Gio vin hng dn:

Nhm thc hin:

TS. L Vn Hong
V Trc Thanh Hoi
Hunh Th Hng
Nguyn Th Ngc Lan (26 06)
Nguyn Th M Linh

Bn c b
n tng
vi hnh
nh bn?

Ni dung
Lch

s siu dn
Hin tng siu dn
Tnh cht t
Cc l thuyt lin quan
Cht siu dn nhit cao
ng dng

Lch s siu dn
Nm 1908 Kamerlingh Onnes t
bc tin u tin trong vic ra siu dn khi
ng ha lng c kh tr cui cng l Heli
ti trng i hc tng hp quc gia Leiden,
H Lan.

Kamerlingh Onnes

Lch s siu dn
Siu

dn nhit thp nm 1911 cng chnh

Kamerligh pht hin ra tnh cht siu dn
ca thy ngn khi nghin cu s thay i
in tr mt cch t ngt ca mu kim loi
ny 4.2 K. Ba nm sau chnh ng l ngi
u tin ch to c nam chm siu dn.
Nm 1914 pht hin ra hin tng dng in
ph v tnh cht siu dn.

ng cong siu dn theo

nhit ca thy ngn

Lch s siu dn
Nm 1930 hp kim siu dn u tin
c tm ra.
Nm 1933 Meissner v Ochsenfeld tm ra
hin tng cc ng sc t b y ra khi
cht siu dn khi lm lnh cht siu dn
trong t trng. Hiu ng ny c t tn
l hiu ng Meissner.

Walter Meissner & Robert Ochsenfeld

Lch s siu dn
Nm 1957 l thuyt BCS ra i bi
Bardeen, Cooper, v Schriffer.
Nm 1986, J.G. Bednorz v K.A Muller
(Thy S) tm ra hin tng siu dn c
trong hp cht gm La Ba Cu O vi
nhit chuyn pha nm trong vng nhit
Nit lng.

John Bardeen, Leon Cooper,and John Schrieffer

Lch s siu dn
Ngay sau s kin nm 1986 nhit ti
hn ca cc cht siu dn nhanh chng vt
qua nhit ha lng N2 (77.6 K)
Ngy nay mt s thng tin cn cho rng
c th ch to c cht siu dn nhit
xp x nhit phng di dng cc mng
mng siu dn cha Bi.

 Gii

Nobel Vt l 2003 c chia u cho ba

khoa hc gia c nhng ng gp c tnh
cch c bn vo vic kho cu hin tng
Siu dn v Siu lng. l:

Alexei A. Abrikosov

Vitaly L. Ginzburg

Anthony J. Leggett

Hin tng siu dn

Kim loi

R ()

R ()

Phi kim

TC

Tonset

Siu dn

Tmid
Bn dn

TCO

T (K)

T (K)

Hin tng siu dn

Siu dn l mt trng thi vt cht ph
thuc vo nhit ti hn m n
cho php dng in chy qua trong
trng thi khng c in tr. V khi t
siu dn vo trong t trng th t
trng b y ra khi n.
Hin tng siu dn l hin tng m
in tr ca mt cht no t ngt
gim v 0 mt nhit xc nh.

Tnh cht t

Tnh nghch t ca vt dn l tng

Nhng vt dn khng c in tr c gi l
vt dn l tng hoc vt dn hon ho.
Khi gim t trng v 0 th mt t thng
bn trong kim loi c dn l tng khng th
thay i v dng b mt s xut hin duy tr t
thng bn trong n.
Mt trong nhng tnh cht th hin tnh
nghch t ca vt liu siu dn l hiu ng
Meissner

Hiu ng Meissner
Nm 1933, Meissner v Ochsenfied pht
hin ra rng: Nu cht siu dn c lm
lnh trong t trng xung di nhit
chuyn pha TC, th ng sc ca cm ng
t B s b y ra khi cht siu dn.

Minh ha cho hiu ng Meissner

T
H c H o 1

TC

S ph thuc ca t trng ti hn
vo nhit v ng cong ngng

Vi H0 l t trng ti T = 0 v ti T = TC th Hc(TC) = 0.

Minh ha cho hiu ng Meissner

H = Ha + 4M = 0

(1)

M
1

Ha
4

(2)

H = Ha + M = 0
M

1
Ha
HE J
rot
E

J0

rot
E0

= dB
C rot E
dt
H
dB
a
0
+ dt

(3)
(4)

(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

nh nghch t ca
t dn khng l tng
Mu khng l tng cho thy:
C ba t trng ti hn khc nhau
(HC1, HC2 v HC3).
C ng cong t tr.
C t thng b hm (by).

Phn loi cc cht siu dn theo tnh cht t

Da vo hiu ng
Meissner:
- Siu dn loi I: hon ton
ng.
- Siu dn loi II: khng
hon ton ng, vy siu
dn loi II tn ti
vng trung gian (vng
hn hp).
Tiu chun Ginzburg
Landau:-

1
k

2
k
1

Loi I
Loi II

H < Hc1

Hc1 < H <

Hc2

H > Hc2

Cc l thuyt lin quan

L thuyt Ginzburg - Landau

Phng trnh Ginzburg landau
Xut pht im: Gii thch trng thi siu
dn trt t hn trng thi thng.
Vy chuyn pha siu dn sang trng
thi thng khc nhau ca h bng i
lng vt l gi l thng s trt t . Vi r
r
l hm sng ph thuc ta khng
gian c tnh cht l:

u
u
r
u
u
r
r
*
(r ). (r ) nS (r )

r
nS (r ) : Nng (nh x) ca cc in t siu dn.

L thuyt Ginzburg - Landau

Thit lp phng trnh Ginzburg- landau:
2
2
u
r
u
r
r
r
r
r 2
r
h
i

A(r ) (r ) ( r ) | (r ) | ( r ) 0

2m
c

Tnh mt dng siu dn:

r r
r
r
iqh
J S *(r ) (r ) (r ) *(r )

2m

r r r
q 2
*(r ) (r ) A(r )
mc

Phng trnh ny khng nh thng s trt t l

mt hm sng v m ca cc cp cooper.

L thuyt BCS
L thuyt c a ra nm 1957 bi
John Bardeen, Leon Cooper v Robert
Schrieffer.
Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer c
nhn gii Nobel nm 1972 cho s pht trin
l thuyt siu dn.

Cp cooper

c trng tng tc
ht ca in t - in t
c th dn n s xut
hin cc i in t lin
kt.

Cht siu dn
nhit cao

S lc v lch s pht hin cc

cht
siu
dn
nhit

cao

Nm 1974, vt liu gm siu dn c pht

hin vi hp cht BaPb1-xBix03 (x = 0,25) c
TC cc i c 13K

Ngy

27 thng 01 nm 1986, hai nh vt l l

K.A.Mller v J.G.Bednorz tm ra hp cht
gm Ba0.75La4.25Cu5O4(3-y) c in tr gim
mnh trong vng 30 - 35K v tr v khng
12 K

S lc v lch s pht hin cc

cht siu dn nhit cao
Trong nm 1986 nhm TOKYO xc inh
c (La0.85Ba0.15)2CuO 4 c cu trc
Perovkite loi K2NiF4 TC c 30 K

Nm 1991, tm ra siu dn cn c trong c

cc hp cht hu c KxC60 vi nhit
chuyn pha ln n 28 K. Mt pht hin rt
quan trng cng vo nm l cc nh khoa
hc AT&T tm thy siu dn hu c l
cht C60Rb3 c nhit TC c 30 K

S lc v lch s pht hin cc

cht
siu
dn
nhit

cao

20/01/1994 nhm tc gi R.J.Cava cng

b tm thy siu dn trong hp cht
Intermetallic-LnNi2B2C (Ln = Y, Tm, Er, Ho,
Lu) c nhit TC = 13 - 17 K

Nm

2001 c rt nhiu hp cht siu dn

mi c pht hin.

Mt s loi siu dn nhit cao

in hnh cha Cu v Oxy
Cc

vt liu siu dn ny c nhit chuyn

pha vt qu 120 K v cu trc ca
chng cng c bit hn.
Bi2Sr2Can-1CunO2n+4 (gi tt l Bi-22(n-1)n vi
n=1,2,3)
Ti2Ba2Can-1CunO2n+4 (gi tt l Tl-22(n-1)n vi
n=1,2,3)

Mt s loi siu dn nhit cao

in hnh cha Cu v Oxy
HgBa2Can-1CunO2n+4

(gi tt l Hg-12(n-1)n

vi n= 1,2,3)
CuBa2Can-1CunO2n+4 (gi tt l Cu-12(n-1)n vi
n=1,2,3)
A1-xb2xCuO2 (A l kim loi t him, B l kim
loi kim hoc valency)

Cht siu dn nhit cao

Vt

liu c cu trc cc ht, cc si, cc ng,

cc tm mng, c kch thc c trng
(ng knh ht, si, ng, b dy tm mng,
vv.) khong t 1 nm n 100 nm (nm =
nanomt = 10-9 m).
Vt liu ny l c s ca cng ngh nano,
chng c nhiu tnh cht k diu v mi m.

Cht siu dn nhit cao

ng cacbon Fulren
(Fullerene) l vt liu
ng nano c bn
k lc v tr thnh
siu dn khi c pha
tp cht thch hp.

ng dng

ng dng
Truyn

ti in nng:
Hin nay c tnh truyn ti in nng s
chu hao ph mc 15 n 20 % do nu
c th truyn ti bng dy siu dn s gip
tit kim c khon chi ph kh ln.

ng dng
Bom E: T trng siu dn s to ra mt
dao ng hu thit b truyn ng in t.
Thit b ny tng c qun i M s
dng nm 2003.

Tu chy trn m t.

Tu ha siu tc MAGLEV (550 km/h)

Hnh 5.2
S hot ng ca tu chy trn m t

Tu Yamanashi

Vo thng 12 nm 2003, tu Yamanashi MLX01

c th nghim vi vn tc 581km/gi.

Hiu ng treo t
(s dng nam chm siu dn nhit cao YBCO)

My chp cng hng t MRI

MRI

l loi my s dng nam cm siu dn

c mt t trng mnh cho nguyn
t hydro bn trong cht bo ca con ngi
v cc phn t nc c tng ln mc
nng lng no c th o c bng cc
dng c c bit.

My chp nh cng hng t (MRI)

My chp nh cng hng MRI

SQUIDS
SQUIDS(Superconducting

QuantumInterference Device= my giao thoa

lng t dng siu dn ) c th s dng nh
mt my cng hng t tuy nhin khng cn
t trng mnh. H c th xc nh c s
thay i t trng rt nh. V cng c th s
dng cho nhng trng hp xc nh mt
cch chnh xc cc chuyn ng.

Thit b giao thoa lng t siu dn (SQUID)

Bnh tch tr nng lng t siu dn (SMES)

Nam chm siu dn nhit cao (12 T)

M hnh siu my tnh

Tch chit t

B lc sng micro bng siu dn nhit cao

My pht in siu dn

M t siu dn nhit cao

(Siemens first in Europe to
operate a high-temperature,
superconductor motor)

Thit b d sng milimet

Thit b d tm cc
mch in sai hng bng
siu dn nhit cao.

My gia tc ht bng
cht siu dn nhit cao