Calculation Fatin (Exp 2)

FACULTY: ENNGINEERING
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: HEAT AND MASS
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
EXPERIMENT: UNSTEADYSTATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
5.0 CALCULATION & ANALYSIS

Part 1: Unsteady State Condition of The Heat To The Center Of A Solid Shape
Specimen 1: 30mm diameter brass cylinder
Time
(s)
Bath Temperature,
T1
Air / Water
Temperature, T2
(
Specimens
Temperature, T3
(
60.4
58.0
37.0
10
60.5
58.0
42.6
20
60.5
58.1
48.2
30
60.5
58.0
49.7
40
60.5
58.0
51.2
50
60.5
58.0
51.2
60
60.4
58.2
52.1
70
60.4
58.3
53.4
80
60.3
58.1
53.9
90
60.3
58.2
54.7
100
60.3
58.1
55.1
110
60.3
58.3
55.5
120
60.3
58.2
55.7
130
60.3
58.3
55.9
140
60.3
58.1
56.2
150
60.3
58.1
56.3
160
60.3
58.2
56.5
170
60.3
58.1
56.6
180
60.3
58.1
56.7
190
60.3
58.1
56.8
200
60.3
58.1
56.8
210
60.2
58.1
56.8
Specimen 2: 30mm diameter stainless steel cylinder
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
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EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Time
Bath Temperature,
Air / Water
Specimens
T1
Temperature, T2
Temperature, T3
(s)
56.9
57.0
50.4
10
60.1
57.4
53.0
20
60.1
57.4
53.0
30
60.1
57.4
53.8
40
60.0
57.5
54.0
50
60.0
57.5
54.6
60
60.0
57.6
54.8
70
60.0
57.6
55.2
80
60.0
57.6
55.6
90
60.0
57.6
55.8
100
60.0
57.7
56.1
110
60.0
57.7
56.3
120
60.0
57.7
56.5
130
60.0
57.8
56.6
140
60.0
57.8
56.8
150
60.0
57.8
56.9
160
60.0
57.8
57.0
170
60.0
57.8
57.3
180
60.0
57.8
57.3
190
60.0
57.8
57.4
200
60.0
57.8
57.4
210
60.0
57.8
57.4
Part 2: Determination of Thermal Conductivity Using Analytical Transient

Temperature Heat Flow Chart
Specimen 1: 30mm diameter stainless steel cylinder
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Time
(s)
Bath
Temp,
T1
(C)
60.2
Air /
Water
Temp,
T2
(C)
58.1
10
60.1
58.1
45.4
0.6967
1.0809
1466.67
20
60.1
58.1
47.6
0.5924
2.1618
1.6
1833.33
30
60.1
58.1
49.2
0.5166
3.2427
2.5
1173.33
40
60.1
58.1
50.5
0.4550
4.3236
325.93
50
60.1
58.2
51.6
0.4028
5.4044
10
293.33
60
60.1
58.1
52.6
0.3555
6.4853
325.93
70
60.1
58.2
53.3
0.3223
7.5662
12
244.44
80
60.1
58.2
53.9
0.2938
8.6471
11
266.67
90
60.1
58.2
54.4
0.2701
9.7280
16
183.33
100
60.1
58.1
54.8
0.2512
10.8089
11
266.67
120
60.1
58.1
55.1
0.2370
12.9707
16
183.33
130
60.0
58.0
55.4
0.2190
14.0516
17
172.55
140
60.0
58.1
55.6
0.2095
15.1324
18
162.96
150
60.0
58.1
55.8
0.2000
16.2133
19
154.39
160
60.0
58.1
55.9
0.1952
17.2942
20
146.67
170
59.9
58.1
56.1
0.1818
18.3751
21
139.68
180
59.9
58.1
56.2
0.1770
19.4560
22
133.33
190
59.9
58.1
56.3
0.1722
20.5369
23
127.54
200
59.9
58.1
56.4
0.1675
21.6178
24
122.22
210
59.9
58.1
56.4
0.1675
22.6987
25
117.33
Specimen'
s Temp, T3
(C)
Nondimensional
Temperature,
39.0
1.0000
Heat
Inverse
Fourier
transfer
Biot
Number,
coeffiient,
Number,
Fo
h
1/Bi
(W/m2 K)
-
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
220
59.9
58.1
56.5
0.1627
23.7796
26
112.82
230
59.9
58.0
56.5
0.1627
24.8604
27
108.64
240
59.9
58.1
56.6
0.1579
25.9413
28
104.76
250
59.9
58.1
56.6
0.1579
27.0222
29
101.15
260
59.9
58.1
56.7
0.1531
28.1031
30
97.78
270
59.9
58.1
56.7
0.1531
29.1840
31
94.62
280
59.8
58.1
56.7
0.1490
30.2649
30
97.78
290
59.8
58.0
56.8
0.1442
31.3458
31
94.62
300
59.8
58.0
56.8
0.1442
32.4267
32
91.67
310
59.8
58.0
56.8
0.1442
33.5076
33
88.89
320
59.8
58.0
56.8
0.1442
34.5884
34
86.27
330
59.8
58.0
56.9
0.1394
35.6693
35
83.81
340
59.8
58.2
56.9
0.1394
36.7502
36
81.48
350
59.8
58.5
56.9
0.1394
37.8311
37
79.28
360
60.1
58.7
56.9
0.1517
38.9120
38
77.19
380
60.4
58.7
56.9
0.1636
41.0738
42
69.84
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Sample Calculations:
Given:
thermal conductivity of stainless steel (theoretical value), k = 22 W/m K
density of stainless steel, = 7849 kg/m3
heat capacity of stainless steel, Cp = 461 J/kg K
radius, r = 0.015 m
x1 = 0.0075 m
Sample calculation 1: For time = 50 s

= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
According to the value of and Fo from
= (51.6-60) / (39-60)
Heisler Chart ,
= 0.4028
We obtain the inverse Biot number as
= k / Cp
1 / Bi = 10
= 22 / (7849 x 461)
Bi = hx1 / k
= 6.08 x 10-6 Wm2/J
h = Bi k / x1
Fo = t / x12
= (6.08 x 10-6)(50) / 0.00752
= 5.4044
= (1/10) (22) / 0.0075

= 293.33 W/m2k
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
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EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:

= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (54.8-60) / (39-60)
Heisler Chart ,
= 0.2512
= k / Cp
1 / Bi = 11
= 22 / (7849 x 461)
Bi = hx1 / k
= 6.08 x 10-6 Wm2/J
h = Bi k / x1
Fo = t / x2
= (6.08 x 10-6)(100) / 0.00752
= (1/11) (22) / 0.0075

= 266.67 W/m2k
= 10.8089

= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (55.8-60) / (39-60)
Heisler Chart ,
= 0.2000
= k / Cp
1 / Bi = 19
= 22 / 7849(461)
Bi = hx1 / k
= 6.08 x 10-6 Wm2/J
h = Bi k / x1
Fo = t / x2
= (6.08 x 10-6)(150) / 0.00752
= (1/19) (22) / 0.0075

= 154.39 W/m2k
= 16.2133 Wm2/J
Each reading can be calculated for heat transfer coefficient value (h). From here we can get
the average heat transfer coefficient of stainless steel cylinder, havg = 251.63 W/m2k.
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Specimen 2: 30mm diameter brass cylinder
Tim
e (s)
0
Air /
Bath
NonInverse
Thermal
Water Specimen'
Fourier
Temp,
dimensional
Biot
conductivity,
Temp, s Temp, T3
Number,
T1
Temperature,
Number,
k
T2
(C)
Fo
(C)
1/Bi
(W/m K)
(C)
59.9
58.1
46.2
1.0000
-
10
59.1
57.9
52.9
0.4806
5.9378
17
18.70
20
59.8
57.6
55.0
0.3529
11.8756
23
25.30
30
59.9
57.6
55.1
0.3504
17.8133
30
33.00
40
59.9
57.6
55.5
0.3212
23.7511
37
40.70
50
59.8
57.8
55.8
0.2941
29.6889
43
47.30
60
59.8
57.7
56.1
0.2721
35.6267
50
55.00
70
59.8
57.7
56.3
0.2574
41.5644
56
61.60
80
59.8
57.8
56.5
0.2426
47.5022
62
68.20
90
59.8
57.8
56.6
0.2353
53.4400
68
74.80
100
59.8
57.8
56.8
0.2206
59.3778
72
79.20
120
59.8
57.8
56.9
0.2132
71.2533
84
92.40
130
59.8
58.4
57.0
0.2059
77.1911
90
99.00
140
59.8
58.8
57.0
0.2059
83.1289
96
105.60
150
60.1
58.9
57.1
0.2158
89.0667
160
60.3
58.9
57.2
0.2199
95.0044
170
60.4
58.7
57.3
0.2183
100.9422
180
60.4
58.7
57.4
0.2113
106.8800
190
60.5
58.7
57.5
0.2098
112.8178
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
200
60.4
58.8
57.5
0.2042
118.7556
210
60.5
58.7
57.6
0.2028
124.6933
220
60.4
58.6
57.6
0.1972
130.6311
230
60.4
58.6
57.6
0.1972
136.5689
240
60.4
58.6
57.7
0.1901
142.5067
250
60.4
58.6
57.7
0.1901
148.4444
260
60.4
58.5
57.7
0.1901
154.3822
270
60.4
58.6
57.7
0.1901
160.3200
280
60.4
58.5
57.8
0.1831
166.2578
290
60.4
58.5
57.8
0.1831
172.1956
300
60.3
58.5
57.8
0.1773
178.1333
310
60.3
58.5
57.8
0.1773
184.0711
320
60.3
58.5
57.8
0.1773
190.0089
330
60.3
58.5
57.8
0.1773
195.9467
340
60.3
58.5
57.8
0.1773
201.8844
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Sample Calculation:
Given:
Heat transfer coefficient, havg = 146.67 W/m2k (same with havg of stainless steel due to
immersed in the water bath with same velocity)
density of brass, = 8520 kg/m3
heat capacity of brass, Cp = 380 J/kg K
radius, r = 0.015 m
x1 = 0.0075 m
= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (55.8 59.8) / (46.2 59.8)
Heisler Chart ,
=0.2941
= k / Cp
1 / Bi = 43
= 22 / (7849 x 461)
Bi = hx1 / k
= 3.34 x 10-5 Wm2/J
k = x1h / Bi
Fo = t / x2
= (3.34 x 10-5)(50) / 0.00752
= 29.6889
= (0.0075) (146.67) /(1/43)

= 47.30 W/m2k
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:

= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (56.8 59.8) / (46.2 59.8)
Heisler Chart ,
= 0.2206
= k / Cp
1 / Bi = 96
= 22 / (7849 x 461)
Bi = hx1 / k
= 3.34 x 10-5 Wm2/J
k = x1 k / Bi
Fo = t / x2
= (3.34 x 10-5)(100) / 0.00752
= (0.0075)(146.67)/(1/96)
= 79.20 W/m2k
= 59.3778

= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (57.0 59.8) / (46.2 59.8)
Heisler Chart ,
= 0.2059
= k / Cp
1 / Bi = 70
= 22 / (7849 x 461)
Bi = hx1 / k
= 3.34 x 10-5 Wm2/J
k = x1 k / Bi
Fo = t / x2
= (3.34 x 10-5)(140) / 0.00752
= (0.0075)(146.67)/(1/70)
= 105.60 W/m2k
= 83.1289
Each reading can be calculated for brass cylinder thermal conductivity (k). From here we
can get the average thermal conductivity of brass cylinder, k = 50.05 W/m k.
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Part 3: Effect of Size, Shape and Material Properties on Unsteady State Heat Flow
Specimen 1: 20mm thick brass slab
Air/
Water Specimens
Temp, Temp, T3
T2
(C)
(C)
Time
(s)
Bath
temp
, T1
(C)
Nondimensiona
l Temp,
(C)
Inverse
Fourier Theoretical
Biot
Number,
Time
Number,
Fo
Taken (s)
1/Bi
60.1
58.1
52.2
1.0000
10
60.1
58.1
54.0
0.7722
98.18
9.49
20
60.1
58.0
54.4
0.7215
98.18
11
18.97
30
60.1
58.0
54.8
0.6709
98.18
17
28.46
40
60.1
58.0
54.9
0.6582
98.18
23
37.95
50
60.0
58.0
55.1
0.6282
98.18
28
47.44
60
60.0
58.0
55.3
0.6026
98.18
34
56.92
70
60.0
58.0
55.5
0.5769
98.18
39
66.41
80
60.0
58.0
55.6
0.5641
98.18
45
75.90
90
60.0
58.0
55.7
0.5513
98.18
51
85.39
100
60.0
58.1
55.9
0.5256
98.18
56
94.87
120
60.0
58.0
55.9
0.5256
98.18
68
113.85
130
60.0
58.0
56.0
0.5128
98.18
73
123.33
140
60.0
58.0
56.1
0.5000
98.18
79
132.82
150
60.0
58.0
56.2
0.4872
98.18
84
142.31
160
60.0
58.0
56.2
0.4872
98.18
90
151.80
170
59.9
58.0
56.3
0.4675
98.18
96
161.28
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
180
59.9
58.0
56.4
0.4545
98.18
101
170.77
190
59.9
58.1
56.4
0.4545
98.18
107
180.26
200
59.9
58.1
56.5
0.4416
98.18
113
189.75
210
59.9
58.1
56.5
0.4416
98.18
118
199.23
220
59.9
58.1
56.6
0.4286
98.18
124
208.72
230
59.8
58.0
56.6
0.4211
98.18
130
218.21
240
59.8
58.0
56.7
0.4079
98.18
135
227.69
250
59.8
58.0
56.7
0.4079
98.18
141
237.18
260
59.8
58.0
56.7
0.4079
98.18
146
246.67
270
59.8
58.6
56.8
0.3947
98.18
152
256.16
280
59.8
58.5
56.8
0.3947
98.18
158
265.64
290
60.2
58.8
56.9
0.4125
98.18
163
275.13
300
60.4
59.0
57.0
0.4146
98.18
169
284.62
310
60.6
58.9
57.0
0.4286
98.18
175
294.11
320
60.6
58.9
57.1
0.4167
98.18
180
303.59
330
60.5
58.8
57.1
0.4096
98.18
186
313.08
340
60.5
58.8
57.1
0.4096
98.18
192
322.57
350
60.5
58.8
57.2
0.3976
98.18
197
332.05
360
60.5
58.7
57.2
0.3976
98.18
203
341.54
370
60.5
58.7
57.2
0.3976
98.18
208
351.03
380
60.4
58.6
57.2
0.3902
98.18
214
360.52
390
60.4
58.6
57.3
0.3780
98.18
220
370.00
400
60.4
58.6
57.3
0.3780
98.18
225
379.49
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
REVISION NO:
TRANSFER
EFFECTIVE DATE:
EXPERIMENT: UNSTEADY-
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT
DATE:
410
60.4
58.6
57.3
0.3780
98.18
231
388.98
420
60.4
58.6
57.3
0.3780
98.18
237
398.47
430
60.4
58.6
57.3
0.3780
98.18
242
407.95
Sample calculation:
From Part 2, we obtained the value of havg = 146.67 W/m2 K
thermal conductivity of brass (theoretical value), k = 108 W/m K
x1 = 0.0075 m
havg = 146.67 W/m2k
1/Bi = k / hx1
= 108 / 146.67(0.0075)
= k / Cp
= 108 / 8520(380)
= 3.34 x 10-5 Wm2/J
= 98.18
Sample calculation 1: For time 50 s
= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (55.1-60.0) / (52.2-60.0)
= 0.6282
According to the value of and Bi from

Heisler Chart ,
we obtain Fo = 28
Fo = t / x2
t = Fox2 /
= 28(0.00752) / (3.34 x 10-5)
= 47.44 s

= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (55.9 - 60)/ (52.2 - 60)
= 0.5256

Heisler Chart ,
we obtain Fo = 56
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Fo = t / x2
t = Fox2 /
= 56 (0.00752) / (3.34 x 10-5)
= 94.87 s
= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (56.2-60.0) / (52.2-60.0)
= 0.4872

Heisler Chart ,
we obtain Fo = 84
Fo = t / x2
t = Fox2 /
= 84 (0.00752) / (3.34 x 10-5)
= 142.31 s
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
REVISION NO:
TRANSFER
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Specimen 2: 20mm thick stainless steel slab

Air/
Water Specimens
Temp, Temp, T3
T2
(C)
(C)
Tim
e (s)
Bath
temp
, T1
(C)
Nondimensiona
l Temp,
(C)
Inverse
Fourier Theoretical
Biot
Number,
Time
Number,
Fo
Taken (s)
1/Bi
60.2
58.1
37.4
1.0000
10
60.2
58.3
43.8
0.7193
19.48
9.49
20
60.2
58.5
45.6
0.6404
19.48
18.97
30
60.2
58.4
47.2
0.5702
19.48
28.46
40
60.1
58.4
48.7
0.5022
19.48
37.95
50
60.1
58.3
49.8
0.4537
19.48
47.44
60
60.1
58.2
50.6
0.4185
19.48
56.92
70
60.1
58.3
51.3
0.3877
19.48
66.41
80
60.1
58.3
52.0
0.3568
19.48
75.90
90
60.1
58.3
52.6
0.3304
19.48
85.39
100
60.1
58.3
53.0
0.3128
19.48
10
94.87
120
60.1
58.3
53.4
0.2952
19.48
12
113.85
130
60.0
58.3
53.7
0.2788
19.48
13
123.33
140
60.0
58.3
54.0
0.2655
19.48
14
132.82
150
60.0
58.2
54.2
0.2566
19.48
15
142.31
160
60.0
58.2
54.5
0.2434
19.48
16
151.80
170
60.0
58.3
54.6
0.2389
19.48
17
161.28
180
59.9
58.2
54.8
0.2267
19.48
18
170.77
190
59.9
58.2
54.9
0.2222
19.48
19
180.26
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
200
59.9
58.2
55.1
0.2133
19.48
21
189.75
210
59.9
58.2
55.2
0.2089
19.48
22
199.23
220
59.9
58.2
55.3
0.2044
19.48
23
208.72
230
59.9
58.2
55.4
0.2000
19.48
24
218.21
240
59.9
58.2
55.5
0.1956
19.48
25
227.69
250
59.8
58.2
55.6
0.1875
19.48
26
237.18
260
59.8
58.2
55.7
0.1830
19.48
27
246.67
270
59.8
58.2
55.7
0.1830
19.48
28
256.16
280
59.8
58.1
55.8
0.1786
19.48
29
265.64
290
59.8
58.1
55.9
0.1741
19.48
30
275.13
300
59.8
58.1
55.9
0.1741
19.48
31
284.62
310
59.8
58.1
56.0
0.1696
19.48
32
294.11
320
59.9
58.7
56.1
0.1689
19.48
33
303.59
330
60.0
58.7
56.1
0.1726
19.48
34
313.08
340
60.2
59.0
56.1
0.1798
19.48
35
322.57
350
60.5
59.0
56.2
0.1861
19.48
36
332.05
360
60.5
59.0
56.2
0.1861
19.48
37
341.54
370
60.6
59.0
56.2
0.1897
19.48
38
351.03
380
60.5
58.9
56.3
0.1818
19.48
39
360.52
390
60.5
58.8
56.3
0.1818
19.48
40
370.00
400
60.5
58.7
56.4
0.1775
19.48
41
379.49
420
60.5
58.7
56.4
0.1775
19.48
43
398.47
430
60.5
58.7
56.5
0.1732
19.48
44
407.95
440
60.4
58.8
56.6
0.1652
19.48
45
417.44
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
450
60.4
58.7
56.6
0.1652
19.48
46
426.93
460
60.4
58.7
56.7
0.1609
19.48
47
436.41
480
60.4
58.7
56.7
0.1609
19.48
49
455.39
500
60.4
58.7
56.7
0.1609
19.48
51
474.36

x1 = 0.0077 m
havg = 146.67 W/m2k
1/Bi = k / hx1
= 22 / 146.67(0.0077)
= 19.48
= k / Cp
= 22 / 7849(461)
= 6.08 x 10-6 Wm2/J
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:

= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (49.8 - 60.1) / (37.4 - 60.1)
= 0.4537

Heisler Chart ,
we obtain Fo = 5
Fo = t / x2
t = Fox2 /
= 5(0.00772) / (6.08 x 10-6)
= 47.44 s

= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (53.0 60.1)/ (37.4 60.1)
= 0.3128

Heisler Chart ,
we obtain Fo = 10
Fo = t / x2
t = Fox2 /
= 10 (0.00772) / (6.08 x 10-6)
= 94.87 s

= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (54.2 60.0) / (37.4-60.0)
= 0.2566

Heisler Chart ,
we obtain Fo = 15
Fo = t / x2
t = Fox2 /
= 15 (0.00772) / (6.08 x 10-6)
= 142.31 s
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Specimen 3: 45mm diameter brass sphere

Air/
Water Specimens
Temp, Temp, T3
T2
(C)
(C)
Time
(s)
Bath
temp
, T1
(C)
Nondimensiona
l Temp,
(C)
Inverse
Biot
Number,
1/Bi
60.2
58.2
36.1
1.0000
10
60.2
58.2
44.5
0.6515
98.18
10.54
20
60.2
58.2
47.0
0.5477
98.18
12
21.08
30
60.2
58.2
49.6
0.4398
98.18
18
31.62
40
60.2
58.2
51.3
0.3693
98.18
24
42.16
50
60.1
58.2
52.8
0.3042
98.18
30
52.70
60
60.1
58.2
53.6
0.2708
98.18
36
63.24
70
60.1
58.2
54.3
0.2417
98.18
42
73.78
80
60.1
58.3
54.9
0.2167
98.18
48
84.32
90
60.1
58.3
55.3
0.2000
98.18
53
94.86
100
60.1
58.3
55.7
0.1833
98.18
59
105.40
120
60.1
58.3
55.9
0.1750
98.18
71
126.49
130
60.1
58.3
56.1
0.1667
98.18
77
137.03
140
60.1
58.3
56.3
0.1583
98.18
83
147.57
150
60.1
58.3
56.5
0.1500
98.18
89
158.11
160
60.0
58.2
56.6
0.1423
98.18
95
168.65
170
60.0
58.2
56.7
0.1381
98.18
101
179.19
180
60.0
58.2
56.8
0.1339
98.18
107
189.73
190
60.0
58.2
56.9
0.1297
98.18
113
200.27
Fourier Theoretical
Number,
Time
Fo
Taken (s)
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
REVISION NO:
TRANSFER
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
200
60.0
58.2
57.0
0.1255
98.18
119
210.81
210
60.0
58.2
57.0
0.1255
98.18
125
221.35
220
60.0
58.3
57.1
0.1213
98.18
131
231.89
230
60.0
58.3
57.1
0.1213
98.18
137
242.43
240
59.9
58.2
57.2
0.1134
98.18
143
252.97
250
59.9
58.2
57.2
0.1134
98.18
148
263.51
260
59.9
58.2
57.2
0.1134
98.18
154
274.05
Sample calculation:
thermal conductivity of brass (theoretical value),k = 108 W/m K
x1 = 0.0075 m
havg = 146.67 W/m2k
1/Bi = k / hx1
= 108 / 146.67(0.0075)
= k / Cp
= 108 / 8520(380)
= 3.34 x 10-5 Wm2/J
= 98.18

= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (52.8 60.1) / (36.1 60.1)
= 0.3042

Heisler Chart ,
we obtain Fo = 30
Fo = t / x2
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
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EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
t = Fox2 /
= 30 (0.00772) / (3.34 x 10-5)
= 52.70 s
= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (55.7- 60.1) / (36.1 60.1)
= 0.1833

Heisler Chart ,
we obtain Fo = 59
Fo = t / x2
t = Fox2 /
= 59 (0.00772) / (3.34 x 10-5)
= 105.40 s

= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (56.5 60.1) / (36.1 60.1)
= 0.1500

Heisler Chart ,
we obtain Fo = 89
Fo = t / x2
t = Fox2 /
=89 (0.00772) / (3.34 x 10-5)
= 158.11 s
Specimen 4: 45mm diameter stainless steel sphere
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Time
(s)
Bath
temp,
T1
(C)
Air/
Water
Temp,
T2
(C)
Specimens
Temp, T3
(C)
Nondimensional
Temp,
(C)
Inverse
Biot
Number,
1/Bi
Fourier
Number,
Fo
Theoretical
Time Taken
(s)
59.9
55.3
38.4
1.0000
10
59.8
57.9
46.2
0.6355
19.48
1.82
20
59.8
58.0
48.2
0.5421
19.48
3.64
30
59.8
58.0
49.8
0.4673
19.48
5.46
40
59.8
58.0
51.1
0.4065
19.48
7.28
50
59.8
58.0
52.2
0.3551
19.48
9.10
60
59.9
58.8
52.9
0.3256
19.48
10.92
70
60.0
58.7
53.6
0.2963
19.48
12.74
80
60.4
59.1
54.2
0.2818
19.48
14.56
90
60.6
59.0
54.7
0.2658
19.48
16.38
100
60.6
58.9
55.0
0.2523
19.48
10
18.20
120
60.5
58.9
55.3
0.2353
19.48
12
21.84
130
60.5
58.8
55.5
0.2262
19.48
13
23.66
140
60.5
58.8
55.7
0.2172
19.48
14
25.49
150
60.5
58.8
56.0
0.2036
19.48
15
27.31
160
60.4
58.4
56.1
0.1955
19.48
16
29.13
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
170
60.4
58.7
56.3
0.1864
19.48
17
30.95
180
60.4
58.6
56.4
0.1818
19.48
18
32.77
190
60.4
58.6
56.5
0.1773
19.48
19
34.59
200
60.4
58.6
56.6
0.1727
19.48
21
36.41
210
60.4
58.6
56.7
0.1682
19.48
22
38.23
220
60.4
58.6
56.8
0.1636
19.48
23
40.05
230
60.4
58.6
56.8
0.1636
19.48
24
41.87
240
60.3
58.6
56.9
0.1553
19.48
25
43.69
250
60.3
58.6
57.0
0.1507
19.48
26
45.51
260
60.3
58.6
57.0
0.1507
19.48
27
47.33
270
60.3
58.6
57.0
0.1507
19.48
28
49.15
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Sample calculation:
x1 = 0.0077 m
havg = 146.67 W/m2k
1/Bi = k / hx1
= 22 / 146.67(0.0077)
= 19.48
= k / Cp
= 22 / 7849(461)
= 6.08 x 10-6 Wm2/J
18/2/2013
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:

= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (52.2 59.8) / (38.4 59.8)
= 0.3351

Heisler Chart ,
we obtain Fo = 5
Fo = t / x2
t = Fox2 /
= 5 (0.00772) / (3.34 x 10-5)
= 9.10 s

= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (55.0 60.6) / (38.4 60.6)
= 0.2523

Heisler Chart ,
we obtain Fo = 10
Fo = t / x2
t = Fox2 /
= 10 (0.00772) / (3.34 x 10-5)
= 18.20 s

= (Tc - T) / (Ti T)
= (56.0 60.5) / (38.4 60.5)
= 0.2036

Heisler Chart ,
we obtain Fo = 15
Fo = t / x2
t = Fox2 /
= 15 (0.00772) / (3.34 x 10-5)
= 27.31 s
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Part 4: Unsteady Heat Transfer Using Lumped Capacitance Method

Specimen used: 30mm diameter brass cylinder (heating)
Time
(s)
Air / Water Temperature,

T2
(
Specimens
(
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
52.2
56.7
57.3
57.4
57.1
57.2
57.3
57.3
57.3
57.4
57.4
57.3
57.4
57.5
57.6
57.6
57.6
57.6
57.6
57.6
57.6
46.2
50.6
51.4
52.7
53.9
54.4
55.2
55.8
56.2
56.6
57.0
57.4
57.5
57.6
57.6
57.6
57.7
57.8
57.8
57.8
57.8
Specimen used: 30mm diameter brass cylinder (cooling)

Time
(s)
0
10
20
30
Air / Water Temperature,

T2
Specimens
Temperature, T3
57.6
41.1
30.8
29.0
58.0
56.2
54.7
54.3
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT
DATE:
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
27.4
26.2
25.3
24.6
24.4
25.0
24.9
24.3
24.9
24.6
24.4
24.3
24.2
24.5
24.1
23.8
24.4
24.3
24.3
23.8
23.7
23.7
23.6
23.5
23.6
24.1
24.2
24.4
24.0
23.9
23.7
23.7
23.6
23.7
23.7
23.5
23.5
23.5
23.6
23.6
23.4
23.4
23.3
53.8
53.4
53.0
52.6
52.3
52.0
51.7
51.4
51.0
50.9
50.6
50.3
50.2
50.0
49.7
49.5
49.3
49.1
48.9
48.6
48.4
48.3
48.1
47.9
47.7
47.5
47.3
47.1
46.9
46.8
46.6
46.5
46.3
46.2
46.0
45.8
45.7
45.5
45.4
45.2
45.1
44.9
44.7
18/2/2013
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT
DATE:
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.4
23.3
23.4
23.4
23.3
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.5
23.9
23.8
23.9
24.3
24.1
23.9
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.9
23.9
23.8
23.8
23.6
23.6
23.7
44.6
44.5
44.3
44.2
44.0
43.9
43.8
43.6
43.5
43.4
43.1
43.1
43.0
42.9
42.8
42.7
42.6
42.5
42.3
42.2
42.1
42.0
41.9
41.8
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.1
41.0
40.9
40.8
40.6
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.1
40.0
39.8
18/2/2013
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT
DATE:
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
1170
23.9
23.9
23.7
23.6
23.6
23.6
24.0
24.1
24.2
24.2
24.0
23.9
23.8
23.8
23.9
24.0
24.1
24.2
24.0
23.9
24.0
23.9
23.8
22.9
22.7
22.5
22.0
39.7
39.5
39.5
39.4
39.3
39.2
39.1
39.0
39.0
38.9
38.8
38.7
38.7
38.5
38.4
38.3
38.2
38.1
38.1
38.0
37.9
37.8
37.7
37.6
37.5
37.5
37.5
18/2/2013
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Given:
Heat transfer coefficient, havg = 146.67 W/m2k
radius, r = 0.015 m
V/A = x1 = 0.0075 m
Sample calculation:
Time constant = CpV / hA
= Cpx1 / h
= (8520 x 380 x 0.0075) / (146.67)
= 165.56 s
18/2/2013
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
6.0
DATA ANALYSIS
Part 1: Unsteady State Condition of the Heat to the centre of a Solid Shape
Temperature vs T3
70
60
brass cylinder
Logarithmic (brass cylinder)
50
40
Temperature T3 (C )
30
20
stainless steel cylinder
10
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time (s)
Graph 1: Graph of Specimens Temperature, T3 (C) versus Time (s)
A graph of specimens temperature (T3) versus time is plotted as shown above. From the
graph, when the time increases the specimens temperature increases. The specimen used
here is brass cylinder and stainless steel cylinder and their initial temperature is 37.0 C and
50.4 C. The temperature of the brass cylinder and stainless steel cylinder increase, with the
bath temperature as 60.4 C and 56.9 C initially. The temperature of the brass cylinder
changes rapidly at the beginning, but rather slowly later on. It can be compared that the
brass cylinder have a faster rate than that of stainless steel cylinder.
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Part 2: Determination of Thermal Conductivity Using Analytical Transient

Temperature Heat Flow Chart
Based on the calculation in Part 2, we may analyse that the average heat transfer coefficient
of brass cylinder and stainless steel have the same value, which are 251.63 W/m2k.
From the value of heat transfer coefficient, we are able to evaluate the value of average
thermal conductivity of brass, which is k = 50.05 W/m k.
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Part 3: Effect of Size, Shape and Material Properties on Unsteady State Heat Flow
Specimen 1: 20mm thick brass slab
Temperature T3 versus Time Taken for Brass Lab

60
59
58
57
56
Temperature T3 (C)
experimental time taken
55
theoretical time taken
54
53
52
51
50
0 200 400 600
Time Taken (s)
Graph 2: Graph of Temperature, T3 (C) versus Time Taken (s)
A graph of temperature T3 versus time taken of both theoretical and experimental for 20mm
thick brass slab is plotted. From this graph, we may analyse that the temperature shows an
exponential curve for experimental time taken, while for the theoretical time taken, the
temperature increase faster than and rapidly in exponential curve. Both line shows an
increasing trend and then remain constant along a period of time.
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Specimen 2: 20mm thick stainless steel slab
Temperature T3 versus Time for Stainless Steel Slab

60
55
50
experimental time taken
45
Temperature, T3 (C)
40
35
30
100 300 500
0 200 400 600
Time Taken (s)
Graph 3: Graph of Temperature, T3 (C) versus Time Taken (s) For Stainless Steel Slab
thick stainless steel slab is plotted. From this graph, we may analyse that the temperature
shows an exponential curve for experimental time taken, while for the theoretical time taken,
the temperature increase faster than and rapidly in exponential curve. Both line shows an
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Specimen 3: 45mm diameter brass sphere
Temperature T3 versus Time for Brass Sphere

70
60
50
Experimental Time
Taken(s)
40
Temperature, T3(C)
30
20
10
0
0
100 200 300
Time Taken (s)
Graph 4: Graph of Temperature, T3 (C) versus Time Taken (s) For Brass Sphere
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT
DATE:
18/2/2013
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Specimen 4: 45mm diameter stainless steel sphere
Temperature T3 versus Time for Stainless Steel Sphere

60.0
55.0
50.0
Temperature T3(C)
45.0
40.0
Experimental Time
Taken (s)
35.0
30.0
Time Taken (s)
Graph 5: Graph of Temperature, T3 (C) versus Time Taken (s) For Stainless Steel Sphere
EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
18/2/2013
AMENDMENT
DATE:
Part 4: Unsteady Heat Transfer Using Lumped Capacitance Method

Specimen used: 30mm diameter brass cylinder
Recorded Temperature versus

Time Taken
70
60
50
Air / Water Temperature, T2
40
Temperature T3 (C)
Specimens Temperature,
T3
30
20
10
0
0
200 600 1000

400 800 1200
Time Taken (s)
Graph 5: Graph of Recorded Temperature (C) versus Time Taken (s)
A graph of recorded temperature versus time taken is plotted in this part. From the graph
above, we may analyse that the temperature decreases with time, almost in linear form when
the specimen is taken out from the equipment and is being cooled. The lowest temperature
when the specimen to reach is 37.5 C.

Calculation Fatin (Exp 2)

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Calculation Fatin (Exp 2)

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FACULTY: ENNGINEERING

EXPERIMENT: UNSTEADYSTATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

5.0 CALCULATION & ANALYSIS

Specimen 2: 30mm diameter stainless steel cylinder

EXPERIMENT: UNSTEADYSTATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

Part 2: Determination of Thermal Conductivity Using Analytical Transient

Sample calculation 1: For time = 50 s

According to the value of and Fo from

We obtain the inverse Biot number as

= 6.08 x 10-6 Wm2/J

= (1/10) (22) / 0.0075

Sample calculation 2: For time = 100 s

According to the value of and Fo from

We obtain the inverse Biot number as

= 6.08 x 10-6 Wm2/J

= (1/11) (22) / 0.0075

Sample calculation 3: For time = 150 s

According to the value of and Fo from

We obtain the inverse Biot number as

= 6.08 x 10-6 Wm2/J

= (1/19) (22) / 0.0075

Specimen 2: 30mm diameter brass cylinder

According to the value of and Fo from

= (55.8 59.8) / (46.2 59.8)

We obtain the inverse Biot number as

= 3.34 x 10-5 Wm2/J

= (0.0075) (146.67) /(1/43)

Sample calculation 2: For time = 100 s

According to the value of and Fo from

= (56.8 59.8) / (46.2 59.8)

We obtain the inverse Biot number as

= 3.34 x 10-5 Wm2/J

Sample calculation 3: For time = 140 s

According to the value of and Fo from

= (57.0 59.8) / (46.2 59.8)

We obtain the inverse Biot number as

= 3.34 x 10-5 Wm2/J

STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

According to the value of and Bi from

Sample calculation 2: For time 100 s

According to the value of and Bi from

According to the value of and Bi from

STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

Specimen 2: 20mm thick stainless steel slab

STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

From Part 2, we obtained the value of havg = 146.67 W/m2 K

Sample calculation 1: For time 50 s

According to the value of and Bi from

Sample calculation 2: For time 100 s

According to the value of and Bi from

Sample calculation 3: For time 150 s

According to the value of and Bi from

Specimen 3: 45mm diameter brass sphere

STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

Sample calculation 1: For time 50 s

According to the value of and Bi from

According to the value of and Bi from

Sample calculation 3: For time 150 s

According to the value of and Bi from

Specimen 4: 45mm diameter stainless steel sphere

Sample calculation 1: For time 50 s

According to the value of and Bi from

Sample calculation 2: For time 100 s

According to the value of and Bi from