Chng 3: Truyn nhit v cch nhit ca cc kt cu bao che (heat transfer & thermal isulation)

3.1. Mt s khi nim c bn v truyn nhit

- Mt s khi nim
- Cc phng thc truyn nhit 3.2. Truyn nhit n nh qua KCBC 3.2.1. Bi ton truyn nhit n nh mt chiu hay bi ton cch nhit cho kt cu trong ma lnh 3.2.2. Yu cu cch nhit chng lnh 3.3. Truyn nhit dao ng iu ha qua KCBC 3.3.1. Bi ton truyn nhit dao ng iu ha trong ma h hay bi ton cch nhit cho kt cu trong ma nng 3.3.2. Yu cu cch nhit chng nng 3.4. Cch nhit cho mi v tng

3.1. Khi nim c bn v truyn nhit

3.1. Khi nim c bn v truyn nhit -Trng nhit : s phn b nhit trong mi trng vt cht n nh / khng n nh Bin thin theo 1,2,3 chiu khng gian + nhit bin thin theo 1 chiu trong khng gian: thng xy ra trn mng tng phng t/x 0, t/y = 0, t/z = 0 + nhit bin thin theo 2 chiu trong khng gian: thng xy ra cc gc tng t/x 0, t/y 0, t/z = 0 + nhit bin thin theo 3 chiu trong khng gian: tip gip gia gc tng v mi, t/x 0, t/y 0, t/z 0 - Truyn nhit: khi c s chnh lch nhit th xy ra truyn nhit; - c im truyn nhit hay tnh cht truyn nhit, xt theo thi gian: + Truyn nhit n inh: trong sut qu trnh truyn nhit th nhit mi trng khng thay i theo thi gian, k c hng v gi tr; + Truyn nhit khng n nh: ngc li, nhit mi trng bin thin lc ln lc nh trong qu trnh truyn nhit;

3.1.1. Dn nhit
Xy ra khi cc phn t vt cht (nguyn t, in t, phn t) tip xc trc tip vi nhau), v vy dn nhit xy ra mnh mi trng cht rn, mi trng cht lng v rt t trong cht kh. Trong kim loi, truyn nhit bng cc in t t do, v vy KL no dn in cao s dn nhit cao. Trong VLXD th ph thuc vo dao ng ca cc phn t. Phng trnh vi phn dn nhit mt chiu (t cng thc Furie): q = - .t / x

p dng nh lut Furie cho dng nhit qua kt cu bao che: Gi thit T1>T2 (T l nhit b mt KC): qd = (T2 T1) /d Hay qd = /d (T1 T2), kcal/m2.h hay W/m2. oC - qd: cng dng nhit, lng nhit i qua 1 m2 trong thi gian 1h;

- : h s dn nhit ca VL, ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: + Tnh cht vt liu (KL-st, nhm hay phi kim-gch, g, , knh) (kcal/m.h.oC). Gch: = 0,65 0,7 kcal/m.h.oC, BTCT: = 1,33 kcal/m.h.oC + rng hay t trng ca VL: cng nhiu rng th cng dn nhit cng km, tr thnh cc VL cch nhit; + m: khi kh dn nhit km, cch nhit tt, m dn nhit tt, cch nhit km; + Cu trc VL: cu trc tinh th (dn nhit rt mnh do tinh th c cu trc kt hp mnh m, nn dn nhit tt), cu trc t do, cu trc dng si.

Dn nhit - Heat Conduction

Lng nhit Q = h s dn nhit k x din tch A x chnh lch nhit t / khong cch L

Q = kA (t1 t2)/ L (joules/second)

k = thermal conductivity
[J/s-m-C]

t1

t2

3.2.2. i lu Xy ra trong mi trng cht lng v cht kh, khi cc khi cht lng hoc cht kh c nhit khc nhau, lc chng s chuyn di v tr do t trng thay i v nhit, do xy ra i lu nhit. Ph thuc rt nhiu vo vn tc gi do nhit mt i hay tng ln do b mt kt cu tip xc vi khng kh q = h (T tk), kcal/m2.h, W/m2.oC - q : lng nhit mt i khi tip xc vi khng kh ca 1m2 trong 1h (kCal/m2.h.oC), (W/m2.oC); - h : ph thuc vo tc khng kh, trng thi, v tr v tnh cht b mt Ti b mt nhm s xy ra i lu km hn b mt nhn ;

i lu trong i sng ( Convection in life) v trong t nhin (Natural Convection)

Hot water rises, cools, and falls. Air above warmer ground rises. Heated air rises, cools, then falls. Air near heater is replaced by cooler air, and the cycle repeats.

Inversion layer. Air near ground is more dense than air higher up; no convection currents to lift pollutants

Dn nhit (conduction)
q 1

Trao i nhit i lu (convection)

q = ( - tk) tk

qd = k ( 1 - 2) / d

k d

qd : cng dng nhit, kcal/m2h hoc W/m2 k : h s dn nhit ca mi trng ( vt liu ), kcal/mh0C hoc W/m2 0C 1, 2 : nhit b mt kt cu, 0C d: chiu dy kt cu, m.

qb : cng dng nhit, kcal/m2h hoc W/m2 h : h s trao i nhit i lu ca b mt kt cu vi mi trng khng kh, kcal/m2h0C hoc W/m2C , : nhit b mt kt cu, 0C tk nhit khng kh, 0C

3.2.3. Bc x
Tt c cc b mt c nhit > 0 tuyt i u c kh nng bc x nhit vo mi trng, vt th c nhit cao pht ra sng ngn (mt tri), vt th c nhit thp pht ra sng di (b mt kin trc bc x sng di).
Lng nhit n v vt th bc x vo khng gian theo nh lut StefanBolzmann nh sau : qb = C(T/100)4, kcal/m2.h - qb : lng nhit n v - T : nhit b mt ca vt, oK ; - C : h s bc x nhit ;

- Co = 4,9 kCal/m2.h.K4 : h s bc x nhit cc i ca vt en tuyt i.

Chp nhn trao i nhit = bc x gia 2 b mt kt cu song song v gn nhau n gin ha bi ton trong kin trc q b = hb (T1 T2), kcal/m2.h

(coi nh b mt 1 ta i bao nhiu th b mt 2 nhn by nhiu)

- T1, T2 : nhit b mt (oC) - hb : h s trao i nhit bng bc x gia hai b mt ;

hb ph thuc Nhit b mt vt th; H s bc x nhit v hp th nhit; Din tch v v tr tng h ca cc b mt.

Bc x nhit (radiation)
Vt th c nhit T > 0 pht nng lng bc x. Stefan-Boltzmann Law of Radiation Energy radiated per second:

Nu vt c nhit b mt T (o bng Kelvin), lm bng vt liu c h s bc x nhit C th lng nhit m 1m2 b mt do n pht ra trong 1 gi l

H = eAT4
e = emissivity (0 - 1) = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 x 10 -8 J/(s- m2-K4) A = surface area of object T = Kelvin temperature

qb= 10- 8CT4, kCal/m2h

Vt en tuyt i c h s C = max = C0 = 4,9 kCal/m2hK4 Vt liu xy dng ( vt xm) c C < C0 B tng C = 3,1 Gch nung C = 4,6 4,7

Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906)

Bc x nhit truyn i bng sng in t.

 Example: How much does the human body radiate? ----------------------------------------------------------------------Body temperature = 37 C = 37 +273 = 310 K, Estimate surface area A = 1.5 m2 e = 0.70
H = e A T4 = (0.70)(5.67 x 10-8)(1.5 m2 )(310)4 = 550 watts (5 light bulbs) ----------------------------------------------------------------------The sun provides about 1000 watts per square meter at the Earth's surface. 30 % is reflected by human skin. 700 watts is absorbed per square meter.

sun & solar radiation

Temperature of surface (effective) 6000K 3.8461026 W energy is produced by nucle fusion, that converts hydrogen into helium

Solar cooker

Pipes in Solar Panels are Painted Black

Hp th v ta nhit bng bc x
Absorption and Emission of Radiation

Energy out = Energy in Emitted energy/Incident energy = Emissivity = e.

Black Bodies
Black Bodies Summer clothing: white reflects radiant energy better than black. Until equilibrium is reached, white stripes on roads are at a lower temperature than unpainted asphalt. Wrap an ice-cube in black cloth and another in aluminum foil and place both in the sunshine. What will happen?