VT L THC PHM

Ging vin: Trn Th nh

B mn Cng ngh ch bin
Khoa Cng ngh thc phm

Chuyn 1: Cc c trng vt l ca thc

phm
Chuyn 2: Truyn khi ng dng trong
CNTP
Chuyn 3: Lu bin thc phm
Chuyn 4: Hin tng b mt
Chuyn 5: Truyn nhit ng dng trong
CNTP
Chuyn 6: Tnh cht quang hc v in t
ca vt liu thc phm

Figura. L. O v Teixeira. A. A. (2007). Food physics: Physical

properties measurements and applications. USA.
Stroshine. R. & Hamanm. D. (1995). Physical properties of
agricultural materials and food products.
Fellows. P. (2000). Food processing technology. 2nd ed. CRC Press,
New York, USA.
Welti-Chanes. J., Velez-Ruiz. J.F., Barbosa-Canovas. V.G. (Editors)
(2003). Transport phenomena in food processing. 2nd ed. CRC
Press, New York, USA.
Cengel. Y. A., Boles. M. A. (2002). Thermodynamics: an engineering
approach. 4th ed. Mc Graw Hill, New York, USA.

Chuyn 1: Cc c trng vt
l ca thc phm
Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm
H n v

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

1.1. Kch thc v hnh dng

Mc ch:

nh gi cht lng
Phn loi
Quyt nh gi thnh

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

1.1. Kch thc v hnh dng

Kch thc

M t bi kch thc ca phn din tch nh ra (projected area)

(rau, qu)

ng knh ln nht (a)

ng knh trung gian
ng knh nh nht

M t bi chiu di, chiu rng, chiu dy

(cc loi ht)
Xc nh bng thc caliper

Lc nn ln vt liu phi nh nht

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

Hnh dng

Hnh hc c bn: hnh tr, hnh elip, hnh cu, ovan

Hnh dng khc
Xc nh s khc nhau v hnh dng ca cc loi thc phm
da vo tnh cu

Gi thit l th tch ca cc thc phm rn xp x bng th tch ca hnh

elip c c trng bi ng knh ln, trung gian, v nh nht
Tnh cu l t s ca th tch thc phm vi th tch hnh cu gii hn
bi ng knh ln nht ca vt th
1/3

V1
Tnh c
V2

(a.b.c)1/3

V1: Th tch hnh elip, V2: th tch hnh cu

2a, 2b, 2c: ng knh ln nht, trung gian, v nh nht

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

Bi tp ng dng
1. Bi tp 1
Ht ng c ng knh ln nht, ng knh trung gian, v
ng knh nh nht ln lt l 12.01 mm, 8.15 mm, 5.18 mm.
Anh /Ch hy xc nh tnh cu ca ht ng.

2. Bi tp 2
Qu to c ng knh ln nht, ng knh trung gian, v
ng knh nh nht ln lt l 70.1 mm, 67.6 mm, 56.4 mm.
Anh /Ch hy xc nh tnh cu ca qu to.

3. Bi tp 3
C khoai ty c ng knh ln nht, ng knh trung gian,
v ng knh nh nht ln lt l 70 mm, 62 mm, 53 mm. Anh
/Ch hy xc nh tnh cu ca c khoai ty.

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

ng dng ca kch thc v hnh dng ht thc phm

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

1.2. Th tch v din tch b mt
Th tch

c xc nh bng phng php thay th cht lng hoc kh

S dng bnh t trng (pycnometer) v cht lng thay th (cho
vt th nh nh cc loi ht)

Cn bnh t trng theo trnh t nh hnh v

Ch s dng phng php ny cho nhng cht rn khng tan trong cht
lng

Vs

(mF m0 ) (mPF mP )

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

S dng bnh t trng (pycnometer) v cht kh thay th

Gm hai bnh c th tch nh nhau (V1=V2) c ni vi ng ng nh

Valve 1, 2, 3 dng khng ch khng kh vo trong tng bnh v mi
trng
Vt liu thc phm c t trong bnh 2
Valve 2, 3 ng , m valve 1 n P1 (700-1000Pa) , khi lng kh m
M valve 2, cn bng t c p sut P3, khi lng kh bnh 1 l
m1, bnh 2 l m2
Gi thit kh trong bnh l kh l tng

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

ma RT
PVa
Ma
m m1 m2
PV
1 1 PV
3 1 PV
3 a2
Va 2 V2 Vs
P1 P3
Vs V2 V1

P
3

S dng cn cho vt th ln hn (rau, qu)

Cc thy tinh in mt phn vi cht lng

Cn cc + cht lng (mbf)
Vt th c nhng ngp trong cht lng (khng chm y) (mbfs)

Vs

(mbfs mbf )

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

Din tch b mt

S dng cch gt v vi rau qu

S dng mng bao ph (silicon vi trng, ht to..), mng bt
kim loi vi cc loi ht nh
Xc nh din tch ca lp v

Th tch v din tch b mt c th c lng bng

cch s dng loi hnh khi tng t hoc kt hp cc
loi hnh khi (hnh cu + hnh tr)

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

Bi tp ng dng
1. Bi tp 1
Ht u nnh c ng knh ln nht, ng knh trung gian, v
ng knh nh nht ln lt l 8.46 mm, 7.54 mm, 6.65 mm. Khi
lng ht u nnh l 0.26 gram v khi lng ring l 1.22 g/cm3.
Gi thit rng ht u nnh c th tch tng t nh th tch ca
hnh khi c hnh dng tng t. Anh ch hy tnh th tch ca ht
u nnh. Sai s v th tch gia php tnh hnh khi v th tch
thc ca n l bao nhiu? (8%)

2. Bi tp 2
Th tch ca lc c xc nh theo phng php thay th cht
kh. Hai thng o c th tch bng nhau 50 cm3. Mu c cho
vo thng cha 2. u tin van 1 m, van 2, 3 ng. Khng kh
c bm vo thng 1 cho n khi p sut cn bng 140 kPa.
Tip n van 1 ng v m van 2. Cn bng mi c thit lp
p sut 75 kPa. Xc nh th tch ca lc. (5.33 cm3)

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

3. Bi tp 3
xc nh thi im thu hi thch hp cho c chua, s bin thin
v th tch ca qu theo thi gian c xc nh nh phng php
thay th cht lng. C chua cc tui khc nhau c cn xc
nh khi lng ban u trc khi cho vo dng c o cha dung
dch toluen (d = 900 kg/m3). Dng c o c khi lng 300 g. Cn
li khi lng ca dng c o cha toluen v c chua. Kt qu
c tng hp bng sau:
tui ca c chua Khi lng c chua ban u (g)

Tng khi lng (dng c

o, toluen v c chua

70 ngy

150

950

75 ngy

170

985

80 ngy

185

1005

Xc nh th tch v khi lng ring ca c chua ng vi tng

tui. Cho nhn xt.

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

1.3. Khi lng ring

Khi lng ring =khi lng/th tch

Khi lng ring cht lng

Khi lng ring cht rn (solid density)

Th tch c xc nh bng cch ui ht kh c trong cc l

hng ca vt liu rn (khng tnh n cc kh c trong cht rn)

Khi lng ring ht (particle density) :

Vi cht lng t trng thng c s dng

T trng l t s gia khi lng ring ca cht lng so vi khi
lng ring ca nc cng nhit

Th tch c xc nh bng th tch ca cc ht (khng tnh

n khe h gia cc ht).

Khi lng ring tng th (bulk density)

Th tch c xc nh bng tng th tch ca c khi vt liu

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

Phng php xc nh

Xc nh bng bnh t trng nh mc 1.2

Xc nh bng thc t trng k (saccharometer, lactometer,
oleometer.)
Nu thnh phn ca thc phm bit th khi lng ring tnh
theo cng thc:
n
v
i

s X . i
i 1

1
n
w
X
i .i
i 1

ps: khi lng ring thc phm rn (kg/m3 )

pi: khi lng ring ca cu t th i (kg/m3)
Xiv: Phn th tch ca cu t i trong vt liu (m3/m3)
Xiw: Phn khi lng ca cu t i trong vt liu (kg/kg)

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

Khi lng ring ca mt s thnh phn thc phm (kg/m3)

T: Nhit ca thc phm (oC) (ng dng t -40 n 150oC)

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

Bi tp ng dng
1. Bi tp 1
Tnh khi lng ring ca cht rn c trong ht u tng bit
rng u tng c m l 13%, v khi lng ring tng ng
l 1.232 g/cm3. Khi lng ring ca nc l 1.00 g/cm3.

2. Bi tp 2
Tnh khi lng ring ca bnh quy 20oC bit thnh phn ha
hc trong 100g bnh nh sau:
Thnh phn

Hm lng trong 100 g (g)

Nc

Cht bo

22

Carbonhydrate

64

Protein

Tro

1. Cc c trng vt l
1.4. rng

L t l phn trm khng kh chim ch trong tng th

tch ca khi thc phm
rng = th tch kh/th tch khi thc phm
Xc nh bng khi lng ring ca ht (particle
density) v khi lng ring tng th (bulk density)

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

Xc nh bng phng php bnh t trng v cht kh
thay th nh mc 1.2

P1 P3

P3

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

Bi tp ng dng
1. Bi tp 1
rng ca khi thc c o lng bng bng cch s dng
phng php thay th cht kh. Mu thc c t trong bnh
th 2. Valve 2 v valve 3 ng, khng kh c cho vo bnh 1
nh valve 1. Khi valve 1 ng, p sut cn bng t 0.62 atm.
Tip n valve 2 c m cho n khi cn bng mi c
thit lp p sut 0.41 atm. Xc nh trng rng ca khi
thc.

2. Bi tp 2

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

ng dng ca php o khi lng ring trong CNTP

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

1.5. Nhit

L tnh cht vt l ca vt cht, c trng cho mc nng

hay lnh ca vt th.
3 n v o nhit thng dng trong k thut
o

K o C 273
o

1.6. p sut

9
F C 32
5
o

L lc tc dng thng gc ln mt n v din tch b mt tip

xc:
PF/S
1 Pa = 1N/m2 = 10-5 bar = 7.5*10-3 mmHg = 1.02*10-4 mH2O

P Pdu Pa
Pck Pa P

P: p sut tuyt i; Pd: p sut d

Pa: p sut kh quyn; Pck: p sut chn khng

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

1.8. Cc qu trnh

Nng chy v ng c

Ha hi v ngng t

Nng chy l qu trnh chuyn t pha rn sang pha lng

ng c l qu trnh chuyn t pha lng sang pha rn
Ha hi l qu trnh chuyn t pha lng sang pha hi
Ngng t l qu trnh chuyn t pha hi sang pha lng

Thng hoa v ngng kt

Thng hoa l qu trnh chuyn t pha rn sang pha hi

Ngng kt l qu trnh chuyn t pha hi sang pha rn

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

1.9. Cc trng thi

Nc bo ha (nc si)

Hi bo ha kh

L nc khi bt u qu trnh ha hi hoc kt thc ngng t

L phn nc cng tn ti vi hi
L hi trng thi bt u ngng t, hoc khi va ha hi
xong

Hi bo ha m

L hn hp gia hi bo ha kh v nc bo ha (nc si)

T s gia khi lng hi bo ha kh v hi bo ha m gi
l kh
T s gia khi lng nc si vi hi bo ha m gi l
m ca hi bo ha m.

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

Nc cha si

Hi qu nhit

L nc c nhit nh hn nhit bo ha cng p sut

hoc l nc c p sut ln hn p sut bo ha cng nhit
.
L hi c nhit ln hn nhit bo ha cng p sut hoc
l hi c p sut nh hn p sut bo ha cng nhit .

Kh l tng

Mt cc ht nh, khong cch gia cc ht ln, tc dng

tng h gia cc ht nh v chuyn ng nhit ca cc ht
chim u th.
ng nng trung bnh ca cc ht ln hn nhiu so vi th nng
trung bnh gia chng.
Cc phn t kh chuyn ng t do, hn lon theo mi phng
(chuyn ng Brown)

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

Ni nng (U)
L tng ca ni ng nng ca chuyn ng hn lon bi cc
nguyn t hay phn t cha trong vt v ni th nng trong
cc lin kt phn t, tnh trong h quy chiu gn vi khi tm
ca vt hay h vt l.

Enthalpy (H)
L hm trng thi nhit ng ca h, i vi mt h nhit ng
c th trao i nhit v cng vi mi trng xung quanh
H = U + pV; trong U l ni nng, p - p sut v V - th tch.

Entropy (S)
L i lng c trng cho trng thi nhit ng ca mt h.
i vi mt qu trnh thun nghch, dS = dQ/T; trong dQ l
lng nhit trao i khi trng thi ca h thay i v cng nh
nhit T
i vi mt qu trnh khng thun nghch S ca h lun tng

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

H
L mt hoc nhiu vt th c tch ra nghin cu nhng. Tt
c phn ngoi h gi l mi trng.
H kn: trng tm ca h khng chuyn ng, khng c s trao i
nhit v khi lng vi mi trng
H h: trng tm ca h chuyn ng, c s trao i nhit v khi
lng vi mi trng
H on nhit: khng trao i nhit vi mi trng
H c lp: khng c bt k s trao i nng lng vi mi trng

1. Cc c trng vt l ca thc phm

Pha
L tp hp mi phn ng th ca h, mi im trong pha c
cc tnh cht nhit ng, vt l, ho hc v thnh phn nh
nhau, gia cc pha c b mt phn cch, qua b mt cc
tnh cht ca h bin thin t ngt.
Vd: nc lng v nc to thnh h d th hai pha: rn v
lng

Cu t
L hp phn m thnh phn cc pha trong h c xc nh
bi nng ca n.

2. H n v
2.1. H n v CGS (centimt gam giy)

Dng ch yu trong cc php o vt l.

2.2. H n v MKGS (mt kilgam giy)

Dng trong cc php o k thut

2.3. H n v SI (International Standard of Units) (mt

kilgam khi lng giy)

c s dng rng ri nht

L h thu gn ca MKGS
SI c xy dng da trn:

7 n v o lng c bn: kilgam, mt, giy, mpe, kelvin, mol, v

candela.
Mt s n v dn xut: m/s, J/s, Pa, N, W/mK, etc.
Cc tin t: to ra bi s hoc c s ca n v o

2. H n v
H n v o SI ca mt s i lng thng dng
i lng

K hiu

n v

Chiu di

Khi lng

kg

Thi gian

Cng dng in

Nhit

K, oC

Cng sng
Lng cht
p sut
Nhit dung ring
nht ng lc
H s dn nhit
H s khuych tn

Iv
mol
P
C

Cd
mol
N/m2
J/kgK (J/kg.oC)
N.s/m2
W/m.K (W/m.oC)
m2/s

Website chuyn i n v: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_units

2. H n v
Nhng tin t tiu chun trong h o lng SI
Bi
s

Tn

deca

hecto

kilo

mega

giga

tera

peta

exa

zetta

yotta

K hiu

da

101

102

103

106

109

1012

1015

1018

1021

1024

Tn

deci

centi

mili

micro

nano

pico

femto

atto

zepto

yocto

K hiu

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-6

10-9

10-12

10-15

10-18

10-21

10-24

H s

c
s

H s

100

100

+ Trong phng trnh ton biu th mi tng quan gia cc i

lng, bt buc phi c s ng nht ca cc i lng tham gia
phng trnh
+ Phi c s ng nht v n v ca cc i lng tham gia vo
phng trnh.

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
(kJ) (kJ) (kJ) (kJ) (kJ)

Chuyn 2: Truyn khi

trong CNTP
nh ngha v phn loi
Biu din thnh phn pha
Cn bng pha
C ch qu trnh truyn khi
ng lc qu trnh truyn khi

I. nh ngha v phn loi

1.1. nh ngha
Truyn khi (mass transfer) l qu trnh di chuyn vt cht t v
tr ny sang v tr khc trong 1 pha hay t pha ny sang pha khc
khi 2 pha tip xc trc tip vi nhau

1.2. Phn loi

Hp thu (absorption): qu trnh ht kh bng cht lng (dung mi).
Hp thu (th tch) hp ph (b mt)
VD: lm sch kh, tch hn hp kh thnh tng cu t ring bit

Hp ph (adsorption): qu trnh ht cht kh hay lng (adsorbent)

bng cht rn xp (absorbate), trong vt cht i t pha kh,
lng vo pha rn.
Hp ph (adsorption)
gii hp ph (desorption)
Hp ph vt l v hp ph ho hc

Chng ct (distillation): qu trnh tch cc hn hp lng thnh

cc cu t ring bit nh chnh lch nhit si, vt cht i t
pha lng vo pha hi v ngc li.
VD: tch ethanol t hn hp sau ln men, tch tinh du, tch mui

I. nh ngha v phn loi

Trch ly (extraction): qu trnh tch cc cht ha tan trong cht
lng hay cht rn bng cht lng hay cht rn khc.
Trch ly lng - lng (liquid liquid extraction)
Trch ly lng -rn (solid phase extraction)
VD: tch tinh du, tinh ch protein, lc nc

Kt tinh (cystallization): qu trnh tch cht rn trong dung dch,

vt cht i t pha lng vo pha rn.
VD: kt tinh ng t mt ma,

Ha tan (dissolution): qu trnh vt cht i t pha rn sang lng.

Sy kh (drying): qu trnh tch nc ra khi vt liu m, vt
cht i t pha rn hay lng vo pha kh.
VD: sy ng cc, qu

II. Cc biu din thnh phn pha

2.1. Nng (concentration)
Nng phn mol ca cu t i trong pha lng v pha kh
Pha lng (pha x)

Li
x
L

Pha kh (pha y)

Gi
G

Nng t s mol ca cu t i trong pha x v pha y

Pha lng
Pha kh
Li
X
L Li

Gi
Y
G Gi

Li, Gi : lu lng mol ca cu t i trong pha x, v pha y (mol/h)

L, G : lu lng mol ca pha x, v pha y (mol/h)

II. Biu din thnh phn pha

Nng phn khi lng ca cu t i trong pha lng v
pha kh
Pha lng (pha x)

Li
L

Pha kh (pha y)

Gi
G

Nng t s khi lng ca cu t i trong pha x v pha y

Pha lng

Li
L Li

Pha kh
Y

Gi
G Gi

Li , G i : lu lng khi lng ca cu t i trong pha x & pha y (kg/s)

L, G : lu lng khi lng ca pha x v pha y (kg/s)

II. Biu din thnh phn pha

Mi quan h gia nng thnh phn pha
Pha lng (pha x)

xx

yy

xx
yy

x
MA
x
x
1 x

MA MB
x.M A
x
xM A (1 x) M B

Pha kh (pha y)

y
MA
y
y
1 y

MA MB
y.M A
y
yM A (1 y ) M B

II. Biu din thnh phn pha

Mi quan h gia nng thnh phn pha
Pha lng (pha x)

Pha kh (pha y)

xX
y Y

x
X
1 x

xX

x
X
1 x

y
Y
1 y

X
x
1 X

Y
y
1Y

y Y

X x

Yy
X x

Y y

X
1 X

y
1 y

Y
y
1Y

II. Biu din thnh phn pha

Mi quan h gia nng thnh phn pha
Pha lng

mct
C%
mdd
mct
n
M

Pha kh

PV nRT
n N .V

n N .V
mct

mct

n: s mol hn hp; N: nng mol (mol/L), : t khi (g/L)

C: nng %; P: p sut (Pa), V: th tch (L);
R: hng s kh 8314 (J/mol K); T: nhit (K);

II. Biu din thnh phn pha

1. Bi tp 1
bi : cho dung dich axit axetic nng 10% khi
lng trong nc iu kin chun. Hy xc nh
nng phn mol v t s mol ca axit.
2. Bi tp 2
bi: Nng phn mol ca mt hn hp kh trong
bung bo qun CA cho to 1oC v 105 Pa nh sau:
O2: 2%; CO2: 3%; v N2: 95%. Tnh:
a) Nng phn khi lng ca mi loi kh
b) Khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp kh
c)T khi ca hn hp kh
d) p sut ring phn ca cc kh thnh phn.

II. Biu din thnh phn pha

2.2. Tc khuych tn (velocity)

dC i
L thay i lng vt cht theo thi gian: vi
dt
Hn hp c hai cu t A, B
Tc khuych tn khi lng:
uA vA v
u B vB v
v x A .v A x B .v B

Tc khuych tn mol:
u A vA v
u B vB v

v x A .v A x B .v B

II. Biu din thnh phn pha

2.3. Thng lng (flux)
Thng lng: lng vt cht qua mt n v din tch trong
mt n v thi gian.
Hn hp c hai cu t A, B

Thng lng mol ca cu t A: N A C A .v A C A ( A ) x A N

Thng lng mol ca cu t B N B CB .vB C B ( B ) x B N
Thng lng mol ca hn hp N N A N B
Thng lng khuych tn mol ca cu t A: J A C A u A
Thng lng khuych tn mol ca cu t B : J B C B u B

JB

III. Cn bng pha

3.1. Khi nim
Gi thit c pha x v y, cu Y M
t M phn b trong chng
At t = 0, yM v xM = 0,
y
Khi cha cn bng s xy ra
qu trnh khuych tn ca cu t
gia hai pha a h v trng
thi cn bng
dC
trng thi cn bng: v
0

XM
X*

dt

Ti mi iu kin xc nh s tn ti mt mi quan h cn
bng gia nng ca cu t trong hai pha v c biu
din bng ng cn bng

III. Cn bng pha

Gi x* v y* ln lt l nng cn bng ca M trong
x v y:
x* = f(yM)
y* = f(xM)
Gii hn ca qu trnh truyn khi l khi h t trng
thi cn bng.
Chiu khuych tn ca cu t tun theo quy lut:
Gii hn ca qu trnh truyn khi l khi h t trng thi cn bng.
Chiu khuych tn ca cu t tun theo quy lut:
- Nu y < ycb: vt cht chuyn t pha Fx vo pha Fy
- Nu y > ycb: vt cht chuyn t pha Fy vo pha Fx

III. Cn bng pha

3.2. Quy tc pha
Cho php xc nh c th thay i bao nhiu yu t m
cn bng khng b ph hy.

C k n
C : s bc t do
: s pha trong h
k : s cu t c lp ca h
n : s yu t bn ngoi nh hng ln cn bng ca h

i vi QT truyn khi, n = 2 (T, P)

C k 2

III. Cn bng pha

3.3. Cc nh lut cn bng pha
nh lut Henry:
p sut ring phn p ca kh trn cht lng t l vi phn mol x
ca n trong dung dch

p i H xi
Gi y* l nng cn bng ca i trong hn hp c p sut
chung l P:

pi P yi *

Phng trnh ng cn bng:

H
y* x
P

pi: p sut hi ring phn ca cu t i trong hn hp hi

P: p sut chung ca hn hp
H: hng s Henry
x: phn mol x ca cu t trong dung dch

nh lut Henry ch ng vi cht kh, thng p dng trong tnh ton

qu trnh hp th

III. Cn bng pha

nh lut Raoult:
p sut ring phn ca mt cu t trn dung dch bng p sut
hi bo ha ca cu t ( cng nhit ) nhn vi nng
phn mol ca cu t trong dung dch

pi Pbh xi
Gi y* l nng cn bng ca i trong hn hp c p sut
chung l P:

pi P yi *
bh
bh
Theo nh lut Dalton: P p1 p2 p1 .x p2 .(1 x)

Phng trnh ng cn bng:

bh
1
bh
2
PT cn bng ch ng vi dung dch l tng, thng p dng trong
tnh ton qu trnh chng luyn.

.x
y*
1 x( 1)

IV. C ch qu trnh truyn khi

B mt phn pha

nhn

mng

nhn

S tip xc gia hai pha

IV. C ch qu trnh truyn khi

4.1. Truyn khi bng khuych tn phn t
L s dch chuyn vt cht mc phn t t n
trng thi cn bng nng ca mt cht trong pha .
Xy ra trong lp mng ch chuyn ng dng, nh
s tip xc gia cc phn t v s tc dng tng h
gia chng.
Xy ra rt chm, do quyt nh tc cho c QT
khuych tn.
ng lc l s chnh lnh nng , khuych tn t ni
c nng cao n ni c nng thp hn.

IV. C ch qu trnh truyn khi

Truyn khi

Cn bng

IV. C ch qu trnh truyn khi

4.1.1. Khuych tn n nh
Nng khng thay i theo thi gian ti mt im bt k
M t bi nh lut 1 ca Fick:

C i
J i Dim
z
Ji: thng lng cu t i (mol/cm2.s) theo hng z (m)
Ci: nng cu t i (mol/m3)
Dim: h s khuych tn ca i trong hn hp (m2/s)
D: 5.10-6 10-5 (m2/s) trong kh , 10-10 10-9 (m2/s) trong cht
lng, 10-14 10-10 (m2/s) trong cht rn.

Gi thit: C, T, p ca hn hp = cte
Thng p dng trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun
thc phm.

IV. C ch qu trnh truyn khi

4.1.2. Khuych tn khng n nh
Nng thay i theo c thi gian v khng gian
M t bi nh lut 2 ca Fick:

C i
2Ci
Dim
t
z 2
Dim: h s khuych tn ca i trong hn hp (m2/s)
Ci: nng cu t I (mol/m3)
t: thi gian (s)
z: v tr ca cu t (m)

nh lut 2 nhn c t nh lut 1 v cn bng vt cht

C i
2 Ci

J ( Dim
C i ) Dim
C i Dim
t
z
z
z z
z
z 2

IV. C ch qu trnh truyn khi

4.2. Truyn khi bng i lu
i lu t nhin: do s chnh lnh nng hoc mt
(bin i nhit , p sut)
i lu cng bc: tc dng ca ngoi lc (bm, my
nn)
Xy ra trong nhn pha ch chuyn ng xoy
Xy ra nh s xo trn ca cc phn t trong dng

V. ng lc ca qu trnh truyn khi

L hiu s gia nng lm vic v nng cn bng
C th tnh theo nng pha x hoc pha y
y = y* - y hay y = y y*
y
y
x = x* - x hay x = x x*
y*=f(x)
y*=f(x)

+ ng lc l i lng bin thin

t u n cui qu trnh
+ Cht phn b s i vo pha c
nng thp hn nng cn
bng

(x)
g
=
y

(x)
y=g

x
Y

x
Y

)
g(x
Y=

)
g(x
=
Y
X

Y
Y*=f(x)

Y*=f(x)

S biu din ng lc ca qu trnh truyn khi

III. Cn bng vt cht

dC A
V.
Qin .C in Qo C o rA .V
dt
Qin: lu lng cu t A i vo thit b (m3/s)
Qout: lu lng cu t A i ra khi thit b (m3/s)
Cin: nng ca cu t A i vo thit b (mol/m3)
Cout: nng cu t A i ra khi thit b (mol/m3)
rA: tc phn ng lm mt i cu t A (mol/m3)
V: th tch thit b (m3)

Trong cng ngh thc phm:

Food = H2O + cht kh (dry material)
Cn bng cht kh nu qua h khng c phn ng xy ra:
n

DM
i 1

m
input
i

DM output
0
j
j 1

Cn bng cho nc:

m
input
i

w
i 1

w output
0
j
j 1

II. Biu din thnh phn pha

2. Vn tc (velocity)

dC
L thay i lng vt cht theo thi gian: v
dt
dC
ng lc ca qu trnh: X
dz
Trng thi n nh:

dCt
v
cst
dt

dC
X
cst
dz

dCt
v
0
dt

dC
X
0
dz

Trng thi cn bng: