiu quc gia trn
th gii ang hnh ng khn cp tng cng an ninh nng lng m bo an ninh quc
gia.
Ngun nng lng Than (than) ng vai tr sng cn vi sn xut in v vai tr ny s cn
c duy tr v tng ln trong tng lai. Khong 39% lng in sn xut ra trn ton th gii l
t ngun than (d bo cho n nm 2030). Lng tiu th than cng c d bo s tng mc
t 0.9% n 1.5% t nay cho n nm 2030. Th trng than ln nht l chu (ch yu l
Trung Quc, n ), chim khong 54% lng than tiu th trn ton th gii. Mt s nc
khc khng c than phi nhp khu than cho cc nhu cu v nng lng nh: Nht Bn, i
Loan v Hn Quc. Hng nm c khong hn 4,03 t tn than c khai thc, con s ny tng
38% trong vng 20 nm qua. Sn lng khai thc tng nhanh nht chu , trong khi chu
u khai thc vi tc gim dn. Cc nc khai thc than ln nht hin nay l: Trung Quc,
M, n , c v Nam Phi. Hu ht cc nc khai thc than cho nhu cu tiu dng ni a, ch
c khong 18% than dnh cho th trng xut khu. Lng than khai thc c d bo ti nm
2030 vo khong 7 t tn, vi Trung Quc chim khong hn mt na sn lng (3,5-4,0 t tn),
cc nc khng thuc khi OECD l 1,6% nm, ngc li c s suy gim trong OECD l -0,9%
/nm, vi n l 13% s vt qua M chim v tr th hai trong nm 2024, vo cui th k
21, n thay th Trung Quc nh l quc gia hng u v tng trng nhu cu than.
Hin Australia l nh sn xut than ng th 4 th gii (trn 400 triu tn nm 2013), sau Trung
Quc, M v n ; l nc xut khu than ln nht th gii (xp x 200 triu tn nm 2013).
Nht Bn chim 39,3% kim ngch xut khu than ca Australia - phn ln nht, vi tng
cng 115.300.000 tn nm 2013. K n l Trung Quc v Hn Quc vi hn 40 triu tn. Mc
d lng than xut khu ca c vo th trng chu , tuy nhin phn than cn li ca nc
ny c tiu th trn ton th gii trong chu u, chu M v chu Phi.
T trng s dng than trong sn xut in trn th gii ang c xu hng gim t 43% nm 2012
n 37% vo nm 2035. Tuy nhin, Trung Quc vn l nc c t trng s dng than sn xut
in cao nht l 68% nm 2012 v gim xung 52% nm 2035.
Theo kt qu nh gi mi y ca WEC cho thy, ngun ti nguyn than trn th gii khong
860 t tn, trong c 405 t tn (47%) than bituminous (bao gm c than anthracite), v 260 t
tn (30%) than sub-bituminous v 195 t tn (23%) than nu (lignite). Ch yu tp trung M,
Nga, Trung Quc, n , c v mt s nc chu u, nhng li l cc quc gia c nhu cu tiu
th nng lng ngy cng gia tng trong khi ngun ti nguyn than li ngy cng cn kit. Ti
Hi ngh thng nh EU (22/5/2013), d kin n nm 2035, EU phi nhp ti 70% nhu cu
than v n s sm tr thnh nc tiu th nng lng ln th 4 th gii sau Hoa K, Trung
Quc, Nht Bn. Do , iu ny s tc ng n c cu quyn lc ca th gii, vn an ninh
nng lng ngy cng tr nn cp bch...
3-4
Bng 3.1.1: Cc quc gia c t l s dng than cao trong sn

xut nng lng in ca quc gia [IEA 2010]
T l s dng than trong sn xut in nng
Nam Phi 93% Ba Lan 92%
Trung Quc 79%
c 77%
Kazakhtan 70%
n 69%
Israel 63%
Cng ha Czech 60% Ma Rc 55%
Hy Lp 52%
M 49%
c 46%
3.1.2
Cng theo thng tin t IEA

nm 2010 nhng quc gia
c mc tiu th than cao
trong sn xut in l Nam
Phi 93%, Phn Lan 92%,
Trung Quc 79% v mt s
quc qua khc c th
hin bng 3.1.1
Tnh hnh s dng Vit Nam
Vit Nam nm trong top nhng nc tiu th nng lng tng i ln so vi khu vc v trn
th gii. Tng trng kinh t lin tc vi tc kh cao ca Vit Nam gip ci thin mc sng
ca ngi dn v lm tng nhu cu s dng nng lng. D bo nhu cu in ca Quy hoch
in VII, tng trng nhu cu nng lng ca Vit Nam l 8,1-8,7% giai on (2001-2020),
trong nm 2010 trn 100 t kWh, nm 2020 l 330-362 t kWh, nm 2030 l 695-834 t
kWh. Phn ny s trnh by v tnh hnh s dng ngun nhin liu than v du, nhng vn
cp bch trong an ninh nng lng Vit Nam v mt s hng gii quyt trong tng lai. Sau
cng trnh by mt s nh my nhit in s dng nhin liu ha thch Vit Nam.
3.1.2.1 Vn v nng lng than , du v kh t nhin Vit Nam
Cng trong bi bo phn trn, ng Nguyn Ch Quang cp n tnh hnh khai thc v s
dng nhin liu ha thch, c bit l than ca Vit Nam.
Nhu cu in ngy cng ln, kh nng cn i ti chnh khai thc v ch bin 55-58 triu tn
than sau nm 2015 l rt kh khn. Nhu cu than ring cho ngnh in vo nm 2020 vi cng
sut cc nh my in than l 36 nghn MW sn xut 154,44 t kWh, s tiu th 67,3 triu tn
than. Nm 2030, cng sut cc nh my nhit in than l 75.748,8 MW sn xut 391,980 t
kWh, tiu th ti 171 triu tn than.
Vit Nam s tr thnh nc nhp khu than trc nm 2020. Nu khng m bo c k hoch
khai thc hp l v tit kim ngun ti nguyn than, tnh hung phi nhp khu than s xut hin
sm hn vo khong nm 2015-2018. iu cho thy vn m bo ngun than cho sn xut
in ca Vit Nam s chuyn t gii hn trong phm vi mt quc gia thnh mt phn ca th
trng quc t v chu s tc ng thay i ca n.
Vit Nam l nc c tim nng v ti nguyn than, bao gm: than anthracite phn b ch yu
cc b than Qung Ninh, Thi Nguyn, sng , Nng Sn, vi tng ti nguyn t trn 18 t
tn. B than Qung Ninh l ln nht vi ti nguyn tr lng t trn 9 t tn, trong hn 4 t
tn than c thm d v nh gi m bo tin cy. B than Qung Ninh c khai thc
t hn 100 nm nay phc v tt cho cc nhu cu trong nc v xut khu. Than bitum phn
lc a trong b than sng Hng tnh n chiu su -1700m (di mc nc bin) c ti nguyn
tr lng t 36,960 t tn. Nu tnh n su -3500m th d bo tng ti nguyn than t n
210 t tn. Than bn (peat coal) vi tr lng khong 7 t m3, ch yu tp trung ng bng
sng Cu Long (khong 5 t tn).
3-5
Vic tin hnh khai thc than m bo cho nhu cu sn xut in hin nay ch yu tp trung
B than ng Bc (trn a bn tnh Qung Ninh), ngoi ra c mt s m than cc tnh Thi
Nguyn, Lng Sn, Nng Sn vi sn lng 46,98 triu tn; 48,28 triu tn v 44,33 triu tn,
42,85 triu tn than nguyn khai tng ng vi cc nm 2010, 2011 v 2012, 2013. K hoch di
hn ca ngnh than phn u n nm 2015 sn lng than thng phm t 55 triu tn (thc t
iu chnh ch t 46 triu tn) v khong 65-60 triu tn than vo nm 2020, v 66 - 70 triu tn
vo nm 2025, trn 75 triu tn vo nm 2030, tng i ph hp vi mc tiu pht trin khai
thc than c Chnh ph ph duyt theo Quy Hoch Pht Trin Ngnh Than (Quy hoch 60)
v k hoch sn xut kinh doanh v u t pht trin 5 nm 2011-2015 ca VINACOMIN nhm
p ng ti a nhu cu s dng than trong nc, gp phn bo m an ninh nng lng quc gia.
Tuy nhin trong giai on 2025-2030 cho thy kh nng khai thc v ch bin than ca
VINACOMIN cng ch p ng c 40-50% nhu cu than cho sn xut in, thc cht sn
lng than s ch cung cp cho khong 12.000 MW, ngha l sn xut c khng qu 72 t
kWh mi nm, k c n nhng nm 2025-2030, do cho thy Vit Nam s sm tr thnh
quc gia nhp khu than trong giai on sau 2020.
3.1.2.2 Nhng vn i vi vic m bo ngun nhin liu than cho Vit Nam
Nhng thch thc trong vic pht trin ca ngnh than m bo an ninh nng lng giai on
2015-2030:
Nhng ri ro khng lng trc khi thm d, nh gi tr lng than su hn 300m

so vi mc nc bin vng than ng Bc, v hn -1000m ng bng sng Hng do
hn ch v trnh cng ngh thm d, phng php nh gi (t nhng nm 70) v kt
qu l chi ph u t ln, sai s cao v tin cy thp.
Ti nguyn than cha c nh gi theo nguyn tc th trng (cha c nh gi), do
dn n lng ph, qun l khng hiu qu v khng th chia s v hi nhp vi th
trng th gii (cha c coi l ngun vn pht trin kinh t x hi).
Hn ch v p dng c gii ha, t ng ha cng ngh khai thc than bng phng php
hm l cc tng su, iu kin a cht phc tp, thng tin khng tin cy; ri ro v mt
an ton cho con ngi v cng trnh, thit b my mc cao, dn n nng sut thp, gi
thnh than cao v khng m bo li hiu qu u t v li nhun kinh doanh ca cc
doanh nghip m.
Nhu cu v vn u t pht trin v xy dng mi cc m than hm l, v khai thc
than ng bng sng Hng tng sn lng than p ng nhu cu sn xut in trong
giai on 2010-2030 c nh gi khong 50-80 t USD, y l mt thch thc rt ln
i vi th trng ti chnh Vit Nam vi quy m ngun vn cn rt nh v nhiu ri ro
i vi nh u t.
Vit Nam, hiu sut s dng nng lng trong cc nh my nhit in ch t 28-32%
(thp hn mc th gii 10%), hiu sut cc l hi cng nghip ch t khong 60% (thp
hn mc trung bnh ca th gii khong 20%). Do lng than tiu hao cho mt n v
nng lng ca Vit Nam cao hn nhiu khng ch so vi cc nc pht trin, m so c
vi nhng nc trong khu vc. ng thi gy ra nhim mi trng v tng pht thi
kh nh knh (GHG) to ra ri ro cao v tnh tun th php lut v quy nh v bo v mi
trng trong nc v quc t.
Bin i kh hu lm mc mc bin dng cao tc ng ln n cc cng trnh cng,
nh my ch bin than v cc c s h tng ca ngnh than nm di ven b c th b
ngng tr v thit hi nng n. Mt khc, mt s a phng c ti nguyn than nh Thi
3-6
Bnh, Hng Yn thuc ng bng sng Hng c th b ngp do nc bin dng gy ri ro

cao cho vic u t thm d v khai thc than ti y.
3.1.2.3 Nhng bin php m bo ngun nhin liu than cho an ninh nng lng Vit Nam
Tip tc theo ng Nguyn Ch Quang, chng ta cn phi tin hnh:
Khai thc v s dng than mt cch tit kim v hiu qu, trong qun l cng nh ng
dng cng ngh, v s dng than
u t pht trin v i mi cng ngh trong ngnh than ph hp vi su khai thc
ln v c tnh an ton cao cho ngi v thit b
Hnh thnh th trng ti chnh nng lng, vi ngun vn l cc ti nguyn nng lng
(than) c nh gi v huy ng u t nh l mt ngun vn chnh, lin kt cht ch
vi cc th trng ti chnh m trn th gii, nh ASX (c), TSX (Canada)
i mi quy trnh lm quy hoch nng lng t quy hoch ring r tng ngnh (in, du
kh v than) sang lp quy hoch tng th v ng b nng lng bao gm than, du kh
v in trong mt h thng ti u v c tin cy cao trn thc t
Sa i, b sung v hon thin h thng php lut, v cc vn bn di lut lin quan n
qun l ti nguyn nng lng (than) theo tiu chun quc t (JOCR-c; NI43-101Canada) v c ch th trng, c nh gi v qun l nh mt ngun vn huy
ng u t v pht trin cc d n m t cc th trng ti chnh trong nc v quc t
Hnh thnh v pht trin chnh sch ngoi giao nng lng, trong c ni dung v ti
nguyn than, vi cc ni dung c bn sau y:
Tng cng v a dng ho quan h vi cc nc xut khu than (c, Indonesia,
Nga)
Pht trin hp tc song phng vi a phng trn lnh vc than, nh hp tc xy
dng kho d tr than chin lc, bo v cc tuyn ng vn chuyn than trn bin
Hp tc trong lnh vc mi trng m v bin i kh hu
Hp tc trong lnh vc cng ngh than sch, nh kh ha than ngm, cng ngh thu
hi v chon lp carbon (CCT)
Th t, y mnh chin lc tng trng xanh
3.1.2.4 Cc nh my nhit in ln s dng than , du v kh t Vit Nam

3.1.2.4.1. Nh my Nhit in Ph li
V phn b, cc nh my nhit in tp trung khu vc BSH v vng ph cn, do y c
ngun nhin liu than v th trng tiu th. Ln nht l nh my nhit in Ph Li, cng sut
440.000 KW, d kin xy dng nh my nhit in Ph Li 2, cng sut 600.000 kW. Cng ty
C phn Nhit in Ph Li c tin thn l nh my nhit in Ph Li, l mt Cng ty chuyn
sn xut in nng t nhin liu than thin nhin. Cng ty thuc a phn th x Ch Linh,
tnh Hi Dng, cch th H Ni 56 km v pha ng bc, st gc pha Bc ng 18 v t
ngn sng Thi Bnh. Cng ty c khi cng xy dng ngy 17.05.1980 vi cng sut 440
MW, gm 4 t turbine my pht v 8 l hi theo khi hai l - mt my, mi my 110 MW.
Cng ty Nhit in Ph Li c nh my in ln nht trong h thng in min Bc lc by gi,
c cc ch tiu kinh t k thut cao. cc t my ca nhit in Ph Li ln lt vo vn hnh
p ng kp thi tc tng trng ph ti mnh trong thp k 80. T nm 1989 n 1993, sn
lng in ca nh my gim dn do cc t my ca nh my thu in Ho Bnh ln lt ho
vo li in min Bc. T nm 1994, khi c ng dy 500kV Bc Nam, thng nht h thng
in trong c nc, nh my nhit in Ph Li c tng cng khai thc.
3-7
3.1.2.4.2. Nh my nhit in Ph M [17]

Nh my nhit in Ph M l mt t hp gm 5 nh my nhit
in do Cng ty Nhit in Ph M qun l. Cc nh my gm
Ph M 1, 2-1, 2-2, 3 v 4, vi tng cng sut 3.900 MW cung
cp khong 40% lng in ca Vit Nam.
Nh my t ti th trn Ph M, huyn Tn Thnh, tnh B Ra Vng Tu. Ngun nhin liu cung cp cho cc nh my l kh
thin nhin Nam Cn Sn v m Bch H, v du ch sau
bo tr, vi mc tiu th khong 10 triu m kh/ngy.
3.1.2.4.3. Mt s nh my nhit in s dng than, du v kh
t khc
Nh my nhit in Cm Ph nm ti khu vc Cu 20, phng
Cm Thnh, th x Cm Ph, tnh Qung Ninh, Vit Nam do Tp
on
Cng
nghip
Than
Khong
sn
Vit
Nam (Vinacomin), Tng cng ty xy dng cng nghip Vit
Nam(Vinaincon) v cc cng ty than trn a bn th x Cm Ph
lm Ch u t. Tng cng sut ca nh my l 600 MW v sn
lng in nng hng nm l 3,68 t KWh.
Nh my nhit in Mo Kh nm trn a bn 3 x Bnh Kh,
Xun Sn v Trng An thuc huyn ng Triu, tnh Qung
Ninh, Vit Nam vi tng din tch 72ha do Tp on Cng
nghip Than - Khong sn Vit Nam (Vinacomin) lm ch u
Hnh 3.1.1: Bn th hin t. Tng cng sut ca nh my l 440 MW v sn lng in
ngnh cng nghip nng hng nm cung cp khong 2,6 t kWh.
nng lng Vit
Nam [3]
Nh my Nhit in Sn ng l mt nh my nhit in dng
than do Tp on Than- Khong sn Vit Nam lm ch u t
xy dng nm 2004. Cng sut thit k ca nh my 220MW, bao gm hai khi t my (mi
khi gm: 1 l hi tng si tun hon (L CFB), 1 tua bin ngng hi thun tu, mt my pht
cng sut 110MW 50 Hz). a im t nh my c chn ti thn ng R, x Thanh Lun,
huyn Sn ng, tnh Bc Giang - cch m than ng R 2,5 km v nm trong vng m ca
Khu bo tn pha Ty Yn T. Nh my s c cung cp than thng qua tuyn bng ti ni vi
m than ng R v nc phc v vn hnh nh my c ly t hai ngun: sui ng R v
sui Nc Vng bng cch p p ngn sui to thnh h cha.
Nh my nhit in Th c (nay l Cng ty Nhit in Th c) nm pha ng
bc Thnh ph H Ch Minh, cch trung tm thnh ph 12 km, c tng din tch 15,5 ha. a
ch: km 9 Xa l H Ni, phng Trng Th, qun Th c, Thnh ph H Ch Minh. y l
mt trong nhng nh my in lu i nht min Nam hin vn cn hot ng tt, v vn pht
in ln li in Quc gia.Tng cng sut kh dng: vi cc t my hi nc l 153 MW v
cc t my tua bin kh l 94 MW.
3-8
Nh my nhit in Vng ng 1 l nh my nhit in hin ang xy dng t ti huyn K

Anh, tnh H Tnh, nh my d kin i vo hot ng vo nm 2012. y l d n nh my nhit
in ln nht hin nay khu vc min Trung Vit Nam v l mt trong 4 nh my ca trung tm
nhit in Vng ng ang c xy dng vi Tng mc u t: 1,242 t USD v tng Cng
sut d kin: 1.200 MW.
Cc ngun nhin liu ha thch
3.2
3.2.1
Than
Than l nhin liu c tr lng ln. Than c hnh
thnh t hng triu nm trc, do cy ci phn hy
to thnh. Cc hot ng a cht (a nhit, p sut
trong lng t, s dch chuyn ca b mt Tri
t, ) gip lm tng cht lng ca than.
Phn loi than (theo chiu tng dn ca hm lng

carbon)
Than bn (peat)
<25% Carbon
Than non (lignite) 25-35% Carbon
Hnh 3.2.1: Biu th hin vic s
Than bitum (subbituminous) 35-45%
dng cc loi than khc Carbon
nhau sn xut nng
Than bitum (bituminous)45-86% Carbon
lng Hoa K. [4]
Than hot tnh (anthracite) 86-97% Carbon
Thnh
t
phn ca than khi phn theo c tnh

Carbon c nh (fixed carbon)
Cht d bay hi (volatile matter)
m (moisture)
xc nh hm lng cc thnh phn trn,

ta dng mt mu than c khi lng 1g, t
n cho m 105oC, khi phn m s
mt i. Tip tc t than nhit 950oC
trong vng 7 pht, khi cc cht bay Hnh 3.2.2: Hm lng v m, cht d bay hi v
carbon c nh bn trong cc loi than
hi cng s bin mt, li cho ta thnh
khc nhau [4]
phn carbon c nh.
Thnh phn ca than khi phn theo cc nguyn t ha hc: bao gm cc nguyn t carbon (C),
hydro (H), oxy (O), nitro (N) v lu hunh (S). Vic t 1 kg than s to ra mt nhit lng c
th c tnh theo cng thc
t 1kg than bitum, ta c th thu c mt nhit lng khong 24-35MJ .

Cc u im ca than
Gi thnh khng cao v t bin ng
(2.1)
3-9
S lng ln
D chy, to ra c lng nhit ln
Khng i hi cng ngh qu cao khi xy dng nh my in
Cc nhc im ca than
t than to ra CO2 (gy hiu ng nh knh) v nhiu cht gy hi cho mi trng khc
Than l ngun nhin liu khng ti to c
Vic khai thc than cng gy nh hng n mi trng
3.2.2
Du
Du c hnh thnh bi xc cc sinh vt bin b phn r di y bin. Du l ngun nhin

liu d s dng, d chy. N l mt hn hp ca cc hydro carbon (thng l cc hp cht nhm
parafin CnH2n+2).
Thnh phn ha hc ca du:
Carbon 83-87%
Hydrogen 11-16%
Oxygen + Nitrogen 0-7%
Sulphur 0-4%
Du th sau qu trnh tinh ch,
cc sn phm c khi lng nh
(xng, kerosene) s c dng
lm nhin liu cho phng tin
giao thng, cc phn c khi
lng ln hn (du diesel) dng
Hnh 3.2.3: S l tinh ch du th v cc sn phm to
lm nhin liu t cho ni hi.
thnh.[5]
t 1kg du diesel, ta c th thu c mt nhit lng khong 43MJ.
Cc u im ca du
D chy, to ra lng nhit ln
S lng ln
Khng i hi cng ngh qu cao khi xy dng nh my in
Cc nhc im ca du
t du cng to ra CO2 gy ra hiu ng nh knh
Gi du trong nhng nm gn y c nhiu bin ng
3.2.3
Kh t nhin
L mt loi nhin liu ha thch sinh ra do cc lp xc ng thc vt b tc ng bi nhit v p

sut qua hng ngn nm.Thnh phn ch yu ca kh t nhin l methane (khong 90%), ngoi
ra cn mt s loi ankan khc cng nh Hydro, lu hunh.
t 1 mt khi kh t nhin to ra c khong 38 MJ nhit lng
3-10
Hnh 3.2.4: Biu thnh phn ha hc

ca kh t nhin [6]
3.3
Cc u im ca kh t nhin
t kh t nhin t gy hi n mi trng
hn so vi than hay du
S lng ln
An ton khi t hn so vi du v than
Cc nhc im ca kh t nhin
R r kh s gy nguy hi n sc khe con
ngi
Chi ph u t cho cc nh my kh t nhin
s cao hn du hay than
Kh vn chuyn
Nguyn l hot ng ca nh my nhit in s dng nhin liu ha thch
Da vo chu trnh hot ng, ngi ta phn nh my nhit in ra lm hai loi c bn, l nh
my nhit in hi nc v nh my nhit in kh.
S khc bit chnh nm cht lu hot ng trong chu trnh nhit v cc loi turbine tng ng.
Vi mi loi nh my, nhin liu m chng s dng cng khc nhau, nu nh nh my nhit in
hi nc s dng than, du t nng nc lm quay turbine th nh my nhit in kh li
dng kh t nhin t nng v dng chnh lng kh ny lm quay turbine.
Chng ta s tp trung lm r loi hnh nh my nhit in hi nc, t ch ra cc im khc
nhau gia hai loi hnh rt ngn qu trnh phn tch ng thi c mt ci nhn c th hn v
c hai loi nh my ny.
3.3.1
Tng quan v nguyn l hot ng ca nh my nhit in hi nc
Than s c a t ni cha nhin liu vo, qua my nghin nghin nh ra, sau c a
vo bung t. Nc s c bm ln t ngun nc, i qua ng dn vo l hi. Nhit lng ta
ra khi t than lm nc bay hi.
Lng hi nc ny c nhit v
p sut cao, s c a i lm
quay turbine. Turbine c kt ni
vi mt my pht in. Turbine
quay lm my pht in quay theo
v to ra in, lng in ny s
c truyn i. Hi nc sau khi i
qua turbine xong s c ngng t
c th s dng li lng nc
ny, ng thi lm tng hiu sut
ca chu trnh nhit.
Hnh 3.3.1: S nh my nhit in than [7]
3.3.2
3-11
Cc thnh phn cn bn ca nh my nhit in hi nc
Mt nh my nhit in hi nc (dng than hay du) s c nhng thnh phn c bn sau

Bung hi v l t
Turbin hi
My pht in
Thit b ngng t
Thp lm mt
Thit b lc
ng khi
3.3.2.1 L hi v bung t (boiler and furnace)
L thit b ct li ca nh my nhit in than v du,
c nhim v to ra hi nc c nhit v p sut
cao.
L hi thng c kch thc ln, v lm bng thp
chu lc c th chu c nhit v p sut cao.
Hnh 3.3.2: Hnh nh ca mt l hi C 2 loi l hi l l hi ng nng v l hi ng
nc.
trong thc t [7]
L hi ng nng
(Fire-tube boiler)
l loi l hi m hi nng pht ra khi t nhin liu c
truyn qua cc ng, v nc cn un nng bao quanh cc
ng ny.
Loi l hi ny hin ny gn nh khng cn c dng
trong cc nh my in na v mt s im yu nh: hiu
sut thp (do kh nng truyn nhit thp), khng to c
hi nc vi p sut
hn 17 bar. Tuy
nhin chng vn
c dng trong cc Hnh 3.3.3: M hnh ca l hi
ng nng. [8]
c s cng nghip
nh v chng r, d s dng, d sa cha.
L hi ng nc (Water-tube boiler) l loi l hi m
nc c lu chuyn bn trong cc ng v c un
nng bi nhit xung quanh.
N c nhiu u im nh din tch truyn nhit ln (bng
Hnh 3.3.4: M hnh l hi ng nc cch s dng nhiu ng), vic truyn nhit din ra nhanh
[8]
hn, hiu sut cao hn l hi ng nng. Hi nc to ra
cng c th t p sut cao hn. y l loi l hi c s dng ch yu trong cc nh my nhit
in hin nay.
3-12
3.3.2.2 Turbine hi (Steam turbine)

Turbine hi l thit b c nhim v chuyn nng lng
ca hi nc thnh c nng. C nng ny c s dng
lm quay my pht in.
Turbine hi bao gm cc cnh c nh (fixed blades) v
cc cnh di ng (mobile blades). Hi nc vi nhit
v p sut cao c a vo cc cnh c nh. Cc cnh
ny c thit k lm gim p sut ca hi c i
vo, nh lm tng tc ca dng hi c (nh
lut Bernoulli). Sau hi nc tc cao di chuyn
Hnh 3.3.5: Hnh nh mt turbin hi n cc cnh di ng v lm chng quay.
c sn xut bi
Siemens [10]
3.3.2.3 My pht in (Generator)
My pht in l thit b chuyn ha c
nng thnh in nng.
My pht in hot ng da trn hin
tng cm ng in t v nguyn l ng
b. Rotor s c mt dy qun c kch t
bi dng in DC. Rotor quay s lm t
trng quay theo, nh hin tng cm ng
in t nn xut hin sut in ng cm
ng cc cun dy trn stator. in p ly
t my pht in s c a n my bin
p nng ln mc in p cao v truyn
i.
Hnh 3.3.6: Hnh nh ca mt turbogenerator

(my pht in kt hp vi turbin)
c sn xut bi hng Siemens
[11]
3.3.2.4 Thit b ngng t (Condenser)
Trong nh my in, n c dng ngng t
lng hi nc i ra khi turbine hi t hiu
sut cc i v c th dng li lng nc ny.
Cu to ca thit b ngng t gm mt bnh cha c

Hnh 3.3.7: M hnh ca mt thit b cc ng c nc nhit thp chy qua. Vic ngng
t li hi nc sau khi ra khi turbine c th tng
ngng t [7]
c hiu sut l v hiu sut ca turbine ph thuc
vo lng nhit ca hi nc c chuyn ha thnh c nng. Vic ngng t hi nc u ra
lm chnh lch p sut gia hi nc u vo v u ra tng ln, dn n lng nhit c th
dng chuyn ha thnh c nng cng tng ln.
3-13
3.3.2.5 Thp lm mt (Cooling Tower)

Thp lm mt l thit b dng loi b nhit lng
d tha. Lng nc lnh dng trong thit b ngng
t, khi tip xc nhiu vi hi nc u ra turbine,
s b tng nhit . l l do chng c a qua
thp lm mt loi b lng nhit ny.
Nc cn c lm mt s c cho di chuyn trong
cc ng v cho chy nh git xung bn di.
Khng kh s i vo pha y thp, trao i nhit vi
lng nc ny. Do khi lng ring ca khng
kh gim xung, v tip tc bay ln v trao i nhit
vi nc. Thp lm lnh c hnh dng hyperbolic, n
c hnh dng ny lm gim tc di chuyn ca
dng khng kh, ng thi khng kh c th bm Hnh 3.3.8: Hnh nh thp lm mt
theo thnh thp di chuyn mt cch d dng
[12]
3.3.2.6 Thit b lc (Electrostatic precipitator)
L thit b dng lc bi v cc ht c hi khc ra khi kh thi. N
hot ng bng cch np in cho cc ht bi v sau ht chng bng
cc in cc dng. Bi ny s cho ri xung v c nn li v ch i
x l.
3.3.2.7 ng khi (Flue-gas stack)
Hnh 3.3.9: Thit b lc Sau khi kh thi c lc bi v
13]
cc ht c hi khc, chng s
c a n ng khi thi ra.
Chng ct thit k ng cho
kh thi nng c th d dng thot
ra.
3.3.3
Nh my nhit in turbine kh (Gas turbine

power plant)
Nh tng cp, y l loi nh my nhit in s dng Hnh 3.3.10: Hnh nh mt ng

khi ca mt nh
kh t nhin lm nhin liu. Khng ging nh nh my
my
in
nhit in hi nc s dng than hay du, loi nh my

Kazakhstan [14]
ny khng un nc to ra hi nc, m s dng chnh
kh t nhin lm quay turbine. Do loi turbine c s dng khng phi l turbin hi m l
turbin kh (gas turbine).
Turbine kh l mt loi ng c t trong, gm mt h thng nn, mt turbine, v bung t nm
gia.
3-14
Kh s c a vo thng qua
l kh (inlet section) v s c
nn li n p sut khong 15-20
bar
nh
thit
b
nn
(compressor). Thit b nn bao
gm nhiu hng, mi hng cha
nhiu cnh dng nn kh theo
nh lut Bernoulli. Cc hng
cnh ny c t lin tip nhau
kh c nn hng trc c
th c nn tip hng sau.
Nhng cnh ny s quay cng
vi turbine.
Hnh 3.3.11: Hnh nh mt turbin kh sn xut bi Siemens
Kh sau khi nn s c a vo
[15]
bung
t
(combustion
chamber). Bung t gm cc
vi phun nhin liu vo ha ln vi kh, v s c t vi nhit khong 1400-1500oC. Kh ra
khi bung t s c p sut v nhit cao, s c a vo turbin.
Phn turbine hot ng tng t nh turbine hi. Kh ra khi turbine s c thi ra nh h
thng thi (exhaust system).
3.4
3.4.1
Phn tch chu trnh hot ng nh my nhit hi nc

Hiu sut tng th nh my nhit hi nc
Nh my nhit in hi nc c xem nh mt h thng chuyn i nng lng t nhit nng

ca nhin liu ha thch thnh nng lng in. Mt cch tng quan nht, c th d dng nh
ngha biu thc hiu sut tng th ca ton b nh my nh sau:
Trong thc t hot ng, hiu sut ny b chi phi bi rt nhiu cc yu t khc nhau, c th
hin qua tng qu trnh hot ng ca nh my, trong quan trng nht l hiu sut chu trnh
nhit- thng rt thp v l yu t gy nh hng ln nht n hiu sut tng th.
Ta c th phn tch hiu sut nh my nh sau:
(4.1)
Trong bao gm hiu sut l hi, chu trnh nhit, turbine, my pht in v t l in nng cn
li sau khi cung cp ngc li cho cc thit b trong nh my.
3.4.1.1 Hiu sut l hi
L hi lm nhim v hp th nhit t nhit lng ta ra bung t lm qu nhit nc,
chuyn nc lng thnh hi nhit lm vic ca turbine. Do , hiu sut ca n c nh
ngha:
3-15
3.4.1.2 Hiu sut chu trnh nhit

Nh my nhit in hi nc hot ng nh vo chu trnh nhit, trong nhit nng cht lu
(nc v hi nc) chuyn ha thnh cng trong chu trnh, ng thi mt mt mt lng rt ln
(trn 50%) vo mi trng qu trnh ngng t (khng th trnh khi). Hiu sut ny s c
phn tch k lng sau, v c bn n c nh ngha:
3.4.1.3 Hiu sut turbine

Turbine gii phng cng c ch t dng chy ca cht lu (hi nc). Trong qu trnh hot ng,
ma st nht, qu trnh tit lu v mt s yu t khc nh hng n hiu sut ca n- c nh
ngha:
3.4.1.4 Hiu sut my pht

T chuyn ng quay ca turbine, my pht theo c ch my pht ng b chuyn ha cng c
hc thnh nng lng in nng sau truyn i, hiu sut my pht c nh ngha:
3.4.1.5 T l in nng cn li sau khi cung cp ngc li cho h thng trong nh my

Trong nh my, rt nhiu thit b nh h thng qut, my nghin, my p than, bng chuyn...
cn mt lng ln in nng hot ng, in nng ny c ly ra trc tip t nh my, do
lng in c truyn ti i b gim mt phn, nu quy v hiu sut th c nh ngha:
3.4.2
Chu trnh nhit
Nh phn tch trn, nguyn l hot ng ca nh my nhit in hi l chuyn ha nhit

nng thnh in nng thng qua chu trnh nhit ca nc v hi nc, y cng l yu t c hiu
sut thp nht v v vy nh hng ln nht n hiu sut ca nh my, chng ta s phn tch chi
tit chu trnh nhit thng thy- chu trnh Rankie.
3.4.2.1 Chu trnh nhit tng qut
Hnh 4.1 th hin mt chu trnh nhit tng quan nht, trong gm c cc qu trnh:
3-16
Nng lng c gii phng nh

vic t nhin liu c chuyn cho
nc trong l hi to hi nc p
sut v nhit cao.
Lng hi ny s gin n trong
turbine ti mt p sut thp to ra
cng c hc.
Dng hi ri khi turbine c
ngng t bn trong bnh ngng, ni
nc lnh n t sng hay bin s ly i
lng ln nhit trong sut qu trnh
ngng t.
Nc sau c dn tr li l
Hnh 3.4.1: S hot ng nh my nhit in hi bng h thng bm.
hi [16]
Chu trnh sau c lp li.
T nh ngha hiu sut chu trnh nhit, p dng cc nh l v nhit nng ta suy ra hiu sut ca
chu trnh ny:
Vi:
Q1 l nhit truyn cho nc, kJ/kg

Q2 l nhit ta ra t nc, kJ/kg
Wnet l cng to ra t nc, kJ/kg
3.4.2.2 Chu trnh nhit Rankie l

tng
Vi gi thit mi qu trnh trong chu
trnh nhit u l tng, v hon ho
theo cc ch hot ng nh
trc. Trong l hi s din ra qu
trnh hp th nhit ng p thun
nghch gip nc chuyn thnh hi.
i vi turbine v bnh ngng s ln
lt din ra hai qu trnh gin on
nhit thun nghch v ta nhit ng
p thun nghch. Cui cng nc
c bm nn on nhit thun
nghch ln p sut lm vic.
Bn qu trnh trn to thnh mt chu
trnh l tng gi l chu trnh nhit
Rankie. Tng t nh cch tnh hiu Hnh 3.4.2: Gin p-v, T-s, h-s cho chu trnh Rakie [16]
sut cho mt chu trnh nhit tng qut, ta c hiu sut chu trnh Rankie nh sau:
(4.2)
3-17
Trong cng thc trn, cng ca my bm thng rt nh so vi Turbine nn c th b qua.

Ngoi hiu sut, kh nng hot ng ca nh my cn c nh gi da trn T l hi (Steam
rate S.R.) c nh ngha l t l khi lng dng hi (kg/s) trn mt n v cng u ra
(1kW).
(4.3)
Hiu sut chu trnh nhit i khi cn c th hin qua T l nhit (Heat rate H.R) c nh
ngha l t l nhit u vo (kJ/s) yu cu cho mt n v cng u ra (1kW).
(4.4)
3.4.2.3 Chu trnh nhit Rankie thc t
Chu trnh Rankie thc t khng thun nghch nh chu trnh l tng do nh hng ca ma st
nht v s tit lu. iu khc bit y chnh l s gia tng entropy trong mi qu trnh on
nhit, t , ngi ta a ra cc ch s hiu sut on nhit cho tng qu trnh turbine v my
bm.
Hiu sut on nhit ca turbine:
(4.5)
Th hin t l gia cng thc t m turbine nhn c v gi tr l thuyt.
Hiu sut on nhit ca my bm:
(4.6)
Th hin t l gia cng l thuyt cn cung cp cho my bm so vi gi tr thc t.
T hai biu thc trn, r rng cng m turbine nhn c l thp hn l thuyt, cn i vi my
bm, ngi ta cn cung cp mt lng cng ln hn l thuyt cho hot ng ca n.
3.4.3
Phn tch chu trnh nhit Rankie
Sau khi nh ngha th no l mt chu trnh Rankie, phn ny, cc qu trnh ca n s c

phn tch mt cch c th hn, c bit l cc thng s quyt nh n hiu sut ca chu trnh v
mi lin h gia hiu sut v vn kinh t.
3-18
3.4.3.1 Ba qu trnh nhit trong l hi

L hi l b phn quan trng,
nhn vo nhit lng
chuyn ha nc lng thnh
hi nc nhit v p sut
lm vic ca turbine. Thc t,
tn ti ba qu trnh khc nhau
nu xt v mt pha ca nc,
l: hm nng nc, qu hi
v qu nhit. Mi qu trnh
Hnh 3.4.3: (a) Nhit lng cung cp cho cc qu trnh trong l nh vy c th hin r trong
hi (hm nc, qu hi v qu nhit). (b) Chu hnh 4.3.
trnh Rankie p sut trn mc ti hn [16]
u tin, nhit cung cp cho
gin hm nc, nc lng chuyn dn n trng thi bo ha, qu trnh ny kt thc. Tip theo
gin qu hi lm nhim v a nc lng bo ha n trng thi hi nc bo ha. hnh b, khi
p sut lm vic trn mc gii hn (221,3 bar), qu trnh qu hi khng xy ra do c s chuyn
tip ngay im ti hn. Cui cng, hi nc c lm qu nhit n nhit lm vic v kt
thc qu trnh l hi.
Lng nhit cung cp cho mi qu trnh c tnh da trn n nhit (h) ca mi im trng thi
trn chu trnh (cc din tch c t mu trong hnh 3.4.3). Lu , khi nhit tng, ng lm
vic ca l hi dch ln, lc ny n nhit gim, lng nhit nhn vo qu trnh qu hi ng
thi gim khin lng nhit nhn vo giai on qu nhit tng ln. Trn thc t, khong 40%
lng nhit cung cp cho lo hi l dnh cho giai on qu nhit.
3.4.3.2 Nhit trung bnh ca lng nhit thm vo
Trong cc chu trnh nhit, chu trnh Carnot lun l chu trnh cho hiu sut cao nht vi 2 qu
trnh ng nhit v ng p. Hiu sut l:
Trong , T1 v T2 l nhit hai qu trnh ng nhit.

Cng chnh t biu thc hiu sut ny, ngi ta lun c xu hng a hiu sut cc chu trnh
nhit khc v cng dng theo nhit . Tng t i vi chu trnh Rankie.
T gin T-s trong hnh 4.4 ta c biu thc:
Gi Tm1 l nhit trung bnh cho giai on l hi, Tm1 c nh ngha da trn biu thc sau:
3-19
Suy ra :
(4.7)
Hon ton tng t cho nhit lng ta ra trong qu trnh lm ngng (2-3), ta c:
Vit li biu thc hiu sut:

(4.8)
Nh vy, hiu sut chu trnh Rankie c biu din li hon ton tng t chu trnh Carnot
vi hai nhit lin quan l T2- nhit nc qu trnh lm ngng, Tm1- nhit trung bnh
ca nhit lng thm vo (l hi).
3.4.3.3 Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut
chu trnh nhit
T2 ph thuc hon ton vo mi trng v kh
thay i, v vy hiu sut chu trnh b nh
hng nhiu bi mi trng ni t nh my,
cng nh nhit trong cc ma khc nhau.
T y, ta rt ra rng hiu sut ch c th c
nng cao ng k khi lm tng Tm1. Cc
phng php nhm lm tng hiu sut chu
Hnh 3.4.4: Nhit trung bnh Tm1 ca lng trnh hon ton da trn nguyn l ny.
nhit thm vo [16]
3.4.3.3.1. Nhit lng cung cp cho qu trnh

qu nhit
Trn hnh 4.5, khi tng nhit lm vic t T1 ln
T1 ti cng mt p sut, nhit trung bnh on
(4-1) ln hn so vi on (4-1), do hiu sut
chu trnh c ci thin. ng thi, ng gin
ng p ca hi nc dch sang phi gip ci thin
cht lng hi u ra turbine ( kh tng ln),
iu ny cng gip hiu nng ca turbine tng ln.
3.4.3.3.2. p sut lm vic ca turbine
Hnh 3.4.5: nh hng ca qu trnh qu

nhit ln Tm1 [16]
T hnh 4.6, khi p sut lm vic ca turbine tng

nhit lm vic T1 khng i, ng gin ng p ca hi nc c xu hng dch tri, nhit
trung bnh gia (7-5) tng ln ng k so vi (4-1). Hiu sut chu trnh tng, tuy nhin gii
hn no cho mc tng p sut lm vic? Cng chnh v s dch tri ca ng gin ng p hi
nc, m ca hi nc tng ln, cc phn t nc theo phn t hi i ra khi ng ng, bn
3-20
thng vo cc cnh qut ca turbine vi tc cao v lm n mn chng. Do , tui th ca

turbine gim xung, vic tng p sut khng th ty v phi cn c vo kh nng chu n mn
ca turbine. Thng m ca hi nc
khng c qu 12%, hay cht lng hi
phi trn 88%.
Trn thc t, trong cc nh my nhit in
hi, p sut lm vic ca turbine thng c
y ln rt cao, thm ch cao hn p sut ti
hn, vic gii thch cho vn ny s c
trnh by mc 3.4.4.
3.4.3.4 Cc iu kin c hc ca h thng
Vic tng nhit lm vic ca hi nc b
Hnh 3.4.6: nh hng ca vic tng p sut gii hn bi cc tnh cht vt l ca cu trc
ln chu k Rankie [16]
vt liu lm l hi, turbine cng nh cc b
phn khc nh van, ng ng... bn ti
a ca thp hp kim gim khong 30% khi nhit hi nc nm trong khong 400 n 500 oC.
Cc hp kim gia crom v molypden, thm c khong cht auxtenit thay v thp ferrit lm tng
gii hn bn ti nhit cao. Nhit hi nc c th ln n 620 oC mt s nh my. Tuy
nhin chi ph cao khi dng thp auxtenit l khng tng xng so vi vic tng hiu sut. Hin
ti, cc nh my gii hn nhit 538 oC, mt vi trng hp l 565 oC.
Bng 3.4.1: p sut lm vic cc i tng ng cc iu p sut hi ti a c th dng ti
ba p sut bnh ngng khc nhau
kin [16]
v hai nhit lm vic ti hiu
p sut bnh ngng
Nhit lm vic turbine
sut on nhit turbine 85% v
o
o
t1 = 500 C
t1 = 550 C
cht lng hi 88% ( m 12%)
p2 = 25 mmHg
(p1)max = 60 bar (p1)max = 90 bar
c th hin trong bng sau:
Ngoi ra, da vo gin Mollier
p2 = 50 mmHg
T-s, ta hon ton xc nh c
p2 = 75 mmHg
p sut lm vic cc i theo
nhit lm vic ca turbine.
3.4.4
Cc qu trnh b sung cho chu trnh nhit Rankie
Nh tng cp trn, trong cc nh my, ngi ta vn c gng nng nhit v p sut lm

vic ln mc cao nht c th, vy u l cch lm c iu . C th k n hai phng n
c trnh by sau y.
3.4.4.1 Qu trnh gia nhit dng kh
Nu p sut lm vic cao hn p sut ln nht (p1)max, gii hn cht lng hi nc u ra
turbine 88%, qu trnh gia nhit dng kh c a vo s dng. C th, hi nc sau khi gin
ng nhit mt phn, c dn ton b v l hi gia nhit sau c a ti turbine v tip
tc gin. Theo di gin T-s v h-s trong hnh 4.7, vic gin hi nc t trng thi (1) v p
sut bnh ngng c dch chuyn qua li nhiu ln, ph thuc vo s khu gia nhit. Sau mi
ln gia nhit, p sut hi nc gim v n s lm vic vi turbine p sut thp hn p sut c.
3-21
Hnh 3.4.7: (a) Chu trnh nhit c thm cc giai on gia nhit. (b) Gin T-s. (c) Gin th
hin quan h gia mc tng hiu sut nhit v t l pth/p1 [16]
Hnh 4.7.c l th biu din s thay i ca hiu sut chu trnh theo t l p sut gia nhit v p
sut ban u prh/p1. Trong hnh, i vi p1 bng 172 bar, t1 l 538 oC v nhit gia nhit cng l
538 oC, nu prh/p1 = 1, th hiu sut chu trnh khng i. Do nu prh qu gn p1 th khng thu
c hiu qu. Hiu sut tng nhiu nht khi prh/p1 nm gia 0,2 v 0,25.
Thng thng, trong cc nh my nhit in hi, ch c t 1 n 2 khu gia nhit do mc
phc tp ca nh my tng ln rt nhiu ph thuc vo s lng khu gia nhit v khng c mt
s tng xng gia gi thnh hot ng vi hiu sut.
3.4.4.2 Qu trnh hi tip nc
tng nhit trung bnh Tm1 v gim qu trnh nhit khng thun nghch, ngoi vic ch
n nhit c cung cp nhit cao nh tng qu trnh qu nhit, dng p sut, nhit cao
hn hay lm nng li, ngi ta cn c th gim t l cp nhit nhit thp (pha lng) trong
qu trnh hm nc bng qu trnh hi tip nc.
Trn hnh 4.8 th hin mt quy trnh gm hai bc hi tip nc. Gi s c 1 kg hi nc ti u
vo turbine, th m1 kg hi s c gii phng ra ti p sut p2 (thay v ton b 1 kg nh trong qu
trnh lm nng li). Sau lng hi ny c ha trn on nhit vi (1 m1) kg nc hi tip
trong b gia nhit 1 (heater 1). (1 m1) kg hi cn li gin thun nghch tip n p sut p3, m2
kg hi tip tc c gii phng ra v ha trn on nhit vi (1 m1 m2) kg nc hi tip
trong b gia nhit 2. Phn hi (1 m1 m2) kg cn li gin thun nghch n p sut p4.
Qua tnh ton, ta xc nh c nhit trung bnh ca nhit lng thm vo Tm1 l:
Nu khng thc hin 2 qu trnh hi tip nc trn th Tm1 s l:
R rng Tm1 vi qu trnh hi tip nc s ln hn do hiu sut chu trnh s tng.
3-22
Mt s nh hng ca qu trnh hi tip nc i vi cng u ra turbine:

Tng hiu sut chu k, gim t l nhit H.R (gim chi ph vn hnh)
Tng t l dng hi S.R (i hi l hi ln)
Gim dng hi ti bnh ngng (cn bnh ngng nh hn)
Nu khng c s thay i u ra l hi th u ra turbine s gim.
Hnh 3.4.8: (a) Quy trnh nhit c thm cc giai on hi tip nc. (b) Gin T-s [16]
Ta chng minh c rng, sau khi thm mt b gia nhit, tng ca hiu sut ch cn li mt
na so vi trc . Do cp s nhn li ny, n mt s lng b gia nhit no th hiu sut
quy trnh s khng i. C th, trong cc
nh my, thng thng ngi ta dng t
nm n by b gia nhit.
3.4.5
Mt s thng k v nh my
nhit hi nc
Da trn quy m nh my, ngi ta a ra

mt bng thng k kh chi tit v cng
sut, hiu sut nhit, p sut v nhit
lm vic ca turbine, p sut lm nng li,
p sut hi u ra turbine, iu kin hi v
s khu gia nhit nc hi tip. C th:
Hnh 3.4.9: Gin th hin mc tng hiu sut
nhit v s lng b gia nhit [16]
3-23
Bng 3.4.2: Cc thng s c bn ca ng c hi nc theo cng sut [16]

ng c hi ng c hi ng c
nc cng
nc u
hi nc
sut nh,
my xe la tu bin 2
tnh bng W
1 MW
MW
Hiu sut nhit 2
7
20
(%)
p sut lm vic 2
15
15
(bar)
Nhit lm vic 100
300
250
o
( C)
p sut lm nng li (bar)
Nhit lm o
nng li ( C)
p sut hi u ra Gn 1
1.2
0.1
turbine(bar)
iu kin hi u m
Gn
bo m
ra turbine
ha
S lng b gia nhit nc hi
tip
ng c nh
my in hi
nc 30 MW
ng c nh
my in hi
nc 660 MW
35
44
40
160
450
540
40
540
0.045
0.045
0.9, kh
0.9, kh
Cc nh my trn 150 MW u ra ngy nay thng c xy dng vi iu kin lm vic ca

turbine p sut cao l 142 bar, 538 oC hoc 170 bar v 538 oC kt hp vi nhit lm nng li
538 oC. p sut siu ti hn cng sut trn 600 MW, iu kin lm vic l 270 bar, 538 oC vi
hai khu lm nng li nhit 538 oC.
Trn th gii, trm in 325 MW Eddystone, n v s 1 cng ty in lc Philaelphia, nc M
l trm c t l hi cao nht v t l nhit thp nht trn th gii, vi iu kin lm vic gm hai
qu trnh lm nng li l 325 bar, 610 oC/565 oC/ 565 oC.
Kch thc chung ca cc nh my in hi nc hin ti l khong 500 MW. Tuy nhin kch
thc ca chng ang tng ln khng ngng, tng lai khng xa, cng sut 1300 MW s l mt
tiu chun mi v cng sut. iu ny c hin thc ha nh s pht trin ca cc gii hn c
hc, gim gi thnh cng ngh thp auxtenit cng nh cng ngh lm mt cnh qut turbine.
Thm ch ngi ta ngh n vic xy dng nhng nh my c cng sut t 2000 n 3000
MW. Tuy nhin v kt cu vt l, cch vn hnh nh my l qu phc tp, i hi cc my pht
khng l, v nu nh c s c, nh hng ca chng ln li in v doanh thu ngnh l v cng
ln.
3-24
3.4.6
V d tnh ton
V d 1. (Bi 2.18, trang 94, sch Power plant engineering, PK Nag)

Mt nh my nhit in hi c hiu sut l hi l 92%, hiu sut c kh turbine l 96%, hiu sut
my pht l 97%. Nu 7% in nng to ra c tiu th bi cc thnh phn bn trong nh my
th hiu sut chung ca nh my l 34%. Tm t l nng lng mt mt trong bnh ngng.
Gii
Cc thng s v hiu sut
T suy ra
Vy
V d 2. (Bi 2.2, trang 91, sch Power plant engineering, PK Nag)

Mt trm pht nhit in hi nc s dng chu
trnh sau: Hi ti u ra l hi: 150 bar, 550oC.
Lm nng li ti 40 bar ti 550oC. Lm ngng ti
0.1 bar. Gi s cc qu trnh l tng
Tm cht lng hi nc u ra ca turbine
Tm hiu sut chu trnh
Gii
Cc thng s n nhit cng nh entropy ti cc
trng thi l:
(1)
(3)
(5)
(2s)
Hnh 3.4.10: Chu trnh nhit
3-25
(4s)
a. Cht lng hi u ra turbine
Ta c
b. Hiu sut chu trnh nhit
T cu a, suy ra
Vy hiu sut chu trnh l
3.5
Nhng vn lin quan n nh my nhit in s dng nhin liu ha thch
Mc ny s trnh by nhng vn quan trng cn lu khi tin hnh xy dng, vn hnh nh

my nhit in s dng nhin liu ha thch mt cch hiu qu. Bn cnh , c mt ci nhn
c th hn v nh my chng ta s ch ra nhng u im v nhc im ca loi nh my ny
thng qua vic so snh vi cc m hnh nh my ph bin khc nh thy in, nh my s dng
nng lng ht nhn v nh my s dng du Diesel (bi v du diesel c xem nh l mt
nhin liu c gi thnh cao ng thi mang li hiu sut cao hn cc loi than v du ha, nn
c tch thnh mt loi ring). V cui cng, cc vn nh hng mi trng s c ch r.
3.5.1
Nhng tiu ch xy dng nh my nhit dng nhin liu ha thch
Thng thng, vic xy dng v vn hnh nh my nhit in yu cu mt s iu kin nht

nh nh ngun nc v dng t ca vng t xy dng nh my. Bn cnh cn c mt s
yu cu tuy khng phi bt buc nhng chng cng l nhng tiu ch quan trng cn c xem
xt bi chng s nh hng n vic xy dng v vn hnh nh my lin quan n khu dn c v
cc khu bo tn. Nhng tiu ch sau u l nhng yu t cn c nghin cu v la chn cho
vic xy dng mt nh my nhit in dng nhin liu ha thch:
Mng li giao thng: Mt mng li giao thng thun tin v y cc ng truy cp vo
mng li c xem nh mt yu t cn thit cho c qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh nh my.
Mng li ng ng kh t: Vic lp t cc vng ln cn cc ng dn kh s lm gim cc
chi ph cn thit.
Mng li truyn ti in: truyn ti in c sn xut n ni tiu th, nh my phi
c kt ni vi cc h thng truyn ti. Do , vic xy dng gn cc mng li in cng
ng mt vai tr quan trng.
a hnh v loi t: Nh my nn c xy dng trn mt khu vc vi nhng lp t v c
th chu c trng lng v rung ca nh my khi vn hnh. ng thi chng cng phi p
ng c vn kinh t.
3-26
ng t v t gy: Nhng trn ng t nh v yu thm ch c th gy hi cho nhiu b

phn ca nh my mt cch nghim trng. V vy, vic xy dng cn c tin hnh trnh xa
cc t gy a chn v nhng vng c ng t trc .
a hnh: Ngi ta chng minh rng cao nh hng tiu cc n hiu sut vn hnh cc
tuabin kh. Thm vo , vic bin i dc ca mt khu vc thnh bng phng cn mt lng
ngn sch ln cho vic xy dng. Do , cc thng s v cao cng nh dc cn c xem
xt.
Ngun nc: i vi vic xy dng v vn hnh cc nh my nhit in khc nhau cn lng
nc khc nhau. Ngun nc c th c cung cp t nhng con sng hay nhng mch nc
ngm. Do , vic xy dng gn ngun nc c xem l yu t v cng quan trng vi vic
xy dng nh my.
Ti nguyn mi trng: hot ng ca nh my nhit in s dng nhin liu ha thch c tc
ng quan trng i vi mi trng. V vy cn xc nh nhng khu vc xy dng nh my
xa i vi cc khu vc vn quc gia, khu ng vt hoang d hay nhng khu bo tn,...
Khu vc dn c: Cng nh nhng l do trn, nh my cn c xy dng xa vi nhng khu
dn c.
Nhu cu nng lng: Thng thng, nh my c xy dng cn nhng khu vc c nhu cu s
dng nng lng cao nhm hn ch lng mt mt khi truyn ti trn ng dy v chi ph
truyn ti.
Kh hu: Cc thng s v nhit , m, hng gi v vn tc nh hng n qu trnh sn
xut ca nh my lun l vn cn c quan tm.
Khu vc che ph: Mt s loi t che ph nh rng, vn, t nng nghip, ng c rt nhy
cm vi nhim gy ra bi nh my nhit in. Do , nh hng ca nh my ln cc khu vc
cn c quan tm.
Kch thc khu vc: Trc khi xem xt bt c yu t no, th din tch xy dng nh nht cn
c xem xt u tin.
Khong cch vi sn bay: Mt nh my nhit in lun lun c nhng thp cao, nhng ng
khi cao v mt lng ln cc kh pht ra. V l do an ton, cc nh my phi c xy dng
cch xa cc sn bay.
a im kho c v lch s: Nhng cng trnh lch s thng yu v gi tr thi gian l quan
trng. V vy, s rung ng khi cc nh my nhit in hot ng c th gy hi cho chng v do
mt khong cch nht nh phi c xem xt.
3-27
3.5.2
u im v nhc im
3.5.2.1
Nhng u im ca nh my nhit in s dng nhin liu ha thch
Ngun nhin liu kh r

Chi ph xy dng ban u thp hn so vi cc nh my sn xut in khc
C th xy dng nhng ni khng c than v than c th c vn chuyn trong
mng li giao thng ca nh my
Yu cu mt khng gian nh hn so vi nh my thy in
Gi thnh sn xut thp hn so vi nh my s dng du diesel
Cc my hi nc c th chu c tnh trng qu ti vi mc nht nh.
C th p ng nhu cu ph ti hiu qu hn v h tr cc hot ng ca mng li
in
3.5.2.2 Nhng nhc im ca nh my nhit
in s dng nguyn liu ha thch
Chi ph vn hnh v bo tr cao

nhim mi trng
Cn mt lng nc ln vn hnh
Vic x l than tro v khi bi kh kh
khn v i hi mt khu vc rng ln
Thi gian khi ng vn hnh di do qu
trnh un si nc n mt p sut hi nht nh
Hiu sut ca nh my thp khong 3035%
Hnh 3.5.1: nhim t cc nh my nhit
Chi ph vn hnh ca nh my nhit in
in s dng nguyn liu ha cao hn nhiu khi so snh vi nh my thy
thch [16]
in v nh my nng lng ht nhn.
3.5.2.3 So snh vi cc loi nh my khc
Sau y s l nhng so snh gia nh my nhit in, c bit l nh my s dng nhin liu ha
thch i vi cc loi nh my ph bin khc nh nh my thy in, nh my nhit in s
dng nng lng ht nhn v nh my nhit in s dng du Diesel qua cc tiu ch khc nhau.
3-28
Bng 3.5.1: Chi ph xy dng ban u v vn hnh

Nh my
Hng
Nh my s
dng
du 1
Diesel
Chi ph xy dng ban

u
Hng
Chi ph thp nht so vi

4
cc loi khc
Cao nht bi chi ph du Diesel
Thp hn so vi nh
my nng lng ht 3
nhn v thy in
Cao nht bi nhng yu
cu k thut ca phn 2
ng ht nhn
Cao bi qu trnh xy
1
dng cc p
Nh my nhit
2
in
Nh my nng
4
lng ht nhn
Nh my thy
3
in
Chi ph vn hnh
Cao hn so vi nh my nng
lng ht nhn v nh my thy
in
Chi ph thp th 2
Thng thng khng cn nhin
liu
Bng 3.5.2: Hiu sut tng qut v mt mt ch ch

Nh my
Hng
Hiu sut
Hng
Mt mt ch ch
Nh my nhit in
25%
V ni hi vn hot ng ngay c khi

turbine c tt
Nh my thy in
85%
Khng c s mt mt no
Nh my s dng
3
du Diesel
35%
C rt t s mt mt khi ch ch
Nh my nng
2
lng ht nhn
55%
C t s mt mt khi ch ng ch
Bng 3.5.3: Khu vc v khng gian cn thit

Nh my
Hng
Nh my s
1
dng du Diesel
Nh my nhit
2
in
Nh my nng
3
lng ht nhn
Nh my thy
4
in
Khu vc
Hng
Khu vc c ngun nc 2
Khu vc c ngun nc
3
v than
Khu vc c ngun nc
di do v phi xa khu 1
vc dn c
Khng gian ln
4
xy dng cc p
Khng gian cn thit

Cn t khng gian cho cc thit
b
Cn khng gian cho cc thit
b
Cn t khng gian nht so vi cc
nh my c cng cng sut
Cn mt khng gian ln xy
dng cc p
3-29
Bng 3.5.4: Gii hn ngun nhin liu

Nh my
Hng
Gii hn ngun nhin liu
Nh my nhit in
Ngun nhin liu b gii hn v ang cn kit
Nh my thy in
Ph thuc vo ma nc, tuy nhin khng gii hn

ngun nhin liu
Nh my s dng du
3
Diesel
Ngun nhin liu gii hn
Nh my nng lng ht
1
nhn
C ngun nhin liu s dng
Bng 3.5.5: Nhin liu v lng pht thi sch

Nh my
Hng
Nh my nhit
3
in
Nh my thy
1
in
Gi nhin liu
Hng Lng pht thi sch
Ln nht v chi ph vn
4
C lng pht thi nhim nht
chuyn
Nh my s
4
dng du Diesel
Cao hn nhit in v
2
in ht nhn
Nh my nng
2
lng ht nhn
Nh nht v cn mt
3
lng nh nhin liu
Thc t l khng c
Thng thng khng c pht thi

Sch hn so vi nh my nhit
in s dng than v nh my in
hat nhn
Sch hn so vi nh my nhit
in than tuy nhiu lng pht thi
ht nhn l vn vn cha gii
quyt c
Bng 3.5.6: Chi ph bo tr

Nh my
Hng
Chi ph bo tr
Nh my nhit in
Cao, cn nhn vin k thut cao
Nh my thy in
Thp nht
Nh my s dng du Diesel
Thp
Nh my nng lng ht nhn
Cao nht, cn k thut c bit
3-30
Bng 3.5.7: Chi ph truyn ti v phn phi

Nh my
Nh my nhit in
Nh my thy in
Hng
2
4
1
3
Transmission & Distribution costs

Justification
Thp v gn trung tm ti
Cao nht v xa trung tm ti
Thp nht v gn trung tm ti
Cao v xa trung tm ti
Bng 3.5.8: Thi gian khi ng

Nh my
Nh my nhit in
Nh my thy in
3.5.3
Hng
4
1
2
3
Thi gian khi ng

Lu nht
Ngn nht
Kh Lu
Lu
Cc tc ng n mi trng ca nh my nhit in nhin liu ha thch
Nhu cu s dng nng lng ca th gii c d on tng 60% vo nm 2030. Nm 2007

c trn 50.000 cc nh my s dng nhin liu than trn ton th gii ang hot ng v s
lng ny c d on s tng hn. Nm 2004, C quan nng lng th gii IEA (International
Energy Agency) xc nh nhin liu ha thch s chim lnh khong 85% th trng vo nm
2030.
Cc t chc trn th gii v nng lng nh IEA u quan tm n nh hng ca qu trnh t
chy nhin liu ha thch trong cc nh my nhit in v c th l than. S t chy than gp
phn vo vic hnh thnh ma axit, nhim khng kh v lin quan mt thit n hin tng
nng ln ton cu. Bi v nhng hp cht ha hc
ca than c nhng thnh phn kh loi b tp cht
t nhin liu trc khi t. Nhng nh my nhit
in s dng than ngy nay gy nhim t hn so
hn xa nh dng k thut scrubber lc bt
nhng cht gy hi trong khi tuy nhin mc
gy nhim vn mc cao hn nhiu ln so vi
cc loi nh my nhit in s dng kh t nhin v
nhin liu sch khc. nhim t cc nh my t
than n t cc cht nh carbon dioxide (CO2),
nitrogen oxides (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) pht ti
vo khng kh.
Hnh 3.5.2: Nh my nhit in s
dng nguyn liu than
Mohave c cng sut Ma axit to bi pht thi NO2 v SO2 vo khng
1580MW gn Laughlin, kh. Nhng cht kh ny ch c tnh axit yu tuy
Nevada phi ngng hot nhin khi chng phn ng trong khng kh, chng
ng t nm 2005 do vn s to ra nhng hp cht axit nh axit sulfurous,
mi trng ca nh axit nitric v axit sulfuric nhng hp cht to thnh
my [7]
ma axit. Chu u v M c nhng lut trong
3-31
nhng ngnh cng nghip nng nhm gim thiu nhng nguy hi cho mi trng lin quan n
vn .
Nm 2008, C quan nng lng Chu u ( European Environment Agency (EEA)) a ra
mt bo co cho thy lng pht thi nh hng n mi trng ca cc nh my nhit in s
dng than , du v kh t. Bng 4.1 cho thy s liu lng pht thi ny cc cht ny.
Bng 3.5.9: Lng pht thi cc cht gy nhim mi trng ca cc nh my nhit in s
dng nhin liu than, du v kh t
Cht thi
CO2 (g/GJ)
SO2 (g/GJ)
NOx (g/GJ)
CO (g/GJ)
Cc hp cht hu c khng ch metal (g/GJ)
Bi (g/GJ)
Tng lng kh thi (m3/GJ)
Than
94,60
0
765
292
89.1
4.92
1,203
360
Than
nu
101,0
00
1,361
183
89.1
7.78
3,254
444
Du
77,400
1,350
195
15.7
3.70
16
279
Cc loi Kh
du khc ga
74,100
56,1
00
228
0.68
129
93.3
15.7
14.5
3.24
1.58
1.91
0.1
276
272
Bn cnh vn nc v khng khi b nhim

bi than cng ng quan tm. Mt cuc nguyn
cu vo thng 8 nm 2010 cho thy s liu tnh
trng nhim M bi t chc Environment
Integrity Project pht hin ra khi bi cc nh
my nhit in s dng than pht thi khp
21 bang ca M trong cc ngun nc b nhim.
Nhng hp cht trong bao gm asen As v ch
Pb.
Asen c cho l nguyn nhn c th gy nn ung
th da, ung th bng i, ung th phi v gy
nguy hi nghim trng cho c quan thn kinh. Hnh 3.5.3: Nh my nhit in s dng
Hp cht khi bi than cng lin quan n cc
nguyn liu than Taichung
bnh ng h hp v cc vn sc khe v pht
i Loan c lng pht
thi CO2 ln nht th gii
trin khc v lm gin on i sng thy sinh
[7]
trong cc ngun nc.
3-32
Ngun tham kho

[1] Bi ging mn Sinh thi cng nghip, chng 1, TS Lm Vn Giang.
[2] Thermal Power Plant Analysis, 2012, Gilberto Francisco Martha de Souza.
[3] Atlat Vit Nam,2008, Nh xut bn Gio dc.
[4] US Energy Information Administration, eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=2670
[5] Crude Oil Distillation, tecspot.astecinc.com/2011/07/crude-oil-distillation/
[6] Composition of Natural Gas an LNG, beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/
LNG_introduction_07.php
[7] Fossil-fuel power station, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station
[8] Operation and Types of Fire Tube Boiler, electrical4u.com/fire-tube-boiler-operation-andtypes-of-fire-tube-boiler/
[9] Fire-tube boiler, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-tube_boiler
[10] Steam turbine, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine
[11] Turbo generator, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_generator
[12] Cooling tower, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower
[13] Electrostatic precipitator, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator
[14] Flue gas stack, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue-gas_stack
[15] How Gas Turbine Power Plants Work, energy.gov/fe/how-gas-turbine-power-plants-work
[16] Power Plant Engineering, 2008, PK Nag.
[17] Nh my nhit in Vit Nam, vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:
Nh%C3%A0_m%C3%A1y_nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_
Nam
[18] Pht trin th trng nng lng Vit Nam, nangluongvietnam.vn/news/vn/hoi-thao-tructuyen/dang-truc-tuyen-hoi-thao-phat-trien-thi-truong-nang-luong-viet-nam.html
3-33
Ph lc: Hi v tr li
Hi: (Nhm 1) H thng lm mt c ngha g?
Tr li: B ngng t dng ngng t hi nc u ra ca turbine c th s dng li lng
nc ny ng thi lm tng hiu sut chu trnh. Thp lm mt dng loi b lng nhit d
tha trong nc ca b ngng t.
Hi: (Nhm 1) H thng iu khin bo v c vn hnh ra sao? Nu c s c th h thng ny
c lm vic c khng, ngun in no m bo cho n hot ng
Tr li: Bnh thng nh my in c vn hnh t ng nhng khi h thng iu khin bo
v nhn c tnh hiu s c th s chuyn sang iu khin bng tay cc k s a ra quyt
nh gii quyt s c, h thng m bo lm vic tt trong mi iu kin, ngun in d phng
m bo duy tr s vn hnh ca h thng iu khin khi xy ra s c
Hi: (Nhm 2) Nh my nhit in vn hnh c nhng ri ro no xy ra?
Tr li: C th xy ra chy n. t nhin liu c th gy hi n sc khe ca nhn vin nh
my in. Nh my s dng kh t nhin c ri ro r r kh, rt nguy him
Hi: (Nhm 4) Than, du, gas u c u nhc im ring, vy trong iu kin no th s dng
loi no cho hiu qu?
Tr li: u tin s dng loi nhin liu c sn nhiu nht. V d nh Vit Nam c tr lng
than ln, nn ch yu dng than cho nh my nhit in. Nu yu cu cn s n gin, khng
i hi cng ngh cao th nn dng than (do du cn qua qu trnh tinh ch, kh t nhin th yu
cu cng ngh cao trong xy dng nh my)
Hi: (Nhm 5) Than du tuy nhiu nhng nu khng c chnh sch hp l th ti 2020 phi nhp
khu, nu vy chnh sch cn phi nh th no, c th thay th bng ngun nhim liu khc
khng?
Tr li: Theo ng Nguyn Ch Quang, Ph trng ban Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Chin lc Pht
trin Tp on Cng nghip Thang-Khong sn Vit Nam a ra nhng bin php nhm m
bo ngun nhin liu than cho an ninh nng lng Vit Nam trong giai on ti:
Khai thc v s dng than mt cch tit kim v hiu qu, trong qun l cng nh ng
dng cng ngh, v s dng than.
u t pht trin v i mi cng ngh trong ngnh than ph hp vi su khai thc
ln v c tnh an ton cao cho ngi v thit b.
Hnh thnh th trng ti chnh nng lng, vi ngun vn l cc ti nguyn nng lng
(than) c nh gi v huy ng u t nh l mt ngun vn chnh, lin kt cht ch
vi cc th trng ti chnh m trn th gii, nh ASX (c), TSX (Canada).
i mi quy trnh lm quy hoch nng lng t quy hoch ring r tng ngnh (in, du
kh v than) sang lp quy hoch tng th v ng b nng lng bao gm than, du kh
v in trong mt h thng ti u v c tin cy cao trn thc t.
Sa i, b sung v hon thin h thng php lut, v cc vn bn di lut lin quan n
qun l ti nguyn nng lng (than) theo tiu chun quc t (JOCR-c; NI43-101-
3-34
Canada) v c ch th trng, c nh gi v qun l nh mt ngun vn huy

ng u t v pht trin cc d n m t cc th trng ti chnh trong nc v quc t.
Hnh thnh v pht trin chnh sch ngoi giao nng lng, trong c ni dung v ti
nguyn than, vi cc ni dung c bn sau y:
Tng cng v a dng ho quan h vi cc nc xut khu than (c, Indonesia,
Nga).
Pht trin hp tc song phng vi a phng trn lnh vc than, nh hp tc xy
dng kho d tr than chin lc, bo v cc tuyn ng vn chuyn than trn
bin.
Hp tc trong lnh vc mi trng m v bin i kh hu.
Hp tc trong lnh vc cng ngh than sch, nh kh ha than ngm, cng ngh
thu hi v chon lp carbon (CCT).
Th t, y mnh chin lc tng trng xanh.
Hi: (Nhm 5) Ti sao hi nc qua super heater c tng nhit v p sut trong khi n
khng c cung cp nhit? (theo mnh thy trn s )
Tr li: Qu trnh superheating vn cn c s cung cp nhit lng
Hi: (Nhm 5) Trong m hnh nh my nhit in than, thit b lc dng lm g. Theo bn
trnh by th n lc bi t kh, kh y l kh g?
Tr li: Thit b lc dng lc bi khi kh thi ra khi l hi hay bung t. Cn lc bi
trc khi thi kh ra ngoi m bo khng gy mi trng.
Hi: (Nhm 7) Vic lp t heater t 5-7 heater th chi ph tn khong bao nhiu, vic lp t c
gy kh khn g khng, c tn din tch khng?
Tr li: V kh khn, chc chn l kh v cng nhiu heater cng phc tp h thng, tuy nhin
hin ti hu nh nh my no mi i vo vn hnh u s dng cng ngh nh th ny, do
nhng kh khn ny nm trong tm kim sot ca con ngi. Nhm mnh khng tm c s
liu c th v chi ph lp t heater.
Hi: (Nhm 7) Hiu sut cao nht ca nh my nhit in trong thc t l bao nhiu?
Tr li: Hiu sut nh my nhit cao nht l khong 40%.
Hi: (Nhm 8) Ti sao trc 1900, biomass li chim t l cao nht ?
Tr li: Nng lng ht nhn cha c tm ra, kh t nhin v du m cng cha c khai
thc. Khai thc than vn cn cha nhiu, do biomass c dng nhiu nht.
Hi: (Nhm 9) Than thuc loi than no? Loi than VN ang s dng l loi than no?
Tr li: Vit Nam, loi than ch yu c s dng l than bitum v than bitum
Hi: (Nhm 11) Ti sao thp lm mt li c hnh dng hyperbolic, theo bn ni n lm kh di
chuyn tt hn, trong khi ng dn kh thng c hnh tr ?
3-35
Tr li: Thp lm lnh c hnh dng hyperbolic, n c hnh dng ny lm gim tc di

chuyn ca dng khng kh khi bt u i vo thp, lm tng thi gian trao i nhit. ng thi
khng kh c th bm theo thnh thp di chuyn mt cch d dng
Hi: (Nhm 11) Da trn yu t no m ngi ta chn ra 5 yu t nh hng n hiu sut nh
my pht in (Nhm 11)
Tr li: Da vo nhng qu trnh con bn trong chu trnh nhit
4 Nh my in ht nhn ............................................................................................................4-1
4.1 S lc nng lng ht nhn............................................................................................ 4-1
4.1.1 Nguyn liu............................................................................................................ 4-1
4.1.2 Nguyn l c bn ................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2 Nh my in nguyn t ...................................................................................................4-3
4.2.1 Tng quan nh my in nguyn t ....................................................................... 4-3
4.2.2 Cc b phn nh my ............................................................................................. 4-4
4.3 Hot ng ca nh my .....................................................................................................4-5
4.3.1 Nh my s dng l PWR...................................................................................... 4-5
4.3.2 Nh my s dng l BWR ..................................................................................... 4-8
4.3.3 Kt lun chung ..................................................................................................... 4-10
4.4 Vn hnh thc t .............................................................................................................4-10
4.4.1 u im ca nng lng ht nhn ....................................................................... 4-10
4.4.2 Nhc im ca nng lng ht nhn ................................................................. 4-11
4.4.3 Nguyn nhn dn n s c Fukushima .............................................................. 4-12
4.4.4 Nguyn nhn dn n s c Chernobyl ............................................................... 4-14
4.5 Bin php an ton ............................................................................................................4-16
4.6 p dng Vit Nam .......................................................................................................4-17
4.6.1 Ngun Vn ........................................................................................................... 4-18
4.6.2 i tc cng ngh ................................................................................................ 4-18
4.6.3 a Cht ............................................................................................................... 4-18
4.6.4 o to nhn lc .................................................................................................. 4-19
Ngun tham kho ....................................................................................................................... 4-20
Ph lc: Hi v tr li.............................................................................................................. .. 4-22
1. T Vnh Khim
81101616
2. Nguyn V Bo Huy
21101370
3. L Phc c
41100859
Bng thut ng
PWR
BWR
Containment building
Turbine building
Cooling tower
Transformer
Pressurized water reactor
Boiling water reactor
khu b cha
khu turbine
thp lm mt
h thng li in phn phi
l phn ng nc p lc
l phn ng hi nc
Fuel rods
Control rods
thanh nhin liu

thanh kim sot chui phn
ng ht nhn
b to hi nc
turbine v my pht
b ngng t
li phn ng
bnh p sut phn ng
ngn nga cht phng x
thanh nhin liu: lm bng
ch
bnh phn ng
bnh cha
tng bao bn ngoi l phn
ng
h thng truyn nhit
h thng hi
h thng ngng t lm mt
l phn ng ht nhn kiu
knh nng lng cao (phin
m ting Nga)
Steam generator
Turbine v generator
Condenser
Reactor core
Reactor pressure vessel
Containing radioactive materials
Fuel cladding
Reactor vessel
Containment vessel
Reactor shield wall
RBMK
Heat transport system

Steam system
Condenser cooling system
Reaktor bolshoy moshchnosti kanalniy
EVN
Tp on in lc Vit Nam
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-1
4 Nh my in ht nhn
Trong thi i ngy nay, in ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong s pht trin, thc o vn
minh ca mt t nc. Dn dn, khoa hc k thut pht trin, con ngi tm ra c ngun
nguyn liu l Uranium, cho php chy cc nh my in (nh my ht nhn) cho cng sut cao,
n nh. Tuy nhin, i cng vi l an ton khng cao, d gy cc thm hot ht nhn, cng
vi chi ph. Phn ny s trnh by r v cc vn ny.
4.1 S lc nng lng ht nhn
Nng lng ht nhn l nng lng c ly t nguyn t nn cn c gi l nng lng
nguyn t. Trong mi nguyn t u c nhng ht nng lng. Nng lng lm cho cc b phn
ca nguyn t kt hp li vi nhau. Do ht nhn ca nguyn t l ngun nng lng nguyn
t. Khi phn t c tan r, nng lng s c gii phng ra.
V vy nng lng ht nhn l mt loi cng ngh ht nhn c thit k tch nng lng hu
ch t ht nhn nguyn t thng qua cc l phn ng ht nhn c kim sot. Phng php duy
nht c s dng hin nay l phn hch ht nhn, mc d cc phng php khc c th bao
gm tng hp ht nhn v phn r phng x.
4.1.1
Nguyn liu
Nguyn liu thng dung ph bin trong cc phn ng ht nhn l Uranium. Uranium ph bin
trong nhu loi (2-4 phn triu) v ngay c trong nc bin. Chnh v vy n kh v tn nhu
chi ph khai thc. c l nc cung cp ngun uranium nhu nht 1.6mil/tonnes vi gi
130$/kg [1] .
Khng phi tt c cc nguyn t Uranium u
ging nhau. Khi khai thc Uranium, n cha
khong 99.3% Uranium-238 (U-238), 0.7%
Uranium-235 (U-235), v di 0.01%
Uranium-234 (U-234)[1]. Trong , U-235 l
loi thng c dng trong cc phn ng ht
nhn. N l ng v khng bn ca Uranium.
ng v U235 rt quan trng v di mt vi
iu kin nht nh n sn sng b phn r,
to ra nhiu nng lng.
Uranium sau khi khai thc thng c lu
tr di dng nhng vin rn, hnh tr v
c xp vi nhau, to thnh thanh nhin
liu dng trong li cc l phn ng.
Hnh 4.1:Nhng vin Uranium sau khi c

lm giu, gia cng v to hnh thnh
hnh dng cui cng to li phn
ng [1].
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-2
4.1.2
Nguyn l c bn
Qu trnh phn r ht nhn to ra 2 hoc nhu phn t cng vi n l gii phng ra 1 lng nng
lng ln.
Ht nhn U235 b bn bi 1 nng lng neutrons ln khong 8MeV (1ev=1.6x10-19 J)
U235+0n1 56Ba137+36Kr97+20n1+200 MeV energy
U235 tch thnh 2 phn t (Ba137 v Kr97 gn nh kch thc bng nhau).
proton
neutron
U-235 nucleus
Hnh 4.2: Chui phn ng phn hch ht nhn [2]

Trong mt l phn ng ht nhn trung bnh mt U235 gii phng ra 2.5 neutrons trong : 1
neutron c dung tip tc chui phn ng, 0.9 neutron b hp th bi U238, 0.6 cn li thot
khoi l phn ng
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-3
Bi ton: tnh lng nng lng ca 1 gam Uranium 235

T phng trnh trn ta c khi lng nguyn t
235.0439 + 1.00867 138.9061 + 96.9212 + 2 x 1.00867
236.0526
235.8446
m = 235.8446 -236.0526 = -0.2080 amu
E=
1gam Uranium to ra:

(
()
4.2 Nh my in nguyn t
4.2.1
Tng quan nh my in nguyn t
Mt cch nhn tng quan th cc nh my in nguyn t t trc n nay u gm nhng khu

vc chnh sau: khu pht in truyn ti, khu lm mt, khu vn hnh h thng turbine, khu vn
hnh h thng l phn ng, v cc phn khu chc nng khc nh: khu iu khin, khu kim tra
Trong ti ny, nhm i
su phn tch vo cc khu
chc nng c trng ca
nh my in ht nhn l
khu lm mt, khu vn hnh
h thng l phn ng, khu
vn hnh h turbine. Nhm
b qua cu to cng nh
khng i su vo nguyn l
hot ng ca h thng
pht in gm turbine pht
in v h thng truyn tri
in nh trnh by tm tt
ti.
Hnh 4.3: Nh my in nguyn t Bellefonte, Holywood,
Alabama, United States.[3]
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-4
4.2.2
Cc b phn nh my
Hnh 4.4: S tng quan nh my [4]
Containment building
y l khu quan trng nht ca nh my, cha h thng l phn ng gm l phn ng
v bnh to hi nc. Mi b phn ca h thng ny nm hon ton trong cng trnh
ny, c tch bit hon ton vi mi trng ngoi, nn khu b cha ny cn c gi
l b cch ly. Thit k ny nhm nng cao tnh an ton, ngn chn s r r cht phng x
cng nh cc tc ng ca mi trng, tc ng vt l gy s c
Turbine building
Khu vc cha turbine, my pht in v bnh ngng. Nh mi nh my pht in hin
nay, da trn nguyn l quay turbine chy my pht in, bin i nng lng c
thnh nng lng in, th y l h thng khng th thiu. Hi nc sau khi c to ra
dn qua v kch hot hot ng h thng ny, t chy my pht in. Khu vc ny
nm bn cnh v c lp vi khu b cha, ni vi nhau bng h thng ng dn (hi v
nc).
Cooling tower
Thp lm lnh, dng dn nc t mi trng bn ngoi (nc bin hoc sng, h)
ngng t v lm lnh hi nc nng trong bnh ngng. Nc c dn trong mt h
thng ng dn ring bit, khng nhim phng x.
Transformer
H thng li in v phn phi n ni tiu th.
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-5
4.3 Hot ng ca nh my
Hin nay ph bin c hai loi nh my s dng hai loi l tiu biu l PWR v BWR. Ni
dung ch yu phn tch nh my s dng l PWR (l loi l s dng ph bin nht, v hu
nh p dng cho mi nh my hin nay).
4.3.1
Nh my s dng l PWR
4.3.1.1 Cu to ca mt l phn ng PWR tiu biu
Hnh 4.5: Cu to l phn ng PWR [5]
Fuel rods
Uranium dioxide (UO2) sau khi lm giu ( U-235 chim khong 4,2 n 4,6 %), c
nung nhit cao v to hnh thnh nhng vin rn hnh tr nh nh trnh by
phn nguyn liu. Nhng vin nhin liu ny c xp li vi nhau, thnh tng b
thanh nhin liu v sau dng lm li ca l phn ng. Li ca mt l PWR tiu
chunn vi tng thanh c t 200 n 300 vin nhin liu, v mt l phn ng ln c
khong 150 n 250 thanh nh vy, tng tr lng uranium ln n 80 n 100 tn
trong mt b. Thng thng, mt b thanh nhin liu c kch thc t 14x14 n 17x17
v di khong 4m, nh vy mt l PWR hot ng tt s sn xut c t 900 n
1600MW.
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-6
Hnh 4.6: Mt on thanh nhin liu cho tu ch hng NS Savannah, gm 4 b , 41 thanh

nhin liu. Uranium oxide c lm giu n 4,2% v 4,6% U-235 [6].
Control rods
Nhng thanh iu khin ny c lm t boron hoc cadmium, l nhng cht hp th
c neutron. Tc dng ca nhng thanh ny l iu khin tc ca phn ng ht nhn
bng cch tng hay gim s lng thanh:
o Di chuyn cc thanh iu khin vo li (tng s lng thanh): tc phn ng gim.
o Rt cc thanh iu khin ra khi li (gim s lng thanh): tc phn ng tng.
o Tt c thanh di chuyn vo li (tng s lng thanh ti a): l phn ng ngng hot
ng. y l mt trong cc bin php an ton c dng trong trng hp khn cp
tt l phn ng, trnh s c.
Steam generator
y l ni cha nc to hi nc p sut cao, dn qua lm quay turbine, t
chy my pht in.
Turbine v generator: l cc b phn pht in.
Condenser
Bnh ngng, lm lnh hi nc sau khi c dn qua turbine thnh nc ngui v
bm tr li steam generator, to thnh chu trnh th cp khp kn.
4.3.1.2 Hot ng ca l PWR

Nhin liu ht nhn trong l phn ng dng trong chui phn hch ht nhn sinh nhit, t
nng nc trong chu trnh s cp thng qua lp v dn nhit. Nc nng trong chu trnh ny
c dn vo mt h thng trao i nhit l bnh to hi nc (tng t nguyn tc hot ng
ca cc nh my nhit in), ti y nc nng chy qua hng trm n hng ngn ng dn
nhit (thng ng knh l 1.9cm). Nhit truyn t nhng ng ny lm nng nc p sut
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-7
thp hn trong chu trnh th cp, c t bn cnh h thng trao i nhit, lm bay hi nc
p sut. Qu trnh truyn nhit xy ra nhng c s tch bit hon ton ca hai chu trnh nc
s cp v th cp, trnh s nhim x nc chu trnh th cp. Vic ny lm tng an ton
ca h thng, trnh r r phng x, trnh gy h hi cho turbine (mt vi turbine hin nay
khng c thit k chu c qu trnh phng x trong mt khong thi gian).
Hi nc p sut cao ny c dn qua turbine hi nc, lm quay turbine ny, v chy my
pht in cung cp cho li in phn phi. Hi nc sau khi i qua turbine c dn vo
bnh ngng lm lnh thnh nc ngui p sut thp, v bm tr li vo h thng to hi
nc. Nh vy, qu trnh ny din ra lin tc v m bo c cng sut cao, khng tn hao.
Nh vy i vi l phn ng nc p sut PWR, c hai chu trnh hot ng tch bit hon
ton: s cp v th cp. Chu trnh nc th cp hon ton khng nhim x. p sut c gi
chu trnh s cp khong 150-160 bar, gn gp i so vi l phn ng nc si BWR.
4.3.1.3 Nhn xt
u im
o L PWR hot ng rt n nh nh vo khuynh hng sn xut ra t nng lng khi
nhit tng ln, iu ny lm cho phn ng d dng hot ng n nh.
o Chu trnh turbine (chu trnh th cp) c lp vi chu trnh s cp, do nc (cng
nh hi nc) trong chu trnh ny khng b nhim x.
o L PWR c thit k sao cho c th tt l phn ng mt cch th ng trong
trng hp khn cp , ngun in mt t ngt. Do cc thanh iu khin c iu
khin bng nam chm in, khi ngun in mt, tt c thanh ny s t ng rt
vo l phn ng do trng lc, dng li qu trnh phn ng ht nhn.
o Cng ngh ca l PWR c pht trin theo hng ph hp vi cc tu ht nhn
qun s, do kch thc ca l khng qu ln, c th t trong tu ngm ht nhn
hoc cc loi tu ht nhn khc.
Nhc im
o Nc dng cho h thng ny phi p sut cao gi c nhit cao n nh trong
sut qu trnh. Dn n yu cu h thng ng dn bn cao, bnh chu p sut cao, v
vy gi thnh s cao. p sut cng cao, nguy c dn n s c loss-of-coolant accident
(LOCA), l nguyn nhn chnh dn n cc thm ha ht nhn. Hn na, bnh cha li
c ch to t thp do, nhng khi hot ng, s bn ph ca neutron t phn ng
phn hch lm gim tnh cht do ca thp i. Cui cng, khi t n gii hn, bnh s
d b t nng, khi s phi sa cha hoc thay th. Vic ny th khng c li v tn
km, nh hng n tui th hot ng ca nh my.
o Tt c cc thit b, h thng phi c tnh chu c p sut cao, dn n vic xy
dng nh my s dng l PWR c chi ph cao v phc tp.
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-8
o
4.3.2
Cc thanh iu khin lm t boric acid, cht ny n mn thp carbon, dn n

cht phng x n mn cc thit b trong chu trnh s cp. Vic ny khng ch lm
gim tui th ca l, m cn tng thm chi ph cho vic gii quyt s n mn ca
boric acid.
Uranium t nhin ch c khong 0.7% uranium-235, l ng v cn thit cho phn
ng phn hch. iu ny dn n qu trnh lm giu uranium, v tt nhin tng
chi ph ca sn xut nhin liu. Kt qu l gi nhin liu ca nh my ht nhn rt
t
Nh my s dng l BWR
4.3.2.1 Cu to
Cu to ca nh my phn ng BWR n gin hn nh my PWR ,bao gm:
Reactor core
Reactor pressure vessel
Turbine
Condenser
Cooling tower
Hnh 4.7: M phng nh my BWR [7]
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-9
4.3.2.2 Hot ng
L BWR khc vi PWR ch dng hi chy qua turbine c to ra t trong li phn ng.
Hi c tch bit v lm kh bng thit b c c t phn trn ca Reactor pressure
vessel (bnh p sut phn ng). Dng hi kh chy thng n turbine p sut cao v vy loi b
c b phn steam generator (b sn xut hi nc). B lm mt v vy m nhn 3 vai tr:
lm mt, iu tit, v lu chuyn cht lu. p sut trong l nh hn PWR, n mc khong 70
bar v nhit khong 2850C. Tuy nhin, s tng dung tch hi nc lm gim lng nc
trong l v gim kh nng iu
tit nhit ha neutrons, khin
gim mc nh my ht nhn.
Hi nc sau khi qua turbine
c lm mt v ngng t li v
c my bm bm tip tc vo
l phn ng. y chnh l chu
trnh kn ca nc sau trong l
phn ng ht nhn. Nc c
ly lm mt s c ly trc
tip t song h nhit
khong 250C v u ra sau khi Hnh 4.8: Dresden (USA) dual-pressure direct cycle BWR
system (power plant engineering) [8]
hp thu nhit ngng t hi
nc khong 350C c a vo Cooling Tower mt s nh my ht nhn s dng h thng
gp i p sut v d: Dresden 1 (USA), y c 2 b phn lm nc bc hi p sut cao v
c dn trc tip c hai vo turbine lm tng hiu sut ca nh my.
4.3.2.3 Nhn xt
u im
o Hot ng mc nhit nng lng ht nhn thp.
o t b phn hn bi v khng c steam generator( b to hi nc) va pressurizer
vessel (bnh p sut).
o Gim nguy c nghim trng nh v ng nc bi v BWR s dng t ng nc hn,
ng knh ng nh hn, v khng c steam generator tubes (ng to hi nc).
o BWR c thit k vn hnh vng lu thng nc 1 cch t nhin v vy cc my
bm c th loi b hon ton (l ESBWR).
Khuyt im
o Vic tnh ton nhin liu ht nhn vn hnh phc tp do c 2 pha dng chy: nc v
hi phn trn ca l.
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-10
o Turbine b nhim phng x do mc phng x tng cao do t dng hi trc tip

t l phn ng v vy lp bo v, h thng iu khin l rt cn thit. Nhng bin
php an ton cng cn c kim tra 1 cch cht ch khi tin hnh bo tr turbine.
4.3.3 Kt lun chung
L PWR c hai chu trnh hot ng ring bit, trong chu trnh th cp : hi nc lm quay
turbine hon ton khng nhim x, an ton cao. Trong khi l BWR, hi nc lm quay
turbine b nhim x (do khng c s c lp ca hai chu trnh).
R rng nhn thy l PWR vt tri l BWR v an ton v n nh, y l hai tiu ch
quan trng nht trong vic xy dng nh my ht nhn hin nay trn th gii.
4.4 Vn hnh thc t
4.4.1
u im ca nng lng ht nhn
4.4.1.1 Ngun nng lng xanh

u im ln nht ca ngun nng lng ny l khng to ra cc kh thi nh knh (nh carbon
dioxide, methane, ozone, chlorofluorocarbon) trong phn ng ht nhn. Kh thi nh knh l mt
mi e da ln cho mi trng sng, chng
gy ra s nng ln ton cu v bin i kh
hu. Phn ng ht nhn khng to ra cc kh
thi, nn c rt t nh hng n mi trng.
4.4.1.2 To ra mt s lng ln nng lng
Phn ng ht nhn gii phng nhiu hn mt
triu ln nng lng so vi thy
in hoc nng lng gi. V vy, mt lng
in nng ln c th c to ra. Hin nay,
c khong 10-15% sn lng in ca th
gii c to ra bng nng lng ht nhn.
Bn c bit vi mt kg uranium-235 c th
sn xut ra mt lng nng lng in tng
ng 1.500 tn than[9].
Hnh 4.9: Uranium 235 [10]
4.4.1.3 Khng lm nhim khng kh

Vic t nhin liu nh than to ra carbon dioxide
v khi. l mt mi e da i vi mi trng cng
nh i sng con ngi. Sn xut nng lng ht nhn
khng thi ra khi. V th, n khng gy nhim
khng kh trc tip. Tuy nhin, x l cht thi phng x
l mt vn ln hin nay.
Hnh 4.10: Nh my than gy

nhim mi trng [11]
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-11
4.4.1.4 Nhin liu c lp

L phn ng ht nhn s dng uranium lm nhin liu. Phn ng phn hch ca mt lng nh
uranium c th to ra mt nng lng ln. Hin nay, ngun d tr uranium c tm thy trn
Tri t d kin s p ng c nhu cu trong 100 nm na[9]. S dng nng lng ny c th
lm cho nhiu quc gia c th c lp v nng lng v khng ph thuc vo vic khai thc
nhng nhin liu nh than .
Nu khng c cc li ca con ngi hay tai nn v thin tai, cc l phn ng ht nhn s hot
ng rt hiu qu trong mt thi gian di. Thm vo , sau khi xy dng, vic vn hnh nh
my i hi rt t lao ng.
4.4.2 Nhc im ca nng lng ht nhn
4.4.2.1 Bc x
S gii phng ngu nhin cc bc x c hi l mt trong nhng hn ch ln nht ca nng lng
ht nhn. Qu trnh phn hch gii phng bc x, nhng chng c kim sot trong mt l phn
ng ht nhn. Nu cc bin php an ton khng c m bo, cc bc x c th tip xc vi
mi trng s dn n nhng nh hng nghim trng n h sinh thi v con ngi.
4.4.2.2 Chi ph xy dng khng l
Tuy mt lng ln nng lng c th c
sn xut t mt nh my in ht nhn,
nhng n i hi chi ph u t ln. Cn
n khong 10-15 nm xy dng xong
mt nh my in ht nhn. Vic xy dng
mt nh my in ht nhn c th khng
kh thi.
4.4.2.3 Cht thi ht nhn
Cc cht thi c to ra sau phn ng
phn hch cha cc nguyn t khng n
Hnh 4.11: Mt m hnh nh my in ht nhn ca

Nga c trng by ti Trin lm v
in ht nhn din ra ti H Ni trong
thng 10/2012 [12].
nh v phng x cao. N rt nguy him i

vi mi trng cng nh sc khe con
ngi v s tn ti trong mt khong thi
gian di. N cn c x l cn thn v
phi cch bit vi mi trng sng.
phng x ca cc nguyn t ny s gim
trong mt thi gian, sau phn hy. Do
, ngi ta phi c tch tr v x l mt
cch cn thn. Vic tch tr cc nguyn t
phng x trong mt thi gian di l rt kh
khn.
Hnh 4.12: Vn chuyn cht thi n ni x l [13]
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-12
4.4.2.4 Vn chuyn nhin liu v cht thi
Vic vn chuyn nhin liu uranium v cc cht thi phng x l rt kh khn. Uranium pht ra
mt s bc x, do , n cn phi c x l cn thn. Cht thi ca qu trnh sn xut ht nhn
cn nguy him hn v cn c bo v tt hn. Tt c cc phng tin vn chuyn chng m
bo cc tiu chun an ton quc t. Mc d cha c tai nn hoc s c trn no c thng k,
nhng qu trnh vn chuyn vn cn l thch thc.
4.4.2.5 Tai nn nh my in ht nhn

Cho n ny, c hai v tai nn nh my
in ht nhn thm khc xy ra: thm ha
Chernobyl xy ra ti nh my in ht nhn
Chernobyl (1986) ti Ukraine, v thm ha
ht nhn Fukushima Daiichi (2011) ti
Nht Bn. Sau cc s c, mt lng ln cc
bc x b pht tn vo mi trng, dn
n nhng thit hi v ngi, thin nhin
v t ai. Ngi ta khng th ph nhn
kh nng lp li nhng thm ha ny trong
tng lai.
4.4.3
Hnh 4.13: Nh ca thnh ph Natori bc chy

[14].
Nguyn nhn dn n s c Fukushima
4.4.3.1 Do ng t v sng thn

Vo lc 2h46 chiu ngy 11/3/2011, mt trn ng t c ghi nhn l ln nht trong lch s
nc Nht vi tm chn m rng ti 500 km theo chiu di v 200 km theo chiu rng tn
cng vo qun Tohoku, li hu qu vi 20.000 ngi cht hoc mt tch. Trn ng t ny c
sc tn ph mnh 9.1 ritcher c ni tip bi mt trn sng thn i su vo t lin ti a 10
km vi chiu cao ln ti 43.3 m ti mt vi khu vc.[15] Bn trong khu vc b nh hng, c hai
nh my in ht nhn c vn hnh bi 2 cng ty khc nhau l nh my Ongawa c
vn hnh bi cng ty in Tohoku v nh my Fukushima c vn hnh bi cng ty in
Tokyo (TEPCO). Tuy rng hai nh my u tri qua cc nh hng ca tai ha tng t nhau v
c vn hnh di cng mt h thng php quy, nhng s phn ca chng hon ton tri ngc
nhau. Trong khi Fukushima Daiichi tri qua qua trnh nng chy vng hot v cng nghim
trng v tr thnh thm ha ht nhn th nh my in ht nhn Onagawa v tnh hnh chung
c kim sot duy tr v khng c h hng ng ch xy ra.
Khi trn ng t vi cng 9.1 ritcher tc ng vo nh my, cc l phn ng 1, 2 v 3 c
dp l t ng. Cc l phn ng s 4, 5, 6 khng hot ng ti thi im . Trn ng t
lm mt ngun cung cp in nng t bn ngoi, kch hot cc my pht diesel khn cp hot
ng , kch hot h thng lm lnh sau cc l phn ng 1, 2, 3 c dp tt.
Tuy nhin chui phn ng phn hch tip tc xy ra li ca l phn ng ,thm ch sau khi cc
l phn ng trn c dp tt. Cc cht phng x tip tc c t chy , phn r , lm thot
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-13
lng nhit d, khin cho nc lm mt b bay hi n ht dn n nhit trong bnh tng ln.
Bn cnh , v bc ng dn nng lng cng gin n v xut hin cc vt nt
T , cc cht phng x d bay hi , dng kh nh ( Xenon , Cesium, Krypton) thot ra ngoi
(tnh cht to cc mt li gi nc li hi nc ly t vic ha hi ca nc lm mt). iu
ny sinh ra phn ng Zr v Nc cho ra 2 qu trnh oxy ha v hydrogen. Nh bit, bnh phn
ng l h kn , nn kh H2 trn y t ng theo cc ng thot kh ra ngoi , khi ln n nc l
phn ng, dn nn lng kh ln v pht n.
Tip , t sng thn ko di 45 pht sau trn ng t, mang theo t sng tn cng vo cc
l phn ng, lm ngp cc h thng lm mt, cc h thng ti nhit d, v cc pin d tr, c lp
hon ton cc l phn ng.
Ring l phn ng 2 th chc nng lm mt ti l phn ng s 2 b hng. C th l thit b
dng bm nc tun hon vo l phn ng s 2 b hng khin cho p sut bn trong l tip
tc tng cao. L 3-4 c ni vi nhau bng 1 ng dn nn l 1 3 4 b n hidro.
4.4.3.2 S ch quan ca TEPCO (Cng ty in lc Tokyo- Fukushima I - Fukushima Daiichi)
Cn c theo Ngh vin quc gia ca y ban iu tra c lp tai nn Fukushima Nht Bn, qu
trnh xy dng ban u ca nh my Fukushima da vo thng tin a chn hc, do ta nh
ca Fukushima Daiichi ti mt v tr a th thp hn ban u khong 10 m. Khi cc nghin cu
su hn c thc hin, cc nh nghin cu chuyn nghip xc nh rng cc c s an ton
ca cc l phn ng c xy dng chng li sng thn l khng ng mc v cha .
Theo The Wall Street Journal, 12 thng 7, 2011, thun tin cho qu trnh vn chuyn thit b
v tit kim chi ph xy dng, nh my Daiichi t cao 35m xung 25 m so vi mc nc bin
v xy dng cc ta nh l thp hn 10 m.[15]
Bn cnh , bi v s c quyn trong nn cng nghip in nng trong khu vc ca TEPCO,
nn bn trong cng ty ny tn ti mt suy ngh rng s chim u th ca h trn th trng l
mt minh chng cho tnh hon m ca h. ng Hasuike Tooru, nguyn ch tch ca TEPCO,
tng m t quan im ca ng v mc tiu kinh t trong qun l v hot ng c tp trung cho
li nhun ca h.
Nh mt h qu, khi cc nh qun l quyt nh ko di thi gian hot ng ca nh my in
ht nhn trong iu kin c bit l th hin s thiu quan tm ti cc hu qu nghim trng
lin quan ti an ton.
C nhiu minh chng cho thy rng mt s chnh sch an ton c TEPCO b qua khi h
a ra cc quyt nh, v bi v TEPCO ang c quyn trn th trng, hu ht mi ngi c
tm l phng tng rng s khng c iu ti t no xy ra, do vy h s dng rt t thi gian
vo vic xem xt vn an ton. Vic ny c th d nhn thy trong vn ha lm vic ti
TEPCO trong sut giai on xy dng nh my Fukushima Daiichi.
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-14
4.4.4
Nguyn nhn dn n s c Chernobyl
Thm ha kinh hong Chernobyl, xp

hng 7 theo thang INES, xy ra ti
Ukraina, Lin X c, ngy 26-4-1986,
l s kin khi mo cho nhn thc
ca nhn loi v s nguy him tim
tng ca ht nhn dn s.[11]
Tai nn ny l do nhng sai st
trong thit k nh my in ht nhn
v mt lot li lm ca con ngi,
nht l thi quan liu khng th t.
Hnh 4.14: in nguyn t Chernobyl (Lin X) nm

1986 trc v n [17].
4.4.4.1 Do thit k yu km ca kiu l RBMK

Chnh l phn ng s 4 RBMK ca Lin X, 1000 MW, kiu l nc si nh, kim hm bng
than v c lm giu thp vi uranium, gnh chu v n v chy tm l. L ny, dng tr
vi ng knh l 12 m v cao 8 m, cha 190 tn uranium lm giu 2% .Nhng im yu ca
kiu l ny l khng c v bc (enceinte de confinement) hay mi vm bo v.[16]
Cng sut yu, tm l khng n nh, nc dng truyn nhit c mt khp ni, nhng n cng
l ngun hp th ntron v do hi nc rt l nguy him v cc cn iu khin (barres de
contrle) khng hon ton d s dng.
Theo k s ht nhn tng lm
vic ti Chernobyl, Alexander
Sich, th nht, cc l phn ng
Chernobyl khng c h thng v
bc thch hp, khng c c cu
ngn phun cht nhim x ln
khng trung, cn l Fukushima
c xy trn nn granite v
c bao bc bi cc lp v thp
v b tng ct thp, gim thiu
tc ng xu nu n.
Th hai, cc l phn ng Nht
cha cc nguyn liu chnh trong
nhng bnh thp chu p dy t
Hnh 4.15: S ca mt l phn ng kiu RBMK [17]
15-20cm, trong khi l phn ng
Chernobyl ch c mt lp thp dy khong 2 cm bc xung quanh 1.700 ng lm mt cao p
cha nhin liu ht nhn. Th ba, l phn ng Chernobyl c kch thc 11,8mx7m, ln hn
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-15
nhiu Fukushima (2,5mx3,7m). Vi l ln, ngi ta phi lin tc ch qu trnh vn hnh

l".
4.4.4.2 Do con ngi
Chnh thao tc ca mt vi k s in, khng bit g v ht nhn, n t Moscow, vi mc tiu
l chng t kh nng khi ng li nh my cng vi ng nng ca turbin khi c s c bn
ngoi v in, l ngun gc gy ra thm ha. Nguyn nhn l do s bt kn v s gy cc cn
iu khin i vi than kim ch. Ch siu cp (cng sut l phn ng tng ln 100 ln)[16]
gy ra mt lot cc v chy n.
C th, trong mt l phn ng ht nhn, cc thanh iu khin c a vo trong l lm chm
qu trnh phn ng. Tuy nhin, trong thit k l RBMK, u mt ca thanh iu khin (control
rod) c lm bng graphit, nhng phn ko di ra (phn thuc thanh iu khin bn trn cc
u mt, di khong mt mt) l rng v cha y nc, trong khi s cn bng ca thanh iu
khin - phn thc s hot ng,
hp th cc ntron v do ngn
chn phn ng - c lm
bng cacbua bo.
Trong vi khonh khc u tin khi
cc thanh iu khin kiu ny c
a vo trong l, nc lm mt b
nhng u mt bng graphit chim
ch. V th, (nc) lm mt,
mt cht hp th ntron, b graphit
chim ch, mt c cu iu tit
ntron l mt vt cht c tc
dng lm tng phn ng ht nhn
ch khng phi lm chm n li.
Hnh 4.16: in nguyn t Chernobyl (Lin X) nm

1986 sau v n [18]
Trong vi giy u tin khi vn hnh, cc thanh iu khin "lm tng" tc phn ng, ch
khng phi lm gim nh mong mun. Nhng ngi iu hnh nh my in khng h bit ti
iu . Nhng ngi iu hnh thiu cn trng v vi phm cc quy trnh qun l nh my,
mt phn v h thiu thng tin v nhng im yu trong thit k ca l. Nhiu hnh ng tri
quy tc khc cng gp phn vo nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn. Mt nguyn nhn l s thiu trao
i thng tin gia nhng nhn vin ph trch an ton v nhng ngi iu hnh l vo ti hm
.
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-16
4.5 Bin php an ton
4.5.1 An ton ca nh my in ht nhn

Ba chc nng c thit k m bo s an ton cho nh my in ht nhn l Stopping the
reactor (ngng phn ng), cooling the fuel (lm mt nhin liu), containing radioactive materials
4.5.1.1 Stopping the reactor (hoc controlling the reactor)
trong cc l phn ng c 2 b sensitive detector (b cm ng nhit, p sut, mc nng
lng) c th kim sot lng nng lng kp thi v nhanh chng nh vo cc thanh control
rods. Cc thanh ny c to bi boron, bc, indium, cadium khin cho control rods c th hp
th c cc neutrons nn hn ch c chui phn ng.
Hnh 4.17: Chc nng bo v cho l phn ng [19].

H thng cng m bo sau khi dng phn ng s khng th t phc hi. Ch c th khi ng
li bi qun l h thng phng iu hnh hoc c khi ng bng tay.
4.5.1.2 Cooling the fuel
Bao gm 3 h thng:
Heat transport system
Steam system
Condenser cooling system
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-17
ng thi bo v cho 3 h thng lm mt hot ng trong cc s c. Ngi ta cn lp t

thm h thng Emergency Injected
system (EIS) v hm cha nc c
di l phn ng. V d nh trong
s c mt nc trong h thng lm
mt khi c s c v ng nc, h
thng EIS qua 2 phn High pressure
injection system hoc low pressure
injection system bm nc v gi
n nh mc p sut trong ng cho
n khi s c c khc phc. Nc
Hnh 4.18: My pht in khn cp [20].
d tr s c ly t hm cha nc
d tr di l phn ng.
Cooling system cn in vn hnh. Di iu kin vn hnh bnh thng, h thng ly in t
li in. Cc nh my in thng i hi phi trang b 2 ngun in d phng trong trng
hp b ngt khi li in. Ngun in d phng chnh l ngun do chnh nh my sn xut:
2 hoc 3 my pht in ch
2 hoc 3 my pht in khn cp
Pin khn cp
V 1 trong nhng bin php an ton vn c l kh nng lm mt l phn ng thng qua vng lu
thng t nhin.
4.5.1.3 Containing radioactive materials
Bao gm 5 lp bo v: Pellets, Fuel cladding, Reactor vessel, Containment vessel, Reactor shield
wall. H thng ny nhm ngn nga ri ro, hn ch cc cht phng x nh hng ra mi trng.
Kim sot kh Hydrogen:

Hydrogen c th c to ra t cc vn nghim trong. Kh hydrogen l kh rt d bc
chy, c th to 1 v n v gy thit hi n Containment systems. gii quyt vn
ny, hu ht cc nh my ht nhn Canada c trang b h thng Hydrogen igniters
(ngi n Hydrogen).
4.6 p dng Vit Nam

Bao gm 2 nh my in ht nhn Ninh Thun 1 (x phc dinh huyn Thun Nam), Ninh
Thun 2(x Vnh Hi Huyn Ninh Hi) vi tng cng sut trn 4.000 MW. D n c tin hnh
theo kin ngh ca Th tng Nguyn Tn Dng da trn c tnh thiu thn in nng n
2020, c Quc hi Vit Nam thng qua ch trng u t xy dng. D on khi cng t
cui nm 2014 nhng nhm c b chun b k lng bo m an ton cao nht n nm
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-18
4.6.2
Ngun Vn
Nga ng cho VN vay 10.5 t USD, Nht cng ng cho vay ngun vn ODA lm in ht
nhn.
4.6.3
i tc cng ngh Cng Ngh

Nh my in ht nhn Ninh Thun I
Thng 5 nm 2010, Nga c
la chn lm i tc cung cp
cng ngh cho nh my in ht
nhn I, vi cam kt lu di s h
tr Vit Nam trong cng tc
qun l v x l cht thi ht
nhn, ng thi xy dng mt
chng trnh quc gia v vn
ny. Nga a ra mc gi nh
my mc cng sut 2.000 MWh
l gn 8 t USD v ng cho
Vit Nam vay tn dng xut
khu trin khai d n. Nh
Hnh 4.19: S m phng d n [21].
my c d tnh xy dng vi
h s an ton cao trn c s
cc l phn ng nc nh hin i; s dng cng nghnc p lc (VVER) theo thit k
ca nh my in th h 3 PWR vi mc an ton hn hn th h 2 (nh nh my
Fukushima I). Cc chng trnh h thng nh my in ht nhn m bo an ton ch
ng v th ng. Theo cng ngh mi, khu vc m bo an ton trong trng hp xy
ra s c nm cch nh my 800 m. i s c mnh ton quyn Lin bang Nga ti Vit
Nam khng nh pha Nga hon ton chu trch nhim v s an ton ca Nh my in
ht nhn Ninh Thun I.
Nh my in ht nhn Ninh Thun II

Chnh ph Vit Nam k cc tho thun hp tc xy dng my in ht nhn Ninh
Thun II vi Nht Bn. Thng 9 nm 2011, Nht Bn cho tu kho st a cht n Vit
Nam kho st a cht bin phc v d n xy dng nh my II.
Cc chuyn gia Cng ty in nguyn t Nht Bn (JAPC) a ra cng ngh v cc c
tnh an ton ca cc th h l phn ng tin tin ca Nht c kh nng chng ng t v
sng thn cng hng khc phc sau s c nh my in Fukushima I.
4.6.4
a Cht
Ninh Thun c cc nh a cht xc nh l vng ng t cp 5 hoc 6. Ti vng B Ra Vng Tu, Bnh Thun (gip Ninh Thun, thuc tuyn t gy 109 110 ) hng nm u c
ng t, cng t 4,7 n 5,2 Richter. y l hot ng kin to bnh thng khng gy
nguy him. Theo cc trng Cc An ton bc x v ht nhn, khu vc xy dng nh my tng
i n nh v nhng trn ng t thng thng s khng nh hng n khu vc nh my.
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-19
Thng 3 nm 2011, i din Ban chun b u t d n cho bit: "Hai nh my in ht nhn ti

Ninh Thun s c thit k mc d phng cao hn t 15 n 30% so vi mc ng t
cao nht tng xy ra Vit Nam (6,8 Richter)". Ngoi ra 2 nh my cn c thit k h
thng chn sng cao 15m, mc d mc sng cao nht ghi nhn c ti Ninh Thun l 8m.
4.6.5
o to nhn lc
Trong thi gian qua, Vit Nam c gn 300 sinh vin sang Lin bang Nga theo hc cc chuyn
ngnh lin quan n HN; nhiu lt cn b c o to ngn hn ti mt s nc. T nm
2005 n nay, c 246 lt ngi c c i hc cc chng trnh o to ngn hn ti Nht
Bn. EVN phi hp vi Cng ty Pht trin nng lng nguyn t quc t Nht Bn (JINED) v
Trng i hc Tokai o to 15 thnh vin nng ct cho d n Nh my HN Ninh Thun
2. Kha o to ko di 2 nm t thng 9-2012 n 9-2014. Cc nhm cn b nng ct c
EVN tuyn chn t s k s c kinh nghim lm vic ti cc nh my in ca EVN v cn b
BQL d n HN Ninh Thun.
4-20
4 Nh my in nguyn t
Ngun tham kho

[1] World Nuclear Power Reactors 2007-08 and Uranium Requirements. World Nuclear
Association. 9 thng 6 nm 2008. Truy cp ngy 18 thng 11 nm 2014.
[2] "Uranium resources sufficient to meet projected nuclear energy requirements long into the
future". Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). 3 thng 6 nm 2008. Truy cp ngy 16 thng 6 nm
2008.
[3] NRC: Bellefonte Nuclear Site, Units 3 and 4 Application
[4] Image Gallery: Inside a Nuclear Power Plant, HowStuffWorks.com
http://science.howstuffworks.com/inside-nuclear-power-plant-pictures.htm
[5] L Nc Nh p Lc PWR - Pressurized water reactor
http://dienhatnhan.com.vn/?u=con&t=0&cid=407&p=683
[6] http://www.scribd.com/doc/105346189/H%E1%BA%A1t-Nhan
[7] Boiling water reactor, http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/boilingwaterreactor.htm
[8] Theo VNE, an Mch lp k lc th gii mi v nng lng gi, cp nht 9h ngy
24/01/2014, http://www.khoahoc.com.vn/doisong/moi-truong/51719_dan-mach-lap-ky-luc-thegioi-moi-ve-nang-luong-gio.aspx
[9] u im v nhc im ca nng lng ht nhn, cp nht 11:17 Th hai, 02 Thng 6 2014
http://www.3ce.vn/vi/ho-tro/dien-dien-tu/3541-uu-diem-va-nhuoc-diem-cua-nang-luong-hatnhan.html
[10] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Uranium-235, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235
[11] Theo ANTG, Than , k tn ph mi trng ln nht, cp nht 13h44' ngy 28/06/2013,
http://www.khoahoc.com.vn/doisong/moi-truong/tham-hoa/47402_than-da-ke-tan-pha-moitruong-lon-nhat.aspx
[12] Theo TCL chuyn QLHN, Tuyn truyn v in ht nhn: Phi lin tc v lu di, cp
nht 09h36 ngy13/12/2012,
http://www.evn.com.vn/Home/Detail/tabid/84/ItemId/5628/View/2/language/viVN/Default.aspx
[13] Qunh Chi, EU sit cht quy nh x l rc thi ht nhn: ch n cn di, cp nht Th
Hai 07:08 25/07/2011,
http://hanoimoi.com.vn/Tin-tuc/The-gioi/518017/eu-siet-chat-quy-dinh-xu-ly-rac-thai-hat-nhandich-den-con-dai
[14] Phan Anh, Nht Bn: n ti nh my in ht nhn, r r phng x, cp nht lc 14h57
ngy 12/03/2011,
4 Nh my in nguyn t
4-21
http://tuoitre.vn/tin/the-gioi/20110312/nhat-ban-no-tai-nha-may-dien-hat-nhan-ro-ri-phongxa/428597.html
[15] B phn Thng tin, Vin Nng lng nguyn t Vit Nam, lc dch v Tng hp, NH
MY IN HT NHN ONAGAWA V FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI, KHC BIT L U,
http://www.vinatom.gov.vn/tin-tuc-su-kien/tin-tong-hop/onagawa-Fukushimadaiichi.aspx
[16] Gio s Nguyn Khc Nhn , Gi cho BBC Vit ng t Php Suy ngm bi hc Chernobyl
sau 26 nm, cp nht 08:16 - ch nht, 29 thng 4, 2012
http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/forum/2012/04/120428_forum_chernobyl_lesson.shtml
[17] Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia, RBMK, http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBMK
[18] Chm nh v tai nn ht nhn Chernobyl, cp nht th hai , 24/4/2006 , lc 14h32
http://vietbao.vn/The-gioi/Chum-anh-vu-tai-nan-hat-nhan-o-Chernobyl/10954546/162/
[19] slide ppt ca Gio S ITO Toshihiko Kansai Electric Power Co.,Inc
[20] http://nuclearsafety.gc.ca
[21] Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia, Nh my in ht nhn Ninh Thun
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh_my_in_ht_nhn_Ninh_Thun
4-22
4 Nh my in nguyn t
Ph lc: Hi v tr li
Hi: Ti sao li chn U-235 lm nguyn liu
Tr li: V U-235 l ng v duy nht c kh nng phn hch t nhin, tit din hiu dng phn
hch cao, khi t nng , U-235 s cho kh nng duy tr c chui phn ng ht nhn n
nh.
Hi: Khi s dng ht cc thanh nhin liu, cc thanh ny c x l nh th no.
Tr li: Khi s dng ht, nhng thanh ny s c tng hp li v c a vo khu vc cha
cht thi ht nhn (thng l su trong lng ni, xa khu dn c).
Hi: Ti sao phi ngng t hi nc, c m bo c h s cng sut ca nh my?
Tr li: Sau khi hi nc nng i qua turbine lm quay turbine, chy my pht in, hi ny
s c dn vo mt bnh ngng ngng t thnh nc nhm m bo chu trnh khp kn,
khng b tht thot, m bo h s cng sut, nc sau khi ngng t s tr li chu trnh hot
ng. Hi ny khc vi hi trong l lm lnh. Hi trong l lm lnh l hi nc t nhin sinh ra
do qu trnh trao i nhit, cn hi trong chu trnh quay turbine l hi nng p sut cao, sinh ra
do h thng sinh hi (steam generator).

5 Nh my in a nhit ................................................................................................................. 5-1
5.1 Gii thiu nng lng a nhit ........................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.1 Ngun nng lng a nhit ................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.2 Lch s pht trin ca nng lng a nhit ........................................................... 5-1
5.2 Cc loi nh my in a nhit ........................................................................................... 5-2
5.2.1 Dry steam power plant ........................................................................................... 5-2
5.2.2 Flash steam power plant ......................................................................................... 5-2
5.2.3 Binary cycle power plant ........................................................................................ 5-4
5.2.4 H thng a nhit ci tin (Enhanced geothermal systems).................................. 5-5
5.3 Cch to ra in t dng hi ................................................................................................ 5-7
5.3.1 Turbine hi ............................................................................................................. 5-7
5.3.2 Hiu sut ................................................................................................................. 5-9
5.4 Cc dng h thng pht in .............................................................................................. 5-10
5.4.1 Phn loi theo chu trnh hi.................................................................................. 5-10
5.4.2 Phn loi theo p sut dng hi ............................................................................ 5-11
5.5 Tnh hnh pht trin v tim nng a nhit ....................................................................... 5-12
5.5.1 Tnh hnh pht trin .............................................................................................. 5-12
5.5.2 Tim nng a nhit .............................................................................................. 5-13
5.5.3 Thun li v kh khn ca vn pht trin a nhit ......................................... 5-13
5.5.4 Tim nng v pht trin a nhit Vit Nam .................................................... 5-14
Ngun tham kho........................................................................................................................ 5-15
Ph lc: Hi v tr li ........................ ........................................................................................ 5-16

1. Trn Tun t
41100764
2. Trng Minh c
81100889
3. Nguyn Hong Long
41101906
5 Nh my in a nhit
5-1
5 Nh my in a nhit
Trong hon cnh cuc khng hong nhin liu v nhim mi trng ang xy ra trn ton th
gii, cuc sng b e da bi s cn kit cc ngun nhin liu ha thch s xy ra vo mt ngy
khng xa, th gii ngy cng ch trng n vic pht trin cc ngun nng lng ti to.
T lu con ngi bit trong li tri t l mt ngun nhit v tn sn sinh ra nh phn ng
nhit hch. y l mt ngun nng lng khng l v gn nh khng gy hi cho mi trng (t
ra l rt sch nu so vi cc ngun nhin liu ha thch). tng s dng ngun nhit ca lng
t phc v cho nhu cu ca con ngi c hin thc ha t rt lu trc y, tuy nhin vic
bin i nhit nng ny thnh in nng d dng s dng hn th mi ch c pht trin t
th k th XX. Sau y s l tng quan v lch s pht trin, nguyn l v cu trc ca nh my
in a nhit hin nay.
5.1
5.1.1
Gii thiu nng lng a nhit

Ngun nng lng a nhit
Tri t rt nng phn li, ang ngui dn v s nh vy trong hn 3 t nm na. Qu trnh

ngui dn ny to ra 1 dng nhit hu ch , nu ta tn dng dc. Nng lng ny c gi l nng
lng a nhit. Mch nc ngm v ni la l 2 biu hin ca dng nhit ny. Nng lng nhit
ny c tao ra: 20% do cc nguyn t b dn nn do lc hp dn to ra nhit, 80% do cc phn
ng ht nhn.
Nhit tm tri t rt nng, c th ln n 4000C. phn v tri t, , kim loi, hi
nc b un nng c th t n nhit 370C. C xung su 33m th nhit trong lng t
li tng 1 C. su 60km, nhit c th t ti 1.800 C.
Hin nay c hai phng php c bn khai thc nng lng a nhit. Mt l khoan tht su
xung lng t ly nhit lng nhit cc cao, ri dng hi nc sn xut in. Hai l
ch cn khoan su vi trm mt s dng trc tip ngun nc nng va phi lm nng lng
si m.
5.1.2
Lch s pht trin ca nng lng a nhit
Xut hin hn 1000 nm trc Bc M, ngi dn dng nhng mch nc nng, hi nc

nng nu n, sinh hot. Hnh thc cng nghip u tin ca a nhit bt u Pisa, vo
cui th k XVIII, dung tch axit boric t nhng bn nng.Vo nm 1904, nh khoa hc
ngi Piero Ginori Conti pht minh ra nh my in a nhit u tin dng hi nc to ra
dng in.
Vi nhng tin b vt bt v khoa hc, chnh ph M khi to mt d n vo nm 1992 vi
cng sut nh my l 250 kilowatts. N to ra c nng lng in cng sut thp nhng do s
c k thut m phi ngng hot ng. Tuy nhin, vo nm 1946, h thng bm nhit t long t
u tin c lp t to nh Commomwelth Oregon, Ba Lan.
Trong khong gia nhng nm 60, nh my a nhit c ln u tin c xy dng San
Francisco vi cng sut 11 megawatts. Ngy nay, M c hn 60 nh my in a nhit vn hnh
18 vng khp nc M.
5 Nh my in a nhit
5-2
Nm 1973, cuc khng hong du din ra, v nhiu quc gia bt u tm kim nhng ngun
nng lng ti to cho ti nhng nm 1980, h thng bm a nhit GHP (Geothermal Heat
Pump) bt u c bit n nhiu hn, dng gim chi ph un nu v si m.
Cc hin tng bit i kh hu bt u r rang hn, nhiu quc gia nhn ra tm quan trng ca
ngun nng lng thay th. Mt hip nh c k kt Nht Bn mang tn Kyoto, a ra
mc tiu cho cc nc pht trin l phi h tr cc nc ang pht trin v ngun vn v cng
ngh. 184 quc gia chp nhn hip nh ny. Hin ti a nhit ch p ng 1% nhu cu in
ca th gii (nm 2009) tuy nhin cc chuyn gia k vng vo nm 2050, n s cung ng 1020% nhu cu in. Cc nh my in a nhit ln nht hin ny hot ng cc quc gia c
nhiu ni la v ng t hot ng.
5.2 Cc loi nh my in a nhit
Trn th gii hin nay c ba loi nh my in a nhit ch yu:
Dry steam power plant
Flash steam power plant
Binary circle power plant
5.2.1
Dry steam power plant
Dry steam power plant c th hiu l nh

my s dng hi kh, tc l ch c pha
kh, khng ln vi pha lng. y l loi
nh my ra i sm nht, nh my in
a nhit u tin trn th gii
Ladarello, , nm 1904 c xy
dng theo m hnh ny v n nay vn
cn hot ng hiu qu. Hin nay, The
Geysers (Hoa K), nh my in a
nhit ln nht th gii, c n 13/55 n
v khai thc ng dng m hnh ny, vi
cng sut pht ln n 725MW.
Hnh 2.1: S m t hot ng cho nh my Dry steam
Nguyn l hot ng ca nh my ny
rt n gin, c 2 ging c khoan vo lng t, ging bm dng bm hi ln t ngun a
nhit, hi ny phi m bo iu kin l pha kh hon ton vi nhit ln hn 235oC (508oF).
Hi s c a trc tip vo turbine lm quay my pht. Sau , hi s tip tc a n h
thng lm mt x l trc khi bm tr v lng t thng qua ging x.
5.2.2
Flash steam power plant
L m hnh nh my in a nhit ph bin nht hin nay, chim 58% tng s lng nh my
in a nhit trn ton th gii. Nh my u tin xy dng theo m hnh ny l nh my
Wairakei New Zealand, xy dng nm 1958.
5 Nh my in a nhit
5-3
to ra in, cht lu s dng trong m hnh ny phi trn 182oC. Nguyn l hot ng chung
ca nh my ny l cht lu c dn vo b cha, ni ny c p sut thp hn nhiu so vi p
sut ca cht lu, v vy phn ln cht lu s nhanh chng b ha hi, y l l do ngi ta gi
m hnh ny l flash steam. Hi ny sau s c a n turbine lm quay pht. Nu trong b
cha ban u vn cn li cht lng, ngi c th s tn dng nhit lng cha trong khi cht
lng ny bng cch ha hn chng ln th hai mt b cha khc.
Trong m hnh flash steam c hai loi ph bin: single-flash steam v double-flash steam.
5.2.2.1
Single-flash steam
Loi nh my ny c vn hnh nh
Hnh 2.2: cht lu a nhit c bm t
ging s c dn vo bnh phn chia
(Separator), ti y, p sut thp cng vi
s quay ly tm ca mnh s tch cht lu
thnh hai pha lng v kh. Cht kh c
dn qua turbine lm quay my pht, sau
i qua h thng bnh ngng ri c bm
tr v lng t. Cn cht lng s c a
trc tip xung ging x.
Hnh 2.2: S m t hot ng ca m
hnh Single-flash steam [2]
phn tch r hn cc qu trnh nhit

ng hc trong m hnh ny, chng ta s
dng gin nhit - entropy. Trc ht,
ta cn nhc li entropy l i lng o s
hn n trong mt h, entropy ca h cng
cao, h cng hn n hay bt n nh v
ngc li.
T hnh 2.3 [2] ta thy c 4 qu trnh nhit

ng hc chnh trong m hnh single-flash
steam: qu trnh ha hi, ti im 1 cht
lu b tc ng ca p sut thp s ha hi
mt phn. Sang n im 2, qu trnh phn
Hnh 2.3: Gin nhit - entropy cho m chia din ra, cht lu lc ny chia thnh 2
hnh single-flash steam [2]
pha r rt l pha lng, i n im 3 v
pha kh, i n im 4. Ti im 4, qu
trnh turbine xy ra khi vn hnh my pht
vi im 5s l khi turbine vn hnh l tng, cn im 5 l vn hnh trong thc t. Da vo
phn tch hai im l tng v thc t ny, chng ta s tnh ton c hiu sut ca qu trnh.
Cui cng, sau khi cht kh i qua turbine, qu trnh ngng t s lm cht khi ha lng ri
bm v ngun a nhit di lng t.
5 Nh my in a nhit
5-4
5.2.2.2
Double-flash steam
M hnh hnh 2.4 [1] ny

khc vi m hnh singleflash steam ch c 2 bnh
phn chia trong qu trnh
hot ng: bnh phn chia p
sut cao v bnh phn chia
p sut thp. u im ca
m hnh ny so vi m hnh
trn l tn dng ti a nhit
nng trong cht lu c ly
ln t ngun a nhit di
lng t. Bnh phn chia p
sut cao c nhim v to ra
t hi th hai t cht lng
Hnh 2.4: S m t hot ng ca m hnh Double-flash [2]
phn chia bnh th nht.
Sau khi i qua turbine th cht
kh cng c x l qua cc
qu trnh ging nh trong m hnh single-flash steam.
Chng ta cng tin hnh phn
tch gin nhit - entropy
hiu r cc qu trnh ng
hc trong m hnh ny. M
hnh (Hnh 2.5 [2]) ny cng
c 4 qu trnh nhit ng nh
m hnh trn, nhng qu trnh
turbine phn chia thnh hai
qu trnh l: turbine p sut
cao v turbine p sut thp. Ta
c th nhn thy, ti im 1
cht lu c ha hi ri
phn chia im 2. Cht kh
sau tip tc c dn qua
Hnh 2.5: Gin trng thi nhit - entropy ca m turbine v qu trnh turbine p
sut cao din ra. Cht lng lc
hnh double-flash plant [2]
ny ang im 3 s tip tc
c ha hi v phn chia tn dng ngun nhit nng. Cht kh trong ln phn chia ny s i
vo qu trnh turbine p sut thp. Ri sau , cht kh sau khi hot ng hai qu trnh turbine
s c ngng t tr v pha lng.
5.2.3
Binary cycle power plant
Trong mt s ngun a nhit, hi nc khi bm ln thng ln cc tp cht l cc kh khc v

cc cht khong. lc ly hi nc tinh khit, ngi ta s a hi bm ln t lng t i qua
mt b trao i nhit, ti y cht lu s c nung thu c hi nc tinh khit da vo tnh
5 Nh my in a nhit
5-5
cht nhit si khc nhau. y

chnh l nguyn tc hot ng c bn
ca m hnh Binary cycle power plant
(tm dch: m hnh kt hp). Tuy m
hnh ny c s dng rng ri,
nhng v p dng vi cc ngun nhit
nhiu tp cht nn cng sut pht trn
mi n v khng cao, ch khong
3.02 MW/n v. Ngy nay rt nhiu
n v m hnh ny c lp t
Hnh 2.6: Gin n gin m t hot ng
thm vo trong m hnh dry steam v
ca m hnh kt hp [2]
flash steam tn dng ngun nhit d
tha. Trong m hnh (Hnh 2.6) ny, b
phn sand remover c tc dng lc b cc cht cn trc khi a cht lu vo trong m hnh.
My bay hi (E: evaporator) c tc dng tch pha cht lu, pha lng sau s c dn vo
bnh nung (PH: preheater) ti y cht lng s c y ln im si tip tc thu mt t kh
na ri a qua turbine.
Hnh 2.7:
5.2.4
Gin p sut enthalpy ca m hnh kt hp [2]
Trong m hnh ny thun

tin hn, ta phn tch gin
p sut enthalpy (tc
ni nng ca h).
Trn gin bn, ta c th
thy r cc qu trnh hot
ng ca m hnh nh my
ny. Vi bn qu trnh qua
trng l: nung, ha hi,
quay turbine v ngng t.
Cc im 2s v 4s l cc
im lm vic l tng
mi qu trnh.
H thng a nhit ci tin (Enhanced geothermal systems)
Tuy y khng phi l loi m hnh nh my chnh thc theo cch phn chia thng thng,
nhng vi s pht trin ngy cng mnh ca khoa hc k thut, cc nh khoa hc pht minh
h thng ny tn dng ti a ngun nng lng ny.
C nhiu ni dung trong h thng a nhit ci tin, y l tn gi ph bin ca nhiu m hnh
c pht minh nhm ci thin vic s dng ngun nhit nng trong li tri t sinh ra in.
Tuy nhin, m hnh ni bt v quan trng nht trong h thng ny l vic s dng ngun nhit t
kh nng (hot dry rock). y l loi tn ti trong lp trm tch ca v tri t vi c tnh
l c nhit cao v m cc thp.
Nguyn tc hot ng chung ca m hnh l mt ging s c khoan n su thch hp ti v
c lp . Sau , nc s c a xung ging ny vi p sut cao to ra hoc m rng cc
ng nt trn lp , gii phng ngun nhit tch tr bn trong . Nc lc ny nhn
5 Nh my in a nhit
5-6
ngun nhit t lp , c th ha hi mt phn, khi chng t n nhit thch hp, dng nc

ny s c bm ln mt t thng qua mt ging khoan khc, sau c x l theo m hnh
thch hp pht ra in nng. Trong m hnh ny, trng thi l tng l khi dng nc i theo
chu trnh tun hon lin tc, t mt t xung lp v ngc li.
Trong hnh bn Hnh 2.8 l
gin m hnh thc nghim
o Honshu, Nht Bn. Ta
c th thy, nh my ny c
khoan n hai su khc
nhau (1800 m v 2200 m) vi
cc nhit tng ng. Vi
mi su, hai ging s c
khoan s dng ngun nng
lng a nhit. Nh my
c b tr gn sng
Nigamizu m bo cung
cp ngun nc thng
xuyn, lin tc.
Hnh 2.8: Gin m hnh a nhit ci tin Hijiori,
Honshu, Nht Bn [2]
Di y l bng tng hp cc m hnh nh my vi 3 tiu ch: s lng n v vn hnh trn
ton th gii, tng cng sut pht tng m hnh v cng sut pht trn mt n v vn hnh:
Bng 2.1: So snh cc loi hnh nh my in a nhit [2] (S liu nm 2012)

5.3 Cch to ra in t dng hi
Cng nh cc nh my nhit in truyn thng, h thng pht in t dng hi ca nh my in
a nhit cng s dng nguyn l: my pht in c ni vi turbine hi (steam turbine), dng
hi i qua turbine hi lm quay turbine ng thi lm quay my pht in to ra dng in nh
hin tng cm ng in t. Dng in to ra c truyn ti trm bin p nng in p ln
sau ha vo li in v truyn i.
Di y s l chi tit v chc nng, cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca turbine hi v cc h
thng pht in thng c s dng trong nh my in a nhit.
5 Nh my in a nhit
5.3.1
5-7
Turbine hi
Dng hi c nng lng nhit ng lc hc (enthalpy). Ta c th tng tng trng hp mt

ni p sut, khi hi c un n mt nhit v p sut nht nh, dng hi s thot ra khi
van np ni v phun ra ngoi vi tc cao, chng t dng hi c nng lng.
Turbine hi khai thc v bin i nng lng nhit ng lc hc ca dng hi thnh ng nng
lm quay rotor my pht in.
5.3.1.1
Cu to
Cc loi turbine hi u gm cc b phn sau:

B ng np: gm ng dn, van np, mi hn lp, ng dng nn, ng khuu y l phn
u tin ca turbine, van np ngt dng chy khi turbine xy ra s c khn cp hoc
ngng hot ng i tu, ng np c b phn hn c kh nng chu p sut cao.
B phn chnh: gm cnh dn hng - fixed blade (Hnh 3.1) lm bng thp khng g
c lp c nh vo thn my v b phn quay (moving blade) gn vi rotor. Mi
turbine thng c nhiu h thng cnh (Hnh 3.2) dn hng v cnh quay ni vi nhau
nng hiu sut turbine.
B ng ht gm c mt thit b np kh v mt ng ht gim s xm thc ca dng
hi.
5.3.1.2
Nguyn l
Dng hi c dn t ni hi qua cnh

dn hng, v cu trc cnh dn hng c
tit din u vo nh ln hn tit din u
ra v vy s lm tng tc ca dng hi
ln (lu lng dng hi khng i). Dng
hi c iu hng v gia tc p vo
b phn quay y b phn ny chuyn
ng, nh hnh v l chuyn ng ln, c
lin tc nh vy b phn quay s quay
lin tc ko theo s chuyn ng ca
rotor my pht.
Cc turbine u c dng hnh phu, cc cnh
dn hng v cnh quay c tit din tng dn
theo chiu i vo ca dng hi. iu ny m
bo cho hiu sut ca turbine, v nh ta thy trn
Hnh 3.1, cnh dn hng dn dng hi i ln
pha trn, nu ta khng m rng v pha trn th
dng hi s p vo thnh turbine gy gim
nng lng nhit ng lc hc ca dng hi,
tng t cnh quay hng xung pha di nn
phi m rng turbine v pha di.
Hnh 3.1: B phn iu hng (tri) v b

phn quay
Hnh 3.2: M hnh h thng cnh tua bin
5 Nh my in a nhit
5-8
Phn loi
5.3.1.3
Theo s pht trin ca nn cng nghip th gii ko theo nhu cu s dng in nng tng ln, s
lng nh my nhit in c xy dng tng ln chng mt, turbine hi l mt b phn quan
trng bc nht trong cc nh my nhit in v vy n c nghin cu v ci tin lin tc
nng cao hiu sut. iu dn n s lng v cch phn loi turbine l cc k phong ph ty
theo hng ci tin, trong bo co ny ch trnh by mt s cch phn loi ph bin nht hin
nay.
5.3.1.3.1
Turbine mt tng (Single stage turbine): cng sut t c thng nh, dng cho cc
my nn ly tm, bm, qut (t c dng trong nh my a nhit).
Turbine nhiu tng (Multi stage turbine): c nhiu tng hot ng ni tip nhau, cng
sut ln
5.3.1.3.2
Theo s tng hot ng
Theo nguyn l tc ng ca dng hi
Turbine xung lc (Impulse turbine): dng hi gin n gia tc v iu hng ngay

trong ng phun, cnh quay ch xy ra qu trnh bin i nhit nng thnh ng nng.
Turbine phn lc (Reaction turbine): qu trnh gin n ca dng hi xy ra c cnh iu
hng v cnh quay.
Hnh 3.3: M hnh, gin p sut, tc theo thi gian ca tua bin phn lc v tua
bin xung lc
So snh gin tc (mu xanh) v p sut (gch t) theo thi gian ca hai loi
turbine Hnh 3.3, ta thy tc v p sut ca dng hi i qua turbine xung lc gim
rt nhanh, sau khi qua mt lp cnh quay th nng lng dng hi cn li rt thp nn
turbine xung lc thng ch gm mt n hai tng. Tc v p sut ca dng hi i qua
turbine phn lc gim chm hn v c gia tc li sau khi i qua mt lp cnh quay nn
nhit nng chuyn thnh ng nng mt cch t t v gim c tn hao ng k, turbine
phn lc thng gm nhiu tng v c s dng rng ri hn trong nh my in a
nhit.
5 Nh my in a nhit
5-9
5.3.1.3.3 Theo hng chuyn ng ca dng hi i vo v ra khi turbine
5.3.2
Theo hng dng hi i vo:

Turbine dc trc (Axial turbine): dng hi i vo turbine theo hng gn nh song song
trc turbine
Turbine hng knh (Radial turbine): dng c hng vung gc vi trc turbine, c th l
ly tm hay hng tm.
Theo hng dng hi ra:
Turbine x dc trc (Axial exhausted turbine): dng hi thi ra khi turbine i theo
ng song song vi trc ca turbine.
Turbine x vung gc (Downward/Upward exhauted turbine): dng hi thi ra i theo
ng vung gc vi trc ca turbine.
Turbine dc trc l thit k ci tin gn y, turbine dc trc gim n 30% din tch lp
t v 70% th tch ca turbine hi [3]. Tuy nhin ty thuc vo cu trc h thng ca
nh my m thit k turbine vung gc vn c s dng.
Hiu sut
Cng thc hiu sut ng entropy ca turbine hi

(Hnh 3.4):
h3 h4
h3 h4s
Trong :
: hiu sut ng enthalpy
Hnh 3.4: M hnh chu trnh hi
3 : enthalpy u vo
4 : enthalpy u ra thc t
4 : enthalpy u ra l tng
V d: Mt turbine mt tng c = 0.85, enthalpy u ra 3 = 2748 /, enthalpy u ra l
tng 4 = 2160 /, lu lng khi lng 4 = 230 /. Tnh enthalpy u ra thc t v
cng sut u ra ca turbine.
Li gii:
T cng thc:
3 4
4 = 3 (3 4 )
3 4
= 2248,2 (/)
Cng sut u ra:

, = 3 (3 4 ) = 114,954 ()
5.4 Cc dng h thng pht in
Ty thuc vo tnh cht ngun a nhit hay mc ch xy dng ca tng nh my in a nhit
m cc h thng pht in thch hp s c s dng, sau y l cc h thng pht in c
phn loi theo chu trnh nhit v tnh cht dng hi.
5 Nh my in a nhit
5-10
5.4.1
5.4.1.1
Phn loi theo chu trnh hi

H thng i p (Back-pressure system):
H thng i p hay cn gi l h thng khng ngng t, h thng ny cho hi sau khi i qua
turbine thi thng ra khi chu trnh pht in, hi thi ra ny thng vn c p sut cao hn kh
quyn nn hiu sut ca nh my in s dng h thng ny l khng cao (khong t 15 30%).
Cc nh my in a nhit s dng h thng ny thng l cc nh my va v nh xy dng
tch hp trong cc khu cng, hi thi ra c th s dng y cc ti (dng nh ng c hi
nc) nn mc d hiu sut sn xut in km nhng h thng vn c s dng rng ri. Chi
ph xy dng h thng ny l thp nht.
5.4.1.2
H thng ngng t (Condesing system):
H thng ngng t dng cc b phn nh thp lm mt hoc li dng nc sng, h, bin

ngng t hi thi ra sau khi i qua turbine, qu trnh ngng t din ra trong cc bnh ngng, nc
ngng t ny c th quay li l hi hoc dn n nhng ni cn ngun nc nng (si m, sinh
hot). Bnh ngng c gi trang thi chn khng, iu ny m bo cho hiu sut ngng t
ca bnh ngng lun mc cao (nu c kh tp cht ch khong 1% lm gim hiu sut ngng t
n 70%).
Qu trnh ngng t lm gim p sut u, do gia tng s chnh lch p sut u vo v u ra
turbine, nh tng hiu sut ca turbine hi. Cc nh my in ln hu ht u s dng qui
trnh ny, mc d chi ph xy dng v hot ng cao hn nhng hiu sut tt (t 30-40%).
Bng 4.1: So snh h thng i p v h thng ngng t ( [5] 2012)
Hiu sut pht in
p sut kh thi
Lu lng dng hi cn thit
(lb/h per kW)
Gi thnh lp t $/kW
H thng i p
15-30%
Cao hn p sut kh quyn
H thng ngng t
30-40%
Thp hn p sut kh quyn
20-100
7-10
300-400
500-700
Trong h thng ngng t cn chia thnh cc h thng nh:

H thng ngng t c ca trch hi iu chnh v i p: i vi turbine nhiu tng,
phc v nhu cu s dng hi vi p sut khc nhau, hi s c trch cc tng gia v
dn v ph ti bn ngoi (c th phc v cho cng nghip hoc dn n cc turbine thp
p).
H thng ngng t c ca trch hi iu chnh: hi thi ra s c trch ra mt phn phc
v cho mc ch cng nghip v si m, phn hi cn li s vn dn n b phn h p
v ngng t.
5 Nh my in a nhit
5-11
5.4.2 Phn loi theo p sut dng hi

Cc ngun a nhit trn th gii c s chnh lch
nhau rt ln v nhit cng nh p sut khng kh
kh khai thc c, ty vo c im ca ngun a
nhit m ngi ta s s dng h thng pht in thch
hp.
5.4.2.1 H thng hi p sut thp
H thng hi p sut thp s dng cho nhng ni c
ngun a nhit yu v trung bnh, ngun nhit khai
thc c nhit di 200oC, do hi c un c p
Hnh 4.1: Tua bin p sut thp
sut thp v phi s dng turbine vi dng nh Hnh
4.1 [6], hi c dn vo phn gia turbine v tc ng ln c hai thnh phn hai bn, hai thnh
phn ny quay c lp tuy nhin c gn vi cng mt rotor. Nhng nh my ch s dng h
thng ny c cng sut thp v qui m nh.
5.4.2.2 H thng hi p sut cao
H thng hi p sut cao s dng cho ni khai thc
c ngun a nhit c nhit t 250 300oC. Hi
c un c p sut rt ln nn tn dng ht nhit
nng ca hi ngi ta phi xy dng nhiu turbine ni
tip nhau, Hnh 4.2 [7] l v d cho mt h thng gm
3 turbine: turbine p sut cao, turbine p sut trung bnh
v turbine p sut thp. Hi nc sau khi c un s i
ln lt qua cc turbine ny.
Hnh 4.2: H thng hi p sut cao
5.5 Tnh hnh pht trin v ti

m nng a nhit
5.5.1 Tnh hnh pht trin
5.5.1.1
Cng sut lp t
Ngun nng lng a nhit phn b khng ng u trn b mt tri t, biu hin r nhng
t gy lc a, c th l tp trung cc vnh ai ni la trn th gii. C th nh M,
Philippines, New Zealand, Nht Bn.
Nh my in a nhit ln nht th gii l The Gaysers M vi t hp hn 13 nh my v vn
dng cc cng ngh khc nhau.
Cng sut lp t ca m hnh nh my in a nhit mt vi quc gia pht trin v lnh vc
ny c th hin bng 5.1.
5 Nh my in a nhit
5-12
Bng 5.1: Cng sut lp t [8] (S liu nm 2014)

Nc
Cng sut lp t (MW)
M
3442
Philippines
1904
Indonesia
1333
Mexico
1005
901
New Zealand
895
Nht Bn
537
5.5.1.2 Gi c
so snh cc loi cng ngh to ra in vi nhau, ta a ra mt cng thc chung tnh ton.
Gi c tnh trn ton b thi gian vn hnh ca nh my s c tnh bng tng chi ph nhin
liu, nguyn liu, bo hnh bo dng, hot ng...chia cho tng lng in nng to ra.
Bng 5.2: Gi c tnh theo loi nh my [9] (S liu nm 2010)
Ngun nng lng
Than thng thng
Nguyn t
a nhit
Biomass
Gi
Gi-ngoi bin
Nhit mt tri
Thu in
Ti thiu
(USD/MWh)
87
92.6
46.2
92.3
71.3
168.7
176.8
61.6
Trung Bnh
(USD/MWh)
95.6
96.1
47.9
102.6
80.3
204.1
243.1
84.5
Ti a (USD/MWh)
114.4
102
50.3
122.9
90.3
271
388
137.7
Nh vy, so vi hu ht cc loi nng lng khc (k c nhng loi khng c lit k trong
bng), in a nhit c gi thnh tt hn c. Tuy nhin ngun nng lng ny khng qu ph
bin, chim t trng thp trong vic cung cp nng lng so vi cc loi nh my nng lng
ti to khc. L do s c cp mc 5.3.
5.5.2
Tim nng a nhit
Trn ton th gii, cc ngun a nhit phn b ri rc tp trung vo khu vc vnh ai ni la.
Tu vo iu kin kinh t v cng ngh cng nh cht lng ngun nhit, cc quc gia c th
chn cho mnh mt hng pht trin ngun nng lng ny pht trin cho ph hp.
Bng di y cho thy tim nng a nhit ca cc vng trn th gii.
5 Nh my in a nhit
5-13
Bng 5.3: Thng k cc ngun a nhit trn th gii [Ti liu [10] 2001]
Ngun nhit nng cung cp to ra in
(TWh/nm)
Tnh c nh my dng
Khng tnh dng nh
cng ngh binary
my binary
Chu u
Chu
Chu Phi
Bc M
Chu M La-tinh
Chu i Dng
Ton th gii
1830
2970
1220
1330
2800
1050
11200
3700
5900
2400
2700
5600
2100
22400
Ngun nhit
dng trc tip
TJ/nm
>370
>320
>240
>120
>240
>110
>1400
5.5.3 Thun li v kh khn ca vn pht trin a nhit

5.5.3.1 Thun li
Ngun nng lng a nhit l v cng v tn, khin cho nh my in a nhit c tui th cao
nht so vi tt c cc ngun nng lng khc. ng thi tnh cht lin tc ca dng nhit to cho
nh my in a nhit u th so vi in gi v in mt tri. Chu trnh dng nhit khp kn vi
h s cng sut cao c th to ra hng trm Megawatts.
Nng lng a nhit c th dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau, khin cho vic s dng ngun
nng lng ny tr nn d dng. Dng nhit 80-200C c th dng trc tip vo pht in, sy
kh nng sn, thu sn hoc cung cp cho mc ch s dng sinh hot. Dng nhit nh hn 80C
c th dng iu tr bnh, pht trin du lch.Nh my in a nhit khng lm nhim khng
kh, khng c cht thi. Ngoi ra mt s nh my cn c kh nng tch lc cc khong cht i
theo dng nc, to thm kinh ph cho nh my. California, ngi ta bm trc tip nc thi
vo ngun nhit thay v thi ra sng, gp phn bo v mi trng.
Bng 5.4: So snh din tch t cn xy dng nh my [11] (S liu nm 1993)
Dng nh my
in a nhit (cng ngh flash)
in nguyn t
Nhit in t than
Nhit in mt tri
Din tch t cn thit (m2/MW)

1200
10000
40000
66000
5.5.3.2 Kh khn
Hin nay, tm ra ngun a nhit l mt vn kh khn cho cc nh u t, cho cc quc gia.
Ngn hng Thu S lm mt phn tch v vn ny, tuy khng a ra con s c th nhng
tm thy mt ging nhit c th tiu tn hng trm nghn USD. Cc ging nhit ny kh c th
nhn thy trn mt t, nu n khng biu hin c th bng hi nc, ngi ta ch c th tm n
bng cch khoan th xung nhng ni nghi vn. Cng ngh trong lnh vc a nhit vn cn mi
m, cha c nhng t ph cn thit a ngun nng lng ny ph bin i tr nh nhit
5 Nh my in a nhit
5-14
in t nhin liu ho thch. Nh my in a nhit c s gii hn v v tr a l, l do bi v

nh my phi t ngay ngun nhit, gy kh khn trong vic xy dng nh my, truyn ti in
nng to ra.
Nh my in a nhit i hi vn u t cao (hn hn cc loi nh my nhit in t than
hoc kh). Tuy gi in r, nhng l tnh trn tui th ca c nh my, co ngha l khon u
t ban u s kh li sau rt lu, iu ny gy e d cho cc nh u t.
t c mc nng cn thit, i lc phi khoan su vi kilomet xung lng t, vic ny
i hi k thut phc tp, cng ngh tin tin bc nht hin nay. Tuy cha c biu hin c th,
nhng vic khoan su vo lng t c kh nng gy ra cc bin i lp v a cht, tim n
nguy c ng t.
5.5.4
Tim nng v pht trin a nhit Vit Nam
5.5.4.1 Tim nng pht trin

Vit Nam nm khu vc ng Nam , nm ngoi khu vc nh hng ca vnh ai ni la Thi
Bnh Dng. Tuy khng chu nh hng ca hot ng ni la hay ng t, nhng v vy tim
nng khai thc nng lng a nhit ca Vit Nam kh hn ch, nhng nu bit tn dng, vn c
th thu c nhiu li ch t ngun nng lng ny. Ngoi ra nh my in a nhit khng yu
cu nhiu din tch.
Bng 5.5: Thng k cc ngun a nhit Vit Nam [12] (S liu nm 2008)
Cp
nhit
30-40C
41-60C
61100C
>100C
Ty Bc
B
36
39
ng
Bc B
5
2
ng Bng
Bc
Bc B
Trung B
6
7
4
12
Nam
Trung B
28
22
ng
Nam B
5
1
Ty
Nam B
48
2
25
Ngun a nhit Vit Nam nhit khng cao nhng c phn b rng khp, a dng. V vy
khuynh hng pht trin in a nhit ca Vit Nam a dng. Tu tng a phng m c th
pht trin theo cc hng khc nhau:
Vng xa vi ngun nhit m nng c th dng cho sinh hot, pht in vi trm kilowatts
phc v nhu cu sinh sng ca dn c.
Cc ngun nhit gn khu vc nng nghip c th c s dng phc v sn xut.
Cc ngun nhit nng dng pht in.
Chnh ph Vit Nam c nhng chnh sch pht trin ngun nng lng ti to.
5.5.4.2 Kh khn hin ti
Nm 2013, nh my in a nhit u tin Vit Nam c khi chnh ph cp php xy dng.
Nhng cho ti hin ti, v cha tho thun c vn gi in, do nh u t yu cu mc gi
co hn cng ty EVN quy nh.
5 Nh my in a nhit
5-15
Ngun tham kho

[1]: Geothermal power plant cycles and main components, Pll Valdimarsson Uni. of Iceland
[2]: Geothermal Power Plants, Ronald DiPippo, Ph.D., University of Massachusetts
Dartmouth
[3]: http://www.massengineers.com
[4]: Power Plant Engineering 2nd Edition
[5]: http://www.midwestchptap.org
[6]: http://www.massengineers.com/steam_turbines%20design.htm
[7]: http://www.mpoweruk.com/steam_turbines.htm
[8]: Annual U.S. & Global Geothermal Power Production Report
[9]: Cost of electricity by source
[10]: The geothermal potential
[11]: Prospects for Implementation
[12]: Cn C Mt Cch Nhn ng Mc V Tim Nng a Nhit Vit Nam
[13]: http://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org
5-16
5 Nh my in a nhit
Ph lc: Hi v tr li
Hi: (Nhm 1) Nhm bn c ni l gi in s dng a nhit l thp nht th sao li c s
chnh lch gi vi EVN?
Tr li: V Vit Nam cha c t chc no mnh u t v xy dng mt nh my in
a nhit m khng cn thu hi vn nhanh, v vn u t ban u ca nh my in a nhit l
kh ln.
Hi: (Nhm 2) Ti sao Philippines li c th pht trin a a nhit? (ng th 2 sau M).
Tr li: V Philippines c ngun a nhit di do, ngay trn vnh ai ni la Thi Bnh
Dng, cng nh cc chnh sch ca chnh ph nc ny l ch trng pht trin ngun in
a nhit.
Hi: (Nhm 2) Hin nay c th pht hin c vng c th xy dng nh my in a nhit
bng nhng phng php no?
Tr li: Theo chng ti c bit th ch c phng php khoan thm d v nh gi s liu.
Hi: (Nhm 3) Lm th no d tm c ngun a nhit ph hp? Hot ng ca nh my
in a nhit c nh hng g n mi trng hay khng?
Tr li: u tin cc chuyn gia s kho st cc ngun a nhit c du hiu trn mt t, sau
tin hnh khoan thm d xc nh nhit v an ton ca ngun a nhit. Cng nh
cc cng trnh khc th xy dng nh my a nhit u s ph hy h sinh thi , tuy
nhin qu trnh hot ng ca nh my in a nhit l an ton v sch.
Hi: (Nhm 3) Cho mnh hi mt s thng s v hiu sut chu trnh nhit, n b nh hng
bi nhng yu t no v trong tng th hiu sut sn xut th ngoi hiu sut chu trnh nhit th
cn cc hiu sut no na? (Tc l cc qu trnh no c nh hng n hiu sut tng th)
Tr li: Cc qu trnh nh hng n hiu sut tng th l: qu trnh trao i nhit l hi
(ly ngun nhit trong lng t un dung dch bay hi), qu trnh truyn dn, hiu sut chuyn
i nng lng ca tua bin, hiu sut ngng t.
Hi: (Nhm 3) Kh khn ln nht cho vic trin khai nh my in a nhit?
Tr li: Tm kim ngun a nhit ph hp.
Hi: (Nhm 4) Trong cc loi nh my a nhit, loi no c hiu sut cao nht?
Tr li: Nh my in a nhit dng khng kh kh c hiu sut cao nht.
Hi: (Nhm 4) Vic o su xung lng t c gy nguy him g?
Tr li: C th gy nt gy v thay i cu trc b mt tri t, gy phun tro ni la v ng
t.
Hi: (Nhm 4) Bin php an ton? Khc phc s c nh th no?
5 Nh my in a nhit
5-17
Tr li: Kho st ngun a nhit mt cch k lng, ch s dng cc ngun a nhit n nh

v c nhit t 100-400oC, bo tr thng xuyn cc b phn trao i nhit, xy dng cc
van iu khin tt h thng khi gp trng hp khn cp.
Hi: (Nhm 6) Vn nhim, khi bn ni nh my a nhit gay ra nhim ting n, liu
nhim ting n c phi thc s l nhim gy ra bi nh my a nhit? V theo mnh bit
nhim ting n l dng tc ng xu ca ting n trong mt khong thi gian di, trong khi
vic khoan xung lng t ly ngun a nhit ch xy ra trong mt khong thi gian nht
nh v nhng ni t ngi sinh sng.
Tr li: ng l vic nhn xt nh my nhit in gy nhim ting n ca ngi trnh by l
khng chnh xc.
Hi: (Nhm 7) Vic tm kim nng lng a nhit l khng d dng. Vy chi ph cho c qu
trnh xy dng nh my nng lng a nhit cao hn cc dng nh my khc khng?
Tr li: Chi ph cho qu trnh xy dng nh my a nhit l cao so vi cc nh my nhit
in thng thng tuy nhin chi ph hot ng v bo tr ca n li l thp nht trong cc nh
my nhit in v c ngun nhit t thin nhin, khng cn t nhin liu v khng cn bung
t.
Hi: (Nhm 7) Khoan su vo lng t tc ng khng ch vo b mt m cn bn trong lng
t, vy nng lng a nhit c phi l dng nng lng xanh.
Tr li: Theo l thuyt th vic khoan su vo lng t c th tc ng xu n cu trc ca
lp v tri t, gy nt gy cc lp dn n phun tro mc ma hoc ng t, tuy nhin trn
th gii cha ghi nhn trng hp no xy dng nh my in a nhit gy nn thin tai
Hi: (Nhm 8) Cht lng sau khi qua qu trnh ha kh xung lng t vy liu c nh
hng g n h sinh thi di lng t khng?
Tr li: Cht lng ny c ngun gc l t lng t, v qu trnh ht x thc hin khp kn
trong ng dn nn khng nh hng n h sinh thi di lng t.
Hi: (Nhm 11) Cc bin php an ton s dng cho nh my a nhit.
Tr li: Ch s dng cc ngun a nhit n nh v c nhit t 100-400oC, bo tr thng
xuyn cc b phn trao i nhit, xy dng cc van iu khin tt h thng khi gp trng
hp khn cp.
Hi: (Nhm 11) Vit Nam vng no c s dng nhiu li th v nng lng a nhit
nht, ti sao?
Tr li: Vit Nam c nng lng a nhit kh ng u tt c cc vng v khng c vng
no c li th r rt.
6 Nh my thy in...................................................................................................................6-1
6.1 Lch s............................................................................................................................6-1
6.2 Cu trc nh my thy in ...........................................................................................6-4
6.2.1 Kch thc ca nh my thy in.....................................................................6-4
6.2.2 Cc dng nh my thy in ..............................................................................6-4
6.2.3 Cc thnh phn chnh trong mt nh my thy in..........................................6-6
6.3 Nguyn l hot ng ca nh my thy in...............................................................6-12
6.3.1 Nguyn l hot ng ........................................................................................6-12
6.3.2 Phn loi v cu to tua-bin thy lc ...............................................................6-12
6.3.3 V d.................................................................................................................6-20
6.4 Tc ng ca thy in i vi mi trng.................................................................6-23
6.3.1 u im v nhc im ca nh my thy in..............................................6-23
6.3.2 Tc ng ca nh my......................................................................................6-23
6.3.3 Gii php ..........................................................................................................6-25
6.5 Tnh hnh pht trin Vit Nam ..................................................................................6-26
6.3.1 Tnh hnh cung cp in ...................................................................................6-26
6.3.2 Tim nng thy in.........................................................................................6-26
6.3.3 Li th v nguy c............................................................................................6-28
6.3.4 Mt s s c Vit Nam .................................................................................6-30
6.3.5 Nguy c v thch thc sng Mekong............................................................6-31
1JXQWKDPNKR ...................................................................................................... 6-33
3KOF+LYjWUOL.................................................................................................. 6-3
%BOITDIUIOIWJOOIN
-)POH"OI

5SO/IU)PJ#P

-5PO

6 Nh my thy in
6-1
Nh my thy in
Trong phn ny chng ta s cng tm hiu v nhng vn lin quan n nh my thy in bao
gm: lch s, cu trc nh my thy in, nguyn l hot ng, tc ng ca thy in i vi
mi trng v tnh hnh pht trin ca thy in Vit Nam.
6.1 Lch s
Cch y hng ngn nm, con ngi bit tn dng sc nc lm gim i sc lao ng ca
con ngi. Ngi Hi Lp dng bnh xe nc xay bt cch y hn 2000 nm. Ngoi xay bt,
ngi ta cn dng sc nc ca g v phc v cc hot ng nng nghip khc.
Mt s loi bnh xe nc thng dng:
Undershot Wheel c l l loi bnh xe lu i nht,
c pht trin cch y khong 2000 nm. N c
gn theo chiu dc trn mt trc n m ngang, gm cc
bng phng c gn ta trn xung quanh. Di tc
ng ca nc vo cc bng phng s lm cho bnh xe
quay.
Undershot Wheel c hiu sut thp nhng kh d lm,
c th t cc con sui c tc dng chy
nhanh. Ngi ta s d ng loi ny trong cc nh my
ca M.
Hnh 6.1: Undershot Wheel
Overshot Wheel l loi bnh xe nc hiu qu hn

Undershot Wheel, n c tht khi thc n 85% nng
sut ca thc nc. Tuy nhin, vic xy dng loi ny
l kh phc tp i hi s c h u n b k l ng v ch
hot ng mt s ni nht nh.
Hnh 6.2: Overshot Wheel
Overshot Wheel cng c gn theo chiu dc trn

mt trc nm ngang. Cc mng c cu to thnh
nhng cc x ng nc, khi nc lp y x t trn
cao lm cho bnh xe b nghing v mt pha to nn
lc ko lm cho bnh xe quay. Overshot Wheel c kch
thc ln nn khng th quay vi tc cao, nhng
mt s my mc cn chy vi tc cao nn cn
phi gn thm bnh rng. Vic ny s d n n vic
tng chi ph lp t.
6-2
6 Nh my thy in
Breast Wheel c pht trin cui thi k trung

i, n l s kt hp gia Undershot Wheel v
Overshot Wheel. Ging nh Overshot Wheel, Breast
Wheel c cu to cc mng dng x nhng chuyn
ng quay theo chiu ngc li. Khi nc trong x
y th trng lng ca nc lm bnh xe quay.
Breast Wheel c th hot ng trn a hnh a dng
hn. ng knh ln nn i hi bnh rng khi cn
thit. Vi tnh linh hot v hiu qu cu mnh,
Breast Wheel c s dng nhiu trong cc ngnh
cng nghip.
Hnh 6.3: Breast Wheel
Hnh 6.4: Tub Wheel
Tub Wheel l dng n gin nht, ch gm mt bnh

xe nh c gn theo chiu ngang trn mt trc dc.
N c pht trin trong thi u trung c, quay do
nh hng ca dng nc ri xung cc mi cho.
Tub Wheel rt d dng xy dng v duy tr. Mc d
hiu qu khng cao v khng to ra ngun nng lng
ln, nhng ng knh tng i nh cho php n
hot ng t c cao va phi nn khng cn thit
phi s dng bnh rng v c th ni trc tip vi
my mc s dng.
Trong hn mt thp k, cc cng ngh s dng sc nc ngy cng pht trin v gn vi n l

s pht minh ra tuabin dn n s ra i ca cc nh my thy in..
Nm 1849, tuabin Francis c ch to. y l bc ngot cho s ra i ca cc nh my thy
in.
Nm 1881, ti thnh ph Niagara Falls, cc dy n in chiu sng trn cc ng ph c
thp sng nh ngun nng lng thy in.
Nm 1882, nh my thy in u tin trn th gii c a vo hot ng trn lu vc sng
Red Fox Appleton, Wisconsin.
Nm 1886, khong 45 nh my thy in c xy dng M v Canada.
Nm 1889, hn 200 nh my thy in hot ng ti M, cung cp ngun nng lng cho cc
hot ng sn xut.
Kt lun: s ra i v pht trin ca tuabin ni ring v cc nh my thy in ni chung to
ng lc thc y cho s pht trin kinh t v x hi, to ra c hi cho hng triu lao ng
khp mi ni.
6 Nh my thy in
6-3
Hnh 6.5: Biu tiu th nng lng tnh theo u ngi.

Da vo biu , ta c th thy c nhu cu s dng nng lng ca cc nc rt ln. Khi khoa
hoc k thut ngy cng tin b, kinh t pht trin th mc tiu th nng lng ngy cng
tng. iu ny i hi cc nc phi tn dng cc ngun ti nguyn, khong sn sn xut
hoc tm kim nhng ngun nng lng mi.
Biu cho thy t trng tiu th nng
lng trong cc ngnh sn xut nng
lng. Mt iu ta c th d dng nhn ra
l t trng ca cc ngnh sn xut nng
lng ha thch chim n 91%. Tuy
nhin, ngun nhin liu ny l hu hn v
sn xut nng lng theo phng php
ny cng gy ra nhng tc ng xu n
mi trng.
Do , vic nghin cu tm ra ngun
nguyn kiu mi thn thin vi mi
trng l yu cu cp thit. Trong cc
ngun nguyn liu sch v thn thin
th thy in c nh gi l c kh nng
nht, khng ch nc l ngun nguyn
liu v hn, cung cp cng sut ln, hiu
qu kinh t ln v quan trng nht l quy
trnh sn xut thy in khng gy
nhim mi trng.
Hnh 6.6: T trng cc ngnh sn xut nng lng.
6-4
6 Nh my thy in
6.2 Cu trc nh my thy in

Trong phn ny chng ta s cng tm hiu v cu trc c bn mt nh my thy in bao gm:
kch thc ca cc loi nh my thy in, cc dng nh my thy in v cc thnh phn chnh
trong mt nh my thy in.
6.2.1 Kch thc ca nh my thy in
C rt nhiu nh ngha v kch thc ca cc nh my thy in, tuy nhin, theo DOE
(Department Of Energy - y ban nng lng) nh ngha cc nh my thy in c chia lm
ba loi nh sau:
Nh my c kch thc ln l nh my c tng cng sut ln hn 30 megawatts.
Nh my c kch thc nh l nh my c tng cng sut t 100 kilowatts n 30 megawatts.
Nh my c kch thc cc nh l nh my c tng cng sut di 100 kilowatts.
6.2.2 Cc dng nh my thy in
C 3 dng nh my thy in l: Impoundment, Diversion v Pumped Strorage. Trong ,
mt s nh my c p ngn nc (Dam), mt s th khng c. Ngy xa nhiu con p ngn
nc c xy dng v nhng mc ch khc v sau ny mi c dng vo vic sn xut in
nng. M c n c n 80.000 con p, tuy nhin, ch 2400 con p c s dng sn
xut in nng. Vy p nc c tc dng g v nhng dng nh my no s dng p nc?
Trong phn ny chng ta s cng lm r vn .
6.2.2.1
Impoundment (s dng p ngn nc)
Phn ln cc nh my thy in u thuc dng ny, ngha l s dng p ngn nc v gi

nc trong mt h cha (reservoir) rt ln tch tr th nng. Nc c gii phng ra t h
cha s chy qua tua-bin v lm quay my pht in, t sn xut ra in nng. Lng nc
c gii phng ra ty thuc vo nhu cu in nng hin thi hoc duy tr mc nc h cha
mc c nh, nu mc nc qu cao phi tho nc bo v con p.
Hnh 6.7: An impoundment hydropower plant dams water in a reservoir.[1]
6 Nh my thy in
6.2.2.2
6-5
Diversion (chuyn hng dng chy)
Diversion hay cn c gi l run-of-river, n chuyn hng mt phn ca dng chy thng qua
knh o hoc penstocak (ng dn anc). m hnh ny khng cn phi xy dng p cha
nc.
Hnh 6.8: The Tazimina project in Alaska.[2]

6.2.2.3
Pumped Storage (bm lu tr, hot ng nh pin sc)
Mt dng khc ca thy in l Pumped Storage hot ng nh chc nng ca mt cc pin

sc c ln. N lu tr nng lng c to ra t nhng ngun nng lng khc nh nng lng
mt tri, nng lng gi, nng lng nguyn t s khi c nhu cu cao v in nng.
Nh chng ta bit, nhu cu s dng in nng l khng c nh, n tng cao v h thp trong
sut mt ngy, r rt nht chnh l nhu cu s dng in nng gia ban m v ban ngy s rt
khc nhau. Pumped Storage chnh l m hnh thy in mang tnh gii php cho vn ny.
C th: vo ban m khi nhu cu s dng in nng gim, ngi ta s s dng ngun nng
lng c tch tr t cc ngun nng lng khc (nh k trn) cung cp cho my bm
hot ng bm nc ngc t dng chy ln h cha. Lc ny nh my s khng hot ng
sn xut in, cc cng ngn nc s c ng li nc c tch tr vo h cha. n
sng hm sau khi nhu cu v in tng cao, cc cng ngn nc c m ra v nh li hot ng
p ng nhu cu.
6-6
6 Nh my thy in
Hnh 6.9: Pumped storage: Reusing water for peak electricity demand.[3]
Hnh 6.10: Pumped Storage Plant.

6.2.3 Cc thnh phn chnh trong mt nh my thy in
Trong phn ny chng ta s cng tm hiu v nhng thnh phn chnh trong mt nh my thy
in. Do phn ln nh my thy in u c dng Impoundment nn trong phn ny ta s xt cc
thnh phn chnh ca nh my thy in dng ny.
Mt nh my thy in c b n gm c 6 thnh phn chnh: Dam (p nc), Reservoir (h
cha), Intake or Control Gate (li nc vo hoc cng ngn nc), Penstock (ng dn nc),
Water Turbines (tua-bin nc), Generators (my pht in). Trong quan trng nht chnh l
p nc v h cha nc. Sau y chng ta s cng tm hiu chi tit v chc nng, vi tr ca
nhng thnh phn ny i vi nh my thy in.
6 Nh my thy in
6-7
Hnh 6.11: Photo Courtesy of How Stuff Works.[4]

6.2.3.1
Dam (p nc)
p nc c xy dng trn cc con sng ln tch nc sn xut in nng mt cch lin

tc v n nh. Vic xy dng p anc cn nhm mc ch lm tng th nng ca dng
chy qua nng cao hiu sut ca nh my.
Hnh 6.12: George Green, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.[5]

6.2.3.2
Reservoir (h cha nc)
H cha nm pha sau con p v dng tch tr nc. Do , mc nc trn h cha cng cao
th th nng ca nc s cng ln. Cng ging nh vai tr ca p nc, vic kt hp gia p
nc v h cha nhm lm tng hiu sut ca nh my.
6-8
6 Nh my thy in
Hnh 6.13: Columbia River, Washington, USA.[6]

6.2.3.3
Intake or Control Gate (li nc vo hoc cng ngn nc)
Cc cng ngn nc c xy dng bn trong nhng con p, nc c gii phng t h cha

s chy qua cng ny do cn c gi l li nc vo. Cc cng ny c th c iu khin
ng m ty vo mc ch cng nh nhu cu s dng in nng. Nu nhu cu s dng in nng
cao th cc cng s c m ti a sn lng in nng c sn xut ra ln v ngc li.
Bn cnh ngi ta cn xy dng cc cng x nc nhm mc ch tho nc khi mc nc
trn h cha mc nguy him cho con p.
Hnh 14: Germany, 7 radial gates each with two jack cylinders integrated position measuring
system Temposonics.[7]
6.2.3.4
Penstock (ng dn nc)
Penstock l mt ng ng di, chc chn c dng dn nc t h cha vo tua-bin nc

lm quay my pht in. Lu lng nc chy bn trong penstock ph thuc vo mc nc
trn h cha v c th c iu khin bng cng ngn nc. Bn cnh , bn trong ng dn
6 Nh my thy in
6-9
nc, trc khi nc i vo tua-bin cn c mt lc nc loi b si, v cc cht bn cha

trong nc nhm bo v cho tua-bin.
Hnh 6.15: Penstock carrying water to the station.[8]
Hnh 6.16: Workers inspect the penstocks structural integrity at the Blue Ridge Dam.[9]
6.2.3.5
Water Turbines (tua-bin nc)
Nc chy qua tua-bin thng qua penstock p vo cc cnh qut ca tua-bin nc lm quay tuabin t lm quay trc ca my pht in. Thng thng trong mt nh my c rt nhiu tuabin c ni ng trc vi s lng my pht tng ng tn dng ti ta cng sut ca nc.
C 3 dng tua-bin c s dng l: Francis, Kaplan v Pelton, trong phn sau chng ta s tm
hiu k hn v cc loi tua-bin ny.
6-10
6 Nh my thy in
Hnh 6.17: Pelton wheel at Walchensee Hydroelectric Power Station, Germany.[10]
Hnh 6.18: Submerged kaplan turbine ( Bulb).[11]
Hnh 6.19: The plant is based on one Francis turbine with horizontal shaft.[12]
6 Nh my thy in
6.2.3.6
6-11
Generators (my pht in)
Nh cp phn trn, trc ca my in c ni vi tua-bin nhm mc ch chuyn i

ng nng quay ca tua-bin to thnh trng in t chuyn ha thnh in nng phc v cho
nhu cu ca x hi. T ta thy rng, vai tr ca nh my thy in chnh l chuyn ha th
nng ca nc thnh in nng phc v cho i sng ca con ngi.
Hnh 6.20: Hoover Dam (Hydroelectric Power Plant) [13]
6-12
6 Nh my thy in
6.3 Nguyn l hot ng ca nh my thy in

6.3.1 Nguyn l hot ng
Nh my pht in dng sc nc (nh my thu in) l ni chuyn i sc nc (thu nng)
thnh in nng. Nc c t li t cc p nc vi mt th nng ln. Qua h thng ng dn,
nng lng dng chy ca nc c truyn ti turbine nc, turbine c ni vi my pht
in, ni chng c chuyn thnh nng lng in. T nh my pht in dng in c
truyn i qua cc trm bin p ti khch hng.
Hnh 6.21: Cu to nh my thu in.[14]

6.3.2 Phn loi v cu to tua-bin thy lc
Turbine thu lc l loi ng c chy bng sc nc, n nhn nng ln dng nc quay v
ko rotor my pht in quay theo to ra dng in. T hp turbine thu lc v my pht in
gi l T my pht in thu lc. phn ny chng ta ch nghin cu v phn loi cc loi
turbine thu lc v 3 loi turbine thu lc ang c s dng nhiu trong cc nh my thu in
hin nay.
Trong qu trnh phn loi turbine, chng ta cng da vo 1 i lng c bit quan trng trong
vic thit k turbine da vo 3 i lng c bn l tc , cng sut turbine v cao ct nc
nh
my,
l
tc
c
trng
ca
turbine
Ns
(vng/pht)
trong :
x N l tc lm vic bnh thng ca turbine, n v l vng/pht
6 Nh my thy in
6-13
x P l cng sut ca turbine, tnh theo kW

x H l cao ct nc ca nh my, n v l m
6.3.2.1
Phn loi tua-bin thy lc ca cc nh my thy in
Trong qu trnh u tranh sinh tn v ci to th gii t nhin, loi ngi sm bit s dng
cc ng c thu lc: t nhng bnh xe nc dung vo vic ko my xay xt nng sn n vic
pht trin v ng dng chng thnh nhng turbine thu lc hin i ko my pht in sn
xut in nng nh ngy nay. s dng mt cch c hiu qu nng lng dng nc c
trng bi t hp ct nc v lu lng khc nhau cn phi c nhng loi turbine khc nhau
v cu to, kch thc cng nh qu trnh lm vic ca chng. Da vo vic s d ng dng nng
lng trong c c u bnh xe cng tc (BXCT) ca turbine, ngi ta chia turbine thu lc ra lm
hai loi: turbn xung kch v turbine phn kch. Trong mi loi li chia ra cc h v cc kiu
turbine khc nhau.
T vic phn chia cc dng nng lng tc ng ch yu vo turbine, ta c nhng loi turbine
sau:
Hnh 6.22: S phn loi turbine.

Turbine ch s dng phn ng nng lm quay BXCT gi l loi turbine xung kch. Loi
ny cn gi l turbine dng chy khng p v dng chy trong mi trng kh quyn nn chuyn
ng ca dng tia trn cnh BXCT l chuyn ng khng p, p sut ca vo v ca ra nh
nhau v bng p sut kh tri. Turbine xung kch c chia ra cc h sau:
H turbine xung kch go (turbine Pelton)
H turbine xung kch kiu phun xin
H turbine xung kch hai ln (turbine Banki)
Turbine s dng c th nng v ng nng, trong phn th nng l ch yu gi l turbine
phn kch. Loi ny cn gi l turbine dng chy c p, p lc dng chy ca vo ca BXCT
lun ln hn p lc ca ra ca n. Dng chy qua turbine l dng lin tc in y nc trong
ton b mng cnh. Loi ny c chia ra cc h sau:
H turbine xuyn tm hng trc (gi tt l turbine tm trc, hay turbine
Francis) H turbine hng trc (gm turbine cnh qut v turbine cnh quay)
6-14
6 Nh my thy in
H turbine hng cho

H turbine dng (gm turbine dng na thng v turbine dng thng)
H turbine thun nghch (lm vic theo hai ch : my bm v turbine)
6.3.2.2
6.3.2.2.1.
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca 3 loi tua-bin

Turbine xung kch go - turbine Pelton
Turbine ny do ngi M tn l Pelton a ra nm 1880 nn c gi l turbine Pelton. Qu

trnh hot ng ca turbine Pelton nh sau: nc t thng lu theo ng p lc chy qua vi
phun (1) ( y lu lng c iu chnh trc khi phng vo BXCT nh van kim (2)), ri
phng vo cnh dng go (4) ca turbine, lm quay BXCT ko theo trc turbine quay, nc p
vo cnh go b bn ra 2 pha vo v ca turbine gom li dn v hm x tho v h lu ca
nh my.
Hnh 6.23: Cu to turbine Pelton.[15]

Sau y chng ta s xem xt cu to v tc dng cc b phn chnh ca turbine Pelton (hnh 23).
Vi phun (1) nhn nc t ng p lc bin ton b nng lc dng nc thnh ng nng trc
khi a vo BXCT v iu chnh lu lng vo turbine nh dch chuyn qua li ca van kim (2)
t bn trong. Turbine Pelton ct nc cao v ng p lc di cn c b phn tch dng (3)
hng mt phn hay ton b tia nc khng cho vo BXCT trnh hin tng nc va chm
qu ln khi ng nhanh van kim ca n. B phn ny ch lm vic khi ct gim ph ti my pht
in. Khi ph ti gim, van kim cn phi nhanh chng ng bt m gim lu lng thch
hp, tuy nhin nu van ng qu nhanh, trong vi phun s xut hin p lc nc va qu ln lm
b vi phun. gim tr s p lc nc, lc ny my iu tc s nhanh chng nhc thit b tch
dng ln ngt bt phn lu lng tha ra khi cnh go. Nh vy lu lng vo BXCT vn gim
ngay theo yu cu gim ti m van kim ch phi ng t t. S phi hp dch chuyn van kim v
thit b tch dng phi hp vi nhau nh c cu lin hp trong my iu tc.
6 Nh my thy in
6-15
Hnh 6.24: Cu to bnh xe cng tc turebine Pelton.[16]

Tip theo, chng ta s phn tch cu to BXCT ca turbine Pelton. BXCT ca turbine Pelton
(hnh 24) gm c a (1) v cc cnh dng go (2) c gn trn chu vi a. Ph thuc vo ct
nc m s go c t 14 n 60 cnh. Chnh gia cnh go c gn (3) chia go lm hai phn
bng nhau chia tia nc tc ng vo go thnh hai phn i v hai hng bn ra hai bn. ui
di ca cnh go c khot hm (4) cho tia nc xuyn qua hm ca cnh trc p thng
gc (theo chiu quay) lm tng cnh tay n ca momen quay v trnh momen ngc ca tia
nc vo pha sau go nm pha trc.
Trn y l nhng b phn cu to nn turbine thu lc Pelton, tuy nhin tng cng hiu
sut cho turbine, hin nay cc nh my khng ch s dng mt vi phun tc ng vo cc go
m c th s dng nhiu vi phun cng tc ng vo BXCT, tng hiu sut s dng nng lng
ca nh my.
ng thi cc nh my thu in s dng turbine Pelton cn thit k mt vi phun ph nh hnh
25 gim tc quay ca BXCT hay khi mun BXCT ngng quay tin hnh bo dng,
sa cha. Khi mun BXCT ngng hot ng, thit b tch dng s hot ng lm dng chy
chnh khng tc ng c vo BXCT, cng lc van trong vi phun ph c m dng
nc tc ng vo BXCT, to ra momen cn vo BXCT, lm gim dn tc ca n n khi
ngng hot ng.
6-16
6 Nh my thy in
Hnh 6.25: Cu to turbine Pelton v vi phun ph hm bnh xe cng tc.[17]

Turbine go (hay turbine Pelton) s dng ng nng quay do vy cn to nn vn tc dng
phun ln tng cng sut turbine, mt khc kt cu BXCT rt vng chc do vy turbine ny
c s dng vi ct nc cao lu lng nh. Turbine Pelton loi ln c phm vi s dng ct
nc t 200 n 2000m hoc cao hn na, turbine Pelton loi nh th t 40 n 250m.
Nh my thu in Bolgolta Colombia t n ct nc rt cao H= 2000m, cng sut lp
my l 500MW. Nh my in Raisec c c ct nc H= 1767m. Nc ta c cc nh my
thu in H= 500 n 800m nh Vnh Sn v a Nhim, s dng turbine Pelton.
6.3.2.2.2.
Turbine tm trc - turbine Francis
Hnh 6.26: Cu to turbine Francis.[18]

Turbine tm trc (hay turbine Francis) l mt trong nhng h turbine phn kch c s dng
rng ri nht. Nc t bung (2) qua cnh hng dng (3) vo ca vo cnh (1) BXCT theo
hng xuyn tm ri chuyn chuyn hng 900 v ra khi BXCT vo ng x theo hng dc
trc. Do vy gi l turbine tm trc. Turbine ny do k s ngi Php tn l Francis hon chnh
nm 1849 nn c gi l turbine Francis.
BXCT ca turbine tm trc gm c vnh trn (4) v vnh di (5), cc cnh (1) c dng cong
khng gian ba chiu gn cht vo hai vnh. S cnh t 12 n 22 cnh, thng l 14 n 18
6 Nh my thy in
6-17
cnh. Thng BXCT c c lin thnh mt khi, trng hp b iu kin vn chuyn hn ch

c th to BXCT thnh tng phn, khi lp rp s dung cc bulong ghp vnh trn v ai ghp
nng vnh di ca cc phn li hoc hn ni cc rnh phn chia.
Chng ta c th phn chia turbine tm trc (turbine Francis) lm 3 loi theo mi quan h gia
ng knh ln nht ca vo D1 v ng knh ln nht ca ra D2.
Dng D1 < D2 gi l turbine t tc cao, loi ny dung vi ct nc thp (H<80m) v cu to
ca chng c kh nng chu lc khng cao.
Dng D1 > D2 gi l turbine t tc thp, loi ny c cu to vng chc nn chng c dng
vi ct nc cao, c turbine lm vic vi ct nc 550m.
Dng D1= D2 gi l turbine t tc trung bnh, n l loi trung gian ca 2 loi trn.
Turbine tm trc c phm vi s dng ct nc thng t vi mt n 550m. nc Nga, trm
thu in Cracnoarck s dng loi ny vi cng sut mi turbine l 508MW, ng knh
D1=7.5m. Vit Nam, nh my thu in song v Tr An u dng turbine Francis. Nh
my thu in Ho Bnh dng 8 turbine Francis, cng sut mi turbine l 240W, cao ct nc
t 88m.
6.3.2.2.3.
Turbine cnh quay - turbine Kaplan
Turbine cnh quay- turbine Kaplan thuc h turbine hng trc. Ra i trc loi turbine ny,
cng thuc h turbine hng trc l turbine cnh qut. im ni bt ca turbine cnh quay so vi
ngi anh em ca mnh l thay v cnh qut c nh th cnh c th quay c. Nm 1924
gio s ngi Tip Kaplan ci tin thnh cng turbine cnh c nh thnh cnh quay, nn
turbine ny cn c gi theo tn ca ng. Nh c im c ci tin ny m turbine Kaplan
thch ng c vi nhiu ch lm vic khc nhau dn n vng lm vic ca turbine vi hiu
sut cao c m rng. Do vy turbine Kaplan c kh nng lm vic vi cng sut v ct nc
thay i nhiu.
V cu to, BXCT ca turbine Kaplan gm c bu, cnh, chp thot nc v b phn quay cnh
xung quanh BXCT. Bu ca BXCT phi c hnh cu gim bt khe h gia cnh vi bu khi
cnh quay. Chp thot nc c tc dng lm cho nc chy khi BXCT thun dng hn v gim
c tc dng mch ng. Khi lm vic, cc cnh BXCT hng trc chu tc dng p lc nc,
nn ti ni tip gip cnh vi bu chu momen un rt ln. p lc nc tc dng ln mt cnh
qut ti ni tip xc vi bu c th ln n 240 tn. Do vy quay cnh qut, turbine phi s
dng ng c tip lc du cao p.
6-18
6 Nh my thy in
Hnh 6.27: Bnh xe cng tc ca turbine Kaplan.[19]

ng c dng quay cnh turbine l b phn bn trong bu nn trong bi bo co ny, chng ta
khng tp trung vo vic phn tch b phn ny. Chng ta s phn tch hot ng ca turbine
Kaplan da trn c cu c bit ca n.
V c bn, hot ng ca turbine Kaplan ni chung kh ging vi turbine Francis phn tch
trn. Do , c th ni turbine vi vic ra i sau nh mt s tin ho ca turbine Kaplan. im
khc bit gia 2 loi turbine ny l s tc ng ca dng chy vo cc cnh qut. Nu nh
turbine Francis, dng chy nm ngang tc ng vo cnh qut ri mi i hng 900 thot ra
khi turbine, th vi turbine Kaplan, dng chy nm ngang qua ng dn c chuyn hng gn
nh 900 ri mi tc ng trc tip vo cc cnh qut ri mi thot khi turbine. Do vy m vi
cng mt ct nc thp, tc cho php ca turbine Kaplan cao hn turbine Francis.
V hot ng kh ging nhau nh trn nn cng vi turbine Francis, turbine Kaplan c s
dng rt rng ri. Ngy nay th gii c nhng turbine cnh quay cc ln, nh nh my thu
in Xaratop, Nga c ng knh tiu chun D1= 10.3m, ct nc thit k H= 9.7m, vi cng
sut t khong 59.3MW, vng quay nh mc n= 50 vng/pht. Turbine nh my thu in
Porto Primavera Brasil c D1= 8.6m, cao ct nc khong 22m v c cng sut 105MW.
6.3.2.2.4.
So snh 3 loi tua-bin: Pelton - Francis - Kaplan
C 3 loi turbine nu ra ti mc 2 u c s dng kh rng ri ti cc nh my thu in

hin nay. Trong khi Pelton l turbine xung kch th 2 loi turbine cn li u thuc h thng
turbine phn kch.
6 Nh my thy in
6-19
Hnh 6.28: So snh 3 loi turbine theo cao ct nc v lu lng.[20]

Da vo hnh 28 turbine Pelton dng cho cc nh my thu in c cao ct nc thit k cao
t 200 n khong 2000m, nhng lu lng nc nh (khong 1 n 40m3/s). Turbine Francis l
loi turbine c s dng rng ri c phm vi hot ng ln. Turbine ny dung cho cc nh my
c thit k vi cao ct nc trong phm vi trung bnh (t 10 n hn 300m) v lu lng
trung bnh v cao (t 2m3/s n 1000m3/s). c xem l s tin ho ca turbine Francis, nhng
turbine Kaplan c phm vi hot ng hp hn. Cc nh my thu in c cao ct nc thp
(t 2m n 30m) v lu lng cao (t 20m3/s n 1000m3/s) th s dng loi turbine ny.
V hiu sut lm vic ca 3 loi turbine ny (c ch ra ti hnh 29), turbine Francis c hiu
sut ln, c th t c hiu sut ti a l 94%. Do hot ng gn nh ging vi turbine
Francis, turbine Kaplan c hiu sut kh cao, c th t ti a 93%. Km hn 2 loi turbine trn,
turbine Pelton ch t hiu sut ti a khong 90%. So snh v mt hiu sut cng cho chng ta
ci nhn tng qut v 3 loi turbine phn tch trn cng vi l l do ti sao Francis li l
loi turbine s dng rng ri trong nhiu nh my thu in trn th gii.
Hnh 6.29: So snh 3 loi turbine v mt hiu sut.[21]
6-20
6 Nh my thy in
6.3.3 V d
V d 1 (Example 10.2, p.703 - Power Plant Engineering)
Mt bnh xe Pelton phi c thit k kh c bit. Cng sut thit k l 6000kW. cao ct
nc 300m. Tc quay ca bnh xe cng tc 550 vng/pht. T s ng knh ng phun vi
ng knh bnh xe l 0.1. Hiu sut ca qu trnh l 0,85. Gi s h s vn tc Cv l 0,98 v t
s tc = 0,46. Xc nh:
(a) S lng ng phun
(b) ng knh ca mi ng phun
(c) ng knh ca bnh xe
(d) Lu lng nc cn thit
Gii:
P= 6000kW
H= 300m
Z = 550
J = 0.85
6 Nh my thy in
6-21
V d 2 (Example 10.17, p.717 - Power Plant Engineering)

Lu lng dng chy v cao ct nc c xut ca mt nh my thu in l 350 m3/s v
30m. Hiu sut turbine l 87 phn trm. My pht in c kt ni trc tip n turbine. Tn s
ca my pht in l 50Hz v s cc l 24. Tm s lng turbine cn thit t nht ca nh my
nu s dng
(a) Turbine Francis c tc c trng 300vng/pht.
(b) Turbine Kaplan c tc c trng 820vng/pht.
Gii:
Q= 350m3/s.
H= 30m.
J = 0.87.
f= 50Hz.
p= 24.
Turbine Francis c Ns= 300vng/pht.
Turbine Kaplan c Ns= 820vng/pht.
6-22
6 Nh my thy in
6 Nh my thy in
6-23
6.4 Tc ng ca thy in i vi mi trng

Trong phn ny chng ta s cng lm r u nhc im ca thy in, tc ng ca n i vi
mi trng sng v cui cng l gii php cho nhng vn trn.
6.4.1 u im v nhc im ca nh my thy in
Thy in c vai tr rt ln trong vic ng gp lng in nng vo li in ca mi quc gia.
Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng li ch m thy in mang li vn tn ti nhng mt tiu cc lm nh
hng n mi trng t nhin cng nh con ngi.
6.4.1.1
u im
x Thy in l loi nng lng sch, khng gy nhim mi trng. (khng gy hiu ng nh
knh)
x Nguyn liu di do, sn c, khng mt tin mua, nc sau khi s dng sn xut in c th
dng cho cc hot ng khc.
x Thy in l loi nng lng ti to (renewable).
x T sut sn xut in kh n nh.
x p nc v nh my c th tn ti qua nhiu thp k. (chu k sng ca nh my kh di).
x Chi ph duy tr v vn hnh cho nh my thp.
6.4.1.2
Nhc im
x Chi ph u t kh cao.
x Chu nh hng bi lng ma khu vc.
x Gy ra ngp lt nhn to v nh hng n i sng ca cc loi ng vt c bit l loi c.
x Lm thay i dng chy v cu trc t nhin ca con sng.
x Thay i mi trng sng ca c dn xung quanh nh my, thm ch buc h phi i ni .
6.4.2 Tc ng ca nh my
T nhng u im v nhc im trn ta rt ra c mt s tc ng ca nh my thy in
i vi trng:
6.4.2.1
Tc ng n mi trng t nhin
Do vic ngn nc t cc con p ca nh my v s tch tr nc t cc b cha lm tng th

nng ca dng nc nn dng chy sau khi qua nh my cng tr nn hung bo hn.
6-24
6 Nh my thy in
Hnh 6.30: Dng chy sau khi i qua nh my thy in.

Do cc nh my thy in thng c xy dng vi din tch ln to cc h cha ln nn
phi cht ph rng lm nh hng n cc loi ng vt sng trong rng.
Hnh 6.31: Quang cnh xy dng nh my thy in.

Cc tua-bin nc l ni khip s i vi nhng n c khi chng bi ngang qua nh my.
Hnh 6.32: Nhng ch c b tua-bin nc ct i
6 Nh my thy in
6.4.2.2
6-25
Tc ng n con ngi
Vn l nhn to v s di dn l nhng vn gy bc xc i vi nhng dn c vng h lu

v dn c sng khu xy dng nh my thy in.
Hnh 6.33: Hnh nh minh ha cho s di dn.

6.4.3
Hnh 6.34: Ngp lt do x l.
Gii php
x Trc khi xy dng nh my phi di di cc loi th c nguy c b nh hng bi vic xy

dng v vn hnh nh my n ni thch hp hn.
x Trong qu trnh xy dng cn ch n vic to mt hng i khc cho nhng n c di
sng chng khng b cht do bi qua tua-bin.
x Vic la chn v tr xy dng nh my thy in phi c cn nhc tht k trc khi tin
hnh xy dng nh my.
x V an sinh x hi, cn phi c chnh sch n b cng nh ti nh c tht hp l cho c dn
vng xy dng nh my thy in.
x Cn c s phi hp, lin kt ng b v cht ch v vic x l cho cc b cha ca cc nh
my thy in vi nhau nhm hn ch nhng cn l nhn to lm nh hng n i sng ca
c dn vng h lu.
6-26
6 Nh my thy in
6.5 Tnh hnh pht trin Vit Nam

6.5.1 Tnh hnh cung cp in
Hnh 6.35: C cu ngun in Vit Nam Nm 2006 v 2010.

Hin nay nc ta c hai ngun sn xut in nng ch yu l thy in v nhit in. Nhit
in ch yu c ba ngun: nhit in than, nhit in kh, nhit in du . Thi gian gn y
mt s d n s dng cc ngun nng lng ti to nh gi v mt tri c ng dng nhiu
hn gp phn to thm ngun cung cp in nng.
Trong cc ngun cung cp in chnh th thy in vn chim t t r ng cao, ng vai tr quan
trng trong c c u. Nm 2010, t t r n g c c n g u n in t t h y in vn chim mc cao nht
trong cc ngun sn xut. Tuy nhin trong k hoch pht trin ngun in theo quy hoch in
VI ca chnh ph th t trng thy in s gim dn trong c cu tng ngun in sn xut.
6.5.2 Tim nng thy in
Vit Nam nm vng nhit i m gi ma, ma nhiu, lng ma trung bnh hng nm l
khong 2000mm.
H thng sng ngi chng cht vi 9 h thng sng ln v 2360 con sng ln nh.
x Qung
H thng
Bng
Giangto
- K
Cng
gm
sng chy
hng
v
gpranhau
Tysng
(Trung
Quc)
thnh
sng
T2 Giang
chyngc
vo sng
Tynhau
Giang
bin
Qung Chu.
6 Nh my thy in
Hnh 6.36: Cc h thng sng chnh Vit Nam.
6-27
Hnh 6.37: Cc lu vc sng Vit Nam.
x H thng sng Thi Bnh gm sng Thi Bnh cng cc ph lu v chi lu ca n,cc ph
lu gm sng Cu, sng Thng v sng Lc Nam thng ngun.Tng chiu di ca h
thng khong 1.650 km v din tch lu vc khong 10.000 km. Ngoi ra, h thng sng
ny cn nhn mt phn dng chy ca sng Hng, ra bin ng.
x H thng sng Hng l h thng sng ln nht Vit Nam.H thng sng hng c rt nhiu
ph lu, hai ph lu quan trng nht l Sng v Sng L.Hai ph lu chnh ny cng
vi cc ph lu khc to thnh mng li sng hnh r qut v hi t ti vit tr. Chnh dng
mng li sng ny t hp l cc ph lu vi l ca dng chnh gy nn nhng trn l
ln ng bng bc b.
x H thng sng M gm dng chnh l sng M v 2 ph lu ln l sng Chu, sng Bi. H
thng sng ny c tng chiu di l 881 km, tng din tch lu vc l 39.756 km, trong
c 17.520 km nm trong lnh th Vit Nam..
x H thng sng Lam (sng C): c 2 ngun chnh: nm nn t dy Pu Li v nm m t cao
nguyn Trn Ninh. Chiu di ca sng tnh theo nm nn l 530km, tnh theo nm m di
432km. sng Lam theo nm m qua ca ro- lng-vinh v ra bin ca hi. h thng
sng Lam c cc ph lu quan trng: sng con bn t ngn, sng ngn ph, sng ngn su
bn hu ngn.
x H thng sng Thu Bn c cc chi lu ln: sng Ci, sng Bung, chy vo sng Vu Gia,
nhp vi sng Thu Bn chy ra ca i v mt phn chy vo sng Hn ra vnh Nng.
6-28
6 Nh my thy in
x H thng sng Ba (Sng Rng): Dng sng chnh ca h thng Sng Ba di 388km. bt
ngun t cc ni cng ca kinh. Cng plong. Chy ra bin ca giang tuy ha. Mt ca
sng kh rng, ti y c cu ng b i qua, mt trong nhng cy cu di Vit Nam.
x H thng Sng ng Nai gm cc sng: ng Nai, Vm C, Si Gnhp thnh ,c chiu
di ln nht nc ta. Dng chnh di khong 635 km. sng bt ngun t cao nguyn lm
vin cao 1.770km, lu vc sng nm gn nh trn ven trn lnh th Vit Nam. Din
tch lu vc Sng ng Nai khong 23.252 km2, nu tnh c ph lu sng Si Gn l
29.520km2.
x H thng sng Mekong: Mekong l mt trong mi con sng ln nht th gii, c chiu di
hn 4.800 km, bt ngun t cao nguyn Ty Tng. Din tch lu vc 795.000 km2 rng gn
bng nc Php v c cng li.Sng MKng chy qua lnh th ca 6 quc gia l Trung
Quc, Myanmar, Thi Lan, Lo, Campuchia v Vit Nam. y l ni sinh sng ca trn 65
triu ngi v c ngun ti nguyn phong ph, a dng, rt thun li cho pht trin kinh t
ca cc nc ven sng.
a hnh i ni chim 3/4 din tch to nn th nc ln thun li cho sn xut thy in.
Tng nghin cu v quy hoch thy in cho thy tng tr nng l thuyt ca cc con sng l
300 t kWh, cng sut lp my l 34467 kWh/nm.
6.5.3 Li th v nguy c
6.5.3.1
Li th
Thy in xut xut hin t rt sm v tr thnh nim hy vng ca nhn loi trn nhiu phng
din, c bit l nng lng ti to v tng i sch.
x Thc y cc kh nng kinh t
Thng thng cc nh my thy in c vn u t ln, thi gian xy dng ko di, song hiu
qu cao v hiu qu cao, tui th n 100 nm hoc hn. V lu di th c th ni khng c cng
ngh nng lng no r bng thy in. Cc chi ph vn hnh v bo dng hng nm l rt thp
so vi vn u t v thp hn nhiu cc nh my thy in khc.
x Bo tn h sinh thi
Thy in s dng nng lng dng nc pht in, m khng lm cn kit cc ngun thin
nhin, cng khng lm bin i c tnh ca nc khi chy qua tuabin.
x Linh hot
Trong cung cp in nng, thy in l ngun cung cp linh hot bi kh nng iu chnh cng
sut. Mt u im na l nh my thy in c th khi ng v pht cng sut ti a trong
vng vi pht.
x Tng i sch
So vi cc nh my sn xut in khc, thy in cung cp mt ngun nng lng sch v hu
nh khng pht thi kh gy hiu ng nh knh.
x Gp phn pht trin bn vng
6 Nh my thy in
6-29
V kha cnh bn vng, thy in c kh nng rt ln v bo tn sinh thi, ci thin kinh t v

tng cng s cng bng x hi.
x Gim pht thi
Bng cch s dng ngun nc thay cho nguyn liu ha thch, thy in gim bt nhim mi
trng, gim bt cc trn ma axit, gim axit ha t v cc h thng thy sinh. Thy in thi
ra rt t kh nh knh so vi cc nh my sn xut in khc do vy lm gim s nng ln ton
cu.
x S dng nc a mc tiu
Thy in khng tiu th lng nc dng pht in m x li ngun nc quan trng ny
dng cho vic khc. Hu ht, cc p v h cha u c nhiu chc nng nh: cung cp nc
cho sn xut cng nghip, ci thin cc iu kin nui trng thy sn.
6.5.3.2
Nguy c
x Ph hy rng u ngun
Theo cc chuyn gia to 1MW cng sut thy in phi mt i t 10-30 ha rng v c
1000 ha h cha nc cng cn sang phng 1000-2000 ha t pha thng ngun. Ta cng bit
rng chc nng quan trng ca rng u ngun l iu ha kh hu, gi v iu
tit ngun nc, bo v t. Vic ph rng xy dng nh my thy in v cc cng trnh khc
gy ra nhng hu qu sinh thi nghim trng trn ton cu. Biu hin r nht l s nng
ln ton cu, hot ng ca bo lt, hn hn, chy rng, dch bnhBn cnh, din tch rng
ngy cng suy gim dn n a dng sinh hc gim, cc laoif ng thc vt qu him c nguy c
b tuyt chng.
x Dng chy cn kit
V phi h lu do dng chy cn kit nn nhiu vng b xm thc, nc bin dng cao lm
nh hng tiu cc n sn xut v i sng.
x Thay i dng chy
Vic xy dng p lm thay i dng chy n cc ca sng c coi l nguyn nhn lm st
gim nghim trng ngun c.
x Ngn dng trm tch
Ngoi gy st gim sinh vt, p chn cn ngn tm tch chy xung h lu, khin b sng suy
yu v st y sng.
x Hn ch cp nc cho cc mc tiu khc
Vo ma kh, do ch n sn lng in, nhiu h cha thy in tng cng vic tch nc
d tr pht in, nn lng nc x xung h lu khng ng k. T gy nh hng n
i sng sinh hot v sn xut ca ngi dn.
x Thay i xu cht lng nc
Vic s dng nc ca thy in lm bin i nhiu cht lng ca nc trong thi gian u tch
nc vo lng h do qu trnh phn hy thc vt trong h. Do ch dng chy thay i nn
lng cht hu c trong nc ca cc cng trnh thy in b gim.
x Nguyn nhn gy ra l lt, hn hn
Vo ma l, nu h mc nc trong h cha khi l v tr trong h ri mi x dn xung h
lu. Tuy nhin, ngi vn hnh ch ngh v sn xut in, vic gim m nc trong h s lm
gim sn lng in dn n vic cc h cha u gi nc mc c li cho mnh nhng khng
6-30
6 Nh my thy in
an ton cho p nn khi l v th x nc t gy l lt. Vo ma kh, cc h cha tch cc gi

nc dn n hn hn h du.
6.5.4 Mt s s c Vit Nam
6.5.4.1
S c v quai thy in Krel
Hai ln xy ra s c v quai ca p thy in Krel tnh Gia Lai khng ch gy thit hi v

vt cht, tin ca nh nc m cn nh hng rt ln n v ma v i sng ca ngi dn.
S c ln u tin xy ra v quai l ngy 12/6/2013, mt on p thy in Ia Krel 2 b
v khi p chnh hon thnh v bt u tch nc vo thng 5/2013. Sau , ch u t thi
cng khc phc, sa cha. n ngy 1/8 va qua, trong qu trnh ang thi cng, ma din
rng v ko di ti lu vc ny lm cho lu lng l v h cha thy in Ia Krel 2 ln. Hu
qu l mc nc h cha vt qua c cao trnh nh quai thng lu p (cao trnh
204,8m) v gy xi l v hon ton quai thng lu p.
Hnh 6.38: S c v quai thy in Krel.

6.5.4.2
S c thm p thy in sng Tranh 2
T u thng 2/2012, khi thy xut hin thm nc trong cc hnh lang thu nc v thm ra h
lu p ca thy in sng Tranh 2, cc n v trn cng trng tin hnh x l thm nhng
cha c hiu qu.
Mc d dn v thi cng n lc khc phc s c nhng nc vn tun nh ma ti cc vt nt
trn thn p. Tng lu lng thm o c l 30l/s. Chng ta phi mi cc chuyn gia nc
ngoi khc phc s c ny.
6 Nh my thy in
6-31
Hnh 6.39: Khc phc s c thm nc thy in sng tranh 2.

6.5.5 Nguy c v thch thc sng Mekong
Sng Mekong bt ngun t cao nguyn Ty Tng c chiu di hn 4.800 km, din tch lu vc
795.000 km2, lu lng dng chy trung bnh hng nm khong 15.000m3/s, chy qua lnh th
ca su quc gia l Trung Quc, Myanmar, Thi Lan, Lo, Campuchia v Vit Nam.
Lu vc sng Mekong c s tham gia khai thc thy in ca 5 nc: Lo, Vit Nam, Campuchia, Thi Lan, Trung Quc.
Trung Quc thng ngun nn khng nh hng nhiu n Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, khai thc
thy in Lo, Campuchia, Thi Lan li gy nh hng trc tip n ng bng sng Cu
Long. p thy in Xayaburi ca Lo l mt trong chui mi hai con p d nh c xy
trn h lu sng Mekong. Nu tt c c xy xong s ph v s lin tc ca h thng sinh thi
h lu sng.
Vic xy dng cc nh my thy in trn lu vc sng Mekong s gy nh hng n mi
trng,
dng
chy,
thy
sn
v
tc
ng
sinh
trng
ca
c.
V mt li ch nng lng t dng chnh i vi Vit Nam ch c 5% tuy nhin tc ng v vic
khai thc thy in l tng th v x hi v sinh thi.
6-32
6 Nh my thy in
x V trm tch h lu, ng bng sng Cu

Long nm h lu sng Mekong nn
nhn c ngun ph sa mu m, to
nn va la ln nht nc. Tuy nhin,
nu xy dng qu nhiu p thy in
th ph sa th v trung bnh s b ng
li cc h, ph sa mn v cht dinh
dng khi chy v h lu ch cn
khong 25%.
x V thy sn, nu cc p dng chnh
v dng ph i vo hot ng th s mt
khong 42% lng c, cha k bin mt
cc loi c v bin i h sinh thi.
Nguy c x nc cng lc ca cc p
thy in s dn n tnh trng l lt trn
din rng i vi ng bng sng Cu
Long.
Hnh 6.40: H thng p thy in trn
sng MeKong.
1KjPi\WK\LQ

Ngun tham kho

>@KWWSZZZGDYLGGDUOLQJLQIRHQF\FORSHGLD+$(BK\GURHOHFWULFBSRZHUKWPO
>@KWWSZZZGDYLGGDUOLQJLQIRHQF\FORSHGLD+$(BK\GURHOHFWULFBSRZHUKWPO
>@KWWSZDWHUXVJVJRYHGXK\KRZZRUNVKWPO
>@KWWSZZZKHVVWRQHGX3K\VLFVK\GURHOHFWULFLW\MHVNHUHVHDUFKBSDSHUKWPO
>@KWWSEXVLQHVVHWKLFVFRPK\GURHOHFWULFGDPVWKHJRRGDQGEDG
>@KWWSZZZKGULQFFRPSRUWIROLRSULHVWUDSLGVK\GURHOHFWULFSURMHFWUHOLFHQVLQJ
>@KWWSKXQJHUK\GUDXOLNGHVWDKOZDVVHUEDXKWPO
>@KWWSZZZK\GURFRPDXHQHUJ\RXUSRZHUVWDWLRQVPHUVH\IRUWK
>@KWWSZZZWYDFRPHPDLOH5LYHUIHEUXDU\KWPO
>@KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL3HOWRQBZKHHO
>@KWWSZZZ]HFRLW]HFRWXUELQHVVXEPHUJHGNDSODQWXUELQHEXOE
>@KWWSZZZYDSWHFKEJSURMHFW%ODJRHYJUDGVND%LVWULWVD
>@KWWSZZZSDQRUDPLRFRPSKRWR
>@&iFKWKFKRWQJFDQKjPi\WKXLQZZZPD\SKDWGLHQFXYQ
>@+\GUR3RZHUKWWSZZZLQIRUVHRUJ
>@ZZZJRRJOHFRP
>@&OLS3HOWRQ7XUELQHZZZ\RXWXEHFRP
>@+\GURSRZHUKWWSZZZUHSDFNVFRP
>@/RFDO([SHULHQFHZLWK0LFUR+\GUR7HFKQRORJ\6.$7S
>@&RPSDULVRQRI3HOWRQ)UDQFLV .DSODQ7XUELQHZZZ\RXWXEHFRP
>@ &RPSDULVRQRI3HOWRQ)UDQFLV .DSODQ7XUELQHZZZ\RXWXEHFRP
>@7\SHVRI:KHHOVKWWSVZZZRVYRUJW\SHVRIZKHHOV
>@+LVWRU\RI+\GURSRZHUKWWSHQHUJ\JRYHHUHZDWHUKLVWRU\K\GURSRZHU
>@7DJ$UFKLYHIRUZRUOG%851$Q(QHUJ\-RXUQDO
KWWSEXUQDQHQHUJ\MRXUQDOFRPWDJZRUOG
>@&RPSDULQJWKH3URVDQG&RQVRI(QHUJ\9DULHWLHV
KWWSWHPSSRZHUFRPFRPSDULQJWKHSURVDQGFRQVRIHQHUJ\YDULHWLHV
>@%iRFiRQJKLrQFXQJjQKLQ
KWWSVZZZSKXJLDVFYQ3RUWDOV8SORDGHG)LOHV3+8*,$6&%&90%DRB&DRB1JKLHQB&XX
1JDQKB'LHQSGI
>@6FOQYrTXDLSWK\LQ.UHOWQK*LD/DLJk\WKLWKLQJKLrPWUQJ
KWWSGLHQQXRFPLHQEDFYQVXFRODQYRGHTXDLGDSWKX\GLHQNUHOWLQKJLDODLJD\WKLHW
KDLQJKLHPWURQJKWPO

1KjPi\WK\LQ
>@7QJTXDQOLtFKYjQKKQJFDF{QJWUuQKWK\LQ.
KWWSQDQJOXRQJYLHWQDPYQQHZVYQDQQLQKQDQJOXRQJYDPRLWUXRQJWRQJTXDQORLLFKYD
DQKKXRQJFXDFRQJWULQKWKX\GLHQN\KWPO
>@7QJTXDQOLtFKYjQKKQJFDF{QJWUuQKWK\LQ.
KWWSQDQJOXRQJYLHWQDPYQQHZVYQDQQLQKQDQJOXRQJYDPRLWUXRQJWRQJTXDQORLLFKYD
DQKKXRQJFXDFRQJWULQKWKX\GLHQN\KWPO
>@(QYLURQPHQWDO,PSDFWVRI+\GURHOHFWULF3RZHUKWWSZZZXFVXVDRUJFOHDQBHQHUJ\RXU
HQHUJ\FKRLFHVUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\HQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWVK\GURHOHFWULF
SRZHUKWPO9&/JL291M=
>@+RZ+\GURHOHFWULF(QHUJ\:RUNVKWWSZZZXFVXVDRUJFOHDQBHQHUJ\RXUHQHUJ\
FKRLFHVUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\KRZK\GURHOHFWULFHQHUJ\KWPO9&/[&291M<
>@+\GURHOHFWULFSRZHUZDWHUXVHKWWSZDWHUXVJVJRYHGXZXK\KWPO
>@+\GURHOHFWULFLW\KWWSZZZHSDJRYFOHDQHQHUJ\HQHUJ\DQG\RXDIIHFWK\GURKWPO
>@1HJDWLYH,PSDFWVRI+\GURHOHFWULF'DPV
KWWSZZZEULJKWKXEHQJLQHHULQJFRPJHRWHFKQLFDOHQJLQHHULQJQHJDWLYHLPSDFWVRI
K\GURHOHFWULFGDPV
>@3XPSHGVWRUDJH5HXVLQJZDWHUIRUSHDNHOHFWULFLW\GHPDQG
KWWSZDWHUXVJVJRYHGXK\KRZZRUNVKWPO
>@6L[,PSRUWDQW&RPSRQHQWVRI+\GURHOHFWULF3RZHU3ODQWV
KWWSZZZEULJKWKXEHQJLQHHULQJFRPIOXLGPHFKDQLFVK\GUDXOLFVFRPSRQHQWVRI
K\GURHOHFWULFSRZHUSODQWVSDUWRQH
>@7\SHVRISODQWKWWSHQHUJ\JRYHHUHZDWHUW\SHVK\GURSRZHUSODQWV
[@0LQKjWKXQFQJRjL[OWKPWLWK\LQ6{QJ7UDQK
KWWSGDQWULFRPYQ[DKRLPRLQKDWKDXQXRFQJRDL[XO\WKDPWDLWKX\GLHQVRQJWUDQK
KWP
>@+\GURHOHFWULFSRZHUDQGZDWHUKWWSZDWHUXVJVJRYHGXZXK\KWPO
1KjPi\WK\LQ

Ph lc: Hi v tr li
Hi: 1KyP X QF Oj Ju" 7URQJFiFORLWXUELQHWKuWLVDR)UDQFLVOLFyKLXVXW FDR
QKW"
Tr li:XQFFDRFWQFOjVFKrQKOFKPFQFJLDWKQOXYjKOXFD
QKjPi\WKXLQ6FKrQKOFKQj\FyWtQKFKWTXDQWUQJWURQJYLFVGQJORLWXUELQH
SKKSYLQKjPi\WKXLQWKLXVXWFDR
7URQJORLWXUELQH.DSODQ3HOWRQYj)UDQFLV)UDQFLVFyKLXVXWFDRQKWGRORLWXUELQHQj\
FyWKLWNQJLQQKQJOLVGQJFWLDQQJOQJWKXQQJEDRJPFWKQQJ
YjQJQQJFDGzQJQFWURQJyVGQJWKQQJOjFK\XTXD\EiQK[HF{QJWiF
'RY\)UDQFLVOjORLWXUELQHFyKLXVXWWLDFDRQKWWURQJORLWXUELQH

Hi: 1KyP%PQJFQFOrQWKuF{QJQQJWLrXWKEQJF{QJQQJWRUD+LXTX"

Tr li:'RLQQQJVQ[XWUDEDRQKLrXWKuSKLVGQJKWE\QKLrXYjYjREDQrPQKX
FXVGQJLQQQJNKiWKSWURQJNKLEDQQJj\QKXFXVGQJLQQQJOLTXiFDRGRy
EDQQJj\VVGQJOQJLQQQJGWKDKRFWFiFQJXQNKiFQKQQJOQJPWWUL
WtFK WU YjR DFTXL Q WL NKL QKX FX WLrX WK LQ JLP [XQJ QKj Pi\ GQJ 3XPSHG
6WRUDJH V QJQJ SKiW LQ Yj O\ LQ QQJ W DFTXL FXQJ FS FKR Pi\ EP EP QF
QJFYjRKFKDQKPGX\WUuPFWKQQJFDRFDQFSKFYFKRYLFVQ[XWLQYjR
VDQJQJj\K{PVDX

Hi: 1KyP7KHRPuQKELWFyORLQKjPi\WK\LQOjSFKQYjQJGQWLVDROL
SKkQORLQKEQ"

Tr li:,PSRXQGPHQWOjQKjPi\SFKQFzQ'LYHUVLRQFKtQKOjQKjPi\QJGQ

Hi: 1KyP7KHRPuQKELWQJGQWUFNKLYjRWXDELQWKuSKLFyYDQDQWRjQYjLX
WLWQFFKDWK\QKyPEQJLLWKLX"

Tr li:9DQDQWRjQYjLXWLWQFOj&RQWURO*DWHmJLLWKLXWURQJEjLWKX\WWUuQK
Hi: 1KyP7URQJPWNK~FV{QJFyWK[k\GQJFQKjPi\WK\LQNK{QJ"%iQ
NtQKWLWKLXJLDQKjPi\WUrQFQJPWGzQJV{QJOjEDRQKLrX"

Tr li:7UrQPWGzQJV{QJFyWKFyQKLXWUPWKXLQNKiFQKDX7X\QKLrQYLFkXKL
WUrQNK~FV{QJWKHRWuPKLXFDQKyPNK{QJQrQ[k\GQJQKLXKQWUPWKXLQ/
GRDUDOjYLF[k\GQJF{QJWUuQKWKXLQPWQKLXWKLJLDQWjLQJX\rQYjVWKD\L
FWtQKFDNK~FV{QJyQX[k\GQJTXiQKLXFyWKJk\QKKQJQKVLQKWKiL[XQJ
TXDQK

Hi: 1KyP&iFKKQJGzQJFKRQJYWWK\VLQKQKWKQjR"

Tr li:1Kj Pi\WK\ LQWK{QJWKQJF[k\GQJWUrQQKQJFRQV{QJOQKQJ
GzQJFKRQJYWWK\VLQKWURQJTXiWUuQK[k\GQJFQWUQJPWNKRQNK{QJFQTXi

1KjPi\WK\LQ
OQ QKQJ jQ Fi EL TXD 9LF WKWWKRiWQFWOLLFDFiOjUWQKVRYLOQJ

QFQKQYOLrQWFWWKQJQJXQ

Hi: 1KyP.KLEPQFQJFWPWWOrQQKSWKuFQQJFDPi\EPFKX\Q
WKjQKWKQQJVDXyWKQQJQj\FKX\QOLWKjQKLQQQJ9\QXFQQJPi\EP
WKQQJFDQF LQQQJ !FQQJPi\EP LQQQJFKDNQKLXVXWWKuFy
WK QyL F QQJ Pi\ EP OQ KQ SKQ LQ QQJ F WR UD 9\ KRW QJ Qj\ Fy KS O
NK{QJ"&iFKLXFDPuQKFy~QJNK{QJ"

Tr li:&iFKKLXFDEQVDLUL'RLQQQJVQ[XWUDEDRQKLrXWKuSKLVGQJKWE\
QKLrXYjYjREDQrPQKXFXVGQJLQQQJNKiWKSWURQJNKLEDQQJj\QKXFXVGQJ
LQQQJOLTXiFDRGRyEDQQJj\VVGQJOQJLQQQJGWKDKRFWFiFQJXQ
NKiF QK QQJ OQJ PW WUL WtFK WU YjR DFTXL Q WL NKL QKX FX WLrX WK LQ JLP
[XQJQKjPi\GQJ3XPSHG6WRUDJHVQJQJSKiWLQYjO\LQQQJWDFTXLFXQJFS
FKRPi\EPEPQFQJFYjRKFKDQKPGX\WUuPFWKQQJFDRFDQFSKFY
FKRYLFVQ[XWLQYjRVDQJQJj\K{PVDX

Hi: 1KyPORLWKXLQ\rXFXWXUELQHWQJQJWKQjRYLFiFORL3HOWRQ.DSODQYj
)UDQFLV"

Tr li: &iF ORL WXUELQH F V GQJ WURQJ QKj Pi\ SK WKXF YjR FDR FWQF Yj OX
OQJGzQJFK\WLFiFQKjPi\yWFF{QJVXWWKLWNFQJQKKLXVXWYjJLP
WKLXWLDFKLSKt[k\GQJYjYkQKjQKQKjPi\WKXLQQrQVGQJ~QJORLWXUELQHFKR
QKQJQKjPi\SKKS

Hi: 1KyP1XVDXEmROWQKLrQQFWURQJKFKDGkQJTXiFDREXFSKL[WKuOjP
VDR[OFKRKSOtFyNKRFK

Tr li:9QQj\WKKLQWPQKuQNKQQJTX\WRiQFDEDQTXQOtS.KLjLNKt
WQJGEiRVFyEmROEDQTXQOtSKLFKR[QFWURQJKFKD[XQJPFDQWRjQWK
QKQJQXQKQJQJLTXQOtFKTXDQWkPQOQJLQVQ[XWNK{QJ[EWQFWKuNKL
OYQFGkQJOrQQKDQKGQQQJX\FYSGQQYLF[OWJk\OOW

Hi: 1KyP7LVDRQJFDWXUELQH.DSODQOLFyWKLWNKuQKYFVrQ"&{QJGQJFD
WKLWNQj\OjJu"

Tr li:QJFDWXUELQH.DSODQFyGQJYFVrQWQGQJWLDOXOQJQFFK\WURQJ
QJ1XQJFyGQJFVrQGzQJQFNKLQRQQj\VFyGzQJFK\[Ri\NKLLYjR
FiFFiQKKQJGzQJOXOQJFFKLDXYjRFiFFiQKWRiSOFXOrQFiFFiQKWXUELQH
LX Qj\ YD P ER WF TXD\ YD JLP WQ KL Q FiQK TXW WXUELQH GR FiQK WXUELQH
.DSODQQKQPWiSOFUWOQYjGEKQJWURQJTXiWUuQKYQKjQKQKjPi\

Hi: 1KyP&KWOLXFDFiFFiQKTXWWXUELQHOjJu"9LFERWUuERTXQFiFQKjPi\
WKXLQQKWKQjR"
1KjPi\WK\LQ

Tr li:&iFFiQKTXWWXUELQHFOjPDSKQEQJWKpSNK{QJJLYLYLFERWUuFiF
QKjPi\WKXLQFK~QJWDFK[pWQYLFERGQJFiFFiQKTXWWXUELQHGRk\OjSKQG
EWQKLWURQJTXiWUuQKYQKjQKYuOX{QFKXiSOFOQ&iFQKjPi\WKXLQKQJQPX
FyF{QJWiFEmRWUuERGQJLYLFiFWXUELQHWKXOF

Hi: 1KyP7LVDRWXUELQH)UDQFLVOLKRWQJOXOQJPjWXUELQHFzQOLWKuNK{QJ"
9jQJFOLWXUELQH3HOWRQKRWQJFFDRXQFFDRWURQJNKLWXUELQHFzQOL
QKWKQjR"

Tr li: 7XUELQH )UDQFLV KRW QJ OX OQJ WUXQJ EuQK Yj FDR SKP YL KRW QJ FD
WXUELQH Qj\ EDR JP PW SKQ FD WXUELQH .DSODQ Yj WXUELQH 3HOWRQ &iF WXUELQH 3HOWRQ Yj
.DSODQYQFyWKWKD\WKWXUELQH)UDQFLVWURQJFiFQKjPi\WKXLQFyOXOQJYjFDR
FWQFNK{QJWKtFKKSQKQJF{QJVXWYjKLXVXWOjPYLFFDQKjPi\VNK{QJFDRYj
P
ER
Y
YQ

WQ
KDR
WURQJ
QKj
Pi\
7QJWYLWXUELQH3HOWRQYQFyWKVGQJORLWXUELQHFzQOLSKFYFKRQKjPi\
WKXLQQKQJVNK{QJWFKLXVXWYjF{QJVXWWKLWNFKRQKjPi\

Hi: 1KyP7URQJKWKQJ3XPSHG6WURUDJHQXEPQFQJFOrQWKuPFWLrXKDR
QQJ OQJ FKR YLF EP QF Fy FDR KQ OQJ LQ QQJ F WR UD NK{QJ NKRQJ EDR
QKLrX"

Hi: 1KyP1QJOQJEPQFOrQEXLWLO\kX"9uQXEPQFOrQWKuWXD
ELQNK{QJVQ[XWUDLQ

VDQJQJj\K{PVDX

Hi: 1KyP&D[OULrQJKD\FKXQJYLQJQJGQQF"

Tr li:&D[OFKFFKQSKLWiFKULrQJYLQJQJGQQF

Hi: 1KyP9LFEPQJFQFFyJuWWKQVRYLYLFGXQJWKLWEOXWUQKSLQDF
TXLF{QJVXW"

Tr li:9uDFTXLF{QJVXWOjQJXQLQPWFKLXPXQKzDYjROLLQSKLFKX\QVDQJ
[RD\FKLXVDXNKLFKX\QW'&VDQJ$&SKLLXWQVDRFKRSKKSYLOLLQTXFJLD
WKD\YjRyWDGQJQJXQ'&FXQJFSFKRPi\EPEPQFVKLXTXKQ
1KjPi\GQJ3XPSHG6WRUDJHVQJQJSKiWLQYjO\LQQQJWDFTXLFXQJFSFKRPi\
EPEPQFQJFYjRKFKDQKPGX\WUuPFWKQQJFDRFDQFSKFYFKRYLF
VQ[XWLQYjRVDQJQJj\K{PVDX

1KjPi\WK\LQ
Hi: 1KyP7LVDROLFyV[OYjRPDOYjWUQFYjRPDNK{"9LFLXWLW[O

OjGRDLWKFKLQ"

Tr li:9LFLXWLW[OOjGREDQTXQOtWK\LQTX\WLQKQKQJSKLFyVFKRSKpS
FDFKtQKTX\QDSKQJ
&iFKFKDNKL[k\GQJFyPWWUOQJQFQKWQK1XYWTXiPFQj\VGQQ
QJX\FYS9jRPDONKLQFWURQJSGkQJOrQTXiFDRVRYLPFJLLKQWKuEXF
SKL[OWUiQKJk\YS9jRPDNK{NKLOQJQFFXQJFSWURQJKFKDWKSWKu
FiFQKjPi\VJLQFOLWU{QJKFKDNK{QJ[[XQJKQJXQQKPPERWUOQJ
LQVQ[XW7X\QKLrQLXQj\VJk\KQKiQKQJXQ

Hi: 1KyP1KjPi\WK\LQFyNKQQJEYSNK{QJ"7URQJQKQJWUQJKSQjR
WKuVEY"1JLWDFyQKQJELQSKiSQjRQJQLXQj\[\UD"

Tr li:0LQJX\KLPF[HPOjOQQKWLYLQKjPi\WK\LQyFKtQKOjYLFY
S'RyYLFSKL[k\QKQJFRQSNLrQFyOjLXSKLPERWX\QKLrQWURQJTXiWUuQK
YQKjQKQKjPi\YQSKLFK~WLPFQFWUrQKFKDNK{QJFPFQFGkQJTXi
FDRWUiQKWuQKWUQJYS+QQDQXPFQFWURQJKFKDTXDFDRWKuFKFFKQSKL
WKiRQF[O

Hi: 1KyP7LVDRQKjPi\3XPSHG6WRUDJHSKLEPQFQJFOrQWKD\YuJLPGzQJ
QFLYjRWXDELQ"

VDQJQJj\K{PVDX

Hi: 1KyP7URQJP{KuQKWK\LQ3XPSHG6WRUDJHYjREDQrPWLVDRSKLGQJPi\
EPDQFQJFOrQEFKD"1QJOQJYQKjQKPi\EPO\WkX"
VDQJQJj\K{PVDX
Hi: 1KyP&KLXGjLQJQJGQQFWSQFQQKjPi\NKRQJEDRQKLrX"
Tr li: &KLX GjL QJ QJ GQ QF SK WKXF YjR NKRQJ FiFK W QKj Pi\ Q FRQ S
QFNK{QJFyFKXQQjRYFKLXGjLFDQJGQQFFDQKjPi\F

1KjPi\WK\LQ

Hi: 1KyP1KQJNKyNKQWURQJYLFGLGLNKXGkQFUQJOQ[k\GQJQKjPi\"

Tr li:7K{QJWKQJQKjPi\FODFKQ[k\GQJNKXGkQFtWWK{QJWKQJFiF
UQJXQJXQQKQJQL{QJGkQFVNK{QJFKQ[k\GQJQKjPi\GRytWFyNK
QQJSKLGLGLFPWNKXGkQFUQJOQ7X\QKLrQPWVNKyNKQWURQJYLFGLGLNKX
GkQFyOj.KyNKQWURQJYLFWKDWKXQYPFJLiELWKQJYjFKtQKViFKWiLQKF
NK{QJWKDiQJNKLQQJLGkQNK{QJFKXGLGLOjPFKPWLQ[k\GQJQKjPi\

Hi: 1KyP&iFELQSKiSDQWRjQiSGQJFKRQKjPi\WK\LQFWULQNKDLUDVDR"

Tr li:0LQJX\KLPF[HPOjOQQKWLYLQKjPi\WK\LQyFKtQKOjYLFY
S'RyYLFSKL[k\QKQJFRQSNLrQFyOjLXSKLPERWX\QKLrQWURQJTXiWUuQK
YQKjQKQKjPi\YQSKLFK~WLPFQFWUrQKFKDNK{QJFPFQFGkQJTXi
FDRWUiQKWuQKWUQJYS+QQDQXPFQFWURQJKFKDTXDFDRWKuFKFFKQSKL
WKiRQF[O

Hi: 1KyP1KQJNKyNKQWURQJYLFGLGLNKXGkQFUQJOQ[k\GQJQKjPi\

Tr li:9LFGLGLFiFKGkQF[k\GQJQKjPi\WKQJWLQKjQKUWFKPGRSKLWLQ
KjQKO\FKNtFDWQJKGkQQJWKLSKLPERNKXWiLQKFiSQJQKQJQKX
FXYLVQJVQ[XWFKRQJLGkQ
7KQJFiFKGkQSKLGLFKX\QQQKQJDEjQPLPERDQWRjQYLFQj\VQK
KQJQWUX\QWKQJFDFiFOjQJEQGkQWF
7 in Mt Tri ...............................................................................................................................7-1
7.1 Tng quan v tnh hnh nng lng v in Mt Tri ..........................................................7-1
7.1.1 Mt tri ......................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.1.2 Tnh hnh s dng v nhu cu nng lng hin nay trn th gii ................................ 7-3
7.1.3 Tnh hnh s dng v iu kin pht trin in mt tri Vit Nam. ......................... 7-4
7.2 Photovoltaics (Quang in Mt Tri) ..................................................................................7-6
7.2.1 Khi qut ......................................................................................................................7-6
7.2.2 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ...................................................................................7-6
7.2.3 H thng Pin quang in (Photovoltaic System) .........................................................7-8
7.2.4 Cc dng h thng quang in .....................................................................................7-9
7.2.5 Hiu sut ca Pin quang in .....................................................................................7-11
7.2.6 Bi tp ........................................................................................................................7-11
7.2.7 V d hiu qu kinh t ca vic ng dng PV vo h gia nh. .................................7-13
7.3 Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) ........................................................................................ 7-13
7.3.1 Khi qut ....................................................................................................................7-13
7.3.2 Lch s pht trin........................................................................................................7-14
7.3.3 Pht trin trn ton th gii ........................................................................................7-15
7.3.4 Cng ngh hin ti .....................................................................................................7-15
7.3.5 Bi ton hiu sut nhit ca CSP ...............................................................................7-18
7.3.6 Gi thnh ....................................................................................................................7-19
7.3.7 Vit Nam v iu kin s dng CSP ..........................................................................7-20
7.3.8 Gii thiu nh my Ivanpah Nh my in CSP ln nht th gii .........................7-20
7.3.9 Tng lai ca in mt tri CSP ................................................................................7-22
Ngun tham kho ............................................................................................................................7-24
Ph lc: Hi v tr li .....................................................................................................................7-25

1. Hong c Huy
41101331
2. Nguyn Ngc Xun Huy
41101360
3. Hunh Trn B Phc
41102685
7 - Nh my in mt tri
7-1
7 in Mt Tri
Trc nguy c ngy cng khan him v cn kit cc ngun nhin liu ha thch trong khi nhu cu
v nng lng ca con ngi ngy cng tng th vic tm kim v khai thc cc ngun nng lng
mi nh nng lng a nhit, nng lng gi, nng lng mt tri, l hng quan trng v cp
bch trong k hoch pht trin nng lng hin nay.
Nng lng mt tri l ngun nng lng c xem nh v tn v siu sch m to ha ban tng
min ph cho chng ta. Vic nghin cu v a vo s dng ngun nng lng mt tri ngy cng
c quan tm v pht trin mnh m. Ngay ti Vit Nam chng ta, vic p dng ngun nng lng
kh mi m ny vo phc v i sng sinh hot ca chng ta l iu v cng cn thit. Ngun nng
lng ny c th tho g c mt phn no bi ton thiu ht nng lng trm trng hin nay,
c bit y li l ngun nng lng thn thin vi mi trng.
Vit Nam l mt nc nhit i, nm vnh ai ni ch tuyn nn tng s gi nng trong nm ln,
khu vc Min Trung c khong 2900 gi nng v vi cng bc x tng i cao ln n
950W/ . Do rt thun li cho vic trin khai ng dng cc thit b s dng nng lng mt
tri. [7]
Vi mc tiu chnh l nghin cu v ngun nng lng mt tri v hiu v h thng nh my nhit
in mt tri nn nhm chn ti sn xut nng lng in mt tri (Solar Power) lm
ti nghin cu.
7.1
Tng quan v tnh hnh nng lng v in Mt Tri
7.1.1
Mt tri
Mt Tri l ngi sao nm trung tm ca H Mt Tri. Tri t v cc thin th khc nh cc hnh

tinh, tiu hnh tinh, thin thch, sao chi v bi bay xung quanh Mt Tri. Nng lng mt tri
dng nh sng h tr cho hu ht s sng trn Tri t thng qua qu trnh quang hp v s iu
khin kh hu cng nh thi tit trn Tri t.
7.1.1.1
Cu trc mt tri
Mt Tri l mt khi kh hnh cu c ng knh 1,39.106 km (ln hn 100 ln ng knh Tri

t), cch xa Tri t 150.106 km (bng mt n v thin vn AU nh sang, Mt Tri cn khong 8
pht vt qua khong cch ny n Tri t). Khi lng Mt Tri khong
= 2.1030 kg.
6
6
Nhit ti trung tm Mt Tri thay i trong khong t 10.10 K n 20.10 K, trung bnh
khong 15.600.000 K. nhit nh vy, vt cht khng th gi c cu trc trt t thng
thng gm cc nguyn t v phn t. N tr thnh plasma, trong cc ht nhn ca nguyn t
chuyn ng tch bit vi cc electron. Khi cc ht nhn t do c va chm vi nhau s xut hin
nhng v n nhit hch. Khi quan st tnh cht ca vt cht ngui hn trn b mt nhn thy c
ca Mt Tri, cc nh khoa hc kt lun rng c phn ng nhit hch xy ra trong lng Mt
Tri.
7 Nh my in mt tri
7-2
V cu trc, Mt Tri c th chia lm 4 vng, tt c hp thnh mt khi cu kh khng l. Vng

gia gi l nhn hay li c nhng chuyn ng i lu, ni xy ra nhng phn ng nhit ht
nhn to nn ngun nng lng mt tri, vng ny c bn knh khong 175.000 km, khi lng
ring 160 kg/dm3, nhit c tnh t 14 20 triu , p
sut vo khong hng trm t atmotphe. Vng k tip l
vng trung gian cn gi l vng i ngc, qua nng
lng truyn t trong ra ngoi, vt cht vng ny gm
c St (Fe), Can-xi (Ca), Na-tri (Na), Stronti (Sr), Crm
(Cr), Kn (Ni), Cc-bon (C), Si-lc (Si) v cc kh nh
Hidro (H2), H-li (He). Chiu dy vng ny khong
400.000 km. Tip theo l vng i lu dy 125.000 km
v vng quang cu c nhit khong 6000 K, dy
1000 km. vng ny gm cc bt kh si sc, c ch to
ra cc vt en l cc h xoy c nhit thp khong
4500 K v cc tai la c nhit t 7000 K 10.000 K.
Vng ngoi cng l vng bt nh v c gi l kh
Hnh 7.1 Cu trc Mt Tri (NASA) [7]
quyn ca Mt Tri.
Nhit b mt ca Mt Tri khong 6000 K, chnh xc l 5762 K, ngha l c gi tr ln cc
nguyn t tn ti trong trng thi kch thch, ng thi nh y xut hin nhng nguyn t
bnh thng v cc cu trc phn t. Da trn c s phn tch cc ph bc x v hp th ca Mt
Tri, ngi ta xc nh c rng trn Mt Tri c t nht 2/3 s nguyn t tm thy trn Tri t.
Nguyn t ph bin nht trn Mt Tri l nguyn t nh nht Hidro. Vt cht ca Mt Tri bao gm
chng 92,1% l Hi-dr v gn 7,8% l H-li, 0,1% l cc nguyn t khc. Ngun nng lng bc x
ch yu ca Mt Tri l do phn ng nhit hch tng hp ht nhn Hi-dr, phn ng ny a n s
to thnh H-li. Ht nhn ca Hidro c mt ht mang in dng l proton.
Thng thng, nhng ht mang in cng du y nhau, nhng nhit cao, chuyn ng ca
chng s nhanh ti mc chng c th tin gn ti nhau mt khong cch m c th kt hp
vi nhau di tc dng ca cc lc ht. Khi , c 4 ht nhn Hidro li to ra mt ht nhn H-li, 2
Neutrino v mt lng bc x :
4 H11 = He24 + 2 Neutrino +
Neutrino l ht khng mang in, rt bn v c kh nng m xuyn rt ln. Sau phn ng, cc
Neutrino lp tc ri khi phm vi Mt Tri v khng tham gia vo cc bin c sau .
Trong qu trnh din bin ca phn ng c mt lng vt cht ca Mt Tri b mt i. Khi lng
Mt Tri do mi giy gim chng 4.106 tn. Tuy nhin, theo cc nh nghin cu, trng thi ca
Mt Tri vn khng thay i trong khong thi gian hng t nm na. Mi ngy, Mt Tri sn xut
mt ngun nng lng qua phn ng nhit hch ln n 9.1024 kWh (tc l cha y mt phn triu
giy, Mt Tri gii phng ra mt lng nng lng tng ng vi tng s in nng sn xut
trong mt nm trn Tri t).
7.1.1.2
Bc x mt tri n tri t
Theo tnh ton th bc x mt tr n tri t s b mt dn bi nhiu nguyn nhn. Trong , mt

phn b kh quyn, b khong khng v tr hp th, phn khc b khuch tn, phn x tr li khng
7 - Nh my in mt tri
7-3
gian. Vi mt yu cu cng nng khong 1000W/m2 th c th xy dng cc h thng s dng

nng lng mt tri.
7.1.2
7.1.2.1
Tnh hnh s dng v nhu cu nng lng hin nay trn th gii
Thc trng
in mt tri ngy nay ch chim mt phn nh trong tng sn lng in ca ton th gii. S liu
nm 2011 (s liu ca IEA) th in nng sn xut t nng lng mt tri ch chim cha y
0.01% tng sn lng in ton th gii.
T l nh ny vn l h qu ca nhiu nguyn nhn. Trong phi k n gi thnh lp t cng
nh gi thnh 1 n v in cn cao so vi cc ngun nng lng khc.
Hnh 7.2: T l sn lng in tiu th trn ton th gii nm 2011

7.1.2.2
Ha hn s pht trin
Mc cho nhng kh khn hin ti, nng lng mt tri ha hn s pht trin nhanh chng trong
tng lai gn, nh vo tim nng to ln v mi trng nh ch s pht thi cc kh c hi bng
khng, chi ph bo tr v vn hnh khng cao
Bn cnh vic ngy cng nhiu nh my nng lng mt tri c xy dng v ha vo cc li
in. S tin b vt bc ca khoa hc k thut thi gian gn y lm gi thnh in mt tri
gim nhanh, ha hn s c th cnh tranh vi cc ngun nng lng c nh than , du m, vn
ang dn cng kit.
7.1.2.3
Xu hng ca th gii
T lu, nhiu ni trn th gii s dng nng lng mt tri nh mt gii php thay th nhng
ngun ti nguyn truyn thng. Ti an Mch, nm 2000, hn 30% h dn s dng tm thu nng
lng mt tri, c tc dng lm nng nc. Brazil, nhng vng xa xi him tr nh Amazon,
in nng lng mt tri lun chim v tr hng u. Ngay ti ng Nam , in mt tri
Philipines cng m bo nhu cu sinh hot cho 400.000 h dn. [8]
7 Nh my in mt tri
7-4
7.1.3
7.1.3.1
Tnh hnh s dng v iu kin pht trin in mt tri Vit Nam.

Tim nng to ln.
V tr a l u i cho Vit Nam mt ngun nng lng ti to v cng ln, c bit l nng
lng mt tri. Tri di t v 23023 Bc n 8027 Bc, Vit Nam nm trong khu vc c cng
bc x mt tri tng i cao. Trong , nhiu nht phi k n thnh ph H Ch Minh, tip
n l cc vng Ty Bc (Lai Chu, Sn La, Lo Cai) v vng Bc Trung B (Thanh Ha, Ngh
An, H Tnh)
7.1.3.2
u im ca nng lng mt tri:
Nng lng mt tri c nhng u im nh: Sch, chi ph nhin liu v bo dng thp, an ton
cho ngi s dng ng thi, pht trin ngnh cng nghip sn xut pin mt tri s gp phn
thay th cc ngun nng lng ha thch, gim pht kh thi nh knh, bo v mi trng. V th,
y c coi l ngun nng lng qu gi, c th thay th nhng dng nng lng c ang ngy
cng cn kit. y l ngun nng lng cn c khai thc nc ta nhm phc v cho mc tiu
pht trin bn vng.
7.1.3.3
Phn loi cng ngh khai thc in mt tri [8]
Nng lng mt tri l s chuyn ha nh sng mt tri thnh in: trc tip bng cch s dng pin
quang in (Photovoltaics - PV), hoc gin tip bng cch s dng nng lng mt tri tp trung,
cn gi l nhit mt tri (Concentrated Solar Power - CSP). H thng CSP s dng ng knh, gng
v cc h thng theo di tp trung mt khu vc rng ln ca nh sng mt tri vo mt chm
nh. PV chuyn i nh sng thnh dng in bng cch s dng hiu ng quang in.
Thi k u nhng pin quang in vn cn s dng nng lng dng va v nh, t cc my tnh
c h tr bi mt t bo nng lng mt tri duy nht c cung cp bi mt tm quang in.
Chng l mt ngun nng lng in quan trng v tng i r tin khi m s dng h thng in
li khng thun tin, bt hp l, qu trnh kt ni tn km, hoc n gin l khng c trang b
sn sng. Tuy nhin, khi chi ph cho in mt tri ang gim, nng lng mt tri cng ngy cng
c s dng k c trong nhng tnh hung cp in vo li in nh mt cch cp d liu
nng lng carbon thp vo li in.
Cc nh my CSP thng mi c pht trin u tin vo nhng nm 1980, v lp t CSP SEGS
392 MW l nh my in mt tri ln nht trn th gii v nm sa mc Mojave ca California.
Cc nh my CSP ln khc bao gm nh my in mt tri (354MW) sa mc Mojave California, nh my in mt tri Solnova (150 MW) v nh my in mt tri Andasol (150 MW),
c hai Ty Ban Nha. Bn cnh , d n nng lng mt tri Agua Caliente (290 MW) M v
trm nng lng mt tri Charanka (221 MW) n cng l nhng nh my quang in ln nht
th gii.
7.1.3.4
S lc v pin quang in (Photovoltaics)
Pin quang in, cn gi l pin mt tri l t bo quang in hay t bo nng lng mt tri l mt
thit b chuyn i nh sng thnh dng in bng cch s dng hiu ng quang in. Cc t bo
nng lng mt tri u tin c xy dng bi Charles Fritts trong nhng nm 1880. Nh cng
nghip c, Ernst Werner von Siemens l mt trong s nhng ngi nhn ra tm quan trng ca
7 - Nh my in mt tri
7-5
pht hin ny. Nm 1931, mt k s ngi c, tin s Bruno Lange, pht trin mt t bo hnh nh
bng cch s dng selenua bc v tr ca oxit ng, mc d t bo selenium nguyn mu chuyn
i t hn 1% nh sng ti thnh in nng, c hai Ernst Werner von Siemens v James Clerk
Maxwell u nhn ra tm quan trng ca pht hin ny. Sau cng trnh ca Russell Ohl trong nhng
nm 1940, cc nh nghin cu Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller v Daryl Chapin to ra t bo nng
lng mt tri silicon vo nm 1954. Nhng t bo nng lng mt tri ban u c gi 286 USD
mi watt v t hiu sut 4.5-6%.
Hnh 7.3: S n gin ca mt h thng in PV dn dng c ni vo li in [9]

H thng hot ng ca pin quang in: Cc tm ca mt h thng quang in (h thng PV) sn
xut dng in mt chiu (DC) l nng lng dao ng vi cng ca nh sng mt tri. Trong
thc t thng phi chuyn i sang mt s in p mong mun dng dng in xoay chiu (AC)
thng qua vic s dng my bin p. Nhiu t bo quang in c kt ni bn trong cc m-un.
Cc m-un c ni vi nhau to thnh tng tm, sau gn lin vi mt my bin p gip sn
xut in cp in p mong mun (dng AC) theo tn s/chu k mong mun.
Nhiu h thng PV dn dng c ni vo li in ti nhng ni c trang b, c bit nhng
nc pht trin chnh l th trng ln. Nhng h thng PV c kt ni vo li in ny s dng
nng lng d tr l ty chn. Trong mt s ng dng nh v tinh, ngn hi ng, hoc cc nc
ang pht trin, pin hoc my pht in b sung c thm vo h tr nh l mt h thng in
c lp cho php hot ng vo ban m v vo nhng thi im khc hn ch nh sng mt tri.
7.1.3.5
S lc v in nhit mt tri (in mt tri tp trung CSP)
Cc h thng CSP s dng ng knh, gng v cc h thng theo di tp trung mt khu vc rng
ln ca nh sng mt tri vo mt chm nh. Nhit tp trung sau c s dng nh mt ngun
nng lng cho mt nh my in thng thng. Mt lot cc cng ngh tp trung tn ti, pht trin
nht l mng parabol tp trung phn x tuyn tnh Fresnel, a Stirling v cc thp in mt tri. K
thut khc nhau c s dng theo di Mt tri v tp trung nh sng. Trong tt c cc h thng
7 Nh my in mt tri
7-6
ny mt cht lng lm vic c lm nng bi nh sng mt tri tp trung, v sau c s dng

pht in hoc lu tr nng lng. Lu tr nhit hiu qu cho php pht in ln n 24 gi.
7.2 Photovoltaics (Quang in Mt Tri)
7.2.1
Khi qut
PV (Photovoltaic) hay cn gi l solar cell c kh nng chuyn i nng lng nh sng Mt Tri
sang nng lng in (DC).Thut ng PV xut pht t 2 gc Photon v Voltage. Ngun in
to ra t solar cell c xem nh mt ngun nng lng sch v gn nh v tn.
Pin quang in hot ng da trn hiu ng quang in c pht hin u tin bi nh khoa hc
Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel vo nm 1839. Cung cp nng lng cho v tinh v mt s phi
thuyn l ng dng thc t u tin ca PV. Ngy nay phn ln cc tm PV c dng cung cp
in dn dng v sn xut.
Vi nm tr li y, Pin quang in c s tng trng mnh m. Nm 2013, Pin quang in tng
trng 38% so vi nm 2012 vi lng c lp t l 139 gigawatts (GW).
Hnh 7.4: S Gigawatts PV c lp t trn ton cu [1]

7.2.2
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
Phin pin quang in l k cng ca vt l tinh th v bn dn. N c cu to t cc lp phng v

mng ca cc vt liu c bit gi l bn dn xp chng ln nhau
7 - Nh my in mt tri
7-7
Hnh 7.5: Cu to ca mt Pin quang in [2]

C 3 lp vt liu chnh: lp trn cng gi l silicon loi n (n: negative, m), vt liu ny c kh
nng phng thch cc ht tch in m gi l electron mt khi c a ra ngoi nh sng mt
tri. Lp di cng gi l lp p, tch in dng khi tip xc vi bc x Mt Tri (p: positive,
dng). Lp vt liu gia gi l lp chn (junction), lp ny c vai tr nh mt lp phn cch
(insulator) gia lp n v lp p. Cc eletron c phng thch t lp n s di chuyn theo ng t b
cn tr nht, tc l di chuyn t lp n tch in m bn trn v lp p tch in dng bn di.
Nh vy, nu vng p v vng n c ni bi mt mch in to bi cc dy dn mng, dng
7 Nh my in mt tri
7-8
electron s di chuyn trong mch in ny, to ra dng in mt chiu c th c s dng trc tip
hoc c d tr dng sau. Cng dng in sinh ra ph thuc vo s lng v phng
thc ni cc t bo Mt Tri trong pin Mt Tri.
7.2.3
H thng Pin quang in (Photovoltaic System)
Cc pin Mt Tri thng thng c lp thnh mt module khong 40 phin pin, v 10 module s
c lp gp li thnh chui Quang in c th di vi mt. Cc chui Pin Mt Tri dng phng
ny c lp mt gc c nh hng v pha Nam, hoc c lp trn mt h thng hiu chnh
hng nng lun bt c nng theo s thay i qu o ca nng Mt Tri. Qui m h thng
quang in c th t mc 10-20 chui quang in cho cc ng dng dn s, cho n h thng ln
bao gm hng trm chui quang in kt ni vi nhau cung cp cho cc c s sn xut in hay
trong cc ng dng cng nghip...
Module v cc chui quang in thng c nh gi da vo cng sut ti a ca chng iu
kin th nghim tiu chun (Standard Test Conditions, vit tt l STC). STC c qui nh l
module vn hnh nhit 250C vi tng lng bc x chiu ln module l 1000 W/m2 v di
phn b ph ca khi kh 1,5 (Air Mass 1,5, gc nng chiu nghing 370). Do cc iu kin th
nghim trong phng th nghim l tng i l tng so vi iu kin thc t ca cc khu vc lp
t MT, cc module ch t hiu sut c 85-90% hiu sut th nghim iu kin chun (STC).
Cc module quang in ngy ny rt an ton, bn v ng tin cy, vi tui th s dng dao ng t
20-30 nm.
Hnh 7.6: T tri sang phi: Pin quang in, Module quang in v Chui quang in[3]
7 - Nh my in mt tri
7.2.4
7.2.4.1
7-9
Cc dng h thng quang in

H thng ha mng
C hai dng h thng quang in kt mng: trc tip v tr c qui. Module quang in v b chuyn
AC/DC l 2 thnh phn thit yu trong c 2 dng h thng ha mng. Module quang in c vai tr
chuyn i nh sng Mt Tri thnh dng in mt chiu, v b chuyn AC/DC chuyn dng in
mt chiu ny thnh in 2 chiu.
H thng quang in ni mng trc tip tng i n gin hn v hiu qu hn trong vi trng
hp. H thng ny chuyn i tc thi dng in mt chiu thnh in xoay chiu v kt ni vo
ng h in trung tm. Ti y, quang in chia ti vi h thng in li v quay ngc ng h
in bt c khi no c thng d in. y l dng thit k gi thnh thp, tit kim. H thng ny
khng c bin php d phng v n khng s dng bt c thit b tr in no. Nu ngun in
trung tm b ct, th s xy ra hin tng cp in u ti.
H thng quang in s dng bnh tr in c qui th khc phc c trng hp mt in khi
ngun in trung tm b ct. H thng bao gm mt b c qui v cc thit b iu khin in t
phc tp. Mt khi ngun in trung tm b ct vo ban ti, in d tr t c qui s c s dng
thay th cho n khi cn ngun d tr. Nu ngun in b ct vo ban ngy, h thng pin quang
in s lin tc np c qui, t ko di kh nng d tr in cho ban ti.
7.2.4.2
H thng n l (cc b - stand alone)
Cc h thng quang in cc b c thit k vn hnh mt cch c lp i vi mng in li.

Qui m v thit k ca h thng dng ny ph hp cho cc ti in mt chiu v/hoc in xoay
chiu cng sut nh. H thng cc b c th ch hot ng da vo duy nht cc mng module
quang in, hoc c th kt hp vi cc ngun khc khc nh in gi, my pht diesel ... nh
ngun pht th cp (cn gi l h quang in lin kt hybrid system, xem hnh).
Dng n gin nht ca h thng quang in cc b l h thng lin kt ti trc tip, tc l dng
in mt chiu pht ra t module quang in s c dn trc tip vo ti m khng qua h thng
tr in trung gian (nh bnh c qui). ng nhin l h thng ny ch c tc dng vo ban ngy vi
nhng gi nng, cung cp in cho cc ti nh nh h thng qut lu thng kh, h thng un nc
nhit Mt Tri... Phn thit k quan trng nht cho h thng trc tip l tnh ton in tr ti sau
cho ph hp vi cng sut ti a ca chui pin Mt Tri. i vi mt s loi ti nh my bm
nc, ngi ta gn mt dng bin in DC-AC in t, gi l h thng theo di cng sut ti a,
gia ngun v ti c th vn dng tt hn cng sut ti a ca ngun.
7 Nh my in mt tri
7-10
Hnh 7.7: H thng in Mt Tri trong gia nh[4]
STT
Tn thit b
c im
Bo hnh
Tm pin nng lngmt tri
Cng sut 185W

S lng: 8 tm
Loi cells: Silic n tinh th
5 nm
B iu khin sc pin mt tri
Dng sc: 50A

in p : 24V
1 nm
Cng sut chu ti: 1200W

in p ra: AC 220V / 50Hz
3 B chuyn i DC/AC (Inverter)
in p vo DC: 24V
in p vo AC: AC 220V / 50Hz
T ng ngt khi qu ti, ngn mch, chm mt
Thit b ti
12 n compact: 11W
3 tivi: 100W
1 t lnh 180l: 110W
2 qut cy: 60W
1 my vi tnh: 300W
Bng 7.1: Cc thit b trong h thng in in Mt Tri trong gia nh[4]
1 nm
7 - Nh my in mt tri
7.2.5
7-11
Hiu sut ca Pin quang in
Hiu sut ti a ca phn ln pin MT hin nay trn th trng l 15%, tc l ch c 15% nh nng
Mt Tri c Pin Mt Tri chuyn thnh in. Mc d trn l thuyt, hiu sut ti a ca pin Mt
Tri c th t n 32,3% (tc l c gi tr kinh t rt ln), trn thc t hiu sut thp hn hn mt
na gi tr l thuyt, v con s 15% khng c cc ngnh cng nghip nng lng xem l mang li
li ch kinh t ... Cc tin b k thut gn y cho php to ra trong phng th nghim cc t bo
quang in t hiu sut ti 28.2%.
Mc d t c hiu sut cao nht nhng vn ch yu l gi thnh sn xut. To nn silicon
tinh th ln v ct chng thanh nhng ming nh v mng (0.1-0.3 mm) l rt tn thi gian v chi
ph cao. Do l do ny, gim gi thnh sn xut, ngi ta pht trin nghin cu cc vt liu thay
th cho t bo silicon n tinh th, v d nh t bo silicon a tinh th, cc pin quang in cng
ngh mng mng, v cc t hp tp trung.
Mt gii php khc tn dng ti a nng lng nh sng Mt Tri vo ban ngy l s dng b xoay
Solar Panel[5].
B xoay solar panel (tm thu nng nng lng mt tri) l mt h thng trc v mm xoay c kh
c dng lp dn khung solar panel nhm thu c ti a nng lng mt tri trn mi tm
solar panel.Ton b h thng c kh trc v mm xoay ny c iu khin bi b Solar Position
Tracking Controller.
B xoay solar panel ny bao gm hai trc quay. Mt trc quay theo phng nm ngang iu
khin nghing ca dn solar (t -65 n +65 ). Mt trc xoay theo phng thng ng
dn solar panel c th thay i c phng v ( t 0 n 180 ).
B xoay solar panel c iu khin bi b Solar Position Tracking Controller v cc mt, bnh
rng m bo cc tm solar lun vung gc vi tia sng mt tri trong mi thi im trong nm
(ngy, gi, thng) nhm thu c ti a nng lng mt tri trn mi tm solar panel. Trn c s
, nng cao ti a in nng thu c ca h thng in mt tri.
Solar Position Tracking Controller ngoi vic iu khin cc tm solar panel lun vung gc vi
mt tri cn c c tnh l khi khng c nng (ban m) hoc khi gi ln s t ng a dn solar
panel v v tr nm ngang (song song vi mt t) gim tc ng ca gi tng tnh an ton ca h
thng..
7.2.6
V d v bi ton k thut
Cc bc tnh ton :
a) Tnh tng lng tiu th in ca tt c cc thit b m h thng solar phi cung cp.
b) Tnh s Watt-hour cc tm pin mt tri phi cung cp cho ton ti mi ngy.
Do tn hao nn s Watt-hour ca tm pin tri cung cp phi cao hn tng s Watt-hour ca
ton ti.
Thng thng h s : 1.3
c) Tnh ton kch c tm pin mt tri cn s dng.
Tm lng Wp(Watt peak) cn c ca tm pin Mt Tri.
H s PGF (panel generation factor) : Vit Nam khong 4.58 kWh/m2/ngy.
Wp = Tng s Watt-hour cc tm pin Mt Tri chia cho PGF.
7 Nh my in mt tri
7-12
d) Tnh ton b inverter.

i vi h n l, b inverter phi ln c th p ng c khi tt c ti u bt ln.
Ta chn h s : 1.25 ln cng sut ti.
V d:
Mt h dn c nhu cu s dng nh sau :
1 bng n 18 Watt s dng t 6-10h ti
1 qut my 60 Watt s dng 2h/ngy
1 t lnh 75 Watt chy lin tc.
Gii
a) Xc nh tng lng tiu th in mi ngy l :
(18 x 4)+(60 x 2)+(75 x 12) = 1092 Wh/ngy
b) Tnh s kWh cho pin Mt Tri :
PV panel = 1092 x 1.3 = 1419 Wh/day
c) Tnh ton kch c v s lng PV :
Tng Wp ca PV panel = 1419 / 4.58 = 310Wp
Nu chn PV c 110Wp/tm th s PV cn dng l : 310 / 110 (~3 tm).
d) Tnh ton b inverter
Tng cng sut d dng :
18 + 60 + 75 = 153W
Cng sut inverter = 153 x 1.25 = 190W
Chn inverter 200W tr ln.
V y l gi thnh sn phm (tham kho da trn web dienmattroi)
Thit b
Tm pin thu in mt tri 12V (Solar panel)
Xut x: Trung Quc/ Tiu chun EU/Germany
Acquy12V-AGM/ kh kn kh
iu khin sc Solar 24V
B i in DC-AC 24V (True sine wave
Inverter)
Khung lp t tm pin solar
Tng cng
Thng s vn
hnh
S
lng
Gi
(VND)
Bo
hnh
180W
02
5 nm
100Ah
20A
02
01
1 nm
1 nm
850VA/600W
01
1 nm
01
24.269.500
Bng 7.2: H thng in MT TRI 360Wp [6]

Vic lp t mt h thng 360Wp cho mt h gia nh ch c 1 bng n 1 qut my v 1 t lnh
tiu tn khong chi ph 24 triu VND. Nu tnh ton cho mt h gia nh y cc thit b th con
s ny cng phnh to v kh c th c lp t rng ri.V d :
Chi ph h thng in Mt Tri 500Wp: 32.963.850 VND
Chi ph h thng in Mt Tri 950 Wp: 61,278,150 VND
7 - Nh my in mt tri
7.2.7
7-13
V d hiu qu kinh t ca vic ng dng PV vo h gia nh.
Nhng thng s u vo cn quan tm :

Chng ta bt u vi nhng thng s u vo:
- Tng cng sut ca h thng cn lp t
- Tng chi ph u t cho h thng
- Kch thc tng th ca cc tm pin mt tri tnh theo m2. V d 8m2 cho 1000W.
- Hiu sut ca tm pin mt tri, v d 0.16 = 16%. i vi loi pin Amorphous Silicon, hiu sut
l 0.063, Polycrystalline l 0.14 v Mono crystalline l 0.16
- Nhit lng trung bnh ti khu vc lp t (kWh/m2/ngy): c th tham kho da trn bn
nhit lng ta ra trung bnh ca th gii
- Tui th ca h thng
- Gi mi kW in trung bnh hin ti
V d tnh cho h thng mi ngy cung cp khong 12kW in (theo gi ngy 1/8/2013) :
THNG S BAN U
Chi ph u t (a)
Li sut gi ngn hng (b)
Gi in 1/8/2013/1kW in (c)
Gi s mi nm gi in tng (d)
GI TR
150.000.000 VND
8%
2662 VND
10%
Thi gian hon vn (khng tnh chit khu li sut) :

NGN LU RNG TCH LY
Thi gian hon vn (nm)
Li sau 30 nm tui th thit b
150.000.000 VND
8.5 nm
2.2 t VND
Thi gian hon vn (c tnh chit khu li sut) :

NGN LU RNG TCH LY
Thi gian hon vn (nm)
Li sau 30 nm tui th thit b
7.3
7.3.1
150.000.000 VND
12 nm
3.5 t VND
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

Khi qut
Concentrated solar power (nhit in mt tri, vit tt l CSP) l h thng s dng cc gng v cc
knh tp trung mt lng ln nng lng mt tri, m y ch yu l bc x nhit, vo mt
im nh. in nng c to ra khi nng lng bc x nh sng mt tri c tp trung li v lm
nng mt ng c nhit (thng thng l turbine) c kt ni vi mt my pht hoc mt l phn
ng nhit.
C 2 chu trnh nhit ch yu din ra trong mt h thng CSP, chu trnh nhit s cp, cht lu
(thng thng l cc dung dch mui c bit) c un nng bng bc x mt tri tp trung v chu
trnh th cp, thng thng l hi nc c un nng bng cht lu nng chu trnh s cp.
7 Nh my in mt tri
7-14
CSP c s dng rng ri v v hin nay tng sn lng lp mi ln ti 740MW in sn xut

t nm 2007 n cui nm 2010. Hn mt na trong s ny (khong 478MW) c lp t vo
nm 2010, ng gp cho tng sn lng chung CSP trn ton th gii l 1095MW. Ty Ban Nha
thm mi 400MW nm 2010, dn u th gii v nng lng CSP (tng t 632MW), trong khi
, M sn xut cng khng km, khi t 509MW. Trung ng cng ang thit lp cc h thng
CSP ca ring mnh , ha hn khi hon tt lp t d n, nh my Shams-I (xy dng Abu Dhabi)
ca h s l nh my sn xut nng lng in CSP ln nht th gii.
CSP c cc chuyn gia d on l s pht trin nhanh trong tng lai. Vo thng 1 nm 2014,
Ty Ban Nha c tng tim nng CSP t khong 2204MW, dn u trong sn xut nng lng in
CSp trn ton th gii. im th v ng ni l con s ny vt trn c Bc M, Trung ng, n
cng nh Trung Quc. Trong tng lng in sn xut t CSp trn ton th gii th 90% l t
cc nh my gng parabol (parabolic-trough plants).
CSP thng b nhm ln vi CPV (concentrated photovoltaics). CPV l cng ngh chuyn trc tip
nng lng photon t nh sng thnh in nng nh hin tng quang dn.
7.3.2
Lch s pht trin [10]
T thi c i, con ngi bit tp trung nh sng mt tri t. C nhiu truyn thuyt k rng
Archimedes dng ha knh tp trung nng lng mt tri, t chy chin hm ca qun La
M. Nm 1973, Dr. Ioannis Sakkas, nh vt l hc ngi Hy Lp, chng minh truyn thuyt ny
hon ton c th thc hin c.
1866,Auguste Mouchout s dng ng c dng hi nc c nung t mt gng parabol. y
c xem l mt ng c nhit mt tri u tin trn th gii.
1913, Frank Shuman cho ra i trm in nhit mt tri s dng gng parabol, cng sut 55HP.
Trm c xy dng Maadi, Ai Cp.
1929, H thng sn xut in dng gng a u tin c xy dng bi Dr. R.H. Goddard. H
thng ny da trn nghin cu ni ting khc ca ng l nhin liu lng cho tn la.
1968, Gio s Giovanni Francia (1911 - 1980) thit k v xy dng nh my CSP u tin, c
a vo hot ng SantIlario, gn Genoa, Italy. Nh my ny c nhiu nt tng ng vi cc
nh my CSP hin nay, khi t mt ct thu bc x gia mt cnh ng cc gng nh nht. Nh
my c tim nng sn xut 1MW in nng, cht lu nng c th c gia nhit ln ti 500o C v
p sut 100 bar.
1981, nh my Solar One (cng sut t 10MW) c xy dng pha nam California.
1984, vic xy dng Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) l mt im ng ch , nh my s
dng cng ngh gng parabol, cng sut 354MW. V thi im lc by gi, y l nh my
CSP ln nht th gii. V SEGS duy tr danh hiu ny cho n nm 2014.
2014, nh my Ivanpah (390MW) i vo hot ng ti vng sa mc Mojave, Nevada. V t y,
Ivanpah chnh thc tr thnh nh my sn xut in nng CSP ln nht th gii.
7 - Nh my in mt tri
7.3.3
7-15
Pht trin trn ton th gii
Thng mi ha CSP bt u t nm 1984 vi nh my SEGS. n nm 1990, khi d n SEGS

chnh thc c hon thnh. [12]
T nm 1990 n nm 2005, khng c thm bt k nh my CSP no c xy thm trn th gii.
iu ny b nh hng bi nhiu nguyn nhn v c phng din k thut ln chnh tr cng nh
kinh t. Do bn cnh CSP th cng c rt nhiu ngun nng lng mi khc c khai thc v s
dng, cuc khng hong du m kt thc, gi nhin liu c gim, nhu cu v nhng ngun nng
lng sch cha c cao.
Tuy nhin, tc pht trin CSP tr nn mnh m nhng nm gn y. Nm 2013, trn th gii
c thm 36% cc c s c xy mi (tng ng vi khong 0.9GW in c sn xut thm t
CSP). Ty Ban Nha v Hoa K tip tc dn u v quc gia c s lng c s sn xut in nng t
CSP nhiu nht v tng nhanh nht. [10]
C mt xu hng mi ang c nhn thy rt r l cc vng c cng bc x mt tri cao th
ngy cng ch ti CSP, bn cnh th cng i hi v tim nng kinh t, c th nh Trung ng,
n , Trung Quc Thng k t nm 2004 n nay th tc tng trng trung bnh ca CSP
ton cu t khong 50% mi nm. [10]
Theo d bo ca Greenpeace International, vo nm 2050, CSP s chim 11% ngun cung nng
lng cho th gii.
7.3.4
Cng ngh hin ti
CSP c dng sn xut in (i khi cn c gi l thermoelectricity), h thng CSP ch yu

s dng cc gng hoc h thng phn x quang hc, km vi cc h thng nh v nhm tp trung
mt vng ln nh sng mt tri hi t vo mt vng nh . Bc x nhit s c tp trung li, un
nng mt cht lu (ngun nng) to nng lng cho qu trnh chuyn nhit nng thnh in
nng. Cc b tp trung nhit c th c dng cung cp cho cc qu trnh cng nghip lm nng
hoc lm lnh, tng t nh iu ha khng kh bng mt tri.
CSP c chia ra thnh 5 dng chnh. l gng parabol (parabolic trough), enclosed trough, dish
Stirling, Fresnel reflector v thp mt tri (solar power tower). Trong , mi dng c u im v
nhc im ring. Nhng trong bo co ny, nhm ch tp trung cp n 2 nhm chnh, l
gng parabol v thp mt tri v y l 2 h thng c s dng rng ri v ha hn s c nhng
bc tin xa trong tng lai.
7.3.4.1
Fresnel Reflectors
Fresnel reflectors c cu thnh t nhiu tm gng mng, phng, tp trung nh sng vo mt ng

thng qua mt dung dch c bm lin tc. Gng phng cho php phn x nhiu nh sng hn
nu so vi cng mt din tch b mt ca gng parabol, nhng mc tp trung th khng cao
bng. Nhng vi kt qu ny, Fresnel reflectors c kh nng bt sng tt v gi thnh r, ha hn
c s dng trong nhiu qui m nh my CSP khc nhau.
7.3.4.2
Dish Stirling [7]
7 Nh my in mt tri
7-16
a Stirling l mt dng CSP s dng ng c Stirling sn xut ra in nng t bc x mt tri.

Mi module a Stirling c mt ng c Stirling. ng c Stirling l mt dng ng c t ngoi.
Khi c nh sng c tp trung, cht lu bn trong ng c c t nng t ngoi, chuyn ng
v t sinh ra in nng. Cc module a Stirling c h thng d theo qu o duy chuyn ca
mt tri v nm trn 2 trc.
7.3.4.3
Enclosed trough
Enclosed trough l h thng CSP hot ng theo nguyn l gn ging vi hiu ng nh knh. Mt
vng cung ng kn (ng trong sut) c gia nhit nh vo nguyn l nh kn. Cht lu s c
un nng nh bc x nhit tp trung v s ung hi nc, lm quay turbine, to ra nng lng in.
Dng CSP c mt li im c th d dng nhn thy nht l s t chiu nh hng ca nhng cn
gi ln sa mc, ni m cc nh my CSP thng thng c xy dng. Cc tm gng nh nht
ln thng thng s phi chu mt sc gi rt mnh, Enclosed trough th chuyn cc dng gng
ny thnh cc ng, s chng chi vi gi tt hn.
7.3.4.4
Parabolic trough
Gng parabol l mt dng CSP s dng cc tm gng c gia cng rt t m tng hi t

cho nh sng vo thit b nhn. Thit b ny l mt ng di cha cht lu mang nhit, c t ngay
trn b mt gng parabol. Thng thng s c nm
ngay ti tiu im hi t ca gng nhm tp trung bc
x tt nht c th. Thit b phn x (gng) c thit k
da trn h thng d theo qu o ca mt tri trong sut
1 ngy, theo duy nht mt trc. Khc vi dng Stirling
dish l c 2 trc, do gng parabol l h thng gng di
nn vic nh nht theo 2 trc l iu khng th. Dung
dch lu cht trong ng c lm nng ti 150 350oC,
chy trong ng nhn v sao c dng lm nng
cho mt ngun cht lu khc (thng thng l nc hi
nc) lu cht 2 lm quay turbine pht ra in nng. Hnh 7.8: S gng parabol nng
lng Mt Tri
Lu y l lu cht 1 v lu cht 2 l hai chu trnh
hon ton ring bit.
Hnh 7.9: S nguyn l hot ng ca h thng gng parabol [10]
7 - Nh my in mt tri
7-17
H thng CSP gng parabol c pht trin rt nhiu hin nay. H thng Solar Energy Generating
Systems (SEGS) California l nh my CSP theo dng gng parabol ln nht th gii hin nay.
Bn cnh cng c rt nhiu nh my ln khc nh Nevada Solar One gn Boulder City,
Nevada, hay nh my Andasol, nh my CSP gng parabol u tin chu u, ng ch l nh
my Plataforma Solar de Almerias SSPS-DCS Ty Ban Nha.
7.3.4.5
Solar power tower
Hnh bn di m t r hn v nguyn l hot ng ca nh my ny
Hnh 7.10: S nguyn l hot ng h thng thp mt tri [13]

H thng CSP thp mt tri bao gm 2 phn chnh. Phn th nht l h thng rt nhiu knh nh
nht (heliostats) c th theo qu o mt tri c 2 trc, tm gi l b phn x (reflectors). Phn
th 2 l cc thp nhn bc x mt tri c tp trung t h thng knh nh nht, cc thp nhn
thng rt cao, c th ln n vi trm feet. Trn nh thp c mt b nhn (reciever), Trong b
nhn, c cha cc dung dch c tnh cht lu nhit, dn nhit tt, v c th d dng nung nng, c
th l nc bin hoc cc dung dch mui c bit. Cht lu ny c lm nng ti khong 500
1000oC v sau c dng nh mt ngun nng nung hi nc cho my pht in dng
turbine kh hoc c lu tr b lu nhit.
Thp mt tri thng c t s dng hn so vi gng parabol nhng li c mt s im mnh
ng ni. l h thng ny c hiu nng cao hn v kh nng lu nhit tt hn.
Mt s nh my dng thp mt tri ln tri c th k n l Ivanpah sa mc Nevada, Hoa K.
Solar Two Daggett, California v CESA-1 Plataforma solar de Almeria, Ty Ban Nha l nhng
m hnh c xem nh kiu mu cho cc nh my dng thp mt tri.
7 Nh my in mt tri
7-18
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System, M

Solar Energy Generating Systems, M
Solana Generating Station, M
Solaben Solar Power Station, Ty Ban Nha
Solnova Solar Power Station, Ty Ban Nha
Andasol Solar Power Station, Ty Ban Nha
Extresol Solar Power Station, Ty Ban Nha
Shams Torre de Miguel Sesmero, UAE
Palma del Ro Solar Power Station, Ty Ban Nha
Manchasol Solar Power Station, Ty Ban Nha
392 MW
354 MW
280 MW
200 MW
150 MW
150 MW
150 MW
100 MW
100 MW
100 MW
Bng 7.3: Mt s nh my sn xut in CSP ln trn th gii

7.3.5
V d hiu sut nhit ca CSP
Thit lp cng thc :
Hiu sut chuyn i :
receiver .carnot
Trong :
receiver
Q
Qlost
absorbed
Qsolar
Qsolar Optics ICA
carnot
T0
1
TH
Qabsorbed Qsolar
p dng nh lut Stefan-Boltzmann ta c :
Qlost A TH4
n gin ha ta cho (optics) = 1, = alpha = 1
Suy ra :
TH4
1
IC
Trong I
C
TH
T0
T0
1
TH
: thng lng mt tri (1000 W/m2)

: mc tp trung (ln)
: nhit ngun
: tn nhit nhit phng
: hng s Stefan-Boltzmann , c gi tr bng 5,67.10-8Js-1m-2K-4
7 - Nh my in mt tri
7-19
Hnh 7.11: Biu tng quan gia hiu sut chuyn i v mc tp trung C (ln)
V d minh ha:
Tnh hiu sut chuyn i nng lng mt tri vi cc thng s sau :
Hng s Stefan-Boltzmann
Nhit ngun nng l 9000K
Thng lng mt tri l 1000 W/m2
Mc tp trung nng lng mt tri l 50 ln
Kho st nhit phng T0 = 2980K
Hng dn gii :
Ta c :
TH4
T0
1
1
IC
TH
5, 68.108.9004
1
1000.50
17,12%
7.3.6
298
1
900
Gi thnh
S liu thng k vo nm 2009, chi ph xy dng mt trm pht CSP ri vo khong US$2.50 n
US$4 cho mi Watt, trong khi ngun nhin liu cn (bc x mt tri) l hon ton min ph. iu
ny dn ti mt php tnh nh, th mt nh my CSP cng sut 250MW c gi thnh xy dng
khong US$600 triu n US$1 t. Gi quy i thnh 0.12 n 0.18 USD/kWh. Xu hng cng
ngy gi thnh ca in sn xut t CSP s c kh nng cnh tranh vi cc ngun nng lng khc.
7 Nh my in mt tri
7-20
Tuy nhin hin nay ang c nhiu bn khon v kha cnh kinh t ca CSP, cu hi c t ra l
c li nhun hay khng khi u t vo CSP? Mc cho cc bo co gn y ca nhiu trang ti chnh
ln nh Bloomberg New Energy Finance l gi in c sn xut t nh my Ivanpah r hn so
vi cc nh my PV hoc gn nh ngang bng vi gi in sn xut t than , th nm 2011,
Google tuyn b rng h khng u t vo Ivanpah na v n khng sinh ra li nhun.
7.3.7
Vit Nam v iu kin s dng CSP
Thng thng cc nh my CSP c quy m ln hoc rt ln. Vic xy dng yu cu ngun ti lc,
cng nh din tch t ln. Cha thy m hnh CSP h gia nh.
Trong bi cnh , mc d Vit Nam l vng c kh nng p ng v kha cnh bc x mt tri
nhng vn cha c mt nh my CSP no c khi cng xy dng ti nc ta.
7.3.8
Gii thiu nh my Ivanpah Nh my in CSP ln nht th gii
Sau 3 nm thi cng, H Thng Sn Xut in Mt Tri Ivanpah (Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating
System - ISEGS) i vo hot ng. Nh my c cng sut 392 MW, c u t bi NRG,
Google v BrightSource Energy, d tnh s sn xut in cung cp cho 140,000 h gia nh
mi nm. NGR thng bo vo tun trc rng c 3 n v ca nh my u ang cung cp in
vo mng li ca California.
Nh my in Ivanpah tiu tn 2.2 t la xy dng v tri rng trn din tch 1400 ha. ISEGS
chnh nh nh my nhit in mt tri ln nht hin nay, chim gn 30% sn lng in mt tri
sn xut ti M. Nh my s dng 173,500 tm heliostats, nhng tm gng ny s c iu khin
bng phn mm, hng theo mt tri, phn x nh sng v lm si 3 thp nc. Hi nc s c
a ln n nhit 5500C n 10000C, xoay tua bin tiu chun v to ra in.
Lu cht c s dng un nng trn thp mt tri ca Ivanpah l mui molten, cng ging nh
cc lu cht nh my khc, mui molten c cc c tnh nh gi nhit tt, lu nhit lu.
im c bit ca Ivanpah l c xut hin thm 1 b lu nng v 1 b lu lnh nm ngay di chn
thp mt tri. B lu nng c s dng lu tr nng lng nhit t h thng. Nh my nhit
in ny s gip: ko di thi gian sn xut in (c bit vo nhng thi im mun trong ngy
khi khng cn nh sng mt tri), gim tn tht v nng hiu sut hot ng ca ton h thng cao
hn so vi cc gii php nng lng mt tri khc, m rng kh nng ty bin ca mng li
in B lu lnh tuy c tn l lnh nhng thc t nhit lu cht y cng ri vo khong
2000C, bn cnh b lu nng, c 2 thit b gip cho chu trnh nhit ca lu cht mui Molten c
n nh v sn lng in tt hn.
chu trnh cht lu th 2, hi nc t nh my cng c th c s dng trong cc ng dng cng
nghip nh trong qu trnh tng cng thu hi du bng nhit ( thermal enhanced oil recovery- gi
tt EOR). Hnh di m t ng i ca hi nc trong trng hp ng dng vo cng ngh lc
du. (nh ca brightsourceenergy)
7 - Nh my in mt tri
7-21
Hnh 7.12. H thng tng cng thu hi du bng nhit. [13]

Hi nc thot ra t h thng s c dn vo h cha du thng qua mt ging vo. Ti y hi
nc ngng t v cng vi du to thnh hn hp m sau s c khai thc. Mt h thng lc
s c s dng tch du v chuyn nc c lm sch tr v nh my.
Thm vo , theo tuyn b t nh sn xut, nh my Ivanpah s dng cng ngh tn nhit ngng
t bng kh (Air-cooled condenser), s dng nc t hn cc gii php lm mt truyn thng n
hn 90%.
in sn xut ti n v 1 v 3 ti Ivanpah, vi sn lng khong 259 MW s c bn cho cng ty
Pacific Gas & Electric di hai hp ng thu mua nng lng di hn. 133MW cn li sn xut bi
n v 2 cng c bn cho Southern California Edison vi iu khon tng t. ng Tom Doyle,
Gim c cng ty NRG, cho bit: Ngun cm hng cho cng ngh xanh nh Ivanpah rt quan
trng i vi nn kinh t ca chng ta, gip gi vng kh nng cnh tranh ton cu trong vi thp
k k tip. Chng ta thy r rng rng Ivanpah thay i nn tng ca cng nghip nng lng
bng cch chng minh c nng lng mt tri quy m ln khng nhng l iu c th thc hin
c m thm ch con mang li li ch kinh t cng nh cch thc chng ta sn xut v tiu th
nng lng.
Tuy nhin, qu trnh thi cng Ivanpah cng gy ra nhiu tranh ci. Vi quy m rng ln nh vy
ng ngha vi vic s dng rt nhiu t, thm ch c nhng vng t trc y dng bo tn
dn bn a flora v fauna.
Theo iu tra t US Wildlife, cn trng b thu ht bi nhng tm gng nng lng mt tri. Ko
theo l vic i sn mi ca cc loi chim di tr hoc sinh sng ti y s buc phi n cc trm
nng lng ny sn mi, cui cng l ci kt m khng ai mun. Cng ty BrightSource ban u
cn cho rng kt lun trn l thi phng vn v nhn nh anh thp rng s ch c khong 1.000
sinh vt cht trong 1 nm m thi. Nhng tnh cho n nay, Trung tm a dng sinh vt hc m
c khong 28.000 con vt b cht.
7 Nh my in mt tri
7-22
US Wildlife ang tch cc tm hiu thm thng tin v tnh ton chnh xc v s lng sinh vt cht
quanh y to thm mt loi giy php mi dnh cho cc cng ty nhit in mt tri. Hin ti,
cc nh my nhit in mt tri li t gia California/Arizona y cng l nhng ni nm di
ng bay ca cc loi chim qu nh Golden Eagle v Peregrine Falcon. V nu khng tin hnh
nhanh chng vic iu tra, rt c th kh nng tuyt chng ca cc loi chim qu s cn tng cao
na.
S Nng Lng California li kt lun rng mc d Ivanpah s gy nh hng n mi trng a
phng nhng li ch n mang li hon ton c th b li nhng thit hi.
7.3.9
Tng lai ca in mt tri CSP
Mt nghin cu c thc hin bi Greenpeace International, Hip hi nng lng in mt tri

chu u, v nhm SolarPACES C quan Nng lng Quc t iu tra tim nng v tng lai
ca nng lng mt tri tp trung. Nghin cu cho thy nng lng mt tri c th chim t l cao
trong nhu cu nng lng ca th gii vo nm 2050. S gia tng u t s t 2 t trn ton th
gii n 92.5 t trong giai on . Ty Ban Nha l nc i u trong cng ngh nng lng mt
tri tp trung, vi hn 50 d n c chnh ph ph duyt. Ngoi ra, h xut khu cng ngh ca
mnh, tng thm c phn ca cng ngh nng lng trn
ton th gii. Bi v cng ngh ny hot ng tt nht vi
Cumulative
cc khu vc nhiu nh nng (bc x mt tri), cc chuyn Year Annual
Investment
Capacity
gia d on tc tng trng ln nht nhng ni nh
chu Phi, Mexico, v Ty Nam Hoa K. H ch ra rng h
thng lu tr nhit (canxi, kali, natri,...) s lm cho cc
2015 21 t euros 420 megawatts
nh my CSP cng ngy cng c li hn. Nghin cu ny
xem xt ba kt qu khc nhau cho cng ngh ny: khng
tng trong cng ngh CSP, tip tc u t nh Ty Ban
174 t
1,500,000
Nha v M, v cui cng l tim nng thc s ca CSP
2050
euros
megawatts
khng c bt k ro cn i vi tng trng ca n. Kt
qu ca phn th ba c th hin trong bng bn:
Bng 7.3: Kt qua nghin cu
Cui cng, nghin cu tha nhn cch cng ngh CSP

c ci thin v lm sao iu ny dn n mt s gim gi mnh m vo nm 2050. N c d
on gim t mc hin ti l 0.23 - 0.15 / kwh ti 0.14 0.10 / kwh. Gn y, EU bt u
xem xt pht trin mt mng li cc nh my in nng lng mt tri c quy m 400 t c tr
s ti khu vc Sahara s dng cng ngh CSP, to ra "mt mng li khng-carbon mi ni
chu u, Trung ng v Bc Phi ". K hoch ny c h tr ch yu bi cc nh cng nghip
c v d bo sn xut 15% in nng ca chu u vo nm 2050. Ma-rc l mt i tc quan
trng trong nhng sa mc rng v v n c ch chim 1% lng in tiu th ca EU, n s sn xut
nhiu hn nng lng cn cho ton b t nc v c d nhiu nng lng cung cp cho chu
u.
Algeria c din tch sa mc ln nht, v cng ty Algeria tin Cevital ng k cho nhng sa mc.
CSP tim nng cao nht trong vng a Trung Hi v Trung ng, khong 170 TWh/nm, v v tr
a l chin lc gn chu u Algeria l mt trong nhng nc quan trng m bo s thnh
cng ca d n sa mc. Hn na, vi tr lng kh t t nhin di do trong sa mc Algeria, iu
ny s tng cng kh nng k thut ca Algeria trong thc hin Solar-Gas Hybrid Power Plants
pht in phc v 24 gi.
7 - Nh my in mt tri
7-23
Cc t chc khc mong i CSP mc chi ph $ 0,06/kWh vo nm 2015 do nhng ci tin hiu qu
v sn xut hng lot thit b. iu s lm CSP r nh in thng thng. Nh u t nh nh
u t mo him Vinod Khosla mong i CSP lin tc gim chi ph v thc s l r hn so vi in
than sau nm 2015.
Trong nm 2009, cc nh khoa hc ti Phng th nghim quc gia nng lng ti to (NREL) v
SkyFuel cng hp tc pht trin cc tm cong kim loi ln c tim nng l t tn km hn 30%
so vi th tt nht hin nay l nng lng mt tri tp trung bng cch thay th m hnh thy tinh
da trn vi mt bc t polymer c hiu nng ging nh cc tm gng thy tinh ln, nhng vi
chi ph thp hn rt nhiu v nh hn. N cng d dng hn trin khai v lp t. B phim bng
s dng nhiu lp polyme, vi mt lp bn trong l bc tinh khit.
Roger Angel (Univ. Of Arizona) ngi thit k knh vin vng chuyn s ch ca mnh vo
CPV, v l mt i tc trong mt cng ty gi l Rehnu. Angel s dng mt ng knh tp trung cu
vi cng ngh knh thin vn ln, nhng vt liu r hn nhiu v tinh vi hn, to ra cc h thng
hiu qu hn.
C mt s xut v kch thc gigawatt, nh my in mt tri quy m rt ln. Chng bao gm
cc ngh Euro-a Trung Hi Desertec, d n Helios Hy Lp (10 gigawatt), v Ordos (2
gigawatt) ti Trung Quc. Mt nghin cu nm 2003 kt lun rng th gii c th to ra 2.357.840
TWh mi nm t cc nh my in mt tri quy m rt ln s dng 1% mi sa mc ca th gii.
Tng tiu th trn ton th gii c 15.223 TWh / nm (nm 2003). Cc d n quy m gigawatt l
ca cc nh my n. Cc nh my ln nht trong hot ng l 80 MW (SEGS VIII v SEGS IX)
v cc nh my ln nht trong xy dng l 370 MW (Ivanpah). Trong nm 2012, BLMmade c
97.921.069 mu t thesouthwestern M cho cc d n nng lng mt tri, cho t 10.000 n
20.000 gigawatt (GW).
7-24
7 Nh my in mt tri
Ngun tham kho

[1] http://www.evwind.es/2014/06/08/the-solar-power-photovoltaic-pv-market-had-a-record-yearadding-more-than-39-gw-in-2013/45794
[2] http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Solar_Photo_Voltaic.html
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system
[4] http://incosys.vn
[5] http://cesti.gov.vn
[6] http://dienmattroi.biz
[7] Lun vn tt nghip: nh my in dng Stirling Dish, H Vn Hu.
[8] Wikipedia v Solar energy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power
[9] Wikipedia v PV: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics
[10] Wikipedia v CSP: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power
[11] http://solarpower.vn/vi/spct/id109/He-thong-dien-nang-luong-mat-troi-hoa-luoi-SolarV-SVGT-3000/
[12] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Energy_Generating_Systems
[13] http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/khoa-hoc/178086/10-nha-may-dien-mat-troi-lon-nhat-the-gioi.html
[14] http://Pveducation.org
[15] http://dienmattroi.biz
7 - Nh my in mt tri
7-25
Ph lc: Hi v tr li
Hi: (Nhm 1) C cng ngh no lm gim gi thnh ca cc tm pin Mt Tri ?
Tr li: Trong phn trnh by ca nhm mnh th vt liu t c hiu sut Quang in cao nht l
silicon n tinh th. To nn silicon tinh th ln v ct chng thanh nhng ming nh v mng
(0.1-0.3 mm) l rt tn thi gian v chi ph cao. Do l do ny, gim gi thnh sn xut, ngi ta
pht trin nghin cu cc vt liu thay th cho t bo silicon n tinh th, v d nh t bo silicon
a tinh th, cc pin quang in cng ngh mng mng, v cc t hp tp trung.
Hi: (Nhm 1) VN c mt s trung tm nghin cu sn xut PV, ti sao PV vn khng ph bin
lm?
Tr li: Qua nghin cu cho thy in Mt Tri Vit Nam c tim nng rt ln: Vit Nam c bc
x Mt Tri vo loi cao trn th gii, vi s gi nng dao ng t 1.600-2.600 gi/nm, c bit l
khu vc pha Nam. Gi thnh chnh l tr ngi ln nht trong vic khai trin in Mt Tri, cho d
trong 20 nm qua, gi thnh ca in Mt Tri gim hn 40 ln, trung bnh l 4% mi nm. l
ch yu nh vo s ci thin v hiu sut chuyn i nng lng v qui m sn xut v lp t ngy
cnh c m rng. Mt v d v h gia nh ch s dng 3 thit b in nhng phi lp t mt b
h thng in Mt Tri gi l 24.269.500 VND. Mt b h thng in Mt Tri khc cng sut ln
hn th c gi l 61.278.150 VND.
Hi: ( Nhm 1) Thit k nh my no ph hp vi VN?
Tr li: nh sng Mt Tri chiu xung Tri t mang theo c nng lng photon v bc x nhit.
Cho nn Vit Nam thch hp cho c 2 m hnh: Quang in v Nhit in.
Hi: ( Nhm 4) Nhm trnh by gi thnh ca nng lng mt tri c gim v c th cnh tranh
vi nguyn liu ha thch, vy ta c th honh ton s dng nng lng mt tri c khng? c
bit Vit Nam, thay th cc nh my nhit in?
Tr li: Gi thnh cnh tranh y l hiu theo ngha li ch tnh trn mt ng di. Bn cnh
vic xy dng cc nh my ln rt tn km, cng nh v mc s lng th hin ti cc nh my
nng lng mt tri khng cung cho nhu cu nng lng ca ton th gii. Nh nhm
trnh by, nng lng mt tri s ha hn nhiu trong tng lai. Ring Vit Nam, th cha yu
cu v ti chnh cng nh cng ngh nn hin nay, nc ta ch yu s dng cc nh my nng
lng ha thch v n n gin trong xy dng, tng i r tin, ph hp vi tnh hnh trc mt
ca nc ta
Hi: ( Nhm 4) Vic lp t cc tm pin mt tri ti h dn c kh nng sinh li v lu di vy ti
sao li khng c lp t ph bin trn th gii ni chung v Vit Nam ni ring?
Tr li: Tng t nh cu tr li trn, pin mt tri cho gia nh c kh nng sinh li nhng l lu
di, ty vo yu cu kinh t ca h dn m ngi ta s la chn, v th bn cnh li v khoa hc,
kha cnh kinh t cng nh chnh tr cng nh hng n vic s dng ngun nng lng mt tri
rt nhiu.
Hi: ( Nhm 5) Ti sao nh sng li gii phng electron ca tm bn dn? Lp li gia dng
lm g?
7 Nh my in mt tri
7-26
Tr li: Khi tm Pin quang in hp th nng lng nh sng Mt Tri th nng lng c
truyn n cc ht electron trong mng tinh th to thnh cc electron t do di chuyn trong bn
dn. Lp li gia gi l lp chn c chc nng phn cch lp p v lp n. Nu khng c lp chn
th khng c s chnh lch in p gia 2 lp bn dn ny v khng th to ra dng in.
Hi: ( Nhm 6) Thng d in l g? Cch thc bn in cho nh cung cp nh th no?
Tr li: Trong khun kh bi thuyt trnh ca nhm, thng d in y c hiu l lng in
nng sn xut ra cho nhu cu tiu dng, lng in nng d ra qui i ra li nhun chnh l
thng d ca in nng.
Trnh t, th tc mua bn in ca cc d n nh my in c lp ( Vit Nam) bao gm cc bc
sau:
-
Chp thun mua in c thi hn t d n nh my in c lp.

Tha thun u ni gia EVN v Ch u t.
m phn v k kt Tha thun gi in gia EVN v Ch u t.
Tha thun thit k h thng o m v h thng SCADA/EMS gia EVN v Ch
u t.
m phn v k kt Hp ng mua bn in gia EVN v Ch u t.
Hi: ( Nhm 6) Nhng con chim bay ngang qua nh my s b thiu t v nhit xung quanh
nh my l kh cao, vy con ngi trong nh my s chng nng nh th no ? Cch thc di chuyn
t ngoi nh my vo nh my nh th no hn ch lng nhit bc x vo ngi ( nh my
Ivanpah).
Tr li: Nh my Ivanpah trong qu trnh hot ng c nhit rt cao, tuy nhin cc cng nhn v
k s khng trc tip lm vic vi cc tm pin mt tri, tt c h thng pin mt tri u c h thng
iu khin thng t ng, ngha l khng cn con ngi phi vn hnh trc tip. Cc k s c th
iu khin hng quay ca gng hng theo mt tri phng iu khin, nn h khng b nh
hng bi nhit cao ca nh my.
Hi: ( Nhm 8) Cc thp nng lng mt tri vn chuyn cht lng bn trong n bng thit b g?
Tr li: Cc thp vn chuyn cht lu (dung dch mui c bit) bng 2 ng dn ring bit, mt
ng dn lu cht nng xung b nng v mt ng dn lu cht ngui t b ngui ln nh thp.
Hi: ( Nhm 8) Cc u nhc im khi p dng ti Vit Nam?
Tr li: Nh my theo cng ngh CSP c u im v nhc im u l quy m ca n. Vic c
quy m qu ln i hi phi c s pht trin v k thut, vn, nhn lc cng nh a hnh sa mc,
m cc yu t trn nc ta cha p ng c. Tuy nhin nu xy dng thnh cng th nh my
in mt tri s mang n ngun li v kinh t lu di cho t nc.
Hi: ( Nhm 9) 1. Nh my CSP dng gng tp trung nhit, gng th d v, vy y dng
vt liu g? Sa mc th thng c bo ct, vy n c nh hng g n h thng gng hay ko?
Tr li: Tt nhin khi thit k nh my, ngi k s tnh ton bn ca thit b, gng y
c gia cng rt k lng v lm bng vt liu chu lc tt v th gi thnh rt cao. Gi mnh ca
bo ct th chc chn s tc ng n h thng gng v vy ty vo iu kin s dng ta s phi
chn hy sinh mt trong 2 yu cu, l hiu nng hoc bn. V d nh trong bi, nhm c
7 - Nh my in mt tri
7-27
cp n enclosed trough l mt dng nh my khng dng gng thay vo l dng cc tube ng

trn tp trung nhit. iu ny s lm gim hiu sut nhng ng trn li c tc dng chu c
gi mnh.
Hi: ( Nhm 9) Nng lng mt tri thay i lin tc trong ngy, cng sut pht ca my pht c
thay i khng? Nu c th lm sao m bo cht lng in?
Tr li: Nng lng mt tri thay i lin tc nhng CSP c b nng v b ngui nhm lm n
nh chu trnh nhit ca cht lu s cp nn nhn chung cht lng in s khng thay i.
Hi: ( Nhm 10) So snh u v nhc im ca PV v CSP?
Tr li: C nhiu s khc bit gia PV v CSP, sau y l mt s im chnh:
- PV c kh nng lp t quy m nh, c th dung h gia nh, tuy nhin li l dng chuyn trc
tip quang nng thnh in nng DC nn cn nhiu thit b ph tr, cht lng in ph thuc nhiu
vo iu kin nng.
- CSP khng th hot ng quy m nh, tuy nhin li chuyn bc x nhit thnh in nng (gin
tip) nn in u ra tng i n nh
Hi: ( Nhm 11) Bin php an ton s dng cho cc nh my nhit mt tri.
Tr li: H thng knh nh nht c kh nng iu khin c th do con ngi iu chnh, bn cnh
, nh my cng c cc bin php an ton nh cc nh my in khc.
Hi: ( Nhm 11) Nhn cng ca 1 nh my in nhit mt tri, ni thch hp xy dng nh my,
c cn ngun nc hay khng?
Tr li: Theo nhn nh ca nhm quy np t cc nh my CSP ln trn th gii th thng cc nh
my ny c xy sa mc, vic c gn ngun nc hay khng cng khng nh hng n nh
my v chu trnh ca cc nh my ny l chu trnh knh. Bn cnh vic pht trin giao thng vn
ti ngy nay th yu gn cc ngun cung cp nguyn nhin liu khng cn l qu cp thit.
8 Nh my in nng lng gi ....................................................................................................... 8-1

8.1 Tng quan v nng lng in gi ........................................................................................8-1
8.1.1 Gii thiu ....................................................................................................................8-1
8.1.2 Lch s pht trin ........................................................................................................8-1
8.1.3 Cc tuabin gi u tin trn th gii ...........................................................................8-2
8.1.4 Tuabin gi ln nht hin nay ......................................................................................8-3
8.1.5 Thng k tnh hnh th gii nhng nm gn y ........................................................8-3
8.1.6 u im v hn ch ....................................................................................................8-5
8.2 Phn loi v cu to ca tuabin gi .......................................................................................8-5
8.2.1 Phn loi......................................................................................................................8-5
8.2.2 Cu to ca tuabin gi.................................................................................................8-8
8.2.3 Truyn ti in nng v hiu sut .............................................................................8-10
8.2.4 V d..........................................................................................................................8-12
8.3 Tim nng v tnh hnh nng lng in gi ti Vit Nam ................................................8-12
8.3.1 a hnh v kh hu ti Vit Nam .............................................................................8-13
8.3.2 Thun li v kh khn ca vic pht trin nng lng gi ti Vit Nam .................8-14
8.3.3 Nhng khu vc c tim nng trong vic pht trin nng lng gi nc ta .........8-14
8.3.4 Tnh hnh pht trin ca nng lng gi ti Vit Nam .............................................8-14
Ngun tham kho ............................................................................................................................8-17
Ph lc: Hi v tr li .....................................................................................................................8-16

1. ng Cu Hiu
81101187
2. Trn Vit Tnh
81103663
3. L Vnh Hong Sn
21102927
8 Nh my in nng lng gi
8-1
8.1
Tng quan v nng lng in gi
8.1.1
Gii thiu
Gi l s dch chuyn ca khng kh t ni c p sut cao n ni c p sut thp. S chnh lch p

sut ny bt ngun t bc x ca Mt Tri. Do Tri t c dng hnh cu v trc nghing, a hnh
khng ng u dn n chnh lch nhit , t sinh ra s nhau gia p sut khng kh tng
vng, to thnh cc dng khng kh theo ma.
Bn cnh , hiu ng Coriolis c to thnh t s quay quanh trc ca Tri t lm cho khng
kh i t vng p cao n vng p thp khng chuyn ng thng m to thnh cc cn gi xoy c
chiu xoy khc nhau gia Bc bn cu v Nam bn cu.
Ngoi ra, do nc v t c nhit dung khc nhau nn ban ngy t nng ln nhanh hn nc, to
nn khc bit v p sut v v th c gi thi t bin hay h vo t lin. Vo ban m t lin
ngui i nhanh hn nc v hiu ng ny xy ra theo chiu ngc li.
T nhng nm 400 500 sau CN, con ngi bit khai thc nng lng gi phc v cho nhu cu
ca mnh. T xay xt, bm nc bng ci xay gi n i li bng thuyn bum, khinh kh cu. Hin
nay con ngi bit tn dng ngun nng lng ny mt cch hiu qu bng cch chuyn i
ng nng ca gi thnh in nng bng cc tuabin gi.
8.1.2
8.1.2.1
Lch s pht trin

Ngy xa
Tin thn ca vic s dng nng lng gi vo cuc sng hng

ngy con ngi l nhng chic ci xay gi c nhiu ngi s
dng vo mc ch chnh l xay la go hoc s dng lc gi
bm nc.
Cc thc hot ng ca nhng chic ci xoay gi ny kh l n
gin. Ci xay gi c lm hon ton t yu t c hc. Vic
nhng cnh qut quay to ra lc lm quay h thng bnh rng
bn trong thp xay gi. Cc bnh rng ny c thit k sao
ng vai tr nh l mt b truyn lc gip phc v mc ch ca
con ngi.
Hnh 8.1: Ci xay gi [1]

Hnh 8.2: C ch hot ng ca ci xay gi
8-2
8.1.2.2
Ngy nay
Ngy nay nng lng gi c s dng vo mc ch sn xut in nng

v in nng ny s c truyn n tng h gia nh xung quanh.
Ta s c mt s so snh nh v nhng khc bit c bn v chic ci xay
gi v mt tuabin gi. V s ging nhau th v lc hot ng c
nhng yu t kh ging nhau: cng l nh vo sc gi qua b truyn lc
v kt qu cui cng l mc ch chng ta mong mun. Tuy nhin chng
c nhng khc bit kh l c bn t gc nhn bn ngoi.
V cao: mt tuabin gi thng c cao trung bnh trn 50m. Trong
khi chic ci xay gi c cao ch t khong mt phn nm, vo c
6 hoc 7m.
V cht liu: cht liu lm nn cnh qut ci xay gi ch yu l vi hoc
da. i vi thp xay gi thng l lm bng g. V pha tuabin gi th
cht liu lm cnh qut v thn thng l cc vt liu tng hp v cc
hp kim chu lc v c bn cao.
Hnh 8.3: Tuabin gi

hin i [2]
V n: iu kh r l ci xay gi gy ra rt t ting n v c th gn h gia nh nhm phc v

i sng ngi dn thun tin nht. Cn tuabin gi c mt mc n kh ln, iu yu cu vic
xy dng v lp t phi xa khu dn c nhm trnh nhim ting n.
Hnh 8.4: So snh cao gia tuabin gi, ci xay gi v mc n ca tuabin gi [3]
8.1.3
Cc tuabin gi u tin trn th gii
Thng 7 nm 1887, gio s ngi Scotland, James Blyth ch to ra chic tuabin gi cung cp
in cho mt ngi nh ca ng Marykirk, Scotland. Chic tuabin ny c dn trc thng ng,
chiu cao khong 5m v cng sut ch thp sng cc bng n trong mt ngi nh.
8-3
Cui nm 1887 u nm 1888, nh sng ch ngi M, Charles Fracis Brush hon thnh xong chic
tuabin gi sn xut in ca mnh ti Cleveland, Ohio. Chic tuabin ny c dng trc ngang, chiu
cao khong 18m, ng knh cnh qut 17m, cng sut t gn 12kW.
Hnh 8.5: Cc tuabin gi u tin trn th gii: ti Scotland (tri) v ti M (phi) [4]
8.1.4
Tuabin gi ln nht hin nay
Hon thnh lp t vo thng 1 nm 2014 ti an Mch,

Tuabin gi V164-8.0-MW ca hng Vestas ang nm gi
k lc tuabin gi ln nht th gii. Chiu cao ca thp l
140m, ng knh cnh qut 164m v cng sut 8MW.
8.1.5
Thng k tnh hnh th gii nhng nm gn y
Tnh n nm 2013, Trung Quc ang dn u v tng

cng sut tch ly nng lng in gi: 91.142MW, chim
28.7% tng sn lng ca c Th gii. ng thi, Trung
Quc cng ang dn u v tng cng sut lp t mi
trong nm 2013
Theo sau , trong nm 2013 l M v c vi sn lng
in gi ln lt l 61.091MW v 34.250MW. an Mch
mc d s hu tuabin gi ln nht th gii nhng ch ng Hnh 8.6: Tuabin gi ln nht th gii
hin nay [5]
th 10 v sn lng in gi.
8-4
T khi ra i, cc tuabin gi ngy cng

c pht trin kch thc, cng sut, hiu
sut, gp phn phc v nhu cu s dng
in trn ton th gii. Rt nhiu quc gia
trn th gii ang tn dng iu kin t
nhin ca mnh khai thc ngun nng
lng sch ny. Qua cc nm, sn lng
in gi tng ngy mt nhanh.
Di y l biu v tng cng sut lp
t v tng sn lng in ca nng lng
gi qua cc nm trn ton th gii. C hai
u tng lin tc t giai on mi hnh
Hnh 8.7: Tng cng sut lp t ca cc quc gia trn
thnh n hin nay.
th gii nm 2013 [6]
Hnh 8.8: Tng nng lng in gi tiu th ca th gii t nm 1989 n nm 2011 [7]
Hnh 8.9: T l s dng in gi trn ton th gii giai on t nm 2000 n 2011
8-5
Hnh 8.10: Tng cng sut lp t ca th gii t nm 1996 n nm 2013 [8]

Tuy nhin, c hai biu trn u khng c bt k s t ph no, m ch pht trin n nh. Tng
cng sut tiu th in trn ton th gii thay i khng nhiu, nn t l tiu th in gi ang tng
dn qua cc nm. R rng t l ny cn rt thp, ch chim khong 2.02% vo nm 2011. Do vic
lp t tuabin gi, cng nh khai thc nng lng t gi cn nhiu hn ch.
8.1.6
u im v hn ch
Nng lng gi l ngun nng lng sch, khng gy nhim mi trng khng kh nh nhit
in, hay ph hy sinh thi ti ni lp t nh thy in. Th gii ang ngy cng pht trin v i
i vi n l nhu cu v nng lng tng ln lin tc. Nng lng gi ang p ng mt phn nhu
cu cp thit ny.
Song song vi nhng th mnh, khai thc ngun nng lng xanh ny ngi ta phi i mt vi
nhiu vn ln. Gi thnh lp t mt h thng tuabin gi tn km hn nhiu so vi thy in v
nhit in, nn vn u t ban u cao hn nhiu so vi cc nh my in s dng nguyn liu ha
thch hay thy in. Khi hot ng, tuabin c th gy nguy him cho mt s loi chim sinh sng
gn . Ngoi ra n cn to ra ting n, gy nhiu cc tn hiu khng dy. Nu tnh ton khng k
s gy nh hng n cht lng cuc sng ca dn c gn . V vy, vic khai thc nng lng
gi ph thuc nhiu vo yu t mi trng, dn c. Bn cnh , cc tuabin gi ph thuc nhiu
vo ch gi nn sn lng in cung cp trong nm khng ng u, khng th tng cng sut
theo mun trong cc gi cao im. Ngoi ra, cc tuabin gi thng c kch thc ln hn rt
nhiu so vi cc loi cy ci thng thng. Khi lp t xong, h thng tuabin gi s tr nn ni bt,
nh hng trc tip n cnh quan t nhin ca khu vc .
8.2
8.2.1
Phn loi v cu to ca tuabin gi

Phn loi
C hai loi tuabin gi chnh hin nay l tua bin trc quay dc (Vertical-axis Wind Turbine) v
tuabin trc quay ngang (Horizontal-axis Wind Turbine). Mi loi tuabin gi u c nhng u v
nhc im ring.
8-6
Hnh 8.11: Cc loi m hnh tuabin gi [9]

8.2.1.1
Tuabin trc quay dc
Loi tuabin trc quay dc ny ng theo nh tn gi ca n gm c mt trc dc v cc l qut

xoay ng trc. C th phn kiu tuabin trc dc ny thnh hai loi nh hn l tuabin Savonius v
tuabin Darrieus nh trn hnh v. y l hai loi tuabin trc dc ph bin nht do hai nh k s
ngi Ba Lan v Php ch to ra. Phn tch loi tuabin ny chng ta thy c nhng u v nhc
im ca n.
Loi tuabin trc dc c cc cnh n gi ca chng s c mt phng vung gc vi hng gi v
cc cnh ny hnh un nn khng cn thit phi iu chnh n hng gi. Loi tuabin ny c
kch thc va, gn. Chng thng c tch hp trn nc ca cc ta nh, cc cng trnh n
gi v cung cp in nng. Lng in nng loi tuabin ny mang li thng l khng cao. Mt c
im na l loi tuabin ny c trc dc nn b pht in s c t ty trn trc dc ca chng.
V vy, thng thng, b pht in s c lp t bn di trc, tc nm mt t. iu gip
cho vic bo hnh, sa cha thit b tr nn d dng v thun li.
Tuy nhin, h s cng sut ca
loi tuabin ny rt thp bi v loi
tuabin ny si cnh thng khng
di dn n vic n lng gi
khng c ln. Th hai na, a
s cc loi tuabin ny thng tch
hp theo cc ta nh v v lu
lng gi ti cc v tr ny thng
khng cao dn n vic sn xut ra
mt lng cng sut pht in
khng cao. Chng cng rt kh
thit k v phi tnh ton lc gi
ht sc cn thn bo m
rng tuabin s quay lin tc trong
mi trng m lu lng gi kh
Hnh 8.12: Tuabin Darrieus (tri) v tuabin Savonius (phi) [10]
yu nh cp trn.
8.2.1.2
8-7
Tuabin trc quay ngang
y l loi tuabin thng thy hn trong i sng hng ngy. Chng hu nh c mt hu ht cc

quc gia pht trin v ang pht trin v ngy cng khng nh vai tr trong cng cuc s dng
ngun nng lng sch. Ta c th phn loi dng tuabin ny theo hai cch: phn loi theo s cnh
hoc phn loi theo v tr t.
V phn loi theo s cnh c ba loi tng c con ngi a vo s dng l loi mt cnh, hai
cnh v ba cnh. Loi mt cnh thng ch c s dng trong lnh vc nghin cu vo nhng nm
u tin ra i sn phm tuabin gi trc ngang ny. Loi hai cnh c s dng cung cp in
vo nhng nm u tin n khong cui th k XX, u th k XXI. Loi ba cnh c s dng
rng ri v hin nay gi vai tr ch o trong ngnh in gi.
Hnh 8.13: Phn loi tua bin trc quay ngang theo s cnh [11]
V phn loi theo a im t th thng s c hai im t chnh ca tuabin gi trc ngang. Hai
a im ny l hai a im tha mn hai yu cu l c lu lng gi cao v khng c gn
khu dn c: ngoi bin (Onshore) v trn cc bi t trng c lu lng gi cao (Offshore).
Hnh 8.14: Tuabin Onshore (tri) v tuabin Offshore (phi) [12]
8-8
Loi tuabin trc quay ngang ny thng c chiu cao t 90m n c lng gi ln. ng
knh cnh qut ca tuabin l dao ng vo khong t 100m n 150m. Khi gi thi cnh qut quay,
nh vo trc quay c gn trc tip vo cnh qut v ng thi kt ni gin tip vi my pht
in, lm cho my pht in quay v to ra ngun in. Tc ti thiu ca gi lm quay mt
tuabin loi trc ngang l vo c 10 12 km/h v thng th tuabin s c thit b t ng ngt khi tc
gi t ti 90 km/h. Tc quay ca gi v cng sut tuabin pht ra s t t l theo hm m.
Hai loi tuabin ngang Onshore c cng sut 2-3MW v Offshore 6MW. C hai loi my ny u
t hiu sut l t 20 n 50% nng lng gi thu vo.
T , c th rt ra kt lun: h s cng sut ca tuabin trc ngang l cao nht trong cc loi tuabin,
c bit l loi ba cnh qut. Song song l nhng nhc im c th d dng nhn thy: cn mt b
iu chnh cc cnh qut c th quay theo hng gi v nh , c th hng c nhiu gi
nht. y l nhc im kh quan trng vo khi thit b cm bin cha pht trin. Ngy nay, cng
vic ny tr nn kh d dng. Bn cnh , chi ph lp t kh cao l mt tr ngi pht trin. Tuy
nhin chng c tui th ln ti trn 20 nm nn ta c th coi y l mt khon u t cho mt my
cng sut kh cao phc v c mt thi gian di. V v mi thit b u t trn trc ngang c
cao khong 90m nn vic bo tr, sa cha kh kh khn.
8.2.2
Cu to ca tuabin gi
Nhn chung, mt tuabin gi s c cc b phn chnh : b phn tip nhn trc tip nng lng gi,
b phn truyn lc, my pht in, b phn iu chnh tc , b thng, b iu khin v thit b
iu chnh hng.
8.2.2.1
B phn tip nhn nng lng gi:
Bao gm cc cnh qut v b Hub. Cc cnh qut c th thy r c gm 3 cnh c gn vi

Hub. B Hub ny gip c nh cc cnh qut v c th s dng chiu chnh nghing ca cc
cnh qut. iu ny gip cho cnh qut c th hng c hng gi c nhiu hn khi cn hoc
c th dng khp cnh qut li v hng
c t gi nht.
Ngoi ra, nh km trong b Hub ny l trc
quay chnh. Khi cc cnh qut xoay dn ti
b Hub cng xoay. Nh vo s lin kt ny,
trc chnh theo cng quay cng vn tc
Hnh 8.16: B Hub [14]
Hnh 8.15: Cc b phn ca tuabin gi 3 cnh qut

[13]
8-9
gc vi cnh qut.
8.2.2.2
B phn truyn lc
B phn ny gm hai thit b l trc xoay

v hp s. S cu to c m t nh
trong on phim trnh chiu. Qua ta thy
c rng bn trong mt tuabin gi trc
ngang gm c 2 trc xoay: mt trc chnh
v mt trc ph. Trc chnh l trc xoay ni
trc tip vi Hub c vn tc quay bng vn
tc quay ca cnh qut. u cn li ca trc
ny s lin kt vi hp s. Hp s l thit b
lm tng tc quay ban u ca cnh qut
ln gp nhiu ln sau truyn cho ng
c.
Hnh 8.17: Khung ca hp s [15]
u ra ca hp s s lin kt vi trc xoay
ph. Lc ny vn tc ca trc xoay ph
c tng ln gp rt nhiu ln vn tc xoay ca trc chnh. V cui cng u cn li ca trc xoay
ph s lin kt vi rotor ca my pht in. Nh tc ca trc ph c tng ln gp rt nhiu
ln.
8.2.2.3
B iu chnh tc
B thng: s dng thng a hot ng, b thng c

to ra nhm lm cnh qut ngng quay khi xy ra s c
(thng l vic cnh qut quay qu tc cho php,
khong 60m/s). Thng a ny s c thit k sao cho
ch hot ng khi v ch khi c ch khp cnh ca tuabin
v cc loi thng t khc hot ng bi v nu chng ta
s dng thng a trc tip ln trc quay chnh ang quay
vi tc cao lm trc quay ngng ngay lp tc th hin
nhin lc ma st s rt ln v dn n vic bt la vo cc
thit b.
Hnh 8.18: Thng a [16]
Cm bin lc gi, b iu khin, thit b iu chnh
hng: ba b phn ny hot ng kt hp vi nhau cng
chung mc tiu l gip tuabin c th hng c hng gi nhiu nht khi cn v t nht khi xy ra
s c. u tin cm bin lc gi s o c vn tc gi v hng gi. T , n s gi thng tin
xung b iu khin v b iu khin ny c vai tr gi thng tin iu khin cho b phn iu
chnh hng gm hng xoay ca trc ngang v hng nghin ca cnh qut nhm t c mc
tiu.
8-10
8.2.3
8.2.3.1
Truyn ti in nng v hiu sut

Truyn ti in nng
Sau khi rotor ca my pht in quay th in nng t my pht in s c truyn xung mt

trm bin p c lp t gn v tr ca tuabin gi, c th l ngay di chn ca tuabin. Bi v, in
p ra khi my pht in thng vo khong 690V nn khng th truyn ti i xa c. in p ny
phi c nng ln vo khong vi kV c th truyn i v trm in xa hn ri t mi c
th phn phi n cc h dn c.
Bn cnh , tn s v cng dng in ra ca my pht s thay i lin tc v tc gi s thay
i lin tc. gii quyt vn ny, c nhiu phng php c a ra. C th k tn n hai
phng php kh ph bin. Th nht, bng cch s dng mt b n nh vn tc gn vo trc quay
ca tuabin. Th hai l vic dng in AC sau khi ra khi my bin p c th c a v dng DC,
sau li bin i ngc tr li AC t c tn s c nh.
8.2.3.2
Hiu sut
Hiu sut ca mt tuabin gi s tun theo nh lun BETZ. Trong mt on phim ngn, ta thy
c rng nh lut BETZ ny c tnh theo l thuyt. S dng mt s cng thc v ng lc hc
ta tnh c lu lng gi qua tuabin
Vi l vn tc vo v vn tc ra ca gi i vi tuabin; A l din tch mt phng quay ca 3
cnh qut.
Hnh 8.19: Tnh ton hiu sut BETZ bng ng lc hc [17]

T lu lng ny ta s tnh ton c nng lng tuabin nhn vo:
P
V 2 Ve2
m& i
2
8-11
T khi ly o hm ta tm c
Pmax l Ve
Vi
3
V gi tr
Pmax
8
U AVi 3
27
Vi gi tr nng lng vo
Pin
1
U AVi 3
2
Ta suy ra c:
K%
Pmax
100% 59.2%
Pin
Hay cn c gi l hiu sut BETZ. Nhng y ch l hiu sut trn l thuyt. Trn thc t hiu
sut ny cn b nh hng b tc ng ca nhiu yu t khc nh l thit b, ng c, lc cn ca
cnh qut... Thng th hiu sut thc t s bng khong 75% hiu sut thc.
Kthucte % 75% uKBETZ
44.4%
T y, ta s c ci nhn tng quan li hiu sut ca tt c cc loi thit b tuabin gi qua hnh bn
di.
ZR
: Tip-speed ratio
v
: tc gc ca cnh
qut
R : bn knh cnh qut
: tc gi p vo cnh
qut.
Hnh 8.20: Hiu sut ca cc loi tuabin gi khc nhau [18]
8-12
T hnh 8.20 ta thy c rng khng mt loi tuabin no c th t c hiu sut theo nh lut
BETZ (ng thng nt t).
Ngoi ra, trong ci loi tuabin gi kho st trn th tuabin gi 3 cnh qut t hiu sut cao
nht ti thp nht. Gi tr hiu sut ny c th t c bng tuabin gi 2 cnh qut nhng ti
cao hn. Nhng vi cng cao th ting n do ng c pht ra cng ln, km theo cc s c
chy n hay chp mch c kh nng xy ra cao hn.
8.2.4
V d
Cho mt tuabin gi trc ngang Onshore 3 cnh qut c t ti Phng Mai, Bnh nh. Ti y,
nm 2007, EVN c tnh c vn tc gi trung bnh l 7,3m/s. Bit tuabin gi ny c ng c c
hiu sut l 80% v 90% nng lng gi c dng quay cnh qut. Cnh qut c chiu di l
45m v mt khng kh l 1.225kg/m3. Tnh cng sut cc i ca tuabin gi ny.
Gii:
T cng thc BETZ ta c hiu sut cc i ca tuabin trn l thuyt l:
KBETZ % 59.2%
Thc t, vi hiu sut ng c 80% v 90% nng lng gi c dng quay cnh qut th:
Kthucte % 80% u 90% uKBETZ
72% uKBETZ
42.6%
Cng sut vo t nng lng gi l:
Pin
1
U AVi 3
2
1
u1, 225 u 3.14 u 452 u 7,33 1.515 MW
2
Vy cng sut cc i ca tuabin gi l:
Pmax Kthucte u Pin
0.426 u1.515 0.645 MW
8.3
8-13
Tim nng v tnh hnh nng lng in gi ti Vit Nam
8.3.1 a hnh v kh hu ti Vit Nam

8.3.1.1
a hnh
Vit Nam l mt nc nm khu vc ng Nam ,

thuc bn o ng Dng.
Din tch tri di theo chiu v tuyn kt hp vi ng
b bin di (3260km) to iu kin n gi t bin
thi vo t lin cng nh lp t cc h thng tuabin
n gi ngoi bin.
a hnh a dng, gm c cc vng ng bng xen ln
vi cc vng ni v cao nguyn to nn s chnh lch v
cao thun li cho vic n gi ca cc tuabin.
8.3.1.2
Hnh 8.20: Bn nc CHXHCN

Vit Nam [19]
Kh hu
Nm gia ch tuyn v ng xch o, kiu kh hu ch yu l kh hu gi ma vi thi lng gi

trong nm ln. Gi Vit Nam ch yu thi theo hng Ty Bc - ng Nam v Bc - Nam,
hng gi c s thay i chiu theo hai ma trong nm, ngoi ra cn c gi thi t ngoi bin vo
t lin theo hng ng Nam.
Bng 8.1: Kho st tc gi trung bnh mt s a im vi cao trn 65m (theo bn tim
nng gi ca WB nm 2001 v bn kho st ca EVN nm 2007) [20]
a im
EVN (m/s)
WB (m/s)
Mng Ci, Qung Ninh
5,80
7,35
Vn L, Nam nh
6,88
6,39
Sm Sn, Thanh Ha
5,82
6,61
K Anh, H Tnh
6,48
7,02
Qung Ninh, Qung Bnh
6,73
7,03
Gio Linh, Qung Tr
6,53
6,52
Phng Mai, Bnh nh
7,30
6,56
Tu Bong, Khnh Ha
5,14
6,81
Phc Minh, Ninh Thun
7,02
8,33
Lt, Lm ng
6,88
7,57
Tuy Phong, Bnh Thun
6,89
7,79
8-14
8.3.2
Thun li v kh khn ca vic pht trin nng lng gi ti Vit Nam
Da vo nhng thng k v phn tch v a hnh, kh hu cng nh chnh sch ca Nh nc v

nn kinh t Vit Nam hin nay, vic pht trin nng lng gi ti Vit Nam c nhiu thun li nh:
iu kin t nhin thin nhin ht sc u i; vic khai thc nng lng gi c pht trin cc
nc tin b nn vic chuyn giao cng ngh v hc hi kh thun li.
Bn cnh l nhng kh khn cn vng mc: chnh sch nc nh cha thc s quan tm n
nng lng gi mt cch ng mc; h thng c s h tng, trnh k thut, giao thng vn ti
cn km v cha p ng c nhu cu; tin u t cho nng lng gi l rt ln (1700
2000USD/kW) trong khi gi bn in gi thp (0,78Uscent/kWh) do s c quyn v phn phi
in ca EVN. [21]
8.3.3
8.3.3.1
Nhng khu vc c tim nng trong vic pht trin nng lng gi nc ta
Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun
Nm ti khu vc min trung, gip bin nhng li rt him khi chu s nh hng ca thin tai. Chu
s nh hng ca gi Ty Nam (gi Lo) kh nng v gi ng Nam t bin ng thi vo. a
hnh ch yu l cc i ni thp, cc i ct tri di, tha tht dn c thun li cho vic xy dng
cc tuabin gi (khng c nhiu vt chn gi, d xy dng v lp t, trnh c nhim ting n
i vi vng dn c).
a im ph hp: vng Sn Hi (Ninh Thun), v vng i ct cao 60 100m t Hm Tin n
Mi N (Bnh Thun)
8.3.3.2
ng bng sng Cu Long
ng b bin kh di, thun li cho vic xy dng cc tuabin gi ngoi bin v dn vo t lin.
Chu s nh hng ca gi ng Nam v gi Ty Nam vi thi lng gi khc ln, t khi chu cc
thin tai ln.
8.3.3.3
Cc o v qun o (Bch Long V, Hong Sa, Trng Sa)
Thun li cho vic xy dng cc tuabin gi ngoi bin v cung cp nng lng cho dn c a
phng tuy nhin khu vc ny thng chu s nh hng ca thin tai nn cn cn nhc trong thit
k v xy dng.
Ngoi ra cn c th xy dng cc vng cao nh i ni pha bc hay khu vc Ty Nguyn tuy
nhin a hnh tng i phc tp gy kh khn trong vic xy dng v truyn ti in.
8.3.4
8.3.4.1
8-15
Tnh hnh pht trin ca nng lng gi ti Vit Nam

Tnh hnh pht trin
Theo quy hoch ca Chnh ph (nm 2011) th cng sut in gi ca nc ta s t mc 1000MW

vo nm 2020 (0,7% cng sut in c nc) v s nng ln thnh 6200MW vo nm 2030. [22]
Theo thng k ca b cng thng th vo thng 3 nm 2012 trn c nc ta c tng cng 48 d n
in gi. [22]
n nm 2014 nc ta c tt c 3 nh my in gi i vo hot ng v ha mng vo mng li
in quc gia. [23]
Kt lun: tc pht trin ca nng lng gi nc ta cn qu thp v cha th p ng c k
vng ban u do nhng kh khn t chnh sch cng nh s thiu quan tm, u t t nh nc.
8.3.4.2
Mt s nh my in gi hin ang hot ng ti nc ta

Thi gian khi cng: nm 2008
a im: x Bnh Thnh, huyn Tuy Phong, tnh Bnh
Thun
Thng s k thut:
Tng cng sut: 120MW
D n bao gm 80 tubin chiu cao 85m v chiu di
cnh qut 38,5m, cng sut mi tuabin t 1,5MW.
Giai on 1 hon thnh nm 2012 vi tng cng 20
tubin gi c lp t.
Hnh 8.21: Nh my in gi Tuy Phong [24]

Thi gian khi cng: nm 2010
a im: x Vnh Trch ng, thnh ph Bc Liu,
tnh Bc Liu
Thng s k thut:
Tng cng sut: 99MW
D n bao gm 62 tuabin chiu cao 80m, cnh qut
di 42m, cng sut mi tuabin t 1,6MW.
Giai on 1 hon thnh vo gia nm 2013 vi tng
cng 10 tuabin c lp t.
Hnh 8.22: Nh my in gi Bc Liu [25]
8-16
Ti liu tham kho

[1] Dan-moran-art.com
[2] Canadian Awareness Network
[3] GE Reports
[4] Wind turbine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[7] Meet The New World's Biggest Wind Turbine
[8] GWEC-Global-Wind-Report_9-April-2014
[9] GWEC-Global-Wind-Report_9-April-2014
[10] Wind power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[12] All Small Wind Turbine - allsmallwindturbines.com
[14] Siemens renewable energy wind power
[15] NKE bearings
[17] How do wind turbines work Youtube.com
[18] Energypedia
[19] Bando.com.vn
[20] Renewableenergy
[21] Tnh hnh pht trin in gi v kh nng cung ng cho cc d n ti Vit Nam
[22] Vietfin
[23] Vneconomy
[24] Vietnamnet
[25] Evnspc
[26] Apter Technology_ ng c pht in sc gi th h mi
[27] Pht trin in gi - hng i tim nng
8-17
Ph lc:Hi v tr li
Hi: (Nhm 1) Ti sao hin nay khng dng tuabin 4 cnh?
Tr li: Tuabin 4 cnh c hiu sut cao hn tuabin 3 cnh, nhng s chnh lch ny khng ng k
so vi s tin u t lp thm cnh th 4.
Hi: (Nhm 1) Cnh qut t quay quanh trc c tc dng g?
Tr li: Cnh qut t quay quanh trc n c nhiu gi nht, tng nng sut cho tuabin gi.
Hi: (Nhm 1) Ti sao cng nhiu cnh hiu sut cng cao?
Tr li: V cng nhiu cnh th gi hng c cng nhiu nn hiu sut cng cao.
Hi: (Nhm 1) Ti sao tuabin trc dc c hiu sut thp?
Tr li: V cu trc ca tuabin trc dc s tr nn thiu kin c khi lm vi kch thc ln. Mt
tuabin trc dc c sn lng in ln tng ng vi tuabin trc ngang c cng cao gi , s
c kch thc tr cng knh hn nhm m bo an ton cho thit b, dn n tn km rt
nhiu so vi tuabin trc ngang. V vy a phn tuabin trc dc c lp t kh thp, nn kh nng
n gi km, hiu sut thp.
Hi: (Nhm 1) Mt nh my in gi cn bao nhiu nhn lc?
Tr li: Ty vo quy m, nhng ch cn di 10 ngi vn hnh v sa cha.
Hi: (Nhm 1) Chiu cao ca mt my pht in gi ph thuc nhng yu t no?
Tr li: a hnh, sc gi, ch gi l nhng yu t ch yu quyt nh n chiu cao ca mt
my pht in.
Hi: (Nhm 1) Hy gii thch thm v cch hot ng ca b cm ng xc nh hng gi c hnh
dng bn ngoi ging nh tuabin trc ng.
Hi: (Nhm 2) Trc xoay dc ca tubin gi dng lm g?
Tr li: Cnh qut t quay quanh trc n c nhiu gi nht, tng nng sut cho tuabin gi.
Hi: (Nhm 2) Nh my in gi bn o Phng Mai, tnh Bnh nh c nng sut ln nht Vit
Nam c ng khng?
Tr li: Nh my in gi ln nht Vit Nam hin nay l nh my in gi c lp t ti tnh
Bc Liu v nh my ny ha li in quc gia.
Hi: (Nhm 2) Chnh sch ca Nh nc Vit Nam to ra nhng thun li hay kh khn g trong
pht trin khai thc nng lng in gi?
8-18
Tr li: Hin nay vi nhu cu cp thit v nng lng, Nh nc ta cp php u t lp t

nhiu cng trnh khai thc nng lng gi ln trn c nc, ng thi nng gi in gi cho EVN
ln 1.614 /kWh. Cc chnh sch ny thu ht u t nc ngoi cng nh trong nc u t pht
trin ngnh nng lng mi ny.
Hi: (Nhm 3) Hiu sut tuabin gi di 50%, vy phn nng lng cn li i u? Tn hao v
nhit c nhiu khng? C yu cu g v tn nhit trong tuabin gi hay khng?
Tr li: Phn nng lng cn li ch yu l gi m tuabin khng n c, ngoi ra cn mt s
hao ph trong truyn ti v pht nng trong qu trnh sn xut in.
Tn hao v nhit trong mt tuabin gi l khng ng k, nhng vn c mt s yu cu v tn nhit
m bo an ton.
Hi: (Nhm 3) Gi thnh in gi cao l do chi ph u t ban u hay do chi ph vn hnh? Cho
bit thi gian khu hao chi ph u t?
Tr li: Gi thnh in gi cao l do chi ph u t ban u rt ln so vi nh my thy in, nhit
in. Ti thi im hin ti Vit Nam, gi in gi ca cc doanh nghip bn cho EVN l 1.614
/kWh. Ta ly mt s liu t nh my in gi ti Bc Liu: 10 tuabin gi pht ln li in quc
gia khong 20MW vi gi tr u t ban u l 1.024 t ng. Vy nu khng tnh n cc nh
hng ca nn kinh t th khong 3,5 n 4 nm nh u t s thu hi vn.
Hi: (Nhm 4) Khi vn tc gi qu gii hn cho
php, b phanh hot ng nh th no khng
gy chy n?
Tr li: B phanh hm hon ton cnh qut,
khng cho cnh qut quay na, nhm trnh ma st
sinh ra nhit. V nu khng hm hon ton, pht
sinh nhit tch t dn s gy h hi cho thit b.
Hi: (Nhm 4) Hin nay c cch no ci thin
ting n do tuabin gi gy ra?
Hnh 8.4.1: Tuabin truyn thng v tuabin kn
Tr li: Ngi ta tin hnh nghin cu nhiu
[26]
bin php gim thiu ting n do tuabin gi gy ra.
V mt m hnh kh l ni bt l tuabin kn nh trong hnh:
Ngoi gim thiu ting n, loi tuabin mi ny cn gim ng k vic gy nhiu sng in t v cc
nguy him do cnh qut gy ra.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn c th gim thiu ting n bng cch ci ting tuabin, lm gim trc tip
cng m thanh to ra khi tuabin hot ng.
Hi: (Nhm 4) Chnh sch pht trin m hnh khai thc nng lng ny nc ta l g?
Tr li: T chc Hp tc K thut c (GTZ) ti H Ni k tha thun h tr 1 triu Euro cho
Vit Nam thc hin d n Xy dng khung php l v h tr k thut cho in gi ni li ti Vit
Nam trong giai on 2009-2011. D n s gip trin khai mt s chng trnh nh xy dng
8-19
khung php l cho in gi ni li v quy trnh quy hoch in gi, chng trnh thc y tin b
khoa hc v in gi v t vn cc d n in gi ti Vit Nam. xut cc c ch h tr ph hp
nh min thu thu nhp doanh nghip; min thu nhp khu thit b cho cc d n in gi; c
chnh sch tr gi cho in sn xut t gi v cc ngun nng lng ti to khc.
Cng vo nm 2011, Ph Th tng Hong Trung Hi ch o B Cng Thng sm hon thin
c ch trnh Chnh ph ban hnh quy nh h tr, to iu kin, khuyn khch cc d n u t in
gi ti Vit Nam c thun li, hiu qu. Ph Th tng yu cu lm r nhng c ch u i c
th, gip nh u t tnh ton, trin khai cc d n in gi ti Vit Nam c tnh kh thi cao. a ra
cc chnh sch h tr gi in thu mua, thu, t ai v c bit l vic to Qu h tr nng
lng ti to, bo v mi trng mt trong nhng ngun thu quan trng h tr sn phm nng
lng ti to nh in gi ni li. c bit, to hnh lang php l thng nht v c ch, chnh sch
h tr u t in gi ni ring cng nh cc d n nng lng ti to ni chung, to c s cc
a phng, cc khu vc quy hoch c cc ngun nng lng mi, ng b trong h thng quy
hoch in lc, minh bch ha th tc u t pht trin in gi ti Vit Nam, to iu kin thun
li cho cc cp, cc ngnh v ch u t cc d n in gi; Thc y cc hot ng u t pht
trin ngun in gi nhm b sung, thay th ngun nhin liu ho thch ang dn cn kit. [27]
Hi: (Nhm 5) V sao tuabin trc ng khng b ph thuc vo hng gi nhng li c cng sut
thp hn loi trc ngang?
Tr li: V tuabin trc ng thng c lp t vi kch thc nh, nn cng sut thp. Do cu
trc ca gi khng ph hp khi lp t qu cao.
Hi: (Nhm 5) Tuabin gi c th t quay quanh trc 180o n gi ngc c khng?
Tr li: c.
Hi: (Nhm 5) Nh my in bin truyn vo t lin c gp kh khn g khng?
Tr li: Lp t nh my in gi bin kh khn hn trong t lin cng on lp t v sa
cha tuabin, ng dy dn in.
Hi: (Nhm 10) Hy gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca cnh qut? Ti sao cnh qut c b rng
nh c th lm quay trc tuabin?
Tr li: Cnh qut ca tubin gi c thit k gn ging vi cnh my bay, tc l s dng nh lut
Bernoulli. Gi thi qua cnh qut s lm mt bn c dng kh chuyn ng nhanh hn bn cn li,
p sut bn dng kh chuyn ng nhanh hn s nh hn, lm cnh qut quay.
Hi: (Nhm 10) Ngun s liu v nng lng gi trn th gii c ng tin cy khng?
Tr li: Ngun s liu v cng sut lp t c ly t gwec.net, l trang web chnh thng ca t
ch Global Wind Energy Council, l t chc chuyn thng k v phn tch tnh hnh v sn xut
nng lng gi trn ton th gii. Cc thng k v phn tch ny c thc hin hng nm v cng
b cng khai. Nn cc s liu thng k trong phn tng quan do nhm trnh by hon ton ng tin
cy.
8-20
Hi: (Nhm 7) Tuabin gi c s cnh qut bng bao nhiu th cho hiu sut cao nht? C phi s
cnh cng nhiu th hiu sut cng cao hay khng?
Tr li: S cnh qut cng nhiu s cho hiu sut cng ln, tuy nhin khi ti lng cnh nht nh
th hiu sut s khng tng them na khi tng s cnh qut.
Hi: (Nhm 7) Khi vn tc qu ln th b phn hm phanh lm cho cnh dng hot ng, nh c
ung ph ngun gi ln nh vy khng? Ti sao khng hm va phi tuabin hot ng mt vn
tc gii hn?
Tr li: Phi hm hon ton li trnh sinh nhit do ma st gy ra. Nu tuabin hot ng mt
vn tc gii hn khi c gi ln th phi u t thm b phn kim sot vic sinh nhit ny, nhm
m bo an ton. V ngi ta thy rng gi to nh vy ch xy ra trong thi gian ngn, vic u t
thm s dn n tn km khng cn thit.
9 Biomass
9.1 Tng quan v Biomass..........................................................................................................9-1
9.1.1 Biomass l g ...............................................................................................................9-1
9.1.2 S khc bit gia biomass v nhin liu ha thch ....................................................9-2
9.1.3 Phn loi Biomass .......................................................................................................9-2
9.1.4 Cng ngh chuyn i.................................................................................................9-2
9.1.5 Ti sao phi s dng Biomass? ...................................................................................9-2
9.2 Ngun nguyn liu Biomass .................................................................................................9-3
9.2.1 Cy ly g ...................................................................................................................9-3
9.2.2 Cy trng nng lng ..................................................................................................9-6
9.2.3 Ph thi nng nghip ...................................................................................................9-7
9.2.4 Ph thi cng nghip v sinh hot ...............................................................................9-7
9.3 Qu trnh sn xut biomass ...................................................................................................9-8
9.3.1 Cc loi h thng sn xut ..........................................................................................9-8
9.3.2 Ci t h thng biomass ............................................................................................9-9
9.3.3 Cung cp nhin liu...................................................................................................9-11
9.4 ng dng ca Biomass trn ton th gii...........................................................................9-11
9.5 nh hng ca biomass n mi trng ............................................................................9-14
9.5.1 Tch cc .....................................................................................................................9-14
9.5.2 Tiu cc .....................................................................................................................9-14
9.6 Biomass Vit Nam ...........................................................................................................9-15
Ti liu tham kho ......................................................................................................................9-17
Ph lc: Hi v tr li ................................................................................................................9-17

1. Nguyn Hoi Nam
41102138
2. Nguyn Hu nh
41200138
3. Phm Chn Phong
21102551
Nhm 9 Biomass
9.1
9.1.1
9-1
Tng quan v Biomass

Biomass l g
Biomass l nhin liu sinh

hc c chuyn ha t cc
vt th sng, hoc cc sinh
vt sng. Biomass c ly
thng qua vic t chy cc
khi g, xy dng h thng
phn ca ng vt.
Hnh 1.1: Cc loi nhin liu Biomass
Thnh phn ha hc
Biomass c nn tng l Carbon v bao gm mt hn

hp ca cc phn t hu c c cha hydrogen, thng
bao gm cc nguyn t oxy, nit v mt lng nh
cc nguyn t khc, bao gm kim, kim th v kim
loi nng, Nhng kim loi ny thng c tm thy
trong cc phn t chc nng nh cc porphyrins trong
bao gm cht dip lc cha magi.
Hnh 1.2: Cc loi nhin liu Biomass
Nguyn liu thc vt
Carbon c dng hnh thnh nn Biomass c ly t khng kh nh carbon dioxide (CO2)

thng qua thc vt, s dng nng lng t mt tri.
Cc loi thc vt sau c ng vt tiu ha v do chuyn ha thnh sinh khi ng vt.
Tuy nhin s hp th chnh c thc hin bi thc vt.
Nu nguyn liu thc vt khng c tiu ha n thng b ph hy bi cc vi sinh vt hoc b
t:
Nu b ph hy n s gii phng carbon v li bu kh quyn, ch yu l hai loi
carbon dioxide (CO2) hoc methan (CH4), ty thuc vo cc iu kin v qu trnh lin
quan.
Nu b t chy carbon c tr li khng kh di dng CO2.
Cc qu trnh ny xy ra t khi loi thc vt u tin xut hin trn Tri t v c
bit n nh l mt phn ca chu trnh carbon.
9-2
Nhm 9 Biomass
Nhin liu ha thch
Nhin liu ha thch nh than, du v kh t cng c ngun gc t nhin liu sinh hc, tuy
nhin nhin liu hp th CO2 t kh quyn hng triu nm trc y.
Nhin liu cung cp mt ng nng lng cao, nhng s dng nng lng lin quan n vic t
chy nhin liu, vi qu trnh oxi ha carbon to thnh carbon dioxide v hydro to thnh nc (
hi nc ). Tr khi chng c gi v lu tr, cc sn phm chy ny thng c gii phng ra
bu kh quyn, tr carbon c c lp hng triu nm trc v do gp phn lm tng nng
carbon trong kh quyn.
9.1.2
S khc bit gia biomass v nhin liu ha thch
S khc bit c bn gia biomass v nhin liu ha thch l khong thi gian tch ly v s
dng.
Biomass ly carbon t bu kh quyn khi n ang pht trin, v tr carbon v khi n c t
chy. Nu qu trnh c qun l trn mt c s bn vng, biomass c khai thc nh l mt
phn ca mt loi thc vt b sung. iu ny cng ging nh trong qun l rng hoc qun l
nng nghip nh l mt phn ca chng trnh trng li rng vi s tng trng mi ly CO2 t
kh quyn cng lc vi vic thi n ra khng kh bng cch t chy sn phm ca k trc.
iu ny duy mt mt chu k carbon kn vi vic khng c s gia tng mc CO2 trong kh
quyn.
9.1.3
Phn loi Biomass
Vi cc nh ngha nh vy, nng lng biomass bao gm nhiu loi nhin liu.
S a dng v nhin liu trn thc t l mt th trng thay th rt hiu qu, v d nh nhng
khi g ln, cht lng tt rt kh c th tr thnh ngun nng lng c sn. Tuy nhin c mt
ngun rt ln cc sn phm d tha, cht thi tn ti Anh c tim nng tr thnh ngun nng
lng sn c, vi chi ph thp; nhng ni thm ch ngi ta cn phi b tin ra tiu hy
cc cht thi ny.
C nm loi c bn ca nhin liu biomass:
G nguyn gc: c ly t lm nghip, cc hot ng nng-lm nghip hoc
t ch bin g.
Cy trng cho nng lng: cc loi cy trng nng sut cao pht trin c bit
cho cc ng dng nng lng.
Cht thi nng nghip: d tha t thu hoch, ch bin nng nghip.
Cht thi nng nghip: t vic sn xut, chun b v ch bin thc phm v
ung, v cht thi sau tiu dng.
Cht thi cng nghip: cc cht thi t qu trnh sn xut cng nghip.
9.1.4
Cng ngh chuyn i
Vi vic c s a dng trong cc c im v tnh cht ca nhng loi vt liu khc nhau, v
nhng nhm con ca chng, yu cu phi c mt s a dng trong cng ngh chuyn i tn
dng c cc loi nhin liu mt cch ti u, trong bao gm c hai cng ngh chuyn i
l nhit v ha hc.
9.1.5
Ti sao phi s dng Biomass?
Nhm 9 Biomass
9-3
Biomass l mt nhin liu ti to, cha hm lng carbon tng i thp v ang c s dng
rng ri ti Anh. Sn phm v vic s dng n cng mang li li ch cho mi trng v x hi.
Qun l ng cch, biomass s l mt loi nhin liu bn vng em li mt lng gim ng k
lng carbon thi ra bu khng kh so vi nhin liu ha thch.
Li ch ca vic s dng biomass nh l mt nhin liu bn vng
Qun l ng cch, biomass c th em li rt nhiu li ch:
Biomass l mt nhin liu carbon lean, ch thi mt phn nh lng kh thi carbon
so vi nhin liu ha thch.
Biomass c th c c ti a phng, v d nh ti vng quc Anh, trn mt c s
xc nh, gp phn m bo an ninh ca ngun cung cp.
Ngun biomass Anh c th cung cp c hi kinh doanh v h tr nn kinh t a
phng.
Vic thnh lp cc mng li a phng ca vic cung cp v s dng, cho php ch
ph ti chnh v mi trng ca phng tin giao thng c gim thiu. Khng c khu
vc no Anh l khng th sn xut biomass.
Vic s dng nhin liu biomass cung cp mt ng lc kinh t qun l rng km
theo vic ci thin a dng sinh hc.
Nhiu loi nhin liu biomass ch to ra mt mc nh cc cht nhim trong khng
kh nh sulfur dioxide, cht gy ra ma axit. H thng t biomass hin i rt phc tp,
cung cp hiu sut chy v mc pht thi c th so snh vi cc l t nhin liu ha
thch tt nht.
D lng sinh khi, cht thi sinh hot hay cng nghip khng c dng cho nng
lng hoc mc ch khc thng s b phn hy. iu ny s to ra kh CO2 trong mi
trng hp, ng thi cng sn sinh ra kh methan (CH4), mt loi kh nh knh mnh
hn 21 ln so vi CO2.
9.2
Ngun nguyn liu Biomass
Nh trnh by phn trc, cc ngun nguyn liu cho biomass trong t nhin rt phong ph v
a dng. Nguyn liu c th c s dng sn xut biomass ph bin rng ri khp mi ni,
t nhiu ngun, di a dng cc hnh thc. Tt c cc hnh thc u c th c s dng cho mc
ch sn xut nhin liu, tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc cng
ngh chuyn i nng lng u ph hp cho tt c cc hnh
thc sinh khi.
tm hiu r thm v cc ngun nguyn liu ny, chng ta
cng i su vo chi tit, c im ca tng loi nguyn liu.
9.2.1
Cy ly g
Ngun cung r rng nht ca biomass l cy. Nhin liu g

c th c chuyn t lm nghip nh ta tha hoc n
cnh nh l mt phn ca s qun l rng bn vng m
bo sn xut g cht lng cao cho xy dng, th cng
nghip v sn phm g, v ti u ha a dng sinh hc. N
cng c th c bt ngun t cc hot ng m trng cy
v qun l cc khun vin, vn v hnh lang giao thng.
Hnh 2.1: Cy ly g
9-4
Nhm 9 Biomass
G gc (virgin wood) bao gm g v cc sn phm khc nh v cy v mn ca, nhng th

cha tng c chm sc bng ha cht. G c th c ly mt sng ngun c th nh hng
n tnh cht vt l v ha hc ca n.
Ph hp cho sn xut nng lng hoc to ra nhit
G gc ph hp vi nhiu ng dng nng lng. N c th c t chy si m v to ra
nng lng trong mt quy m nht nh. Cng ngh mi th h th hai ang c pht trin c
kh nng sn xut mt lot cc cht lng hoc kh ly nhin liu t g.
c tnh vt l
G gc khng qua qu trnh x l no v do n rt sch. N c th nm trong khong m t
l kh n 60% hoc cao hn nh va mi thu hoch - g xanh.
Khi a vo n c th c cc tp cht t qu trnh trng hoc thu hoch, nh bn, , nc
hoc cht sng, nhng tp cht cn c loi b trc khi tip tc x l hoc t.
Cng c th c cc cht nhim ha hc t t, nc hoc khng kh, hoc thuc tr su c
s dng, cc cht c th l kim loi nng, cht halogen hoc vt liu vi lng khc. Thng
thng th hm lng cc cht ny rt thp.
Cc hnh thi ca g c dng lm nhin liu biomass:
V cy: v cy c th c g b t g x v c sn
nh l mt d lng t ch bin g. V cy thng
cha hm lng cao khong cht v h qu l c th
c hm lng cao tro trong h thng t. Tuy nhin,
n c th l nhin liu ph hp to ra qu trnh sn
xut nhin gn ni n c sn xut, chng hn nh
bn l sy mt xng ca. Khong cht c gi
li trong tro v do c th c s dng nh mt
loi phn bn.
Hnh 2.2: V cy
Ph phm nng-lm nghip: y l hnh thc ca mt s lng ln biomass Anh c gi

tr thp v ph hp cho phn, hoc b li trong rng ( ni m n s tr v cc cht dinh
dng v cht hu c cho t v CO2 vo kh quyn ).
Khi thu hoch, loi hnh thi ny c xem nh l vt liu c loi b nh mt phn ca
vic m trng, qun l cc khu th v ven cc tuyn ng b v ng st, thng c
mt rt thp.
Ngoi ra n c kh nng c t thnh tng ng ln ( C chuyn thnh CO2) hoc n bi
rc (C chuyn thnh CH4).
Nu chng khng b b ti ni thu hoch, ph phm
nng-lm nghip thng c bm ra bng cch s
dng mt my bm gim s lng v h tr vic x
l. Cc mnh vn c bm ra thng khng p ng
c cc nhu cu v nng lng nhng c th dng cho
cc h thng un v si m c va.
mt kha cnh khc, nu chng c thu hoch vi s
lng ln cho cc mc ch v nng lng, mt thit b
Hnh 2.3: Ph phm nng nghip
c pht trin hin nay Thy in cho php thu
Nhm 9 Biomass
9-5
thp mt s lng ln ph phm v ng gi chng thnh tng kin hng tin x l v

vn chuyn. Chng c gi l cc residue logs.
Khi g: nhng thanh g trn s c ct thnh cc khi g, qu trnh ny c thc hin
trong rng tin cho vic khai thc v x l h tr sy kh. Cc khi g thng c
ct vi chiu di 2-3m.
Chng c th c chng ln nhau bn ng, v c th cho t thu hoch tip theo.
Trung bnh 1
m3 g trn yu cu 1m chiu di ca khng gian lu tr bn l ng. Nu c xp
chng ln nhau, cng mt th tch lu tr c th c 70% l g c, con s ny trong trng
hp sp xp km hiu qu ch l 40%. Vic lt b v cy c th gip cho vic sy kh,
ngi ta khuyn khch nn tch mt phn ng knh l 15cm.
Cc khi g cng c th c bn trc tip cho ngi dng lm nguyn liu cho cc l
t. i vi trng hp ny cc khi g cn c iu chnh theo kch thc khong 1550cm chiu di vi ng knh ln hn 10cm.
Mt ca: mt ca thng c sn nh l mt ph phm ca qu trnh
ch bin hoc sn xut g. Mn ca c th c m cao, v d ct
t g xanh trong mt xng ca, hoc rt kh nu ly t vic sn
xut ni tht. Mt ca c mt mt rt nh ca g c, ngay c
khi rt kh, do mt nng lng rt thp. Tuy nhin, vi li
th v din tch b mt v t l khi lng, n ph hp cho vic
thi vo h thng t hoc kh t. Mt ca, c bit l mt ca kh
thch hp ch thnh dng vin.
Hnh 2.4: Mt ca
Dm g: ty thuc vo thit b m chng c dng

vi, dm g thng c kch thc di 20-50 mm.
Dm g nn c lu tr nhng ni kh thong
trnh b m. Ngoi ra, chiu cao ca chng g khng
nn vt qu 10m ngn nga nhit sinh ra t v
t bc chy. Dm g c th c mt nng lng
ln vi khong 50% g rn.
Hnh 2.5: Dm g
Ht g v than bnh:
Ht g c lm t mn ca kh nn di p sut cao
v p n qua mt khun, i khi c bao gm cc cht
kt dnh. Kch thc ca chng khong 6-8mm, i vi
cc h thng ln c th l 10-12mm; ht g phi kh,
sch s.
Than bnh tng t nh ht g, nhng ln hn, ng
knh t 50 n 100mm. Than bnh thng c dng
trong t chy v mt nng lng cao v n nh,
Hnh 2.6: Ht g
9-6
Nhm 9 Biomass
Vi u th m thp (8-10%), nn c nn mt nng lng ca ht g v than bnh ln hn,

cung cp nng lng mt cao, i hi khng gian lu tr t hn sao vi g dm.
9.2.2
Cy trng nng lng
Cy trng nng lng c pht trin c bit s dng

nh nhin liu v cung cp sn lng cao cho mi hecta vi
u vo thp.
Phn loi cy trng nng lng
Cy nng lng ngn ngy: nu mc ch khng
phi l sn xut g cho g x, m l cho nng lng,
cy trng ngn ngy l mt phng n c la chn.
Ngoi ra, t l hng nm tng biomass trn mt hecta
c xu hng ln hn i vi cy ngn ngy, mc d
iu ny c s khc bit theo tng loi. Do , c s Hnh 2.7: Thu hoch cy trng
quan tm ng k i vi cc ging cy vi nm ngn ngy
tui, khi thu hoch, nng lng sinh khi c tch
ly ch yu trong v cy.
C v cy nng lng khng cung cp g: mc d cy ngn ngy c th cung cp
mt chu k thu hoch 2-5 nm, nhng ngi nng dn thng khng quen thuc vi
chng. Tuy nhin, c v cc loi cy khc c th cung cp nng sut cao hng nm.
Cy trng nng nghip: mt s cy trng nng nghip thng thng cng cung cp
kh nng s dng nh cy nng lng. Chng c th c s dng n gin nh nng
lng biomass hoc l nguyn liu cho mt sn phm nng lng c bit. Cy trng
nng nghip thng rt quen thuc, nh l ng ma, tinh bt,
Thy canh: c rt nhiu loi to, vi to nh rong bin c th di n 60m, cung cp
nhiu li ch v c tim nng ph hp s dng trong cc ng dng nng lng. Tuy
nhin, hm lng nc cao ca to c th l mt bt tin trong vic to thnh biomass.
Chng phi c s dng gn ngun cung, hoc c sy kh, vic ny gim thiu c
chi ph nng lng ng k c lin quan. Nu mun s dng chng dng t, phi c
mt qu trnh ph hp.
Ti a ha sn lng u ra
Thng thng nguyn tc l hng ti vic ti a ha sn lng thu hoch. iu ny c o
bng tn sinh khi trn mt hecta, hoc c th l du thc vt chuyn i sang nhin liu sinh
hc hoc ng hoc tinh bt ln men ethanol sinh hc. V d, kt qu u ra cao nht ca
biomass trn hecta c th t c vi la m, vi 7,5-8 tn ng cc mi hecta Anh ( k lc l
14 tn ), thm vo l 3,5-5 tn rm mi hecta. Cc ht c th c s dng sn xut nhin
liu lng v rm c th c t chy to ra nhit hoc in.
Tc ng n mi trng
t c nng sut cao, yu cu mc cao ca phn bn.
i vi la m, lng phn bn nito thng l 100-200kg/ hecta. iu ny c th dn n lng
kh thi ammoniac hoc NOx thi ra khng kh hoc vo nc ngm. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh
sn xut phn bn cn c th c hm lng CO2. y u l hai loi kh khng mong mun i
vi mi trng.
S phi hp gia cy nng nghip v cy lm nghip
Nhm 9 Biomass
9-7
Mt xem xt nh hng n chnh sch v nng lng l vic s dng din tch t lm
nghip cho vic trng cc loi cy nng lng.
nhng nc c din tch rng ln nhng li t c xu hng quan tm n vic xy dng cy
nng lng chuyn dng, vic thay i li chnh sch v cc loi cy trng c th tn dng ti a
c din tch t lm nghip cho sn xut cy nng lng cho nng sut cao.
9.2.3
Ph thi nng nghip
Cht thi nng nghip gm rt nhiu dng, bao gm c cc

cng ngh chuyn i t dng ny sang dng khc. Cc
thnh phn quan trng ca cht thi bao gm nhng phn
kh ( nh rm ) hoc nhng phn m t ( nh bn ng
vt ).
Nhiu loi cy trng nng nghip hay cc qu trnh mang li
cht thi c tim nng s dng choc cc ng dng nng
lng theo nhiu cch. Cc ngun ny c th bao gm:
Tn d cy trng nng nghip nh rm r hoc tru
Phn chung v bn
Rc thi t qu trnh chn nui gia sc, gia cm
Hu ht cc cht hu c t sn xut d tha hoc
thiu th trng, chng hn nh thc n chua c.
Hnh 2.8: n rm
Cht thi kh: bao gm nhng b phn ca cy trng canh tc khng c s dng cho mc ch
chnh ca sn xut thc phm, thc n hoc cht x, cht thi ng vt: rm, tru kh, rc thi
gia cm,..
Cht thi t: y l nhng cht thi c hm lng nc cao, iu ny lm cho chng khng
c s dng trong qu trnh t chy hoc kh ha. Do , ngi ta thng x l ti ch v
dng vo cc qu trnh s dng thy canh. Cc cht thi t: phn chung v phn ng vt, c
c chua.
Xem xt li ch thay th ca cht thi nng nghip
Cht thi nng nghip hin nay c dng rng ri cho mc ch ti ch v ci thin dinh dng
t v do c th thay th mt lng ln phn bn tng hp hoc cc sn phm khc.
9.2.4
Ph thi cng nghip v sinh hot
Mt lng ln cc nhin liu biomass c ly t cc ph phm, cht thi hoc ph thi t cc

hot ng cng nghip, nhiu trong s ny c hm lng nng lng cao c th c khai thc.
Trong nhiu trng hp, nhng nguyn liu a dng ny n t cc vt liu bi rc.
Ph thi thc phm

C mt lng ln cc ph thi ti tt c cc im ca chui sn xut thc phm, bao gm ch
bin, x l v phn phi n cc a im s dng. Mt tnh ton Anh ch ra rng mt phn
ba lng thc phm sn xut ra b vt b.
Nng nghip cng to ra ph thi ca ring mnh.
Cc nguyn liu khng th ch bin thnh thc phm c vt b ngay ti c s sn xut nh v
da, v tru, li, u c, bt giy t nc tri cy v khai thc du,
9-8
Nhm 9 Biomass
Cc loi ung nh ru, pho mt v cc sn phm t sa khc thi ra mt lng ln cc cht

thi hu c. Ngi ta c tnh c n 92% thnh phn c s dng trong sn xut bia cui
cng tr thnh cht thi. Ngnh cng nghip sa s dng khong 40 triu m3 cc loi ng cc
mi nm, ch yu lm sch, thi ra nc thi c cha hm lng cao cc cht hu c.
Cht thi thc phm cng c th c chia thnh cht thi kh v cht thi t, tuy nhin phn
ln c m tng i cao.
Ph thi v ph phm cng nghip
Nhiu quy trnh cng nghip v hot ng sn xut to ra cht thi, cht d tha hoc ph phm
c tim nng c s dng trc tip hoc chuyn qua dng nhin liu biomass. Chng c th
chia thnh vt liu g v vt liu khng phi g.
- Ph thi g v cht d tha: v mt k thut, vic chuyn i ph thi g cng tng
t nh c dng cho g gc. Cht thi g c th c s dng bi mt lot cc cng
ngh chuyn i nhit. N c th c t chy trong h thng t nh mt ni hi
si m cho khng gian hoc qu trnh to nhit, hoc dng sn xut in hay dng
trong mt h thng ring kt hp nhit v in. Mt s loi cht thi g tiu biu: g
cha qua x l, vt liu tng hp g v cn mng, g tha c qua x l,
- Cht thi khng phi g: mt s ngnh cng nghip cng to ra cht thi, ph phm
hay d lng m khng phi l g trong t nhin, nhng vn c kh nng ph hp sn
sinh ra nhin liu biomass, nh l bt giy v cht thi, ph phm dt may, bn thi,
9.3 Qu trnh sn xut biomass

9.3.1 Cc loi h thng sn xut
C nhiu cch khc nhau s dng nng
lng biomass, hnh thi v c im ca cc
loi sinh khi, nhu cu ca ngi s dng l
nhng yu t s xc nh phng php no l
ph hp nht.
Bp v ni hi
Cc n gin nht cho vic s dng nhiu loi
hnh ca sinh khi cho vic to ra nng lng
l t chy n. Thc hin qu trnh ny trong
mt mi trng kn s nng cao hiu sut ln
rt nhiu. Mi trng kn ny c th c s
dng cung cp nhit cho mt cn phng ( v
d thng qua l si ) hoc bng cch un nng
Hnh 3.1: L si bng g t
nc v bm n qua ng ng. iu ny thm
ch cn c th c m rng cho mt ta nh vi quy m ln hn.
- Khi g l mt loi nguyn liu truyn thng cho cc l v bp hi, chng c th c
t chy trong bp l thng thng hoc trong ni hi phc tp hn.
Nhm 9 Biomass
9-9
- i vi ming g, qu trnh t chy thun li hn. Vi mt quy m nh hn nh mt

nh hng cn s dng bp la cho vic nu nng, mt lng nhin liu khong 10 n
25kg ming g c th p ng c nhu cu.
- Ngoi ra cn c mt loi hnh l kt hp gia vic va to ra nhit va sn xut in
nng, gi l ng sn xut.
9.3.1
Phn hy ym kh
Phn hy ym kh l qu trnh m vi khun phn hy
cht hu c m khng c s c mt ca khng kh, to
ra kh sinh hc cha methan.
Cc sn phm ca qu trnh ny l:
Kh sinh hc ( ch yu l kh methan CH4 v carbon
dioxide CO2).
Mt d lng rn ( cht x ) tng t, nhng khng
ging ht nhau, dng chng ct.
Mt loi cht lng c th s dng nh phn bn.
Phn hy ym kh c s dng x l bn thi

t th k 19. y cng l qu trnh t nhin c th ph
Hnh 3.2: Phn hy ym kh
v cc cht hu c trong h v m ly sn xut
kh methan v trong cc bi rc. Phn hy ym kh thng c thc hin trn cc vt liu sinh
hc trong bn nc. Tuy nhin vn c nhng vt liu kh.
S dng kt qu u ra ca phn hy ym kh lm nhin liu biomass
Methane c th c t chy nhit hoc sn xut in.
D lng rn ca phn hy ym kh c th c s dng nh mt cht iu ha t tuy nhin
tnh cht ca n s ph thuc vo nguyn liu s dng, c th c hoc khng cha hm lng
hu ch ca nitrat hoc phosphate v c th nhim kim loi nng.
D lng rn cn c th c t chy nh mt nhin liu, hoc kh ha.
Qu trnh phn hy ym kh
C hai qu trnh phn hy ym kh c bn, din ra hai phm vi nhit khc nhau.
- Phn hy mesophilic din ra gia 200C v 400C v c th mt mt hoc hai thng
hon thnh
- Phn hy a nhit din ra t 50-650C v nhanh hn, nhng cc vi khun nhy cm hn.
9.3.2
Ci t h thng biomass
H thng ph hp, nhin liu cung cp, lu tr v truyn dn l nhng vn quan trng cn
c xem xt. Ngoi ra cn mt s quy nh lin quan n vic lp t h thng si m nhin
liu rn p dng cho cc h thng sinh hc.
Cc vn cn xem xt:
Trc khi ci t mt h thng nng lng sinh khi, c mt s cn nhc m lun phi thc
hin:
Mt h thng sinh khi c ph hp cho ng dng ny? Nhu cu nhit c ph hp?
Nhin liu c ly t u, v c im ca n l g?
Nhin liu c th c lu tr u v lm th no chuyn n ti ni lu tr?
9-10
Nhm 9 Biomass
Cc quy nh:
C mt s quy nh lin quan n vic lp t h thng si m nhin liu rn p dng cho cc
h thng biomass. Nhiu quy nh c ngun gc t nhng quy nh ban u c p dng cho
cc h thng than v nhin liu khng khi c th hon ton ph hp cho cc h thng
biomass hin i. Nhng quy nh ny bao gm:
BS EN 303 phn 5: 1999
Building Regulations
Clean Air Act
Chn la h thng
H thng thch hp nht cho mt ng dng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, bao gm c nhin liu
sn c, mc ch s dng v c im ca ngi s dng, ng dng v khu vc s dng.
Cu trc h thng
Mt h thng biomass hiu qu yu cu phi c cu trc c thit k m bo nhin liu c
vn chuyn v lu tr mt cch d dng v thun tin
Lu tr v vn chuyn nhin liu biomass: i vi nhng nhin liu da trn kh thin nhin, s
khc bit l sinh khi c a vo ta nh theo yu cu khng thng qua trc tip ng
ng.
Hai khc bit c bn gia cch cung cp biomass so vi ng ng dn kh l nhin liu sinh
khi c lu tr ngay ti thi im s dng v vic vn chuyn phi c sp xp v ln k
hoch.
Vi mt mt cao nh , vic c mt khng gian lu tr nhin liu l khng d dng. Vic
vn chuyn phi c m bo lu thng d dng, iu ny thng i hi c phng tin v
cc tuyn ng c thng sut.
Kh thi
t bt k nhin liu no cng u sn sinh ra mt lng cc kh thi. Carbon dioxide v hi

nc l nhng th khng th trnh khi, nhng vi nhng thit b hin i v hiu qu, iu ny
c hn ch n mc ti thiu.
Qu trnh t nhin liu sinh khi
t sinh khi, hoc bt k nhin liu no khc, khng ph hp hoc thit b khng m bo cht
lng, di iu kin vn hnh km c th lm tng lng kh thi. Nhng kh thi bao gm
cc ht vt cht, NOx, CO v cc hp cht c cha carbon khc.
Hu ht sinh khi, bao gm c g, carbon chim khong 50% trng lng, oxy 40% v hydro l
5%. Trong iu kin t l tng, nhng thnh phn chuyn hon ton thnh carbon dioxide
(CO2) v hi nc (H2O). Ngoi ra cn c th c 0,3% nito, lu hunh 0,1%, 0,1% clo v cc
loi khong sn khc nhau nh canxi, kali, silic, pht pho v natri. Hm lng cc kh thi ny
ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, bao gm c mi trng vt liu c trng, loi cy trng, bt k
cht gy nhim no trong t, nc hoc khng kh, vn vn. Thnh phn ha hc ca cy
trng cng rt a dng; v d nh mt mc cao khong cht trong v cy s dn n tng sn
xut tro, trong khi c nhiu nito v lu hunh trong cht thi xanh v ph phm. iu ny nhn
mnh tm quan trng ca vic thu thp cc nhin liu g cht lng cao, cc thn g trng.
Cc mi quan tm chnh v kh thi v tc ng ca h thng t n cht lng khng kh lin
quan n carbon dioxide v carbon monoxide (CO2 v CO), ht nh (PM10 v PM2.5, ht nh
hn 10 microns v 2.5 microns tng ng ), oxit nito (NOx) v surfur dioxide (SO2).
Nhm 9 Biomass
9.3.3
9-11
Cung cp nhin liu
Cung cp nhin liu c nh hng rt quan trng n hiu qu v mc tin cy ca bt k h

thng biomass no. iu quan trng l cc c tnh ca nhin liu ny c thun li cho ngi
dng hay khng, v cc c tnh ny c ph hp vi vic chuyn i nng lng ca h thng
cha?
Cho d ngi s dng l c nhn, h gia nh hay l mt cng ty th vic la chn ngun sinh
khi sn xut ra cc nhin liu cng quan trng nh l vic s dng chng. iu ny bao gm
vic cn nhc thc t m bo rng nhin liu l ph hp vi mi trng s dng, tng thch
vi c s h tng, lu tr v vn chuyn thun li sau khi x l. Phn ny nu bt nhng vn
v tiu chun sn xut sinh khi, ngun cung cp, phng php lp t.
S dng nhin liu sinh khi: vi s a dng trong cc ngun nhin liu sinh khi, vic la chn
ngun nhin liu da vo cc tnh nng, hiu qu v tin li.
i vi nhiu ngi, biomass l mt nhin liu mang n hiu qu, sn xut nhit v sinh ra cc
kh nh knh. Gn y, s ph bin ca cc bp l g trong nc gip cho vic s dng cc
nhin liu g tr thnh mt la chn cho cuc sng hin i.
9.4 ng dng ca Biomass trn ton th gii
Europe: Mt lch s ha
nhp
Cuc cch mng cng
nghip c bn l mt qu
trnh chuyn i nng
lng t vic t sinh
khi, ch yu l g, to
thnh than. Mc d c
gi l mt cuc cch
mng, s kin ny thc ra
khng ko di. M khng
nhn c phn ln nng
lng t than cho n
nhng nm 1880, trong
khi Trung Quc v n
vn ch yu da trn nng
lng sinh khi cho n
Hnh 4.1: S dng nng lng biomass t 1850-2000[3]
nhng nm 1950 v 1960.
iu ny cng tng t
vi cc nc v vng lnh
th khc trn th gii.
S chuyn i t vic t sinh khi sang t than xy ra u tin Chu u. Vo gia th k 18,
Anh chuyn sang dng hu ht bng than , v gia th k 19, biomass suy gim trong
mt khong thi gian di Ty u. Tuy nhin s gim st ny khng bt u cho n gia
th k 20 ng u.
9-12
Nhm 9 Biomass
Hnh 4.2: Nng lng ti to chu u 2000-2011[3]
Tuy nhin, biomass gi y

ang c li c s phc hng
chu u. L do rt n gin:
hng n mc tiu l nng
lng ti to.
Nm 2007, lin minh chu u
EU quyt nh rng nng
lng ti to nn chim 20%
trong ton b nng lng s
dng trc nm 2020. Tuy
nhin, cc nc c iu kin,
nng lng gi v nng lng
mt tri vn cha th khai thc
c ht tim nng vn c. Do
h chuyn sang hnh thc
c xa nht ca nng lng:
sinh khi.
S xut hin ca thy in trong th trn ch l l thuyt. Hu ht cc nc EU ngng xy

dng cc cng trnh thy in, do tc tng trng ca n trong giai on ny gn nh bng
khng. iu ny cng ng vi nng lng a nhit. Tng trng ca nng lng ti to t nm
2000 do ch thc s n t ba ngun nng lng: gi, mt tri v biomass.
V t trng ca cc
ngun nng lng, s
tng trng nhanh nht
l gi v mt tri.
l iu ngc nhin, do
xut pht im thp ca
chng.
Tuy
nhin,
biomass vn l loi nhin
liu chim u th tuyt
i. Gia nm 2000 v
2011, biomass tng 49
triu theo n v toe (quy
i ra du ). Gi v nng
lng mt tri ch tng
13 v 6 triu. Ni cch
khc, tng trng tuyt
i ca biomass ln hn
Hnh 4.3: Biomass, nng lng mt tri v nng lng gi
gi v mt tri 2,5 ln.
chu u[3]
Biomass cng l ngun
ln nht ca nng lng ti to, trn c s tiu th nng lng, ng vi hu ht cc nc EU,
ngoi tr Sp v Ireland.
M: mt hon cnh tng t
Nhm 9 Biomass
9-13
Di y l v tr ca M vo
nm 2000: gn nh tt c cc
nng lng ti to n t thy
in v biomass. Biomass
cung cp 49,2%, trong khi
thy in cung cp 46%.
Trong c cung cp bi
sinh khi 76% l t g, 17% l
t cht thi v ch c 7,8% l
t nhin liu sinh hc lng. S
lng khng ng k c ly
t nng lng a nhit, nng
lng mt tri, v gi.
Tuy nhin nhng nm u th
Hnh 4.4: Nng lng ti to M nm 2000[3]
k 21 chng kin s tng
trng ca thnh phn cy trng
nng lng v ngy nay hu nh mt na s nng lng sinh hc n t nhin liu sinh hc cht
lng. Vic chuyn i cy lng thc thnh nhin liu l khng c g mi. Tuy nhin, quy m ca
vic chuyn i ng thnh nhin liu ti M 1,5 thp k qua l mt ci g mi. Trong nm 1980
ch c 0,7% ngi M tiu th ng c s dng sn xut nhin liu. n nm 2000 t l ny
ln ti 8%, nhng nm ngoi n t c con s kinh ngc l 43%.
S pht trin ca nng
lng ti to ca M
trong th k 21 c bn
gii hn trong ba ngun:
nhin liu sinh hc cht
lng, nng lng gi v
nng lng mt tri.
Nh chu u, nng
lng thy in v a
nhit rt kh lm
mi.
n thi im kho st,
biomass vn tip tc
cung cp hn gn hai
ln so vi cc ngun
nng lng ti to.
Nh chu u din tch
t cn sn xut
nhin liu sinh hc cht lng l ng k. Tng s 95 triu mu Anh c s dng sn xut
ng vo nm 2012. iu ny mang n 14 t li ng, trong 5 t c s dng sn xut
ethanol.
V vy, khong 140.000 km vung ca M hin nay c s dng sn xut ethanol, l
1,4% din tch t M. Tuy nhin, da trn s liu thng k chnh thc ca chnh ph ch c
1,1% ngi M tiu th nng lng s cp n t ethanol ng.
Hnh 4.5: Nng lng ti to M nm 2013[3]
9-14
Nhm 9 Biomass
9.5 nh hng ca biomass n mi trng

9.5.1 Tch cc
Khng ging nh bt k ngun nng lng no khc, s dng biomass sn xut nng lng
thng l cch x l cc loi cht thi sinh khi m khng gy hi n mi trng. Trong
nhng nh hng tch cc sau y, biomass ng vai tr nh l mt ngun nng lng hu ch
i vi mi trng.
Gim cc kh nh knh
Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nito oxide v mt s kh khc c gi l kh nh knh v chng
gp phn lm tng nhit bu kh quyn ca Tri t. Nng CO2 ton cu v cc kh nh
knh ngy cng tng. Cy ci loi b carbon t kh quyn qua qu trnh quang hp, to thnh
sinh khi mi khi chng ln ln. Carbon c lu tr trong sinh khi. Khi sinh khi c t
chy, tr n vo khng kh di dng CO2. Chu k ny lm cho nng lng biomass trnh c
vic tng lng CO2 trong kh quyn.
Ngc li, qu trnh t chy kh t nhin, than, du b sung thm CO2 vo kh quyn m khng
c bt k chu trnh cn bng no loi b n. S dng nhin liu biomass thay v nhin liu ha
thch c th lm gim nguy c ca bin i kh hu bt li t pht thi kh nh knh.
Bo v ngun nc sch
Vic ny n t vic s dng cc nhin liu c th trc tip gy nhim ngun nc a vo
qu trnh to ra nhin liu biomass. Phn gia sc to ra ti tri chn nui v sn xut sa t ra
mt nguy c b mt v nc ngm b nhim t dng chy. Vi sinh vt nh salmonella, brucella
v coliforms trong phn c th truyn bnh cho ngi v ng vt. Phn hy ym kh hy dit
hu ht cc vi sinh vt. Qu trnh sn xut cht lng n nh mi trng v d lng cht x.
Gi cht thi ca bi rc
S dng cht thi t g ca th lm nhin liu s gim khi lng cht thi b chn vi trong
cc bi chn lp. D lng tro cn li sau khi t g cht thi t hn 1 phn tram khi lng cc
cht thi g tiu th. Tro khng b nhim c th dng lm phn bn hoc iu chnh chua
ca t.
Gim nhim khng kh
Khi thi t cc m chy rng hoc t nng nh hng xu n cht lng khng kh. oi b
sinh khi t cc khu vc rng ni d tha g cht tch ly lm gim nguy c chy rng. So
vi khi thi ra t cc v chy rng, kh thi ra t vic s dng nhin liu g cho nng lng l t
c hi. Ni hi t cng nghip vi thit b kim sot nhim ti ch t chy hiu qu hn v
sch hn t trong khng gian m.
Bo v rng
i vi nhng khu vc rng pht trin qu mc, sinh khi d tha c th c cung cp t
nhng khu vc rng mc um tm l mt ngun ti nguyn nng lng ti to ln. Hot ng ta
tha c k hoch c th bo tn mi trng sng hoang d v gim thiu xi mn t s dng
sinh khi rng c th c thc hin mt cch bn vng.
9.5.2
Tiu cc
Nhm 9 Biomass
9-15
Bn cnh nhng li ch i vi mi trng, nu khng c s dng hiu qu, cc h thng

biomass cng c th c nhng tc hi tiu cc.
Tc hi tiu cc n h sinh thi v ni ca cc loi ng vt

Bng vic n cc rng cy lm nguyn liu cho cc l t, qu trnh to ra biomass c th
ph hy mi trng sng ca cc loi ng thc vt v gy ra mt cn bng sinh thi.
nh hng n cht lng khng kh

Vi mt lng nh CO2 hoc NOx thot ra khi chu trnh kn, lng nh ny c th tham gia
vo qu trnh nng ln ton cu.
Kh thi v ting n ca vic vn chuyn

Vic vn chuyn cc nguyn liu sinh khi th t a im thu hoch n nh my c th gy ra
cc ting n v kh thi c hi.
Thiu nc canh tc mt s vng nht nh

nhng ni ngun nc sch cn thiu thn, yu cu khi lng cy trng ca biomass c th
khng c p ng v dn ti vic thiu nc.
9.6 Biomass Vit Nam
Tim nng sinh
khi Vit
Nam.
Sinh
khi ch yu
gm g v ph
phm
cy
trng.
Tim
nng sinh khi
g nng lng.
Tim nng sinh
khi ph phm
nng nghip
Hnh 6.1: Ngun cung sinh khi Vit Nam[1]
Hnh 6.2: Tim nng sinh khi t ph phm nng nghip[1]

Tnh hnh pht trin:
Cng ngh sn xut xut hin Vit Nam t lu, n nm 2007 c nc c khong
73.000 hm biogas t 3 n 10 m3.
c 33/43 nh my ma s dng pht in nhit t b ma cng sut: 130MW
9-16
Nhm 9 Biomass
Ngy 14/3/2009 khi cng xy dng 2 nh my sn xut in t kh thi bi rc ti

TPHCM: vn u t 30tr USD, cng sut 42tr kWh mi gi, cung cp nng lng cho
gn 20.000 h gia nh.
sn xut thnh cng ci tru v dng thay th cho than , du v ci g thng
thng.
c d n xy dng nh my nhit in kh ha tru 200KW-2MW.
Tuy nhin, vic nghin cu v pht trin cng ngh sinh khi vn cn hn ch quy m th
im.Cho n nay, vn cha c mt quy hoch tng th no cho vic thc thi v thng mi ha
cng ngh sinh khi. Nhng kh khan tr ngi ch yu l:
- Thiu quy hoch chin lc cho pht trin ngun sinh khi.
- Thiu s phi hp hi ha gia cc b ngnh v cc t chc nhm phc tho chnh sch
quc gia cho vn cng ngh sinh khi v nng lng ti to.
- Thiu ht ngn sch v h thng qun l pht trin ng dng cng ngh sinh khi.
- Nh cung cp thit b cng ngh sinh khi thiu thng tin v nhu cu th trng tim nng.
- thc ngi dn cn km trong vic s dng nng lng sinh khi cng nh cng ngh ca
n.
- Thiu m hnh tin cy c th ph bin ng dng cng ngh sinh khi
Nhm 9 Biomass
9-17
Ti liu tham kho

- Lun vn Biomass Briquet Biofuel: nhm tc gi Nguyn Vit Anh, inh Vn Bn, L
Quc Hi, Vn Bng, Nguyn Vn Dng, ng Thi Dng. [1]
http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk/portal/page?_pageid=73,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PO
RTAL [2]
http://theenergycollective.com/robertwilson190/370286/biomass-worlds-biggest-providerrenewable-rnergy [3]
9-18
Nhm 9 Biomass
Ph lc: Hi v tr li
Hi: (Nhm 7) Biomass c nng sut cao, iu kin d pht trin. Ti sao Vit Nam khng ph
bin? Bn c ni l do iu kin Vit Nam khng ph hp, mnh ngh Vit nam l nc nng
nghip? Bn c gii thch g thm khng?
Tr li: iu kin c bn sn xut nng lng biomass Vit Nam l c, nhng kh khn
y l vic xy dng cc m hnh bn vng, v iu ny da mt phn vo thc ca ngi s
dng nng lng biomass. Nh mnh trnh by, vi thc s dng ng n, nng lng
biomass mi thc s pht huy th mnh ca n, Vit Nam ch mi c th ng dng vi cc m
hnh nh l, cn nu pht trin trn quy m ln th cn nng cao thc ngi s dng hn na.
Hi: (Nhm 7) Nng lng ti to th thn thin vi thin nhin. Vy s dng biomass nh trong
video phi cht ph rng th c hp l khng? Rng t trng th t vy lm sao tng nng sut ca
biomass.
Tr li: Vic cht rng trong video sn xut biomass l hon ton hp l, bi v iu
c tnh ton v sp xp c k hoch ch khng phi cht mt cch v ti v. Rng t trng s
p ng c nhu cu nht nh biomass, bi v ngoi rng biomass cn c rt nhiu ngun
ly nguyn liu.
Hi: (Nhm 6) V sao dng biomass sn xut ethanol, mc ch sn xut ethanol c lin quan
g n vic sn xut ra in nng?
Tr li: Vic sn xut ethanol m mnh trnh by nm trong phn cc sn phm khc ca
biomass, n b sung thm kin thc l tim nng ca biomass khng ch dng li vic sn xut
in nng.
Hi: (Nhm 6) Biomass s dng g t vic khai thc rng, thi kh thi ra mi trng, vy nh
hng ca nhng vic c tc ng ln n mi trng hay khng? Da trn tiu ch g
nh gi biomass l mt nng lng xanh?
Tr li: Nh mnh trnh by th vic thi kh thi ra mi trng ca vic t nhin liu
biomass to thnh mt chu trnh khp kn, v chu trnh khp kn ny gim i lng kh thi rt
nhiu so vi vic t nhin liu ha thch. Da trn s so snh gia biomass v nhin liu ha
thch nh gi rng biomass c th thay th hon ton than hoc kh t.
Hi: (Nhm 2) Chu trnh Biomass nh bn trnh by c phi l hon ton khp kn khng?
Tr li: Chu trnh mnh trnh by l khp kn, nhng khng phi 100%, vn c nhng lng nh
kh thi thot ra, nhng t hn nhiu so vi nhin liu ha thch.
Hi: (Nhm 2) Ngun nhin liu cho biomass l thc vt, liu n c p ng cho nhu cu
hin nay khng?
Tr li: Ngun nhin liu cho biomass rt a dng, n t nhiu ngun ca thc vt, thm ch c
ng vt, cho nn n c th p ng cho tng lai t 20-30 nm ca nng lng biomass.
Nhm 9 Biomass
9-19
Hi: (Nhm 10) G bao nhiu nm th s dng lm nng lng biomass c

Tr li: i vi nhng ging cy ngn ngy, khong 2-3 nm l c th dng sn xut
biomass c, vi nhng loi cy trng di hn, thi gian ny l khong 8-10 nm.
Hi: (Nhm 10) Nu s dng g th c c tnh l tun hon khng? V phi mt thi gian di
mi trng rng li c?
Tr li: S tun hon y c th hin l kh CO2 thi ra khi t g s quay tr li cc khu
rng thng qua qu trnh quang hp ca cy xanh. Vic trng rng v tnh ton thi gian quay
vng c tnh ton khi ngi ta quy hoch cc d n biomass.
Hi: (Nhm 10) Sn xut nng lng t g c th dn n s ph rng, c gii php no hay
khng?
Tr li: Vic khai thc rng sn xut nng lng biomass c tnh ton m bo
khng c nh hng nghim trng n t nhin, v cc din tch t lm nghip chuyn dng
c s dng sn xut nng lng biomass c tnh tun hon cao.
Hi: (Nhm 8) Vic s dng Biomass gy ra kh t CO2 th ti sao li gim hiu ng nh knh?
Tr li: Ti v lng CO2 m vic s dng biomass to ra t hn rt nhiu so vi vic s dng
nhin liu ha thch, cho nn n c th km hm hiu ng nh knh so vi mc hin ti.
Hi: (Nhm 8) S dng Biomass c 1 phn ln khai thc t vic n cy ly g, c tht l nng
lng ti to c, do vic trng cy mt rt nhiu thi gian v kh c th cung cp c s
lng ln.
Tr li: Vic ti to ny l da vo qu trnh tun hon ca kh CO2 trong khng kh, v vic
trng li rng s dng nng lng biomass i vi ging cy ngn ngy thng khng mt
nhiu thi gian, ch khong 2-3 nm.
Hi: (Nhm 1) Ti sao Vit Nam khng ph hp, Vit Nam l nc nng nghip, ngun sinh
khi ln?
Tr li: Tim nng sn xut nng lng biomass Vit Nam l rt ln, nhng thc ca
ngi dn trong vic s dng dng nng lng sinh khi ny vn cn cha cao, nn vic ng
dng biomass trong i sng sinh hot hng ngy cha tht s ph bin.
Hi: (Nhm 1) Dn nc nng i ng ng di nh vy th dng g duy tr cho nc lun
nng?
Tr li: u ra ca ng ng l ni ngi s dng s s dng lng nc nng , lun c
mt thit b dng gi cho nc nng lun nhit ph hp vi mc ch s dng.
Hi: (Nhm 4) Khai thc g lm nguyn liu, sao li ni nguyn liu ch yu l ph phm?
9-20
Nhm 9 Biomass
Tr li: Nhng ph phm y l ph phm t qu trnh khai thc g cho mc ch lm nghip

v nng nghip, l mt ca, v cy, cc sn phm khng t cht lng sn sinh trong qu
trnh khai thc,
Hi: (Nhm 5) ngha ca b thi, rc ca b thi i u?
Tr li: Rc ca b thi s c quay tr li qu trnh t.
Hi: (Nhm 11) Ti sao dng biogas ngy cng ph bin hin nay? Liu c mu thun vi
nhng li ch s dng biogas m nhm nu?
Tr li: Bi v lng kh thi m n sinh ra t hn so vi nng lng truyn thng l than
hoc du m, v chi ph s dng n r hn so vi cc dng nng lng xanh khc
10 Nng lng i dng ...........................................................................................................10-1

10.1 Gii thiu nng lng i dng .................................................................................10-1
10.1.1 nh ngha nng lng i dng ....................................................................10-1
10.1.2 Nhu cu s dng nng lng i dng ..........................................................10-1
10.1.3 Cc phng php khai thc Nng lng i dng .........................................10-2
10.1.4 Li ch v tn ti ..............................................................................................10-4
10.2 Gii thiu mt s m hnh nh my nng lng i dng ........................................10-5
10.2.1 p thy triu Sihwa Hn Quc ...................................................................10-5
10.2.2 M hnh in sng bin Lam Teng Choy ........................................................10-8
10.3 Tnh ton vi nh my in sng Piston nc ...........................................................10-10
10.3.1 Ly nng lng t sng ..................................................................................10-10
10.3.2 Chuyn ha ng nng thnh in nng ........................................................10-10
10.3.3 Tnh ton cng sut ........................................................................................10-11
10.4 p dng ti Vit Nam ................................................................................................10-12
10.4.1 nh gi tim nng nng lng i dng Vit Nam ................................10-12
10.4.2 Cc d n nng lng i dng Vit Nam................................................10-13
10.4.3 Nguyn nhn nng lng i dng cha c pht trin Vit Nam ........10-13
10.5 Kt lun ......................................................................................................................10-13
Ngun tham kho .....................................................................................................................10-14
Ph lc: Hi v tr li ..............................................................................................................10-15
1. Trn Phng Uyn
61104161
2. Nguyn Vn Dng
51100674
3. Hunh Hu Trng
51103837
10 Nng lng i dng
II
Bng thut ng
Cc t vit tt
EIA
IEA
WEC
Energy Information Administration

International Energy Agency
Wave Energy Converter
Cc k hiu
SWL
h
C
L
A
H
Edensity
water
g
Pwave=front
Mc nc bin (Sea Water Level)

chiu cao so vi mc nc bin
vn tc sng bin
chiu di sng
bin sng
chiu cao sng
Mt nng lng
khi lng ring ca nc bin
gia tc trng trng
cng sut mt sng
tc gc ca dao ng sng
10 Nng lng i dng
10-1
10 Nng lng i dng

10.1 Gii thiu nng lng i dng
10.1.1
nh ngha nng lng i dng
Nng lng i dng l khi nim dng ch cc ngun nng lng t sng bin, thy triu,
mui bin, s chnh lch nhit i dng.
Trong phm vi ca bi tiu lun, nhm ch tp trung vo tm hiu hai ngun nng lng i
dng chnh l nng lng t sng bin v nng lng thy triu.
10.1.2
Nhu cu s dng nng lng i dng
Nhu cu s dng nng lng ca th gii ngy cng tng. Tuy nhin ngun nng lng truyn
thng - nng lng ha thch ang dn cn kit. Theo thng k ca EIA (Energy Information
Administration), n nm 2013, tr lng du trn th gii cn khong 1646 t thng, s dng
c trong vng 50 nm; tr lng kh t nhin l 6846 nghn t feet khi, s dng trong vng
hn 100 nm; tr lng than l 978 triu tn, s dng trong vng 100 nm [1, 2]. Ngun cung
khng n nh, gi du liu tc tng, iu t ra nhu cu cp bch, cn phi tm kim ngun
nng lng mi nhm m bo an ninh nng lng.
ng thi, th gii ang phi i mt vi nhng nh hng to ln v trc tip ca nhim mi
trng v bin i kh hu, m vic khai thc v s dng cc ngun nng lng truyn thng l
mt trong nhng nguyn nhn trc tip gy ra. Chnh v th, vic u t nghin cu, s dng cc
ngun nng lng xanh, nng lng ti to, trong c nng lng i dng ngy cng c
ch trng.
Theo c tnh ca C quan nng lng th gii IEA (International Energy Agency) nm 2007,
tim nng nng lng i dng khong 4 n 18 triu ToE [1, 2].
Bng 1: Mt s ngun nng lng i dng [3]
Loi nng lng
Nng lng dng hi lu
Nng lng thm thu
Nng lng nhit i dng
Nng lng thy triu
Nng lng sng bin
Tim nng
(GW)
5000
Lng sn xut hng nm

(TWh)
50000
20
1000
90
1000 9000
2000
10000
800
8000 - 80000
Khai thc ngun nng lng to ln t i dng sn xut in l mt gii php cho vn an
ninh nng lng hin nay ca th gii.
10 Nng lng i dng
10-2
10.1.3
Cc phng php khai thc Nng lng i dng
a) Nng lng dng hi lu

Cc dng hi lu c hnh thnh do s chnh
lch nhit i dng, do gi, chnh lch
nng mui v do s quay ca tri t. Cc
dng hi lu c tnh n nh cao v mang nng
lng rt ln do mt ca nc cao (gp 800
ln so vi khng kh). Nh nhng c tnh ny,
cc dng hi lu l mt ngun nng lng rt
tim nng c th chuyn ha v s dng.
Theo c tnh, ch cn thu c 0.1% nng
lng ca dng hi lu Gulf Stream cng
cung cp 35% nhu cu s dng in ca
Florida[4].
Nng lng hi lu ang c khai thc th
nghim ti mt s ni trn th gii nh Florida
(M), d n EU-JOULE CENEX chu u.
Hnh 2: M hnh turbine hi lu [4]
b) Nng lng thm thu

Ti nhng ca sng, ca bin, c s chnh lch ln v gradient nng mui gia nc ngt (t
cc con sng) v nc mn (t nc bin). S chnh lch v gradient nng mang theo mt
ngun nng lng c th khai thc c bng phng php thm thu ngc. Theo c tnh,
mt dng chy c lu lng 1m3/s c th cung cp cng sut 2.6 MW. Tim nng v nng lng
thm thu trn th gii t 2000 TWh/nm [5].
Cc nghin cu v nng lng thm thu c tin hng t nm 1975. Hin nay, Nht Bn,
Israel, M, Na Uy v H Lan l nhng nc i u trong vic u t v nghin cu loi ngun
nng lng ny.
c) Nng lng nhit i dng
S chuyn ha nng lng nhit i dng OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) s dng
s chnh lch nhit gia b mt v y i dng vn hnh cc my pht in. B mt i
dng c si m bi mt tri, do nhit cao hn y i dng. nhng ni c kh hu
nhit i, ti nhng vng bin su, s chnh lch ny c th ln n 20 n 250C. Theo c tnh,
tim nng ca loi nng lng ny c th t ti 88 000 kWh/nm [World Energy Council, 200].
C 3 kiu thit k h thng in nhit i dng:
10 Nng lng i dng
10-3
Chu trnh khp kn (Closed-Cycle): Cc

loi cht lng c nhit si thp (nh
amoniac) tun hon trong mt chu trnh
khp kn. b mt bin, b trao i nhit
th nht c nhim v bm nc m un
si amoniac, hi amoniac c dn qua
turbine my pht in, y i dng, b
trao i nhit th hai c tc dng bm
nc lnh ngng t li amoniac.
Chu trnh h (Open-Cycle): Nc m b
mt bin c cha trong mt bnh p sut
thp. Do p sut thp nn nc s bay hi,
hi nc c dn qua turbine my pht Hnh 2: M hnh khai thc nng lng
in, sau c ngng t y bin.
nhit i dng [6]
Dng kt hp (Hybrid): Nc m b mt
bin c a vo mt bung chn khng, ti y nc bay hi. Hi nc nng c tc
dng un si mt cht lng c nhit si thp (nh amoniac). Hi amoniac s lm quay
my pht in v sau c ngng t di y bin.
Nng lng nhit i dng c bt u nghin cu v khai thc t nhng nm 1880, tuy nhin
n nay ngun nng lng ny vn cha pht trin. Nh my nhit i dng duy nht ang hot
ng hin nay l nh my ca i hc Saga Nht Bn.
d) Nng lng thy triu
Nng lng thy triu l mt dng ph bin
ca nng lng i dng, l s chuyn
ha c nng ca thy triu thnh in nng.
Thy triu mang nng lng ln v hot ng
c chu k, do y l ngun nng lng rt
c tim nng. Hin nay, c hai phng php
chnh khai thc nng lng thy triu:
My pht dng thy triu (Tidal stream
generator): s dng ng nng ca dng
thy triu lm quay turbine (tng t
nh turbine gi). Turbine c th t
ngang, t dc, t trong ng dn hoc Hnh 4: Nh my in thy triu Rance [7]
t m ngay ti dng chy.
p thy triu (Tidal barrage): s dng
th nng do s chnh lch mc nc lc thy triu ln v xung lm quay turbine my
pht in (tng t thy triu). Cc p thy triu thng c xy nhng ni c mc
thy triu cao (ti thiu trn 2m). Khi thy triu ln, nc c gi li trong p, khi thy
triu xung, p bt u x nc lm quay turbine.
Nm 1996, Php xy dng nh my in thy triu c ln u tin trn th gii ti Rance. Nh
my in thy triu ln nht hin nay l Sihwa Lake Hn Quc vi cng sut 254MW.
10 Nng lng i dng
10-4
Chi tit v nguyn l hot ng ca nh my in thy triu s c trnh by phn sau.

e) Nng lng sng bin
Nng lng sng bin l s chuyn ha c
nng ca sng trn b mt bin thnh in nng
thng qua b chuyn ha nng lng sng
WEC (Wave Energy Converter). Sng bin
c hnh thnh bi gi trn b mt bin. Nng
lng ca sng c tnh bng tc sng,
chiu di sng v mt nc. C nhiu m
hnh khc nhau khai thc nng lng sng
bin, tuy nhin c th phn loi thnh hai nhm
chnh sau:
S dng phao: sng bin nhp nh s lm
phao ni chuyn ng tnh tin, ko theo
chuyn ng ca rotor my pht in. Hnh 4: Nh my in thy triu Rance [7]
Rotor c th chuyn ng tnh tin theo
chiu chuyn ng ca phao hoc chuyn ng quay quanh trc c nh nh cnh tay n
chuyn chuyn ng tnh tin ca phao thnh chuyn ng xoay.
S dng ng dao ng: sng bin dao ng trong ng, h thng cc phao s iu chnh dao
ng ny thnh dng kh i qua turbine my pht in.
Nng lng sng bin bt u c nghin cu v khai thc t nm 1890, tuy nhin n nay
ngun nng lng ny vn cha c s dng rng ri trong thng mi. Nm 2008, cnh ng
nng lng sng ln nht th gii c xy dng Aguadoura B o Nha.
10.1.4
Li ch v tn ti
f) Li ch
Ngun nng lng v tn: nng lng i dng chuyn ha cc ngun nng lng nh c
nng, nhit nng... t i dng thnh in nng. Ngun nng lng ny gn nh l v tn.
Theo c tnh ca Hip hi nng lng th gii IEA, tim nng ca nng lng i dng
vo c hn 14.000 GW.
Ngun nng lng xanh: nng lng i dng khng thi ra kh nh knh, khng lm
nhim mi trng.
n nh: hot ng ca i dng (dng hi lu, thy triu...) l lin tc v tng i n
nh. Khng ging nh nng lng mt tri (ph thuc vo ngy nng, ngy ma, ban
ngy, ban m) v nng lng gi (ngy c gi v ngy khng gi), nng lng i dng
c th hot ng 24/24 v n nh quanh nm.
Chi ph vn hnh thp: Nng lng i dng ch tn chi ph lp t ban u. Trong khi
vn hnh, loi nng lng ny khng tn chi ph nhin liu nh than , du m... Chi ph
vn hnh duy nht ca nng lng i dng l bo tr, thay th cc thit b b n mn.
Linh ng trong quy m: Cc nh my nng lng i dng c th iu chnh quy m d
dng bng cch thm vo hay loi b i mt vi t my. iu ny rt c li cho vic m
rng quy m nh my v sau.
10 Nng lng i dng
10-5
Khng ph hy cc h sinh thi trn t lin: nhit in, nng lng gi, nng lng mt
tri, c bit l thy in, cn mt din tch t ln xy dng nh my. Vic xy dng
cc nh my ny c th ph hy cnh quan, h sinh thi ni y. Cc nh my nng lng
i dng c t ngoi i dng, do khng nh hng n t lin.
g) Tn ti
Gi thnh vn cn cao: chi ph nghin cu, u t cho nng lng i dng hin nay vn
cn cao, khng c tnh cnh tranh v kinh t so vi cc ngun nng lng truyn thng.
y chnh l mt trong nhng l do quan trng khin nng lng i dng vn cha c
ng dng rng ri.
nh hng n h sinh thi bin: nhng ni t cc nh my nng lng i dng, h
sinh thi s b ph hy, bao gm mi trng sng, cc loi sinh vt bin. ng thi cc nh
my ny s lm mt m quan bin.
Ch c th khai thc c mt s vng bin nht nh: khng phi ni no c bin cng
c th xy dng cc nh my nng lng i dng. Ngun nng lng ny ch c th
c khai thc khi vng bin y t mt s iu kin nht nh nh mc chnh lch
thy triu, mc chnh lch nhit gia b mt v lng i dng, di sng... c bit,
nng lng i dng khng th c p dng nhng vng bin c kh hu khc nghit,
bin thng xuyn bin ng mnh nh vng thng xy ra bo....
Cng ngh khai thc nng lng i dng vn cha pht trin: s gii hn v mt cng
ngh vn ang l ro cn tip cn nng lng i dng. Vic lp t, khai thc ngun
nng lng ny vn cn gp nhiu hn ch.
10.2 Gii thiu mt s m hnh nh my nng lng i dng
10.2.1
p thy triu Sihwa Hn Quc
Bnh thng, s chnh lch mc nc gia triu dng v triu h khong 0,5m. Tuy nhin, mt
s vng b bin vi vnh hp c s chnh lch rt ln gia hai mc nc triu. V d nh, vnh
Fundy Nova Scota (ng Nam Canada), c mc triu ln nht th gii, chnh lch c th
ln n 16m. Bng cch xy p bc ngang qua vnh, ta c th iu khin c ngun nng
lng ny to ra in nng. Nh my in thy triu ln nht trn th gii hin nay l p
thy triu Sihwa Hn Quc, vi chi ph xy dng gn 300 triu USD. Nh my ny bt u i
vo hot ng t nm 2011, vi cng sut ti a c th ln n 254 MW.
Mt lng cho thy triu (tidal basin) l mt h cha y khi thy triu ln v cn khi thy triu
xung. Khi nc qua cc ca m ca p, n chy trc tip vo cc cnh turbine nc v pht ra
in (h thng in thu triu to in nng t thy triu ln). Ti nh im thy triu, ca ng
v nc c gi li trong basin. Thy triu h dn, ca m ra v nc li chy qua cc turbine
tr v i dng, quay turbine v pht in (h thng thu triu xung).
10 Nng lng i dng
10-6
Hnh 5-a: Nguyn l hot ng p thy triu [8]
Hnh 5-b:Turbine t trong p thy triu [8]

tng hiu qu khai thc, nh my c xy dng theo m hnh hai h cha vi bn p thy
triu ngang v mt p dc ngn cch gia hai h.
u chu k, thy triu ln, lng cho thy triu v hai h ang cn nc. u tin, ca p
ngang s 2 m, nc chy vo p 2-3. Do vy, c s chnh lch mc nc bin: mc nc bin
> mc nc h 2-3 > mc nc h 1-4 > mc nc lng cho. Khi chnh lch mc nc ny ln
n khong 2m th ca p s 2, ca p dc v ca p s 4 m. Nc chy qua cc p ny
lm quay turbine my pht in.
Hnh 5-c: Phn t chu k th nht [8]
10 Nng lng i dng
10-7
Sau khong 4-5 gi, lc ny mc nc trong lng cho tng ln, chnh lch mc nc bn ngoi
v trong lng cho thp, lu lng dng chy theo hng p 2 - p dc - p 4 gim. Lc ny,
ca p dc ng, 4 ca p ngang 1, 2, 3, 4 cng m, dng thy triu chy qua cc p ny lm
quay turbine my pht.
Hnh 5-d:Phn t chu k th 2 [8]

Na sau ca chu k, h thng hot ng ngc li so vi lc u. Thy triu xung, lng cho
thy triu v hai h cha ang y nc. Ban u, ca p s 1 m, nc trong h 1-4 chy ra
ngoi lm mc nc h ny gim. Lc ny c s chnh lnh mc nc: mc nc trong lng
cho > mc nc h 2-3 > mc nc h 1-4 > mc nc bn ngoi. Khi s chnh lch mc
nc ny cao hn 2m, ca p ngang 3, ca p dc v ca p ngang 1 m. Dng nc i qua
cc p ny lm quay turbine my pht in.
Hnh 5-d:Phn t chu k th 3 [8]

Sau 4-5 gi, mc nc trong lng cho gim lm cho s chnh lch mc nc gim, lu lng
nc theo hng ca p 3 ca p dc ca p 1 gim. Lc ny ca p dc ng li, 4 ca
p ngang 1, 2, 3, 4 cng m. Dng nc chy qua cc p ny lm quay turbine my pht in.
10 Nng lng i dng
10-8
Hnh 5-e: Phn t chu k cui [8]

10.2.2
M hnh in sng bin Lam Teng Choy
M hnh ny c xut bi Lam Teng Choy, bao gm mt s thit k c th xy dng nh

my in sng. C hai dng chnh: thit b t c nh (dng piston phao) v thit b di dng
(dng mi cho, turbine cnh qut...)
M hnh thit b c nh: Trong m hnh ny, turbine my pht in c t trong nh my c
nh, cc piston phao c t ngoi bin thu nng lng sng. C nhiu kiu thit k piston
phao khc nhau, nhng nhn chung hot ng theo nguyn tc sau: khi c sng bin, phao s dao
ng ln xung, piston c ni trc tip vi phao. Khi phao chuyn ng i ln, piston s nn
lu cht (khng kh hoc nc bin) trong xi-lanh li, p sut cao lm van (l mt vin bi) m ra,
dng lu cht nn trong piston i vo trong ng ng v c dn qua turbine lm quay turbine
my pht in.
Hnh 6-b:Piston phao ni [9]

Turbine my pht in c th c t ngay ti nh my trn bin hoc t trn t lin. Dng
lu cht c th l dng khng kh, dng nc hoc s dng kt hp.
10 Nng lng i dng
10-9
Hnh 6-c: Lu hot ng piston phao [9]

M hnh thit b ng: Trong kiu thit k ny, nh my s dng cc thit b chuyn ng cng
vi sng, lm quay turbine. Cc thit b ny c th thit k theo kiu mi cho, hay cng c th
thit k kiu cnh qut nh cnh qut gi.
Hnh 6-c: Thit k kiu mi cho [9]
Hnh 6-d:Thit k dnh cnh qut [9]
10 Nng lng i dng
10-10
10.3 Tnh ton vi nh my in sng Piston nc

y l m hnh nh my in sng do i hc Wisconsin ch to dng cung cp in cho cc
my kh tng nh hot ng ngoi i ng. Nguyn l hot ng ca Piston nc l chuyn
ha ng nng ca sng bin thnh in nng. Dao ng ca sng trong cc piston s nn khng
kh, dng kh nn ny c iu chnh bi cc van lm quay turbine my pht in.
10.3.1
Ly nng lng t sng
Bc u tin ca my in Piston nc l thu thp nng lng ca sng bin. Cc ng rng s

t thng ng trn b mt bin. u trn ca ng ni vi h thng kh ca nh my in, u
di ng t su khng qu 2m so vi mt nc bin. Sng bin s s lm mc nc trong ng
dng ln, h xung, qua khng kh trong ng s b nn, dn theo chiu dao ng ca sng.
Cc dng kh nn s c cc van dn qua h thng kh ca nh my.
Hnh 6-1: ng thu nng lng sng [10]

Lng nng lng thu c t phng php ny ph thuc vo chiu cao sng, chu k sng.
Phng php ny tuy hiu nng khng cao nhng n gin v c th hot ng trong vng bin
c bin ng tng i ln
10.3.2
Chuyn ha ng nng thnh in nng
Phn ny ca nh my c chc nng iu hng dng kh nn, dn thnh mt chiu, i qua

turbine, lm quay turbine to ra in. Cc cm bin p sut c t ti cc van nh trn hnh
v. Khi sng bin ln p sut ti van t ti +0.5 bar hay -0.5 bar (yu cu ti thiu nh
my hot ng), cc cc van s phi hp ng m m bo dng kh l mt chiu. C 3 trang
thi c th ca dng kh: khng chuyn ng hoc dao ng nh (khi sng bin khng ln),
nn (khi mc nc trong ng dng ln) v dn (khi mc nc trong ng h xung).
Khi bin lng, mc nc trong ng dao ng nh, nh my khng hot ng. Khi sng ln,
mc nc trong ng dng ln h xung lm khng kh trong ng b nn, dn tng ng. na
chu k nn, van s 1 v s 3 m, van s 2 v s 4 ng. Dng kh b nn trong ng bn phi s i
qua van 1, lm quay turbine my pht in v i ra ngoi mi trng qua van 4.
10 Nng lng i dng
10-11
Hnh 6-b:Na chu k nn [10]

na chu k dn, van s 2 v s 4 m, van s 1 v s 3 ng. Kh trong ng bn phi b dn s
ht dng kh t mi trng vo qua van s 4, lm quay turbine ri i vo ng qua van s 2.
Hnh 6-c: Na chu k dn [10]

10.3.3
Tnh ton cng sut
SWL Mean Sea Water Level (surface)

H
depth below SWL [m]
C
Celerity (wave front volocity)
Lwavelength [m]
A wave amplitude [m]
H wave height [m]
10 Nng lng i dng
10-12
Mt nng lng: nng lng qua mt din tch mt ct ng:

Edensity
water gH2 water gA 2
[J]
8
2
(1)
water : khi lng ring ca nc bin (c 1000 kg/m3)
: gia tc trng trng (c 9.81 m/s2)
Cng sut mt sng: y l i lng c trng cho nng lng ca sng bin, c tnh bng
tch ca vn tc sng bin v nng lng qua mt ct ng sng:
Pwavefront c.Edensity
water g2H2 water gA 2
[W / m]
16
4
(2)
c : vn tc sng [s]
: tc c gc ca dao ng sng [rad/s]
Cng sut trn ch l cng sut ca sng bin. Cng sut ca nh my pht in cn ph thuc
vo hiu sut ca qu trnh chuyn ha ng nng thnh in nng.
V d: Cho sng bin c bin l 35cm, chu k 1s, ng knh ca piston l 29cm. Tnh ton
ng nng ti a c th thu c piston, bit khi lng ring ca nc bin l 1025kg/m3.
Gii:
= 1025kg/m3
L = 29cm
A = 0.35m
w = 2
Cng sut mt sng:
Pwavefront
water gA 2 1025x9.81x0.35
481W / m
4
4x2
Cng sut ti a thu c:
P L.Pfrontwave 0.29 481 139.5W

10.4 p dng ti Vit Nam
10.4.1
nh gi tim nng nng lng i dng Vit Nam
Vit Nam c nh gi l quc gia c nhiu tim nng pht trin cc ngun nng lng t
bin. Nhu cu in Vit Nam gia tng khong 20% nm, trong khi gi du, than, kh t
tng cao v ch yu s phi nhp khu nn s gy kh khn cho an ninh nng lng quc gia.
Vic b sung, a dng ha ngun nng lng t bin l cn thit phc v pht trin bn vng.
Chin lc bin Vit Nam n nm 2020 coi bin c v tr quan trng trong pht trin kinh t.
Hi ng Khoa hc ngnh bin v Cng ngh bin nc ta ang trin khai xy dng d n iu
tra c bn nh gi ngun nng lng bin. Nc ta c b bin di vi hng ngn o ln nh
nn c th ni ngun nng lng t sng bin rt ln, c bit min Trung v cc hi o.
Theo PGS.TSKH Nguyn Tc An, nguyn vin trng vin Hi dng hc Nha Trang: nu
10 Nng lng i dng
10-13
sng c cao 1m, trn di khong 1,8km b bin, th c th to ra mt ngun nng lng
bng 35.000 m lc; khi sng cao 3m th c th to ra p lc khong 29 tn/m2 mt bin[11].
Cc chuyn gia tnh ton, vi iu kin sng, gi, a l nh Vit Nam th nng lng to ra
t sng bin c xp vo loi ln trn th gii.
10.4.2
Cc d n nng lng i dng Vit Nam
Thng 12/2009, ti H Ni, Hi tho khoa hc ton quc v iu tra, kho st tim nng nng
lng bin Vit Nam c t chc. C nhiu bo co cp n tt c cc dng nng lng
bin nhm iu tra, kho st xy dng nhng n xy dng nh my pht in ti ch, cho
vng bin, hi o. Vit Nam c c nghn hn o kh c th ko in li n c.
Mt vi nh gi cho thy c hai vng c th p dng c in thy triu l Qung Ninh v Tr
Vinh.
Tuy nhin, hin ti vn cha c d n nng lng i dng no c u t Vit Nam,
nguyn nhn s c trnh by phn tip theo.
10.4.3
Nguyn nhn nng lng i dng cha c pht trin Vit Nam
Cha c quan tm rng ri: y vn cn l ngun nng lng kh mi m Vit Nam,

tuy c mt s hi ngh cng cc ti nghin cu v vn to ra in sng, nhng
cha c quan tm ng mc c th trin khai vo thc t. Chng ta vn ang tp
trung ch yu vo nhit in, thy in, in gi v mi y l in ht nhn.
Cha c s h tng: c mt s nh u t nc ngoi tm n Bnh Thun xin c
trin khai d n sn xut nng lng t sng bin, in thy triu, tuy nhin tnh vn cha
th tr li v y l lnh vc kh mi m. ng H Sn Hng, Ph gim c S Cng
thng Bnh Thun cho bit, Bnh Thun rt c tim nng khai thc c 3 ngun nng lng
ti to gm in gi, in mt tri v in thy triu. Tuy nhin vic sn xut in thy
triu ti Vit Nam ni chung v Bnh Thun ni ring vn kh khn bi theo ng Hng,
ngnh kh tng thy vn cha c s liu o bc sng bin, lm c s cho nh u t
kho st tim nng in thy triu cng nh u t h thng sn xut in t sng bin.
Chi ph u t cao: Theo tnh ton s b, sut u t in thy triu dao ng khong 18 t
ng/MW. Chi ph u t cho 1 kWh in t cc ngun nng lng mi v ti to ang
mc kh cao so vi vic u t cc ngun nng lng truyn thng.
Ngun nhn lc: y l lnh vc mi m Vit Nam nn cha thu ht c s ch ca
cc nh khoa hc, cc k s quan tm nghin cu, khai thc, ng dng.
10.5 Kt lun
Trong khun kh gii hn, bi tiu lun ch a ra nhng nh ngha, khi nim c bn v nng
lng i dng, ng thi gii thiu mt s m hnh khai thc nng lng i dng, qua hi
vng c th khi gi s hng th ca sinh vin ni chung v sinh vin ngnh nng lng ni
ring c th tp trung nghin cu, tn dng tim nng nng lng i dng Vit Nam.
10-14
10 Nng lng i dng
Ngun tham kho

[1] BP: Statistical Review of World Energy, Workbook (xlsx), London, 2014.
[2] http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm
[3] International Energy Agency, Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems (IEA
OES), Annual Report 2007.
[4] http://www.boem.gov/Renewable-Energy-Program/Renewable-Energy-Guide/Ocean-Current-Energy.aspx
[5] http://www.oceanenergy-europe.eu/index.php/en/policies/technologies/13-technology/46-salinity-gradient.
[6] http://tethys.pnnl.gov/technology-type/otec
[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tidal_power_stations
[8] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnHwb8BKJzU
[9] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYfs-qYGzvs
[10] Hong Kong Electronic Company Ltd, Generating electricity using ocean waves, L F Yeung,
2007
[11] http://www.renewableenergy.org.vn/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=1310&cntnt01detailtemplate=wind%20energy%20in%20vietnam&cntnt01pagelimit=
7&cntnt01returnid=87
10 Nng lng i dng
10-15
Ph lc: Hi v tr li
Hi: (Nhm 3 Nguyn Nht Nam) So snh kh nng p dng nng lng i dng so vi cc
loi nng lng ti to khc Vit Nam?
Tr li: Nhn chung, nng lng i dng kh c kh nng p dng ti Vit Nam hn cc loi
nng lng ti to khc v chi ph tn km, ngun nhn lc nghin cu v loi nng lng ny
cha nhiu v kh nng khai thc vn cn km. Vit Nam hin nay, cc ngun nng lng ti
to ang c khai thc gm:
Thy in: c tnh kh thi v kinh t cao, tng cng sut c th t trn 4.000MW, c th
c p dng rng ri nhiu khu vc nh vng ni pha Bc, Nam Trung B v Ty
Nguyn.
Nng lng gi: c nh gi l c tim nng rt cao, tng cng sut c th ln ti
100.000MW, tuy nhin vn cha c ng dng rng ri. Nng lng gi tp trung nhiu
duyn hi min Trung, min Nam v trn cc o.
Nng lng mt tri: Vit Nam c tim nng ln v nng lng mt tri vi tng s gi
nng t n 2.000-2500 gi/nm. Ngun nng lng ny ch yu ang c khai thc
dng nhit nng, un nng nc cho cc h gia nh.
Nng lng a nhit: tng cng sut c th khai thc c c tnh 200-340MW, tp
trung ch yu min Trung, tuy nhin loi nng lng ny vn cha c tp trung
nghin cu v khai thc.
Nng lng i dng: ngun nng lng ny cha c tp trung nghin cu Vit
Nam, vn cha c nh gi c th tim nng v cha c d n khai thc no.
Hi: (Nhm 1) Nu d on ca nhm v kh nng pht trin nng lng i dng Vit
Nam.
Tr li: nh trnh by trn, nng lng i dng kh c kh nng p dng ti Vit Nam.
Hin ti nng lng thy in v nng lng mt tri ang c khai thc rng ri, theo kin
ca nhm, nng lng gi s l ngun nng lng ti to tip theo c tp trung khai thc.
Hi: (Nhm 11) Vit Nam l quc gia bin, vy c nhiu vng bin ph hp xy dng cc
nh my in i dng khng, cc kh khn khi trin khai cc nh my ny Vit Nam bn
cnh vn kinh ph?
Tr li: Vit Nam l mt quc gia bin vi b bin di hn 3.600km, tuy nhin khng phi vng
no cng c th xy dng nh my in i dng c. Mt s ni c iu kin thun khai
thc nng lng i dng nh: nng lng lng thy triu c th c khai thc Bnh
Thun, mt s bi bin t Ba Kim n mi C Mau... nng lng sng c th c khai thc
cc o Trng Sa, Ph Qu, C Lao Chm, Cn C, Hn M...
Bn cnh vn chi ph, vic khai thc nng lng i dng Vit Nam cn gp nhng kh
khn v ngun nhn lc, chnh sch i ng ca nh nc.
Hi: (Nhm 4) Bin php an ton ca nhng nh my in i dng l g? Lm th no
trnh c nhng ri ro n t thin tai nh bo, sng thn?
10-16
10 Nng lng i dng
(Nhm 2): Nhng vng bin sng cng mnh th nng lng thu c cng nhiu nhng ri ro
li cng cao v ngc li, nhng vng bin sng n nh tuy thu c t nng lng hn nhng
ri ro thp. Nu c k hoch khai thc th nhm bn s chn phng n no? Ti sao?
Tr li: Mt trong nhng u im ca nng lng i dng l i dng hot ng tng i
n nh v c quy lut. Do vy ch nhng vng bin c iu kin thch hp, t xy ra thin tai
mi c xy dng nh my nng lng i dng.
Chi ph xy dng nh my in sng i dng kh tn km, do vy cn tnh ton tht chi tit
mc sng thun li, nhng tc nhn c th gy nh hng trc v bin php an ton, tuy nhin
trong gii hn bi tiu lun, nhm cha tm hiu c cc bin php an ton ca nh my in
i dng. V kin ch quan, nhm s cn i gia li nhun thu li v chi ph ri ro, t
chn ra phng n ti u.
Hi: (Nhm 5) Nh my nng lng thy triu c th kt hp vi cc cng trnh trn bin khc
(v d dn khoan) cung cp in cho cc cng trnh ny ko, nu c th s gim c kinh ph
lp t. Cho kin ca nhm bn v vn ny?
Tr li: Trn thc t, mt s nh my in i dng c xy dng vi mc ch cung cp
in cho cc cng trnh bin. M hinh piston sng bin Wisconsin c ch to dng cung
cp in cho cc my kh tng nh hot ng ngoi i ng trnh by phn 3 ca bi bo
co l mt v d. Tuy nhin c im ca cc nh my ny l cng sut khng ln, do vic c
nn lp t nhng nh my ny hay khng ph thuc vo nhu cu s dng v kh nng s dng
ngun in t t lin truyn ti ra. Nu cng sut nh v kh khn trong vic truyn ti in t
t lin ra th nn lp t my khai thc in i dng.
Hi: (Nhm 8 Trn Vit Tnh) i vi piston sng bin dng trc dc nh nhm trnh by, khi
thy triu dng qu cao lm piston b kt pha trn, khi sng bin c th lm piston i xung
nhng khng to lung kh lm quay turbine, lc ny cn lm th no nh my c th tip
tc hot ng?
Tr li: Thy triu hot ng c quy lut, do trong qu trnh xy dng ngi ta phi tnh ton
trc khng xy ra s c ny. Tuy nhin nu c xy ra s c ngoi mun th lc phi c
con ngi can thip sa cha.
Hi: (Nhm 7) Sng bin hnh thnh t gi, nhng vng c sng bin th s c gi, vy ti sao
li khng khai thc nng lng gi m li khai thc nng lng sng bin?
Tr li: Nhm vn cha tm hiu c vn ny c cu tr li chnh xc, tuy nhin gi phi
t mt s iu kin th mi c th khai thc nng lng gi c, ng thi mt nng lng
ca sng bin cao hn ca gi, c th y chnh l nguyn nhn.
Cm n cc bn t cu hi hon thin ni dung bi tiu lun ca nhm.
11 Lu tr nng lng ............................................................................................................... 11-1

11.1 Tng quan v lu tr nng lng .................................................................................. 11-1
11.1.1 Lu tr nng lng l g .................................................................................. 11-1
11.2 Mc ch lu tr nng lng.........................................................................................11-2
11.2.1 Lu tr nng lng lm g ............................................................................... 11-2
11.3 Cc phng php lu tr nng lng..........................................................................1-3
11.3.1 Mechanical storage ........................................................................................11-3
11.3.2 Electrochemical energy storage ..................................................................... 11-2
11.3.3 Thermal energy storage ................................................................................. 11-2
11.4 Bi tp ..........................................................................................................................11-
11.4.1 Bi tp ............................................................................................................ 11-
11.5 Kt lun ..................................................................................................................... 11-
1JXQWKDPNKR
Ph lc: Hi v tr li .......................................................................................................... 11-3
1. Trn Th nh Nhi
51102429
2. o L Hong
41101208
3. Bi Tun Anh
21100046
11-1
11 Lu tr nng lng
11 Lu tr nng lng
11.1 Tng quan v lu tr nng lng
11.1.1 Lu tr nng lng l g?
Hnh 11-1.1 Lu tr nng lng [youtube]

Lu tr nng lng l phng php dung mt h thng lu tr nng lng v khi phc li khi
cn thit.
Hin nay, c rt nhiu cch lu tr nng lng. Nhng cch lu tr nng lng ph bin hin
nay nh:
x Pumped hydro
x Compressed air
x Flywheel
x Batteries
11-2
11 Lu tr nng lng
11.2 Mc ch ca lu tr nng lng

11.2.1 Lu tr nng lng lm g?
Hnh11-2.1 Mc ch lu tr nng lng [youtube]

Lu tr nng lng c s dng cho nng lng san lp mt bng cho cc cng ty in lc
x cc cng ty in lc to trm hot ng hiu qu hn
x Nng lng lu tr khi khng cn thit s c ti s dng li khi cn thit
x Gip con ngi c th cn bng cung v cu nng lng
x Trnh lng ph nng lng trong thi gian in nng t c s dng
11 Lu tr nng lng
11-3
11.3 Cc phng php lu tr nng lng

11.3.1 Mechanical storage
Lu tr nng lng c hc l mt phng php lu tr nng lng ang c ng dng ph bin
hin nay.
Mc ch ca phng php lu tr nng lng ny l nng lng s c chuyn ha t in nng
thnh ng nng lu tr sau ti s dng li nng lng c lu tr bng cch chuyn ha
ngc li t ng nng thnh in nng.
11.3.1.1 Pumped hydro
Pumed hydro l mt trong nhng phng php lu tr nng lng c s dng lu i nht cho
n nay.
C ba dng turbine thng c s dng trong phng php lu tr ny l: Pelton turbine, Francis
turbine v Kaplan turbine.
a/ Cu to ca mt h thng pumped hydro
Hnh 11-3.1.1a Cu to h thng pumped hydro n gin [youtube]

Mt h thng pumped hydro n gin gm c:
x Hai b cha nc, mt b cha di v mt b cha trn, b cha trn cao hn b cha di
t 2-4000 m.
11-4
11 Lu tr nng lng
x Mt cn phng cha my bm, my pht v turbine. Cn phng ny nm di lng t v

nm gia 2 h cha.
x Mt h thng ng ni h cha trn n cn phng di lng t ny v t cn phng ny
n h cha di.
x Ngoi ra cn c mt nh my pht in gip vn chuyn in n cc h gia nh.
b/ Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng pumped hydro
H thng ny hot ng theo hai ch khc nhau vo gi cao im v gi thp im.
Gi cao im l thi gian lng in c s dng nhiu hoc lng in cu nhiu hn lng
in cung cp . Gi thp im l thi gian m lng in c s dng t hoc lng in cu t
hn lng in cung.
Hnh 11-3.1.1b Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng vo gi thp im [youtube]

Vo thi im thp im, lng in cung cp s nhiu hn lng in thc t cn s dng.
Lng in d tha ny s dc dng duy tr hot ng ca turbine gip vn chuyn nc t h
cha di ln h cha trn.
Hnh 11-3.1.1c Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng vo gi cao im [youtube]
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Vo thi im cao im, nc t h cha trn s dc vn chuyn ngc li xung h cha di

v lm quay turbine. ng nng lm quay turbine ny s c chuyn ha thnh in nng v c
a n cc h gia nh s dng.
c/ Cc dng turbine c s dng trong h thng pumped hydro
Vy lm sao h thng pumped hydro c th vn chuyn nc t h cha di ln h cha trn
chuyn ha in nng thnh c nng lu tr nng lng v ngc li. chnh l nh
turbine c t gia hai h cha ny.
hiu r hn v cch thc lm vic ca turbine, di y s gii thiu ba loi turbine thng
c s dng trong cc h thng pumped hydro hin nay l Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine v
Pelton turbine.
Francis turbine
Hnh 11.3.1.1d Cu to Francis turbine [youtube]

Francis turbine hot ng c vi iu kin h cha trn phi cao hn h cha di t 45 - 400 m
vi lu lng dng chy t 10-700 m3/s.
B phn quan trng nht gip turbine Francis hot ng c gi l runner.
Hnh 11-3.1.1e Cu to runner trong Francis turbine [youtube]
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Nc c a vo h thng runner theo hng xuyn tm v thot ra theo hng song song vi
trc ca runner.
Hnh 11-3.1.1f Cu to runner trong Francis turbine [youtube]

H thng runner c to thnh t nhiu li dao c cu to phc tp.
Hnh 11-3.1.1g Cu to li dao trong runner [youtube]

Nh c cu to phc tp ny m khi lng nc tc ng ln li dao ny s dc li dao phn
chia p lc thnh hai bn, p lc thp s 1 pha ca li dao, p lc cao s pha cn li. S
chnh lch p lc gia hai bn ca li dao s to thnh 1 lc nng tc ng ln li dao ny.
Hnh 11-3.1.1h Tc ng ca nc ln li dao [youtube]

Ngoi ra, cu to ny cn gip khi nc tc ng vo phn cong pha di li dao s thm mt
lc xung tc ng ln li dao.
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Tng hp ca lc nng v lc xung tc ng ln li dao s to thnh mt lc gip cho runner

chuyn ng.
Hnh 11-3.1.1i Cc lc tc ng ln li dao [youtube]

Runner c kt ni vi mt ng ht v c t trong mt ng hnh xon ng gip vn chuyn
nc t bn ngoi vo turbine.
Hnh 11-3.1.1k Cu to ca Francis turbine [youtube]

Thit b turbine cn c 2 b phn khc l stay vanes v guide vanes. Stay vanes gip cho nc
c a vo runner theo hng xuyn tm cn guide vanes gip khim sot lu lng nc c
a vo runner.
Hnh 11.3.1.1l H thng iu khin lu lng ca Francis turbine [youtube]

Khi lng in nng cn s dng t, guide vans s khp li hn ch lng nc c a vo
runner.
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Khi lng in nng cn s dng nhiu, guide vans c m rng ra, lng nc c a vo
runner nhiu hn gip runner quay nhanh hn, to c nhiu ng nng chuyn ha thnh in
nng.
Kaplan turbine
Kaplan turbine c th hot ng ngay c khi b cha nng nhng lu lng dng chy phi kh
cao. Kaplan turbine hot ng tt khi b cha trn cao hn b cha di t 2-25 m v lu lng
dng chy vo khong 70-800 m3/s.
Kaplan tpurbin c kch thc ln v l turbine c kch thc ln nht trong cc loi turbine c s
dng trong h thng pumped hydro.
Hnh 11-3.1.1m Cu to ca Kaplan turbine [youtube]

Cng ging nh Francis turbine, b phn quan trng nht ca turbine l runner. Runner ca Kaplan
turbine to thnh nh nhiu cch qut c kiu dng hi cong. Cng nh hnh dng ny m cnh
qut trong runner phn chia lung nc thnh hai p lc (p lc cao mt pha ca cnh qut v p
lc thp pha cn li). S chnh lch p lc hai pha ca cnh qut ti nn mt lc y tc ng
ln cnh qut. Tip tuyn ca lc y ny chnh l lc lm quay runner.
Hnh 11-3.1.1n Cu to runner ca Kaplan turbine [youtube]
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
H thng runner c t trong mt ng hnh xon c a nc vo trong runner. Chnh nh

kiu dng xon c vi ng knh c thu hp dn v pha tm vng c gip cho lng nc i
vo runner c vn tc gn nh nhau.
Hnh 11-3.1.1o Cu to ca Kaplan turbine [youtube]

H thng iu khin lu lng ca Kaplan turbine chnh l guide vanes. Khi vo cao im, guide
vanes m rng ra gip lng nc i vo trong turbine nhiu hn v ngc li, guide vanes s khp
li vo gi thp im.
Hnh 11-3.1.1p H thng iu khin lu lng ca Kaplan turbine [youtube]

Pelton turbine
Pelton turbine c th hot ng vi lu lng thp v h cha trn phi c cao t 300-4000 m.
Hnh 11-3.1.1q Cu to ca Pelton turbine [youtube]
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Hot ng ca thit b Pelton turbine rt n gin. Khi nc tc ng ln cc mng trong h thng

Pelton s to ra 1 lc lm quay turbine.
Hnh 11-3.1.1r Cu to mng ca Pelton turbine [youtube]

H thng ny c th iu khin lu lng nc nh 1 trc c t trong ng ng dn nc.
Vo gi thp im trc ny c y vo su bn trong ng, lm hp ng ra ca ng, gip cho
lng nc tc ng vo cc mng gim i, turbine quay chm, lng ng nng chuyn ha thnh
c nng cng truyn ra ngoi t. Ngc li, khi vo gi cao im, trc c y dn ra pha
ngoi gip lng nc tc ng vo cc mng ca turbine nhiu hn.
Hnh 11-3.1.1s Cu to ca Pelton turbine [youtube]

Vy s lng mng bao nhiu l cho mt h thng Pelton turbine.
Theo nghin cu, ngi ta nhn thy rng nu s lng mng qu t s khng tip nhn c ht
lng nc c phun ra t ng, lm lng ph lng nc khng c tip xc vi mng bin
i ng nng thnh in nng. Nhng nu s lng mng tng ln qu nhiu th s dn n lng
ph v vn chi ph to thnh thit b, lm cho gi thnh ca thit b tng cao.
Nn vic tnh ton vi mt s lng mng va lng nc phun ra t ng c tip xc ht
vi mng l cn thit.
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Hnh 11-3.1.1u S lng mng cn thit trong Pelton turbine [youtube]

Cu to ca mng c chia lm hai phn nh b phn spliter. Khi nc tc ng ln mng spliter
s chia dng nc ny thnh hai phn bng nhau. Vi cu to ca mng, lng nc khi tc ng
vo mng s c di li vi mt gc E so vi phng thng ng l gn bng 1800. Ngi ta
nhn thy rng, khi gc E t c 1800 th hiu sut ca turbine s cao nht.
Hnh 11-3.1.1v Cu to mng ca Pelton turbine [youtube]

So snh gia ba turbine (Francis, Kaplan, Pleton)
Hnh 11-3.1.1w S so snh iu kin v hot ng ca 3 turbine [youtube]
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Da vo biu v phm vi hot ng ca turbine ph thuc vo chiu cao ca b cha trn v lu

lng nc, c th thy Francis turbine l thit b c th hot ng c khong cao ca h
cha trn cng nh lu lng nc cn t thit b hot ng rng hn nhiu so vi Kaplan v
Pelton turbine nn d thch nghi vi nhiu a hnh khi thit k h thng pumped hydro. y l mt
trong nhng nguyn nhn quan trng khin cho Francis turbine l thit b c s dng nhiu nht
trong cc h thng pumped hydro nh my thy in.
Hnh 11-3.1.1y S so snh hiu sut hot ng ca 3 turbine [youtube]

Ngoi ra, khi nhn vo biu hiu sut theo vn tc ring ca turbine cho thy hiu sut cao nht
m Francis c th t c cao hn so vi hai turbine cn li cng l mt nguyn nhn khc khin
cho Francis turbine tr nn ph bin hn.
d/ u v nhc im ca h thng
u im ca phng php ny hiu qu v c th lu tr lng nng lng ln vi chi ph bo
dng thp.
Nhc im ln nht ca phng php ny chnh l n ph thuc nhiu vo yu t a l.
e/ Nh my pumped hydro trong thc t
Hin nay c nhiu nc ng dng h thng pumped hydro vo s dng cho vic lu tr nng
lng. Di y l hnh nh v thng s hot ng ca mt nh my pumped hydro Michigan.
11 Lu tr nng lng
11-
Hnh 11-3.1.1z Nh my pumped hydro Michigan [zebu.uoregon.edu]

Nh my ny s dng h Michigan lm b cha di. B cha trn c thit vi cao 75m so
vi b cha di. Cng sut cao nht m nh my t c l 2000MW v c th lu tr c 15
triu KWh
11.3.1.2 Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
H thng CAES hot ng da trn c ch s dng nng lng in d tha nn khng kh.
Khng kh sau khi c nn s c lu tr trong cc h ch hoc cc tng cha nc ca hang
ng.
Cc loi h cha c th dng lu tr kh nn l: salt caverns, aquifers v rock caverns.
Hin nay c hai phng php c s dng trong h thng CAES nh l adiabatic storage system
(h thng lu tr on nhit), hybrid system.
a/ Cu to ca h thng CASE n gin
Hnh 11-3.1.2a Cu to ca h thng CASE n gin [espcinc.com]
11-4
11 Lu tr nng lng
H thng gm c cc b phn chnh nh: ni lu tr kh nn, b nn kh, ng c, recuperator v

h thng gas turbine.
b/ Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng
Hnh 11-3.1.2b Cu to ca salt cavern [youtube]

Mt hang ng loi salt caverns c th cao 1000 feet v c ng knh 200 feet. Hang ng ny c
th cha mt th tch xp s 19 triu feet khi nn n l mt ni l tng lu tr nng lng
c th ti s dng vo gi cao im.
Hnh 11-3.1.2c Nguyn l hot ng vo gi thp im [youtube]

Vo thi im thp im, in nng d tha s c s dng vo qu trnh nn kh nh mt my
nn iu khin bng in v a kh vo hang ng. Khi hang ng cha y khng kh nn, p
sut khng kh trong hang ng t gn 1100 pounds/ inch vung.
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Hnh 11-3.1.2d Cu to ca CASE [youtube]

Vo thi im cao im, khng kh nn di hang ng s qua h thng ng dn v n
recuperator. Ti y khng kh c lm nng ln n 600 Frahrenheit.
Mt phn khng kh nng c a vo bung t p sut cao giu kh gas t nhin a
nhit ln 1000 trc khi c a vo bung gin n p sut cao.
Khng kh p sut cao ny tip tc c gin n v lm nng n 1600 trc khi a vo bung
p sut thp.
Khng kh p sut thp ny s c trn vi khng kh p sut cao cha recuperator gip lm
quay my pht in.
Adiabatic storage system
Hnh 11-3.1.2e Cu to ca h thng CASE kiu adiabatic storage system [youtube]
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Khi vo gi thp im, in nng c s dng vn hnh thit b nn kh iu khin bng in.
Khng kh xung quanh c a vo y nn n p sut khang 70 bar v c lm nng ln n
nhit 600 C.
Hnh 11-3.1.2f Cu to ca h thng CASE kiu adiabatic storage system [youtube]

Khng kh ny tip tc c a sang mt c quy c th chu c p lc v cch nhit tt nn c
th lu tr trong mt khong thi gian di m khng pht sinh ng k tn tht kh nn.
Bn trong c quy, khng kh i vo qua vt liu gm v c h nhit ng k trc khi c lu
tr vo hang ng.
Hnh 11-3.1.2g Cu to ca h thng CASE kiu adiabatic storage system [youtube]
11 Lu tr nng lng
11-
Khi vo gi cao im, khng kh c nn trong hang ng vo khong 40 Celsius c s i

theo ng ng v turbine di p lc cao v c lm nng ln bn trong c quy nh s lm
quay ng c ca my pht in (nh nguyn l nu trn) cung cp in ra bn ngoi.
Hybrid system
Hnh 11-3.1.2h Cu to ca h thng CASE kiu hybrid system [youtube]

Vo gi thp im, in d tha c truyn xung di nc thng qua ng truyn cung
cp nng lng cho h thng nn kh c iu khin bng in nng c t di bin.
Hnh 11-3.1.2i Cu to ca h thng CASE kiu hybrid system [youtube]
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Khng kh c p lc c tm thy di y bin v c nn nh h thng nn kh. Nhit lng

to ra trong qu trnh nn khng kh c lu tr trong mt h cha cch nhit trn 1 nn tng.
Hnh 11-3.1.2k Cu to ca h thng CASE kiu hybrid system [youtube]

Khng kh sau khi nn c lu tr trong c quy di nc. Cc c quy c m bo ti y
bin bng cch s dng dy neo y bin nhy cm vi mi trng.
Hnh 11-3.1.2l Cu to ca h thng CASE kiu hybrid system [youtube]
11 Lu tr nng lng
11-
Vo gi cao im, khng kh nn c a ln li v nhit c lu tr s lm nng khng kh ny

khin n gin n ra gip ti to li in nng (nh nguyn l hot ng ca my nu trn), n
c th ti to c 70% lng in lc u v gii phng khng kh tr li mi trng.
11.3.1.3 Flywheel energy storage
S dng bnh lu tr nng lng l mt hnh thc lu tr nng lng cn mi hin nay.
C hai loi bnh l bnh tc cao (tc quay khong 40000 rpm) v bnh tc thp
(tc quay khong 7000 rpm).
Bng cch li dng qun tnh ca bnh ta c th lu tr mt lng ln nng lng di dng
ng hc.
Flywheel energy storage hin ang c ng dng trong xe ti v xe bus.
a/ Cu to ca h thng flywheel energy storage
Hnh 11-3.1.3a Cu to ca h thng flywheel energy storage n gin [zebu.uoregon.edu]

Cu to ca mt h thng flywheel energy storage n gin gm c cc b phn chnh nh sau:
Bnh : b phn quan trng nht trong h thng.
ng c: ng c ny s c kt ni vi mt my pht in chuyn ha ng nng thnh c
nng v ngc li.
Vng bi t: gim ma st gia cc phn tnh v phn ng ca h thng.
Bm ht chn khng: gip h thng hot ng ch chn khng.
b/ Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng
Vo gi thp im, in nng s c cung cp lm quay h thng bnh v nng lng s
c lu tr di dng moment quay. H thng ny c tn hao quay rt thp do s dng cc vng
bi t (magnetc bearing) gip hn ch ti a s tip xc gia cc b phn ng yn v b phn
chuyn ng. Ngoi ra do h thng c hot ng mi trng gn nh chn khng nn s cn
kh ng hc cng c gim ng k. Nh nhng iu ny gip h thng c th t c hiu
sut cao n 80%.
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Hnh 11-3.1.3b Nguyn l hot ng ca bnh vo gi thp im [youtube]

Vo gi cao im, ng nng lm cho bnh quay s c chuyn ha thnh in nng v c
truyn ti ra bn ngoi.
Hnh 11-3.1.3c Nguyn l hot ng ca bnh vo gi cao im [youtube]

c/ u v nhc im ca h thng
u im
Hiu sut ca h thng cao.
Mt t t hn bm thy in.
Thn thin vi mi trng.
Lm vic c hu ht cc loi kh hu.
Nhc im
Trng lng h thng ln.
Chi ph u t kh cao.
11 Lu tr nng lng
11-
11.3.2 Electrochemical energy storage

11.3.2.1 Fuel Cell (t bo nguyn liu, pin nhin liu):
a) Lch s pht trin:
Nm 1839 nh khoa hc t nhin ngi x Wales Sir William Robert Grove ch to ra m hnh
thc nghim u tin ca t bo nhin liu bao gm hai in cc platin c bao trm bi hai ng
hnh tr bng thy tinh, mt ng cha hir v ng kia cha xy. Hai in cc c nhng
trong axt sulfuric long l cht in phn to thnh dng in mt chiu.
V vic ch to cc h thng t bo nhin liu qu phc tp v gi thnh t, cng ngh ny dng
li y cho n thp nin 1950. Sau , cng ngh ny tip tc c pht trin bi nhu cu t
ngun nhin liu sch cng ng dng cho cc lnh vc nh in thoi di ng, xe hi v c bit
l trm pht in.
b) Cu to:
Mt t bo nhin liu c cu to n gin bao gm ba lp nm trn nhau:
Lp th nht l in cc nhin liu (cc dng).
Lp th hai l cht in phn dn ion. Thng c ph 1 lp bch kim tch electron t
nguyn t Hydro.
Lp th ba l in cc kh xy (cc m).
Vi hai in cc c lm bng cht dn in (kim loi, than ch,...).
Hnh 11-3.2.1a Cu to ca mt t bo nhin liu [http://blog.cafefoundation.org]
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
c) Nguyn l hot ng:

Bin i nng lng ha hc ca nhin liu, th d nh l hir, trc tip thnh nng lng in.
T bo nhin liu hot ng lin tc khi nhin liu (hir) v cht xi ha (xy) c a t ngoi
vo.
V nguyn tc, fuel cell hot ng tng t nh mt cquy. N c hai cc nhng trong dung dch
in phn. Kh hydro c phun vo cc dng, cn xy ( khng kh) lt vo cc m. Di tc
dng ca dung dch in phn, phn t hydro cc dng b tch ra thnh ion H+ v electron (-),
ion H+ chuyn ng ti cc m, cn electron chuyn ng ti cc dng. Chuyn ng ny sinh ra
dng in.
2H2 4H+ + 4eMt khc, H+ khi ti cc m s phn ng vi xy to ra nc, sinh nhit. Kt qu l ngi ta thu
c in v nhit t phn ng ny, cn cht thi to ra ch l nc. Trong ton b qu trnh, hydro
c ly trc tip t kh thin nhin, methanol hoc du la.
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O
Nh vy, khc vi cc ng c t trong, t bo nhin lin hot ng trn nguyn tc in phn
hydro v xy, khng qua qu trnh t chy hp cht carbon (du la), v vy khng sinh ra kh thi
CO2. Do , tuy cng s dng ngun nng lng tng t nhau, nhng fuel cell c li cho mi
trng hn ng c t trong rt nhiu.
d) u, nhc im:
u im:
Khng ging nh pin hoc c quy, t bo nhin liu khng b mt in v cng khng c kh nng
tch in.
T bo nhin liu l loi thit b nng lng c mc thi nhim gn nh "bng 0", thn thin vi
mi trng.
Ngun nhin liu Hydro v Oxygen c sn trong thin nhin.
Khi hot ng khng pht sinh ting n.Tui th di v c tin cy cao.
Nhc im:
Gi thnh qu cao.
Th tch cng knh, kh khn khi a vo s dng (nh trong xe t).
Cht t hydro kh vn chuyn v bo qun.
11 Lu tr nng lng
11-
Khi ng dng trong cc trm pht in th pin nhin liu cn tui th ti thiu 4000h. Mt ngng
khng d g vt qua vi cng ngh hin nay.
e) Phn loi:
C nhiu loi t bo nhin liu:
AFC
(Alkaline fuel cell - t bo nhin liu kim).
PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell t bo nhin liu trao i ht nhn qua mng
lc).
PAFC
(Phosphoric acid fuel cell - t bo nhin liu axit phosphoric).
MCFC
(Molten carbonate fuel cell - t bo nhin liu carbonat nng chy).
SOFC
(Solid oxide fuel cell - t bo nhin liu oxit rn).
DMFC
(Direct methanol fuel cell - t bo nhin liu methanol trc tip).
f) ng dng:
Cc loi t bo nhin liu trn c ng dng trong:
Ch to ng c t: PEMFC, SOFC v APU.
t ph trong lnh vc thit b di ng: DMFC.
Ngnh hng khng v tr: AFC.
e) Nh my in kh Hydro:
Tp on nng lng Enel ca Italy khnh thnh nh my sn xut in bng kh hydro u tin
trn th gii ti khu vc Fusina, pha ng Bc Venice.
Hot ng vi cng sut 16MW v sn lng in 60 kWh/nm.
Nh my s cung cp in cho khong 20.000 h gia nh v hn ch c lng kh thi CO2
mc 17.000 tn.
Hnh 11-3.2.1b Nh my in kh Hydro u tin Italy [http://ashui.com]
11-4
11 Lu tr nng lng
11.3.2.2 c quy:
Lch s pht trin:
Nm 1859, Pin sc xut hin t khi nh vt l Php Gaston Plante pht minh ra pin ch - axit, pin
Plante l mt tin thn ca c quy trn xe hi ngy nay.
b) Cu to:
Anode: Ch kim loi Pb
Cathode: Ch (IV) oxit (PbO2)
Dung dch in phn: Axit sunfuric (H2SO4)
Hnh 11-3.2.2a M phng bn cc c quy axit [http://acquyhoanganh.com]

Nguyn l hot ng:
Hnh 11-3.2.2b M phng s lm vic ca c quy axit [http://acquyhoanganh.com]
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Qu trnh phng in din ra nu nh gia hai cc c quy c mt thit b tiu th in, khi ny xy
ra phn ng ha hc sau:
Ti cc dng:
Ti cc m:
Phn ng ton bnh l:
2PbO2 + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O + O2

Pb + H2SO4 PbSO4 + H2
Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O
Qu trnh phng in kt thc khi m PbO2 cc dng v Pb cc m hon ton chuyn thnh
PbSO4.
Qu trnh np in cho c quy, do tc dng ca dng in np m bn trong c quy s c phn ng
ngc li so vi chiu phn ng trn, phn ng chung gp li trong ton bnh s l:
2PbSO4 + 2H2O Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4.
Kt thc qu trnh np th c quy tr li trng thi ban u: Cc dng gm: PbO2, cc m l Pb.
d) u, nhc im:
u im: c kh nng tch tr c v chu dng xung ln.
Nhc im: vn hnh phc tp,ha cht c hi,gi thnh cao.
e) ng dng trong cc nh my in, trm bin p:
ng chc nng v cng quan trng duy tr ngun 1 chiu cho cc nh my in v trm bin p.
m bo cung cp dng DC cho cc ph ti quan trng v yu cu c tin cy v in rt cao
nh:
Kch t my pht in, cc ng c mt chiu.
Bo v r le t ng.
iu khin t xa, m bo cc ph ti ny hot ng bnh thng.
Sn xut in t kh CO2:
Hnh 11-3.2.2c Kh CO2 thi ra thin nhin [http://www.freediveuk.com]
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Mc ch:
Tn dng v gim bt c ngun kh thi CO2 khng l t nh my,x nghip c bit l cc
nh my nhit in.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Cc nh my nhit in hin nay hot ng theo nguyn tc: bm nc qua nhng vin nng
di lng t chng hp th nhit ri dn chng vo b cha.T y, hi nc c a vo cc
ng dn ti v lm quay turbine ca my pht in.
Phng php s dng kh CO2 thay cho H2O gip lng in u ra tng 50% l do:
Mc d CO2 khng hp thu c nhiu nhit lng nh nc, song loi kh ny i qua
nng, ng dn v nhng ni khc trong my pht in vi tc nhanh hn nhiu. iu ny
lm cho cng sut ca my pht in tng ln.
Kh CO2 l thot lun long hn (do nng hn) kh CO2 l vo. S khc bit v mc
long s dn ti chnh lch p sut, khin cho CO2 di chuyn d dng hn nn nng lng b
ra bm n s gim i.
Nh my in kh u tin ang c a vo s dng ti Venice,Italia.
Hnh 11-3.2.2d Nh my in kh u tin Venice Italia [http://ashui.com]
11 Lu tr nng lng
11-
11.3.3 Thermal energy storage

Thermal energy storage (lu tr nng lng nhit) l phng php lu tr nng lng di dng
nhit nng trc tip bn trong cht rn hoc cht lng. Phng php ny c ng dng nhiu
trong cc ngnh nhit lnh nh iu ha khng kh, iu chnh nhit , v t c ng dng
trong h thng nh my in. Tuy nhin phng php ny c th tit kim phn ln lng in
nng tiu th nh my in khi vn hnh cc h thng nhit lnh hin nay.
V phng php, thermal energy storage hot ng theo hai c ch:
1. Sensible heat storage
2. Latent heat storage
Hnh 11-3.3 Biu phn loi phng php lu tr nng lng nhit
11.3.3.1 Sensible heat energy storage
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Sensible heat storage l lng nhit lu tr c trong vt cht m khng lm thay i pha ca vt
cht . Ly v d qu trnh un nc. Khi nc ang trng thi rn (nc ) ta tng dn nhit
, khi nhit vt qua im chuyn pha rn lng (melting point) th nc s tan chy thnh
nc. Ta gi nhit lu tr c pha rn trc khi xy ra qu trnh chuyn pha rn-lng l sensible heat. Nhit c lu tr theo phng php ny ph thuc vo kh nng lu tr nhit ca vt
liu. Thng thng vt liu c s dng l nc.
tnh ton lng nhit c lu tr trong vt liu, ta c cng thc sau:
Lng nhit lu tr (kJ/m3) = Nhit (oC) x Nhit dung ring (kJ/kgoC) x Khi lng ring
(kg/m3)
= .cp.
Hnh 11.3.3.1a S hot ng nh my in ht nhn [youtube]

Mt ng dng ca sensible heat energy storage trong nh my pht in l vic lu tr nhit to
ra hi nc lm quay my pht in ph khi cn thit. Phng php ny c gi l Pressurized
water storage
Nh trn hnh, ta c mt nh my in ht nhn hot ng nh sau: T ngun nhit (Reactor vessel) bn trong s dng nhin liu ha thch hoc ht nhn, un nng dng nc c cp vo my
hi nc (steam generator), nc c un nng s ha hi v i n turbine. Turbine quay s lm
quay my pht in v to ra in nng. Phn hi nc d tha s quay tr li b ngng t (condenser) v a qua my hi nc tip tc qu trnh ha hi.
ng dng phng php Pressurized water storage, ta c s nh sau:
11 Lu tr nng lng
11-
Hnh 11-3.3.1b S hot ng nh my in ht nhn c s dng phng php Pressurized water storage
[power plant engineering, PK Nag]
Hot ng ca my pht ging nh m t phn trn. Sau khi hi nc c un nng lm quay

Turbine chnh, phn hi nc d tha s i qua b ngng t, ng thi i qua b acquy hi (steam
accumulators). Hi s c np vo acquy ny trn vi lng nc c sn trong acquy v lu tr
nhit bn trong acquy. Khi cn s dng, acquy s hot ng ch x, nc trong acquy s ha
hi v lm quay turbine ph sinh ra in. Hi cn tha s quay li b ngng t v tip tc chu
trnh ha hi.
Hiu sut ca qu trnh lu tr nhit ny c tnh bi cng thc:
B acquy lu tr nhit c th c t di lng t hoc t trn mt t. Acquy t di long

ts tn nhiu tin hn nhng nhit c lu tr s cao hn v gim tht thot nhit trong qu
trnh lu tr. Vn chn loi acquy lu tr no ph thuc vo cc yu t gi thnh, hiu sut v
mc an ton.
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Hnh 11-3.3.1c. Acquy hi ti nh my in Jeungpyeong, Doosan, Hn Quc [www.dbhi.co.kr]
C ba loi acquy chnh c th c s dng trong phng php ny nh sau: Variable pressure
accumulator, expansion accumulator v displacement accumulator.
a. Variable pressure accumulator:
Hnh 11-3.3.1d S Acquy hi variable pressure accumulator [power plant engineering, PK Nag]
Acquy ny cn c gi l acquy Ruths. ch np, khi hi nc c sc y, hi c trn
vi nc bn trong acquy to thnh nc nng bo ha, nhit c lu tr trong nc. Khi x,
hi nc bn trong thot ra lm p sut trong acquy gim nc nng bo ha ha hi v thot ra
ngoi, i n turbine, lm quay turbine to ra in.
11 Lu tr nng lng
11-3
b. Expansion accumulator
Hnh 11-3.3.1e S Acquy hi Expansion accumulator [power plant engineering, PK Nag]

Khi acquy c sc y, phn ln th tch bn trong acquy s cha y nc v 1 phn nh lng
hi bo ha ging nh acquy variable pressure. Khi s dng, acquy ch x, nc nng trong
bnh s c rt ra nga t phn y ca acquy v i qua b ha hi (flash evaporators), ha hi ri
i n tuebine lm quay my pht in. Phn hi d tha tip tc i qua b ngng t v tr li qu
trnh ca nh my in.
c. Displacement accumulator
Hnh 11-3.3.1f S Acquy hi Displacement accumulator [power plant engineering, PK Nag]
11-
11 Lu tr nng lng
Tng t nh hai b acquy k trn, bn trong Displacement accumulator, bn trong b acquy lun
cha y nc. Khi acquy c sc y hi, hi s trn nc bn trong acquy v lu tr nhit to
thnh nc nng bo ha cho n khi trong bnh cha y nc nng. Khi ch x, nc nng
s c rt ra ngoi t phn u ca acquy, sau i qua b ha hi v dn n tuebine lm quay
my pht in. Phn hi nc d tha s qua b ngng t, to thnh nc v np tr li vo acquy
cng vi ng np nc lnh.
ng dng lu tr nhit ny c thit k v tnh ton trn l thuyt nhng t c s dng trong
nh my in do tn km v lng nhit lu tr thp.
3.3.2 Latent heat energy storage
Hnh 11-3.3.2a S thay i pha ca nc [youtube]

Latent heat l nng lng c sinh ra di dng nhit do qu trnh thay i pha ca 1 cht khi
nhit tc dng tng dn. S thay i pha ny c th l s tan chy ca cht rn chuyn thnh
cht lng hoc s bc hi cht lng thnh cht kh.
V d nh hnh trn, khi un nng nc dng rn, ti nhit vt qu nhit nng chy th
nc s t dng rn chuyn thnh dng lng, v khi ta thu c nng lng l 80 calories.
Tng t i vi s chuyn pha t cht lng sang cht kh.
lu tr nng lng latent heat, qu trnh trn s o ngc. c th l s ngng t ca pha kh
thnh pha lng hoc s chuyn t pha lng thnh pha rn.
11 Lu tr nng lng
11-3
Nng lng lu tr c theo phng php ny c th c tnh ton theo cng thc sau:
Hnh 11-3.3.2b th din t mc nng lng lu tr c trong qu trnh thay i pha ca mt

cht [www.climatetechwiki.org]
Da trn th di y, c th thy c rng nng lng lu tr c theo phng php latent
heat energy storage cao hn nhiu so vi nng lng lu tr c bng phng php sensible heat
energy storage.
th trn din t s thay i t pha rng thnh pha lng ca mt loi vt cht. Ti im nng chy
(melting point) c th thy c rng nng lng lu tr c dng latent heat cao hn nhiu so
vi nng lng lu tr c dng sensible heat.
Ly v d so snh s thay i pha ca mt loi vt cht l mui hydrat (TH29) so vi nc v b
tng c din t trn th di y:
11-4
11 Lu tr nng lng
Hnh 11-3.3.2c th so snh nng lng lu tr c bng phng php latent heat ener gy storage s dng cht TH29 so vi phng php sensible heat energy storage dung nc v b tng
[www.pcpaustralia.com.au]
th trn cho thy rng trong khong nhit t 26 32oC th 1 lt nc c th lu tr c
lng nng lng vo khong 25kJ, 1 lt hn hp b tng c th lu tr c 12kJ trong khi , 1
lt TH29 ang thay i t pha rn sang pha lng c th lu tr c 300kJ nhit lng.
V ng dng, phng php latent heat energy storage c ng dng nhiu trong cc ngnh nhit
lnh nh iu ha khng kh, kim sot nhit , kho lnh,vic p dng phng php ny trong
cc h thng nhit lnh hin nay gip tit kim ng k lng in nng tiu th.
Mt ng dng dung phng php latent heat energy storage hin nay l h thng iu ha khng
kh Ice Bear ca cng ty Ice Energy. H thng ny lu tr nng lng vo ban m, khi lng in
nng tiu th t v pht nng lng vo ban ngy duy tr hot ng ca h thng iu ha, va
tit kim in, tit kim tin bc ng thi c tnh hiu qu cao.
Hnh 11-3.3.2d H thng iu ha khng kh Ice Bear ca cng ty Ice Energy, Hoa K
[www.ice-energy.com]
11 Lu tr nng lng
11-3
Phng php hot ng:

H thng bao gm mt b cha lu tr nhit ln gn trn mi nh v ni trc tip vi h thng dn
kh bn trong ta nh. H thng hot ng 2 ch : np v lm mt.
ch np vo ban m, H thng s sc bng cch ng bang 450 gallon nc v lu tr bn
trong b cch nhit
ch lm mt, h thng s a khng kh t bn ngoi vo b cha thng qua ng nng,
khng kh s c lm mt bng hi lnh t bng c sc, sau i ra ngoi bng ng lnh
v i vo h thng dn kh, lm mt ta nh.
Hnh 11-3.3.2e Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca h thng Ice Bear [www.ice-energy.com]

Ngoi vic tit kim c in nng v tin bc, vic s dng h thng ny cn c mt s li ch
sau;
Gim cng sut lp t my lnh (t 30% - 70%).
Gim lng gaz (lnh) tiu th
Gim cng sut ngun (in)-my bin th, trm in.
Gim chi ph vn hnh.
Tng hiu sut ca ton b h thng.
Gim cng sut cho cc nh my in trong gi cao im.
Gim hiu ng nh knh (do gim c cng sut ngun pht ca cc nh my nhit in).
11 Lu tr nng lng
11-36
11.4 Bi tp
11.4.1 Bi tp
1. Cho h thng CAES, lu lng kh trung bnh i vo trong cavern ca 64000 m3 l
8300m3/h. Khng kh i vo my nn 1 bar, 20oC v i ra 100bar, c hiu sut nn
l 70%. Hiu sut ca turbine l 60% v kh c lu tr trong cavern ti 100 bar,
20oC. Tnh :
a. Nhit kh nn
b. Thi gian lu tr
c. Tng nng lng lu tr (MWh)
d. Tng nng lng cung cp bi turbine.
Cho :
, cp = 1.005kJ/kg, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK
Gii
(
Th tch ring ca kh 100bar, 20oC
Lu lng ca kh trong cavern :
Cng sut lu tr : Theo phng trnh cn bng nhit

Thi gian lu tr =
Tng nng lng lu tr
Tng nng lng c cung cp bi turbine :
/XWUQQJOQJ
11-
11.5 Kt lun
7URQJNKX{QNKJLLKQEjLWLXOXQFKDUDQKQJQKQJKDNKiLQLPFEQYOXWU
QQJOQJ%jLWLXOXQQj\FyWKFzQQKLXWKLXVyWQKQJK\YQJFyWKJL~SSKQQjRFKR
FiFVLQKYLrQQyLFKXQJYjVLQKYLrQQJKjQKQQJOQJQyLULrQJFyPWWOLXWWYjEtFK
WKDPNKR
Ngun tham kho:
>@ 3RZHUSODQWHQJLQHHULQJ3.1DJ
>@KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y ';.;V]3[Z
>@KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y N%/2.(=.8
>@KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y %&L)H\N5]R
>@KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y S87JSQ'8
>@KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y UIPHTZ64$
>@KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y G*G3,&$0
>@ZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y *$M=(%S7R
>@ZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y E:%4Q[9FZ0
>@KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y X,O.WIS/4
>@KWWSYLZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL7(%$%)BE&$RBQKL&$$QBOL(%%X
>@KWWSGRFHGXYQWDLOLHXQJXRQGLHQPRWFKLHXWURQJQKDPD\GLHQYDWUDPELHQDS
>@KWWSDFTX\KRDQJDQKFRPGHWDLOQHZV3KDQ/RDL9D1JX\HQ/\+RDW'RQJ&XD$F
4X\KWPO
>@KWWSYQH[SUHVVQHWWLQWXFNKRDKRFVDQ[XDWGLHQWXNKLFRKWPO
>@KWWSZZZFOHDQWHNWYFRPFRPSDQLHVVKRZFDVHBGHWDLOSKS"NH\ LWHP1XPEHU
>@KWWSZZZLFHHQHUJ\FRPWHFKQRORJ\LFHEHDUHQHUJ\VWRUDJHV\VWHP
>@ KWWSYQH[SUHVVQHWWLQWXFQDQJOXRQJ[DQKFKRFXRFVRQJWLFKWUXQDQJOXRQJWXKHWKRQJ
GLHXKRDNKRQJNKLKWPO
>@KWWSZZZSFSDXVWUDOLDFRPDXFKDUVJUDSKKWPO
>@KWWSZZZFOLPDWHWHFKZLNLRUJWHFKQRORJ\MLTZHESFP
>@KWWSZZZGEKLFRNUHQJEXVLQHVVEXVLQHVVBKWP
>@KWWSZZZVOLGHVKDUHQHWVXVWHQHUJ\FRPSDFWWKHUPDOHQHUJ\VWRUDJHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
11-3
11 Lu tr nng lng
Ph lc: Hi v tr li
Hi: (Nhm 1) Lm sao xy dng b ch c su ln nh vy?
Tr li: y l mt nhc im ln ca phng php pumped hydro. Nh mnh gii thiu, y
l phng php i hi v iu kin a hnh (t rng, c b cha di, c b cha trn cao
hn b cha di t nht l 2m) v kinh ph u t cho phng php ny l h cao th mi c th
xy dng b cha nh vy.
Hi: (Nhm 2) Lm sao a lng in d tha lu tr?
Tr li: Nh my in s c h thng kim sot nhu cu dng in, nu i65n pht ra ln hn in
cn thit s dng th phn in khng s dng s c a vo h thng lu tr.
Hi: (Nhm 3) Ti sao cc loi pin, c quy u c mc in p c nh (vd: pin Lion 3.7V). N c
lin quan g n tnh cht ha hc ca cc cht to nn n hay khng hay ch n gin l mc in
p chun lm vic vi cc thit b?
Tr li: in p ca pin ph thuc vo tnh cht ha hc ca cc cht to nn anode v catode
cng nh cht in phn. Mt b c quy bao gm nhiu lp anode, catode v dung dch in phn
c in p ph hp vi yu cu s dng.
Hi: (Nhm 4) Bnh nh th hiu sut s thp, lm sao nng cao hiu sut bnh ?
Tr li: H thng ny c tn hao quay rt thp do s dng cc vng bi t (magnetc bearing) gip
hn ch ti a s tip xc gia cc b phn ng yn v b phn chuyn ng. Ngoi ra do h
thng c hot ng mi trng gn nh chn khng nn s cn kh ng hc cng c gim
ng k. Nh nhng iu ny gip h thng c th t c hiu sut cao n 80%.
Hi: (Nhm 5) Hiu sut lu tr v s dng nng lng c bng nhau khng? Nu khng l do
u?
Tr li: Hiu sut lu tr v s dng khng bng nhau do tn hao trong qu trnh vn chuyn v
hot ng ca h thng.
Hi: (Nhm 6) Lm sao np hi d tha vo c quy trong phng php thermal energy?
Tr li: Trong h thng s c ng dn hi d tha t turbine vo c quy ch sc. Khi c quy
y v khng sc na, ton b hi d tha s i qua b ngng t, ngng t thnh nc v tr li
qu trnh ca nh my in.
Hi: (Nhm 10) Hin nay to c pin dung lng cao cha (vi chc vn, vi trm vn)?
Tr li: Dung lng ca pin o bng n v mAh ch khng phi n v vn (n v o in p
ca pin).

Tieu Luan Co Ban Ve Cac He Thong San Xuat Nang Luong Dien

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tieu Luan Co Ban Ve Cac He Thong San Xuat Nang Luong Dien

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

I HC QUC GIA TP H CH MINH

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

V Anh Tun, 0973 374 133

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam ..............................................1-1

Danh sch thnh vin nhm:

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

Tng quan v h thng in v thc trng Vit Nam

Tng quan v ngun in

Xy dng cc nh my in gn lin vi v tr cc ngun nng lng s cp theo v tr a l.

Hnh 1.1: Phn b cc nh my in [1]

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

T trng cc loi hnh sn xut in nng

Hnh 1.2: T trng cc loi hnh sn sut in nng [1]

Vi mc ch gp phn a dng ha hnh thc u t vo cc cng trnh in, t gip pht

Hnh 1.3: C cu u t vo th trng in Vit Nam[1]

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

Tm nhn v tng lai v chin lc thc hin

c th p ng c nhu cu in nng, Chnh ph Vit Nam ra mc tiu c th v sn

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

Tng quan v li in trong h thng in

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

S phn phi in ng dy 500 kV

Hnh 1.3: S phn phi in ng dy 500 kV [3]

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

Hnh 1.5: Tro lu truyn ti in vo ma kh [3]

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

Hnh 1.6: Tro lu truyn ti in vo ma ma [3]

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

Tm nhn v tng lai

Bng 1.2: S lng ng dy v trm in c b sung vo li in quc gia cho giai on

Vit Nam nm trong khu vc nhit i gi ma, kh hu c chia thnh 2 ma r rt l ma h

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

Tc tng trng ph ti trong cc nm

Bng 1.4: Tc tng trng ph ti trong giai on 2002 2012 [4]

Cc xu hng pht trin v sn xut in v cc vn lin quan

H thng in thng minh (Smart Grid)

Lch s hnh thnh h thng in thng minh [5,6]

Nhu cu s dng in ca con ngi:

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

H thng in thng minh l g? [5]

V nguyn tc, h thng in thng minh l:

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

Hnh 1.7: M hnh h thng in thng minh [7]

Cng ngh ca h thng in thng minh [5]

V truyn thng: t ng ho hon hon cc trm, t ng ho phn tn, h thng gim st v

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

Tnh hnh s dng h thng in thng minh nc ta [6]

T nm 2003, EVN a vo s dng cc trm bin p t ng. Mi u, cng ty s dng cc

Truyn ti in mt chiu cao p (High Voltage Direct Current - HVDC):

Truyn ti in cao p mt chiu (HVDC) c nhiu thun li hn truyn ti in xoay chiu

Cu hnh h thng in cao p mt chiu (HVDC)

Cc kt ni DC c chia lm 3 loi chnh [8]:

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

+ Kt ni ng cc: Kt ni ny gm hai hay nhiu dy c cng cc tnh, thng chn cc

Thun li v khng thun li khi xy dng h thng in cao p mt chiu

Tnh hnh v kh nng xy dng h thng in cao p 1 chiu Vit Nam

Xu hng s dng nng lng ti to Vit Nam [10]

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

Hnh 1.8: Nh my thy in nh

1 Tng quan v sn xut in v thc trng hin ti Vit Nam

Hnh 1.9: Khai thc nng lng gi

Nng lng sinh khi (Biomass)